Measurements Using LDA

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FLOW GENERATED BY PITCHED BLADE TURBINES I:

MEASUREMENTS USING LASER DOPPLER ANEMOMETER
a a
V.V. RANADE & J.B. JOSHI
a
Department of Chemical Technology, University of Bombay, Matunga Road, Bombay,
400019, India
Version of record first published: 25 Apr 2007.
To cite this article: V.V. RANADE & J.B. JOSHI (1989): FLOW GENERATED BY PITCHED BLADE TURBINES I: MEASUREMENTS USING
LASER DOPPLER ANEMOMETER, Chemical Engineering Communications, 81:1, 197-224
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FLOW GENERATED BY PITCHED BLADE

TURBINES I: MEASUREMENTS USING LASER
DOPPLER ANEMOMETER
V.V. RANADE and J.B. JOSHIt
Downloaded by [North Carolina State University] at 03:58 20 September 2012
Department of Chemical Technology

University of Bombay
Matunga Road, Bombay 400019
India
(Received September 12, 1988; in final form February 16, 1989)
Mean flow and turbulence intensities have been measured using laser Doppler anemometer for
pitched blade downflow turbines (PTD). Fully baffled, flat bottomed cylindrical vessels of 300 and
500 mm internal diameter were employed. The effect of impeller clearance on flow characteristics
have been investigated. The influence of geometry of PTO. that is blade angle (30-60°), blade width
(O.2D-0.4D) and impeller diameter (O.25T-O.5T) on the flow have been studied in detail. The
energy balances have been established around all the impellers and the hydraulic efficiency values
have been reported. This part provides a right set of boundary conditions to the model as well as
provides necessary and sufficient set of data to evaluate the model performance.
KEYWORDS Stirred tank reactors Fluid mechanics Pitched turbine impellers
Laser-Doppler anemometer Energy balance.
1. INTRODUcrION
1.1 Problem of Interest

Agitation of fluids using mechanical impellers is probably the most common and
most important operation in the chemical and allied industries. The main function
of agitation is to accelerate the rates of transport processes occurring in the
vessel. This is achieved by introducing energy into the vessel with the aid of
rotating impeller and converting this energy into hydrodynamic motion. There-
fore, detailed understanding of the hydrodynamics of these vessels (velocity and
stress fields, turbulent characteristics, etc.) is essential for the confident design of
stirred vessels. The characteristics of the flow generated in the stirred vessels
strongly depend on the type and geometry of the impeller. Recently pitched blade
turbines (especially downflow type) have been found to be more efficient with
respect to liquid phase mixing and solid suspension compared to other impellers
(Pandit and Joshi, 1983; Raghav Rao et al. 198801). Therefore. the present work
has been undertaken with an objective to provide comprehensive analysis of the
flow generated by downflow pitched blade turbines in fully baffled cylindrical
vessels.
t Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
197
198 V.V. RANADE AND J.B. JOSHI
Impeller agitation generates a three dimensional, recirculating turbulent flow in
a vessel. The generated flow is so complex that any theoretical analysis
(modelling) almost invariably involves some empirical information. Therefore,
understanding of the flow characteristics of a given type of impeller involves
detailed experimental as well as theoretical analysis. Correlations between
important flow characteristics and system geometry, for a whole range of
geometries, would assist the setting of impeller boundary conditions and provide
useful inputs to economical prediction procedures. Moreover, the validation of
computed predictions by comparison with experimental data is necessary. This
Part I presents the experimental data of flow generated by PTD. Part II of the
paper describes the results of the flow simulation exercise.
1.2 Previous Work

Most of the available data about flow in stirred vessels is for the standard disc
turbine. No quantitative studies of the flow generated by PTD are reported in the
literature except those by Fort and co-workers. Data of turbulence characteristics
of PTD are not available in the literature. Recently, Fort (1986) has extensively
reviewed the work on PTD. Therefore, only brief summary of the previous work
will be presented.
Fort and co-workers (Fort, 1986) have used the axial velocity (using pitot tube)
and the circulation time data to characterise the flow generated by pitched blade
turbines. Fort (1986) has reported the study of effects of number of blades, angle
of blades, D/T ratio and impeller location on pumping capacity of PTD. He has
reported that a maxima in the pumping capacity exists with respect to blade angle
at around 60°C. The effect of the number of blades was correlated by the
following equation:
NQ P = O.572ng· 295
(1)
(a= 45°, 1/5 $. D/T, 1/2,2 $. nb $.10)
He has also reported another correlation for the effects of impeller diameter and
location for six blade PTD with blade angle of 45°. The correlation is:
NQ P = 1.014(D/T)021(Hc/T)-O.17 Re > 1000 (2)
He has reported mean axial velocity data at two axial locations, above and below
the impeller. However, the data of tangential and radial components of mean
velocity are not reported. Thus, the available data are not adequate either for
generating boundary conditions for the numerical model or for the validation of
the model predictions.
Hydraulic efficiency is an important characteristic of an impeller. The value of
hydraulic efficiency (defined in Section 3.1) have been reported by Fort (1986) for
six bladed PTD with blade angle of 45°. The value of hydraulic efficiency for this
standard impeller was found to be 64%. He has also reported the effect of D/T
ratio (D /T = 1/5, 1/4, 1/3) on the efficiency and it was found to increase
marginally «10%) with a decrease in the D /T ratio. While arriving at this result,
he has used the same value of power number for all the three impellers with
LDA MEASUREMENTS OF FLOW IN STIRRED TANKS 199
different D /T ratios. This needs confirmation. Oldshue (1984) has reported
vector plots of mean velocity measurements carried out at Mixing Equipment Co.
Tatterson and co-workers (1980) have reported flow visualisation study of the
impeller region of PTD in two scales. It is very useful contribution.
It must be emphasised that, no systematic experimental program has been
undertaken in the past using sophisticated measuring technique for the measure-
ment of flow structure generated by pitched turbines. Even the impeller stream of
PTD has received no attention in contrast to the numerous papers on the
characterisation of impeller stream generated by disc turbine.
1.3 Present Contribution

