27. 03. 2018.

Underground storage tank - Wikipedia

Underground storage tank

An Underground storage tank (UST) is, according to United States federal regulations, a storage tank, not
including any underground piping connected to the tank, that has at least 10 percent of its volume underground.

Contents
Definition in U.S. federal law
Tank types
Petroleum underground storage tanks
Regulation in the US
A horizontal cylindrical steel tank
See also
with a factory applied coating and
References galvanic anodes prior to installation
External links underground.

Definition in U.S. federal law

"Underground storage tank" or "UST" means any one or combination of tanks including connected underground pipes
that is used to contain regulated substances, and the volume of which including the volume of underground pipes is 10
percent or more beneath the surface of the ground.[1] This does not include, among other things, any farm or
residential tank of 1,100 gallons or less capacity used for storing motor fuel for noncommercial purposes, tanks for
storing heating oil for consumption on the premises, or septic tanks. For USTs in service in the United States the EPA
and states collectively require tank operators to take financial responsibility for any releases or leaks associated with
the operation of those below ground tanks. As a condition to keep a tank in operation a demonstrated ability to pay for
any release must be shown via UST insurance, a bond, or some other ability to pay[2].

In September 1988, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published underground storage tank
regulations, including a 10-year phase-in period that required all operators to upgrade their USTs with spill prevention
and leak detection equipment.[3]

In the July 15, 2015 Federal Register, the EPA published the 2015 underground storage tank regulation and the 2015
state program approval regulation. The revisions strengthen the 1988 federal underground storage tank (UST)
regulations by increasing emphasis on properly operating and maintaining UST equipment. The revisions will help
prevent and detect UST releases, which are a leading source of groundwater contamination. The revisions will also
help ensure all USTs in the United States, including those in Indian country, meet the same minimum standards. This
is the first major revision to the federal UST regulations since 1988. The 2015 UST regulation changed certain portions
of the 1988 underground storage tank technical regulation in 40 CFR part 280. The changes established federal
requirements that are similar to key portions of the Energy Policy Act of 2005. In addition, EPA added new operation
and maintenance requirements and addressed UST systems deferred in the 1988 UST regulation. The changes:

Added secondary containment requirements for new and replaced tanks and piping
Added operator training requirements
Added periodic operation and maintenance requirements for UST systems
Added requirements to ensure UST system compatibility before storing certain biofuel blends
Removed past deferrals for emergency generator tanks, field constructed tanks, and airport hydrant systems
Updated codes of practice
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Made editorial and technical corrections[4]

Tank types
Underground storage tanks fall into four different types:

1. Steel/aluminum tank, made by manufacturers in most states and conforming to standards set by the Steel Tank
Institute.
2. Composite overwrapped, a metal tank (aluminum/steel) with filament windings like glass fiber/aramid or carbon
fiber or a plastic compound around the metal cylinder for corrosion protection and to form an interstitial space.
3. Tanks made from composite material, fiberglass/aramid or carbon fiber with a metal liner (aluminum or steel). See
metal matrix composite.
4. Composite tanks such as carbon fiber with a polymer liner (thermoplastic). See rotational molding and fibre-
reinforced plastic (FRP).
Underground storage tanks for water are traditionally called cisterns and are usually constructed from bricks and
mortar or concrete.

Petroleum underground storage tanks

Petroleum USTs are used throughout North America at automobile filling stations and by the US military. Many have
leaked, allowing petroleum to contaminate the soil and groundwater and enter as vapor into buildings, ending up as
brownfields or Superfund sites. Many USTs installed before 1980 consisted of bare steel pipes, which corrode over
time. Faulty installation and inadequate handling may also cause leaks.

Regulation in the US
USTs are regulated in the United States to prevent release of petroleum and contamination of groundwater, soil and
air. The 1984 Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
required EPA to develop regulations for the underground storage of motor fuels to minimize and prevent
environmental damage, by mandating owners and operators of UST systems to verify, maintain, and clean up sites
damaged by petroleum contamination.[5]

In December 1988, EPA regulations asking owners to locate, remove, upgrade, or replace underground storage tanks
became effective. Each state was given authority to establish such a program within its own jurisdiction, to
compensate owners for the cleanup of underground petroleum leaks, to set standards and licensing for installers, and
to register and inspect underground tanks.

Most upgrades to USTs consisted of the installation of corrosion control (cathodic protection, interior lining, or a
combination of cathodic protection and interior lining), overfill protection (to prevent overfills of the tank during tank
filling operations), spill containment (to catch spills when filling), and leak detection for both the tank and piping.

Many USTs were removed without replacement during the 10-year program. Many thousands of old underground
tanks were replaced with newer tanks made of corrosion resistant materials (such as fiberglass, steel clad with a thick
FRP shell, and well-coated steel with galvanic anodes) and others constructed as double walled tanks to form an
interstice between two tank walls (a tank within a tank) which allowed for the detection of leaks from the inner or
outer tank wall through monitoring of the interstice using vacuum, pressure or a liquid sensor probe. Piping was
replaced during the same period with much of the new piping being double-wall construction and made of fiberglass
or plastic materials.

Tank monitoring systems capable of detecting small leaks (must be capable of detecting a 0.1 gallons-per-hour with a
probability of detection of 95% or greater and a probability of false alarm of 5% or less) were installed and other
methods were adopted to alert the tank operator of leaks and potential leaks.