The above brief review of previous work clearly emphasises the need for the
measurements of mean flow and turbulence characteristics of flow generated by
PTD. The Part I is restricted to the presentation of experimental results with
PTD using Laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA). The experiments have been
carried out to yield detailed and accurate data base to understand the physics of
flow generated by PTD. The impeller stream region and the bulk region of the
tank have been investigated thoroughly. The effects of impeller geometry (angle
of blade, blade width and diameter) on the flow characteristics and on the
hydraulic efficiency of the impeller have been presented. The effect of scale on
the flow characteristics have also been analysed.
2. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1 Agitation Equipment and Instrumentation

The experimental system was composed of: agitator assembly, cylindrical vessel,
a DANTEC 55X modular series Laser Doppler Anemometer (LDA) and its
associated electronic instrumentation; and a PDP 11/03 Digital Equipment
Corporation mini computer.
The basic components of agitation set-up are shown schematically in Figures
l(A) and l(B). Agitator assembly comprised of 1 HP motor with pulley
arrangement to allow eight different speeds. The vessel was provided with four
baffles of T /10 width. The diameter of cylindrical vessels were 300 mm and
500 mm. In order to minimise the effect of vessel curvature on the intersecting
beams, the cylindrical vessel was placed in a bigger square vessel. All these
vessels were constructed from transparent plexiglass. The square perspex
container was filled with same liquid as in the vessel, in order to reduce errors in
the positioning of probe volume. Eight pitched blade turbine impellers were
constructed of stainless steel, specifications of these impellers are given in Table
I. The entire agitation assembly with vessel was firmly mounted on a two
dimensional (x, z) traversing mechanism. The traversing mechanism could
displace the entire assembly 150 mm in 1 mm increments along any of the two
coordinates. The movement of the traversing mechanism was controlled
manually.
'~, r=--..
d -----<i)
- --
ctJ ~
~
,~
0 -{j)
,
FIGURE I(A) Schematic diagram of agitation set-up. l-Screw jack 2-Wheel for horizontal
movement 3-Wheel for vertical movement 4-Scale 5-Agitator mount assembly with motor
6-Agitator shaft with pulleys 7-Tank.
Measurements of the mean flow and turbulence characteristics were made using
a DANTEC 55X modular series LDA in forward scatter mode (Refer Figure 2
for experimental arrangement). A 15 mW, Spectra Physics He-Ne laser was used
as the light source. The laser and other optics were mounted on a bench which
has one directional traversing mechanism. The traversing mechanism could
T
iO
®---®
FIGURE I(B) Details of the tank and impeller. l-Agitaror shaft 2-Threaded section 3-Hub
4-Washer 5-Locking nut.
TABLE I
Power number. pumping capacity and hydraulic efficiency of downflow pitched blade impellers
Vessel
diameter, ll' '1
T D/T Bw/D degree HJT Np NQ p NQ T %
300 1/3 0.3 45 1/3 2.32 0.93 1.95 67

500 1/3 0.3 45 1/3 2.10 0.94 1.74 65
300 1/3 0.3 45 1/4 2.41 53
300 1/3 0.3 45 1/6 2.85 63
300 1/3 0.3 30 1/3 1.38 0.6 1.6 40

500 1/3 0.3 30 1/3 0.87 0.65 57
300 1/3 0.3 60 1/3 3.42 1.1 2.11 89
500 1/3 0.3 60 1/3 3.33 1.08 80
300 1/3 0.2 45 1/3 1.47 0.85 1.9 54
300 1/3 0.4 45 1/3 2.47 0.815 2.03 62
300 1/4 0.3 45 1/3 4.8 0.785 2.375 35
300 1/2 0.3 45 1/3 2.21 0.8 78
displace the position of the front lens by ±200 mm in 5 Ilm increments by means
of linearly encoded stepping motor monitored by the PDP 11/03 mini computer.
To identify the flow reversals correctly, frequency shift was given to one of the
beams by means of a Bragg cell with electronic downmixing. Data validation and
signal processing was carried out with the help of DANTEC 55L96 Doppler signal
processor or 'counter'. The PDP 11/03 mini computer functioned as the central
data acquisition and reduction controller via DANTEC 57G20 buffer interface.
2.2 Experimental Methodology

The LDA system was used in a forward scatter mode. The velocity optical probe
volume was formed by the intersection of two laser beams of wavelength
FIGURE 2 Experimental arrangement of LOA. I-Mounting bench 2-15 MW He-Ne laser

>-Optics 4--Mirror 5--Traversing Unit 6-Front lens 7-Tanks 8-Photomultiplier Tube 9-LDA
Signal processor (counter) with PDP 11/03 computer.
632.8 nm with an angle of intersection (in the air) of 11.06 degrees. The
measurement volume characteristics were: a diameter of 0.23 mm, a length of
2.4 mm and fringe spacing of 3.28 /lm. The probe volume was positioned at the
desired point with the help of traversing mechanism described earlier. In all the
experiments, tap water was used as a working fluid. No additional tracer particles
were added. Average validated data rate was of the order of 0.5 kHz.
The mean velocity and turbulence intensities were satistically determined from
populations of ten batches consisting 999 individual measurements in each batch.
This sample size was verified as satisfactory to achieve good (± 1%) re-
producibility. Each individual measurement was required to satisfy the counter
5/8 validation comparison to within a present tolerance of six percent. In order to

resolve the directional ambiguity, a net frequency shift of 1 MHz was imposed,
using a DANTEC 55N1O Bragg cell combined with electronic downmixing.
The measurements of radial and axial components of velocities were carried
out in a vertical center plane of the vessel which is perpendicular to the optical
axis of beams (plane ab in Figure 2), whereas the tangential components of
velocities were measured in a vertical center plane passing through the optical
axis of beam (plane ac in Figure 2). The scans of velocities were made at six axial
locations (zIH= -0.183, -0.66,0,0.1,0.183,0.267) and four radial locations
(rl R = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.9). The effects of impeller speed, impeller location and scale
were studied for the standard PTD impeller. Measurements with other impellers
were restricted to one impeller speed at fixed location H/3 from the bottom. In
all the cases, the impeller Reynolds number was well above 10000.
2.3 Measurement Error

Error sources affecting the accuracy (systematic error) and precision (random
error) of LDA measurements have been discussed by Durst et al. (1976). In this
study, the most serious potential systematic errors were attributed to the probe
volume positioning and the velocity bias respectively. The main source of random
error affecting the precision of the measurement was statistical sampling
uncertainty due to the finite size of sample populations. Estimates of sampling
uncertainty were derived from the measurements themselves. For mean velocity
components, this uncertainty was always less than ±1 % (rms error) while for
turbulent intensitive it was always less than ±2%.
The initial probe volume location uncertainty was estimated to be minimum
unit of traversing that is ±1 mm. This error is altered as the beam traverse the
vessel because of the wall curvature effects. To calculate the actual probe volume
location and to estimate the uncertainty in this location, it is necessary to know
the relevant trigonometric relations. However, since the measurements were not
carried out very near to the vessel wall where this error will be maximum, no
systematic attempt was made to quantify the involved uncertainty.
As the prevailing turbulence intensities in the tank are more than 10 percent,
the residence time weighting scheme (Buchhave, 1979) was used to give the bias
correction. The plots of weighted data are presented.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Calculation of Gross Characteristics

The primary pumping capacity of the impeller (PTD) is calculated from the
integral of axial downward velocity at Z = +30 mm as:
L R
2:rrrdrW
NQ P = ND 3 (3)
whereas the total pumping capacity for PTD is defined as:
LRR 2:rrr drW

NQ T = ND 3 (4)
where RR is radius of reversal, that is the radius at which the upflow starts.
Hydraulic efficiency of the impeller is defined as the ratio of the rate of energy
dissipated in the vessel excluding the impeller region (E 1M P - ED). Therefore,
E1MP-E o
1]= (5)
E 1M P
The total rate of energy dissipation for these impellers are calculated from the
experimentally measured power number (using torque table). The rate of energy
dissipated in the impeller region (that is --20:5 Z:5 +30 mm, r :51.5R) was
calculated establishing the energy balance around the region.
ED = E 1M P - net outgoing energy (6)

If the potential energy, the pressure work and the viscous dissipation energy are
assumed to be negligible, the rates of inflow and outflow of energy can be
calculated from the mean and turbulence kinetic energy. Neglecting the cross and
higher order correlations, the kinetic energy flow rate through a horizontal
surface at Z is:
KE z = f'
r
p2:rrW(U2 + W 2 + V 2 + u 2 + 3w 2 + v 2)r dr (7)
KE, = (z, p2:rrrU( U 2 + W 2 + V 2 + 3u 2 + w 2 + v 2 ) dZ (8)

JZ 1
3.2 Flow Generated by Standard PTD (No.1 in Table I)
3.2.1 Impeller region The measurements indicate strongly accelerating flow in

the impeller region. The main intake flow to the impeller comes from the top
horizontal surface. However, intake flow through the vertical peripheri is also not
insignificant because of the short circulation. The velocity profiles of standard
PrO located at H /3 from the bottom were measured for three impeller speeds
(200-700 rpm). No significant differences were observed in the profiles of
dimensionless mean velocities and turbulence intensities for the range of
Reynolds number studied (4 x 104-1.4 x lOS).
Sharp velocity gradients exist near the impeller region. Velocity data near the
impeller region have been presented using the following terms (Figure 3):
1I,e, = (U 2 + W 2 + y2)112 = resultant velocity (9a)
6 = tan-leV /W) = angle made by the resultant
velocity
with vertically downward direction
in the plane normal to the radial
direction (9b)
q, = tan
-1( v'y2U+ Wi ) = angle
velocity
made by the resultant
with vertically downward direction

in the plane normal to the
tangential
direction (9c)
These parameters calculated over surfaces of impeller region are plotted in
Figure 4 (as if the region around the impeller has been developed in a straight
line).
The resultant velocity (Yre,) shows a maxima in radial profile at the top and"
bottom surface of the impeller region. At the bottom surface of impeller region, a
maximum in 1I,e, exists at about 0.8R and the maximum value of resultant velocity
is about 0.6 times the impeller tip speed. The velocities at the vertical surface of
the impeller region are almost constant. The flow enters the impeller region with
average angle of 12 degrees (6) whereas it leaves the bottom surface of the
impeller with an angle of 30 degrees from most of the blade length. The radial
velocity components are almost negligible at the bottom surface of the impeller
FIGURE 3 Vector diagram for resultant velocity.