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U.S. regulations required that UST cathodic protection systems be tested by a cathodic protection expert (minimum
every three years) and that systems be monitored to ensure continued compliant operation.[6]

Some industrial owners, who previously stored fuel in underground tanks, switched to above-ground tanks to avoid
environmental regulations that require monitoring of fuel storage. Many states, however, do not permit above-ground
storage of motor fuel for resale to the public.

The EPA Underground Storage Tank Program is considered to have been very successful. The national inventory of
underground tanks has been reduced by more than half, and most of the rest have been replaced or upgraded to much
safer standards. Of the approximately one million underground storage tanks sites in the United States as of 2008,
most of which handled some type of fuel, an estimated 500,000 have had leaks.[7] As of 2009, there were
approximately 600,000 active USTs at 223,000 sites subject to federal regulation.[8] In 2012, EPA published how to
screen buildings vulnerable to petroleum vapor intrusion,[9] and in June 2015, U.S. EPA finally released its "Technical
Guide for Assessing and Mitigating the Vapor Intrusion Pathway from Subsurface Vapor Sources to Indoor Air" and
"Technical Guide For Addressing Petroleum Vapor Intrusion At Leaking Underground Storage Tank Sites"[10]

See also
Environmental impact of the petroleum industry

References
1. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). "Definitions." (http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&si
d=3113bdbd55bf563c9663729770e6a78e&rgn=div8&view=text&node=40:26.0.1.1.10.1.47.3&idno=40) Technical
Standards and Corrective Action Requirements for Owners and Operators of Underground Storage Tanks (UST).
Code of Federal Regulations, 40 C.F.R. 280.12 (https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/delivery/get-cfr.action?TYPE=TEXT&Y
EAR=current&TITLE=40&PART=280&SECTION=12).
2. Environmental Protection Agency, Solid Waste and Emergency Response (July 1995). "Financial Responsibility
Requirements for Underground Storage Tanks" (https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-03/documents/do
lsens.pdf) (PDF). https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-03/documents/dolsens.pdf. External link in
|website= (help)
3. EPA (1988). "Technical Standards and Corrective Action Requirements for Owners and Operators of
Underground Storage Tanks (UST)." (http://www.epa.gov/oust/fedlaws/40cfr280.pdf) Federal Register, 53 FR
37194 (https://www.loc.gov/search/?fa=partof%3Afederal+register%3A+volume+53&st=list&sb=date&c=400),
1988-09-23. 40 CFR Part 280.
4. "Revising Underground Storage Tank Regulations – Revisions to Existing Requirements and New Requirements
for Secondary Containment and Operator Training; Final Rule | US EPA" (https://www.epa.gov/ust/revising-underg
round-storage-tank-regulations-revisions-existing-requirements-and-new). US Environmental Protection Agency.
Retrieved August 25, 2017. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
5. United States. Hazardous and Solid Wastes Amendments of 1984, P.L. 98-616, 98 Stat. 3224 (http://legislink.org/
us/stat-98-3224), November 8, 1984.
6. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC. "Operation and maintenance of corrosion
protection." (http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=3113bdbd55bf563c9663729770e6a78e&rgn=
div8&view=text&node=40:26.0.1.1.10.3.47.2&idno=40) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20110612155036/ht
tp://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=3113bdbd55bf563c9663729770e6a78e&rgn=div8&view=text
&node=40:26.0.1.1.10.3.47.2&idno=40) 2011-06-12 at the Wayback Machine. Technical Standards and
Corrective Action Requirements for Owners and Operators of Underground Storage Tanks (UST). Code of
Federal Regulations, 40 C.F.R. 280.31 (https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/delivery/get-cfr.action?TYPE=TEXT&YEAR=cu
rrent&TITLE=40&PART=280&SECTION=31).
7. Eileen Sullivan, "Cold War era fuel tanks could be leaking hazardous material into environment" (http://talkingpoint
smemo.com/news/2008/08/ap_impact_underground_fema_fue_1.php), Associated Press, August 12, 2008
8. EPA (2010). "FY 2009 Annual Report On The Underground Storage Tank Program." (http://www.epa.gov/oust/pub
s/fy09_annual_ust_report_3-10.pdf) Document no. EPA-510-R-10-001.

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9. John T. Wilson, James W. Weaver, Hal White (December 2012). "An Approach for Developing Site-Specific
Lateral and Vertical Inclusion Zones within which Structures Should be Evaluated for Petroleum Vapor Intrusion
due to Releases of Motor Fuel from Underground Storage Tanks (EPA 600/R-13/047)" (http://www.epa.gov/oust/c
at/pvi/epa600r13047.pdf) (pdf). US EPA. p. 34. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
10. "EPA Technical Documents, Tools and Other Resources to Support Vapor Intrusion Assessment and Mitigation
Activities" (http://www.epa.gov/oswer/vaporintrusion/guidance.html#EO12866OSWERVI). US EPA. 12 June 2015.
Retrieved 13 June 2015.

External links
EPA UST Program (http://www.epa.gov/oust/)
California UST Program (http://www.swrcb.ca.gov/ust/)
New Mexico UST Program (http://www.nmenv.state.nm.us/ust/ustbtop.html)
Oklahoma UST Program (http://occeweb.com/ps/aboutpst1.html)
Pennsylvania UST Program (http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=512&objID=20538&PageID=103
4424&mode=2)
Texas UST Program (http://www.tceq.texas.gov/agency/pst_cert.html)
Wisconsin UST Program (http://dsps.wi.gov/er/ER-BST-HomePage.html)

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This page was last edited on 10 March 2018, at 07:04.

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