1I~-201 175. -201 75 ,]0 (0,)0)
c-t
10,301
1ol0RIZONTAl SURFACE
FIGURE 4 Mean velocity data for the impeller region of standard PTD. Impeller No.1 in Table I,
at H, = T /3 300 mm i.d. vessel.
region (since et> values are near to zero). The peak in et> values (more than 90°)
below the hub region indicates vertically upward flow below the hub. The
coincident peak in et> values represents inward radial velocity and indicates a
region of recirculation below the hub. The characteristics of this upward flow may
be sensitive to hub design. The turbulent kinetic energy profiles also depict
similar behaviour of mean resultant velocity (Figure 5). The position of maxima
in k below the impeller is almost the same as that of mean velocity. The
maximum resultant turbulence intensity (Vi/() is 0.35 times the impeller tip
speed.
The primary flow number and the total flow number of the impeller have been
calculated based on the profiles of axial velocity below the impeller. The
consistency of measurements have been confirmed by establishing the mass
balance around the impeller region. The primary flow number was found to be
0.93. The energy balance around the impeller yields the hydraulic efficiency of the
standard PTD as 67.4%. This is in complete agreement with Fort's (1986)
reported value.
3.2.2 Bulk region The standard PTD develops high speed jet flow in the
downward direction below the impeller. These jets entrain fluid and the velocity
gradients become less sharp as they approach the tank bottom. The profiles of
mean velocities in the bulk region are plotted in Figures 6A, B, C. After striking
the tank bottom, the fluid moves along the bottom upto the wall, where it turns
upward. Most of this upflowing liquid returns to the impeller from the impeller
top surface after taking 'U' turn at the top surface. Some short circulation of fluid
exists, leading to radially inward flow through the vertical periphery of the
30------.
40·~I·e
-0-
SO~
'0
'0
110 eo
110,-201 (7S,-lOI 115,301 10.lOI
TOP HORIZONTAL VERllCAl BOTTOM HORIZONTAL
SURFACE SURFACE SURFACE
[A[
04;;-
.;,-
Zo
~ -: 10
~.
~ ,: 20
~~
.~
III Ul )0
~ z 30;;'1•
~
ZV
00
ILl '0
iii w so
.
'0 '" ...-:;.
'0 '---'"
~
ZZ
~iflO 60
C 70 70
110,-)0) 1115,-)01 (115,',]01 10,_nOl
TOP HORIZONTAL vERTICAL BOTTOM HORI ZONTAl
SURFACe: SURFACE SURF"ACE
[B [
FIGURE 5 Normalised turbulent kinetic energy data for the impeller region of standard PTD. (A)
Impeller No. I in Table I at He = T /3 300 mm i.d. vessel. (B) Impeller No.2 in Table I at He = T /3
500 mm i.d. vessel.
impeller swept surface. There is also a distinct cone shaped region below the
impeller, around the symmetry axis where the upflow of liquid exists. The vector
plots presented by Oldshue (1984) also support the existence of such cone shaped
region. Thus, the flow in the bulk region can be divided into three regions, cone
shaped region below the impeller with low fluid velocities, high speed flow below
the impeller and rest of the vessel.'
In the cone shaped region below the impeller, the fluid velocities are very low
and the maximum velocity in that region is 0.05 U'ip. This region exists between
the impeller and the tank bottom with an angle of about 14° (Figure 7). In the
region between impeller centre plane (horizontal) and the tank bottom, intensely
turbulent flow exists. In this region, the radial position of maximum axial velocity
(downward) shifts in the outward direction while flowing from the impeller to the
tank bottom with a continuous decrease in the magnitude of maximum velocity.
This decrease in the velocity is approximately proportional to the inverse of the
distance from the impeller centre. Maxima also exists in the velocity profile of the
radial component. The position of this maxima shifts away from the impeller
(towards the tank bottom) as r increases. The maximum radial velocity exists near
the tank bottom and is of the order of 0.25 times the tip velocity. In the region
above the impeller top surface, fluid velocities are very low. (The maximum axial
velocity is of the order of 0.15 U tip whereas the maximum radial velocity is around
0.1 Utip ) ' The total flow circulation number was calculated from the profiles of
- 0",--,---.-,.--,---.--,.--,---.-r-;:-1
I -/. = 0·'" I
u
o
~
>
.
~
<
~
~
~
i -0-2
o
~
z
~ -0·1
o
().]o 0.' 0·2 0,) 0,' --i'so'6 0·7 c.e 0" '·0
DIMENSIONLESS RADIAL COOROINATE, ' fR
FIGURE 6(A) Radial profiles of mean axial velocity in the bulk region of the lank.
Rotational
Vessel speed
Symbol diameter S-I
o 300 212
• 300 400
f::, 300 700
o 500 260
300 Model predictions
300 Model predictions
with C2=1.6, CD =0.125
axial velocity below the impeller and was found to be equal to 1.95. In Figure 7,
the locii of maxima in the axial velocity, zero axial velocity, maxima in the radial
velocity and the boundary inner cone are presented to give an overall picture of
the flow in the vessel.
The turbulent intensity profiles for constant axial positions are presented in
Figure 8. These profiles are qualitatively similar to those of mean axial velocity.
In the bulk region of the tank, the axial, radial and the tangential components of
turbulent intensities are almost equal. Therefore, the assumption of isotropy of
turbulence seems reasonable for the bulk region of the tank.
208 v.v. RANADE AND J.B. JOSHI
-0·',----,----,-,--,.--,----,-,-_,.--,_-,
..
;-
·
u
3w
>
~
•
·
•
~
~
w
~
•
0 I ,/- =0·' I
• 0·'
~
w
z
a 0·'
0.,1 [ ! , ! ! ! I I
0 0'1 0·2 0·] 0·4 0·5 0-5 0·6 0·1 0·9

DIMENSIONLESS RADIAL COORDINATE, r/R
II/R =-0' 366 1
·
:; 0·'
.. 1--:::::--::a1n;:n. :
~ 02 - - - - - - - ....
~-O.l
~
Z
o
~
z
w
Z
o
0·'
FIGURE 6(A) (Continued).

-0-1
-0·'
~
~
..3
>
0·' 0·2 0,] 0,' o-s 0" 0" 0'8 0·' 1·0
DlfrolENSIONLESS REDIAL COORDINATE ,r/R
FIGURE 6(8) Radial profiles of mean radial velocity in the bulk region of the tank. Legend as
in 6(A).
o o o
o
o
~O.2
"";-
~ 0,]
~
U
..
3
>
~
<
o o o
~ 0·'
~
z
<
~
~
0·2 [Z/R=O.J66i I
~
~
~ 0'1
.
~
z
z
s
o 0
1·/0' 0·'" 1
0·'
0-' 0-1 0·1 0·' 0·5 (I.,0'1 0·8 0·' '.0
DIMENSIONLESS RADIAL COORDINATE,r/R
FIGURE 6(C) Radial profiles of mean tangential velocity in the bulk region of the tank. Legend as
in 6(A).
FIGURE 7 Overall flow characteristics of standard PTD (Impeller No. I in Table I at H, = T /3).
Curve Description
A Boundary of inner cone
B Locii of maximum axial velocity
C Radius of reversal near wall
D Locii of maximum radial velocity.
To bring out the three dimensionality of the flow, some measurements were
carried out at different r-z planes located at different angles from the baffle,
especially in the near wall region. These data of mean tangential velocities in the
near wall region are shown in Figure 9. This figure clearly indicates that baffle
action generates a strong vortex behind the baffle. The centre of the vortex lies
around halfway between the baffle width. Such evidence of baffle action
emphasises the need for the three dimensional modelling of the flow.
3.2.3 Effect of impeller clearance Pitched blade downflow impeller generates

strong axially downward flowing jets. The characteristics of these jets strongly
depend on the impeller location from the bottom of the vessel. Impeller location
is one of the critical parameters for the solid suspension. Therefore, the flow
characteristics of standard PTD have been studied at four values of clearance
namely H/2, H13, HI4 and H/6.
Axial velocity profiles at a plane immediately below the impeller (2 =
+30 mm) are shown in Figure 10. It can be seen that there is no significant
difference in the profiles with clearance of H 12 and H /3. However, further
decrease in the clearance decreases the axial velocity below the impeller. The
region of upflow below the hub increases with a decrease in the clearance.
Therefore, primary pumping number for impeller decreases with a decrease in the
clearance if it is .less than H /3. Power number of the impeller increases with a
0
BS~~A~~~g~28~t~~~~ ~~~~ A
c. , 9
1'/0=-0·"'1
0 , , , , ,
O'
, ~.9:'~Ot-f ~<Il~ ~~~~ &
~
1 ,jO=-O.1J) I
~~f8~~~
- ~
~1P<11~~A
9
i ..
~
. ~
2 Q)A ~/0=0'21
09 .,
IP
0
!'f:,~ttill f!"Jl918 1:9 &

"~""OO
III .c:o.., ~0
I? Il' , fR~%
I '/0.0'''' 1
2
, ,
0
O·
, ~~~~ 9t(J e,FJ~ J ~'e,,~e.e» ".o&lIO'~
,JJ .: .. c "B 1 '/0' 0,'" 1
·2 ,
0" 0'2 OJ 0 .,
0 -s 0 -e 0 -t 011 O'
01 A ....E NSIONLE S5 RADIAL COORDINATE, r fR
FIGURE 8 Radial profiles of turbulent intensities in the bulk region of the tank. Impeller No. I in
Table I at H, = T /3 300 mm i.d, vessel. 0, ct, ~-radial component, u e, (), "-axial component,
w Ell-tangential component, v.
decrease in the clearance (Raghav Rao and Joshi, 1988b). The hydraulic
efficiency for the clearance of H /2 and H /3 are almost same and around 65%. It
is interesting to note that the clearance of H /4 results in lowest hydraulic
efficiency of 53%. Further decrease in the clearance (at H/6) again results into
higher hydraulic efficiency of 63%. For lowest clearance (H /6), significantly high
radial velocities exist below the impeller, which is not the case for other clearance
levels. This may be one of the reasons for the better hydraulic efficiency for the
lowest clearance.
The flow characteristics near the vessel bottom are also of interest. The effect
of clearance on the profiles of axial mean velocity at a distance of 20 mm from the
bottom (for 300 mm i.d, vessel) is shown in Figure 11. The drastic reduction in
the mean velocity with an increase in the clearance indicates the importance of
impeller location on the flow near the bottom. Turbulence intensities near the
bottom are also strong function of impeller clearance. Detailed data for these
other clearances have not been presented here for the sake of brevity.
3.2.4 Effect of vessel diameter To understand the effect of scale, ;I geometrically

similar impeller (except hub) was studied in 500 mm vessel.
The other major characteristics of the flow near the impeller in 500 mm i.d.
o•
.
0' o7
0'0 •
Q"OO.BA"~
~
-o ·0.
u
>
o
0
1-.."'""' ~.~ -0 ·0.
0 .,
~
w
~
>
~
•~
w
o
0·0 •
z 0
~ 0
BA~
~
~ 1·,,)(·00. o-O.
z
2 0
~
...z
o•
0 CL
1 ~
0-0
.!- I· "r.oo. BA'FLE
0
-<).
-0--
~5· FROM BAFFLE I - 0 ·0.

10 e-s 08 07
DIMENSIONLESS RADIAL COOROINATE,r/R
FIGURE 9 Effect of angle from the ballle on tangential velocities near wall region. Legend same as
in Figure 6A.
vessel were practically the same as those in 300 mm i.d. vessel (Figure 12). The
position and magnitude of maximum in the resultant velocity are 0.78R and
0.615 U,;p, which are the same as those of small scale results. The primary flow
number and hydraulic efficiency values for the 500 mm i.d. vessel (0.94 and 65%
respectively) are also the same as those for smaller vessel. However, there is a
small difference in the cone region below the impeller. The region of upward flow
below the hub was decreased at a plane below the impeller (Z = +30 mm).
Axial velocity profiles for the bulk region of the tank for two vessels are shown
in Figure 6. It can be seen that the cone shaped region below the impeller where
the upflow of liquid exists disappears in the larger vessel (500 mm i.d.). It is
interesting to note that, though the pumping capacity and the hydraulic efficiency
of the standard PTD are practically the same in two vessels, the dimensionless
axial velocity profiles in 500 mm vessel depart significantly from those in 300 mm
vessel. These differences might have resulted because of the trailing vortices
behind the blades. Tatterson et al. (1980) have observed different characteristics
of vortices in two scales. They have observed stronger vortices in a larger vessel
whereas the flow in smaller vessel was found to be dominated by the downward
jet. The existence of strong trailing vortices can result into the reduction in
dimensionless axial velocity as observed in the present work.
LOA MEASUREMENTS OF FLOW IN STIRRED TANKS 213
-0·',--------------------,
""
"sw
>
~
;;
•
L~
~
~
~
z
~ 0-4
z
w
•
0. O.S
0·'0;'-~--cO'".-;-2-'0"'.';--;;0-';.'-';-0.7'-'0;;'.<'-'0-".';--;;0'-;·''--0'''.'0,---".0
DIMENSIONLESS RADIAL C:OORDINATE,r/R
FIGURE 10 Effect of impeller clearance on axial velocity profile below the impeller. Impeller No.1
in Table I. 300 mm i.d. vessel.
Symbol Impeller clearance
•e H/2
H/3
H/4
Ell H/6.
-0'3
I 20 ••
..
~
=:'0.
"
u
...3>
•;;
•
~
.
~
~
z
s
~
z
w
•0 ...
0·'
0 0·' '·0
FIGURE 11 Effect of impeller clearance on axial velocity profile near vessel bottom. Impeller No.1
in Table I. 300 mm i.d. vessel. Legend same as in Figure 10.
(115 -)0)
~
.
~ 0,)
u
s
~
: 0·'
~
a 0'5
~
~
~
~
~ 0·6
z
o
Vi
ffi 0·7
s•
TOP HORIZONTAL 80TTOM HORIZONTAL

SURFACE SURFACE
FIGURE 12 Mean velocity data for the impeller region of standard PTD. Impeller No. 2 in Table I
at He = T /3 500 mm i.d. vessel.
3.3 Effect of Impellers Geometry
3.3.1 Blade angle Blade angle was found to have very strong influence on the
flow characteristics. Therefore, the flow of two impellers having blade angles of
30° and 60° were studied in 300 mm i.d. in addition to the standard 45° impeller.
To highlight the effects of blade angle, the axial velocity profiles at a plane below
the impeller (2 = +30 mm) are shown in Figure 13A. This figure clearly shows
that the maximum axial velocity increases with an increase in the blade angle upto
60°. The width of high speed jets issuing from the impeller also increases with an
increase in the blade angle.
Analysis of the data similar to Figure 13A indicates that the position of maxima
in the resultant velocity at the top and bottom surfaces of the impeller region
shifts outward with a decrease in the blade angle. The magnitude of the maximum
velocity decreases with a decrease in the blade angle (0.43 Utip for 30° to 0.69 Uti p
for 60°). It is interesting to note that the impeller with blade angle of 60°
generates significant tangential velocity components along the vertical surface of
the impeller region which do not exist for the impellers of blade angles 45° and
30°. These tangential velocities result into a local maxima in the resultant velocity
along the vertical periphery. The position of this maxima appears at slightly
below the impeller centre plane. This shift may be because of the strong axially
downward flow. The entering and leaving angles of the flow also decrease with a
decrease in the blade angles. The profiles of turbulent kinetic energy are shown in
Figure 138. Turbulent kinetic energy also behaves similar to the mean velocity
with respect to blade angle. Impeller with blade angle of 60° generate intensely
I ,/R=O.' I
"
u
3
~ 0·1
u
•
·
<l 0·2:
·
~
w
Z 0·1
~
~
z
w
~ 0·4
o
0·'
0·'
0.7 0 0-1 o-a 0-] 0" 0-50 0,' 0·7 0-11 0" 1-0
DIMENSIONLESS RACIAL COORDINATE, .t«
FIGURE 13(A) Effect of blade angle on mean axial velocity profile below the impeller.
Symbol Blade angle
o 30"
45"
• 60"
sc
so
'00
"0
120
1"1001.~_"ZO""'-----"'-:''''---''''''''~;''-------;-;,0,.J.~~~
115,-ZOI In. )1»)
TOP HORIZONTAL VERTICAL BOTTOM HORIZONTAL
SURFACE SURFACE SURFACE
FIGURE 13(B) Effect of blade angle on turbulent kinetic energy profile.
Curve Blade angle
1 30"
2 45"
3 60"
216 v.v. RANADE AND J.B. JOSHI
turbulent flow. The maximum value of resultant intensity is 0.48 U,;p whereas it is
0.185 U'ip for the impeller with blade angle of 30°.
The primary flow number decreases with decrease in the blade angle (Table I).
However, this trend cannot be extrapolated for blade angles more than 60°
because larger blade angles (>60°) alter the nature of impeller stream through the
generation of stronger trailing vortices behind the blades. The hydraulic efficiency
of the impeller also decreases with a decrease in the blade angle. The impeller
with blade angle of 60° shows very high efficiency of 89% whereas impeller with
blade angle of 30° shows 40% efficiency. At this stage, it is difficult to explain
these results without detailed theoretical modelling of the flow within the
impeller. However, it may be noted that there is a relation between the angle
made by the resultant velocity with the blade and the hydraulic efficiency. (This
angle is 120° for 60° blade, 115° for 45° blade and 90° for 30° blade). If the leaving
flow makes the angle of 180° with the impeller blade, then the energy losses will
be minimum and probably the efficiency will approach 100% value. This gives us
a clue for the direction of improvement in the impeller design.
The increase in blade angle causes an increase in the total flow circulation
number. However, this trend may not be extrapolated for blade angles more than
60° (Fort, 1986). The values of total flow number (NOT) for impellers for different
blade angles are reported in Table I. The effects of blade angle on overall flow
structure can be assessed from the comparison of locii of boundaries of inner
cone, maxima in the axial velocity, etc. Such a comparison is shown in Figure
13e. It can be seen that, as the angle of blade increases, the spreading angle of
·60
.5O
.<0
·10
·20
E
E.._10
60
'0
'0
'0
lOOOe------!;;-,-='--;J,O!c----.',O;;-----!,O;;----;!,,;;cO-",,-;+;;-J
RACIAL COORDINATE,mon
FIGURE I3(C) Effect of blade angle on overall flow in the vessel.

Curve Blade angle
30°
45°
er
inner cone decreases. The locus of flow reversal near the wall is almost
unchanged with the changes in the blade angle. The increase in blade angle, in
general, increases the average liquid velocity and turbulence intensity in the tank
when blade angle is less than 60°.
3.3.2 Blade width The effects of changes in blade width are not as dramatic as
that of the blade angle. The axial velocity profiles for the two different blade
widths (B w / D = 0.2 and 0.4) are plotted in Figure 14A.
The position of maxima in the resultant velocity shifts outward with an increase
in the blade width. Also the sharpness of maxima decreases with an increase in
the blade width. The impeller with larger blades (B w / D = 0.4) generates higher
tangential velocities along the vertical surface of the impeller region. The impeller
with blade width of 0.2D does not generate upflow of liquid below the hub. The
effect of blade width on the turbulent kinetic energy profiles in the impeller
region are shown in Figure 14B. Maximum resultant turbulence intensities are
0.36 U'ip and 0.27 Ut ip for the B w / D = 0.4 and 0.2 respectively. The entering and
leaving angles of the flow are almost the same as those of standard PTD.
The primary flow number is less than that of standard PTD for both the
impellers. The increase in flow number when blade width increases from 0.2D to
0.3D is obvious. The decrease in the flow number with a further increase in the
l'I.~ozl
·~o.,
,~
•
u
~
~ 0·1
~
<
;;
<l 0.2
..
~
~
~ 0,]
FIGURE 14(A) Effect of blade width on mean axial velocity profile. 300 mm i.d. vessel.
Symbol Blade width, Bwl D
o 0.2
0.3
• 0.4
lIO .~20 I
'0
.
~
~ 60
w
50
~ 70
"~ 80
;;
"
1\°0°,'=_"'0'"------,;,,"'.-=-"20"1---,..,.-+,;-;---------,,,J.
10.lOJ
TOP HORIZONTAL
SURFACE
FIGURE 14(B) Effect of blade width on turbulent kinetic energy profile, below the impeller.
Curve Blade width, Bwl D
I 0.2
2 0.3
3 0.4
blade width is because of the outward shift of the maxima in the axial velocity.
For the impeller with blade width of O.4D, this maxima appears outside the
impeller radius and therefore, the primary flow number decreases. From the
point of view of hydraulic efficiency also, the standard impeller with blade width
of O.3D was found to be optimum (refer Table I).
40 60 80 100 120 \40

RADIAL COORDINATE, mm
FIGURE 14(C) Effect of blade width on overall flow in the vessel.

Curve Blade width, Bwl D
0.2
0.3
0.4
Though there is a maxima in the primary pumping capacity (N Q p ) with respect
to the blade width, the total flow circulation number (NQ T ) continuously increases
with an increase in the blade width (Refer Table I). The effects of blade width on
the overall flow structure are shown in Figure 14C. The angle of cone below the
impeller is virtually unaffected by the changes in the blade width. Same is the case
with the radius of reversal.
3.3.3 Ratio of impeller to vessel diameter In order to understand the effect of

the ratio of impeller diameter to vessel diameter, two impellers with diameters
equal to T /4 and T /2 were studied in addition to standard T /3 impeller. The
axial velocity profiles at plane just below (+30 mm) and just above the impeller
(-20 mm) are shown in Figures 15A and 15B.
The smaller impeller with diameter of T /4 generates qualitatively similar flow
to that of standard PTD. The position of maxima in the resultant velocity is
practically the same as that of standard PTD (O.8R) with slightly less magnitude
of the maximum resultant velocity (0.56 U'ip). This impeller does not generate
upflow below the hub. The entering and leaving flow angles are higher than those
with standard PTD (25° and 42°, respectively). The profile of turbulent kinetic
energy is similar to that of mean velocity and the maximum value of resultant
turbulence intensity is 0.3 Utip'
I z/R=-O.113 I
~
.
. . . -0·'
•
~
l,II 0·2
~
z
o
...~z 0·]
C
0·'
O· 5o\ -io.'\ ---.to"'----otc.,.-----co;;';.',........,0;;';.''''''-'o;;';.,c-'ot;.',---,0.....,---,0;';.,----.',.0

DIMENSIONLESS RADiAl COORDINATE I r/R
FIGURE 15(A) Effect of D/T ratio on mean axial velocity profile below the impeller. 300 mm i.d.
vessel.
Symbol D/T
o 1/4
1/3
• 1/2
-0" , - - , - - - , - - , - - , - , - - - , - - , - - , - - , - - ,
-0·)
I ,I"· 0·' I
-0,2
~
4
~
« o-z
~
~
~
~
a 0·]
~
z
~
z
o 0,'
0'60!--0"'''-'-'0':"''''-'''0'''''''-.0'''''-0'''''---'0""''-.0''",7''-' 0' -'- o"-s

,..--,J,·o
DIMENSIONLESS RADIAL COORDINATE I r/R
FIGURE 15(8) Effect of D{T ratio on mean axial velocity profile above the impeller. Legend same
as Figure 15(A).
·00 c cc
-'0 ,, I.
, 1
·'0 ,.
-ac "!
-20
\1
E -10 ~\
I
'. of----'.---\----.:.,-------H;f--------j
~
:; I '
z i
su'"
a
i
\ i I
-, \ I
',,,
• • I
" " .\
<, ' \'
'0 c~,
""'.1,
.".
70
00 " '-:.c
'0 ----0
1OOo!---+.-'-''--c,"'o-,.-,'''o,.--"doo,.----.,"''oo..-----,±C--,,+,.,-o..J
RADIAL COORDINATE ,mrn
FIGURE 15(C) Effect of D{T ratio on overall flow in the vessel. 300 mm i.d. vessel.
Curve D{T
1{4
1{3
1{2
However, the larger impeller with diameter of T 12 generates entirely different
flow near the impeller. This impeller pumps the liquid in the outward direction
through the vertical peripheri of the impeller, contrary to all the other impellers
studied here. Therefore, maxima in the resultant velocity exists along the vertical
surface of the impeller region. The maxima in the turbulent kinetic energy also
exists on the vertical surface. The reasons for this change of entire structure of
flow near the impeller region with increase in D IT ratio are not yet fully
understood. However, one plausible explanation is that the large diameter
impeller generates strong trailing vortices compared to the downward jets,
leading to radially outward flow. The analysis of the relative strengths of trailing
vortices and the downward jets is not attempted here.

The primary flow numbers for both of these impellers are lower than that of
standard PTD (Refer Table I). The primary flow number for the impeller with
diameter of T /2 was calculated from the profile of axial velocity at the top
horizontal surface of the impeller region (2 = -20mm). The hydraulic efficiency
of the impeller was found to increase with an increase in the impeller diameter
(Table I). Fort (1986) has observed almost no effect on D/T ratio on the
hydraulic efficiency of the impeller. However, the results obtained in the present
study are consistent with those of Sato et al. (1970), who found that a larger
impeller spreads turbulence more uniformly throughout the tank.
The effects of impeller diameter on the overall flow structure are shown in
Figure 15C. As discussed in Section 3.3.3, larger impeller of diameter equal to
T /2 generates entirely different flow from the rest of the impellers. The smaller
impeller (diameter equal to T /3) generates qualitatively similar flow to T /3.
However, with the T /4 impeller, the apex of the cone shaped region (upflow)
shifts downward from the impeller. The angle of cone is lower than that with
standard impeller, whereas larger impeller (T /2) generates a large upflow region
below the impeller. The radial position of maxima in the axial velocity shifts
outwards with an increase in the impeller diameter. The positions of flow
reversals near the wall gets slightly affected. Further, an increase in the impeller
diameter causes flow reversal at smaller radius.
4. CONCLUSIONS
The flow structure in a fully baffled, cylindrical vessels of 300 mm and 500 mm i.d.
with downflow pitched blade turbines has been measured using Laser Doppler
Anemometer. The mean velocities and turbulence intensities were found to be
approximately proportional to the impeller speed within the range studied (Range
of impeller Reynolds numbers: 4 x 104-1.4 x UP).
Detailed characterisation of flow in the impeller region for the standard PTD
and the influence of various geometrical parameters on these flow characteristics
have been presented. All the impellers studied except one impeller with diameter
equal to T /2, generate strongly accelerated downward flow through the impeller
region. The angle of blade has shown significant effects on the generated flow.
Same is the case with blade width though to lesser extent. The large impeller
(D IT = 0.5) generated entirely different flow (radially outward flow through the
vertical periphery of the swept surface), from rest of the impellers. The mean
flow data for the impeller region have been presented in the form convenient to
indicate the physical picture of the flow. The pumping capacities and hydraulic
efficiencies for all the impellers also have been reported. The results indicate that
the hydraulic efficiency of PTD increases with an increase in the blade angle and
also with an increase in the D IT ratio within the range studied. The blade of 0.3D
was found to be optimum from the view of hydraulic efficiency as well as primary
pumping capacity.
The mean and turbulence data for the bulk region of the tank have been
presented in detail for the standard PTD in the (300 mm i.d. and 500 mm i.d.)
vessels. Three distinct zones exist in the bulk region of the tank viz., cone shaped
region below the impeller (with upflow of liquid), highly turbulent region below
the impeller centre plane and relatively less turbulent zone above the impeller.
The radial components of velocity are predominant only near the tank bottom
whereas the tangential components are significant only upto small distance below
the impeller. The profiles of turbulent kinetic energy are qualitatively similar to
profiles of axial component of velocity. The assumption of isotropy of turbulence
in the bulk region of the tank seems reasonable. The effect of impeller location
and of scale on flow characteristics of bulk region have been discussed briefly.
The influence of geometric parameters on the flow have been presented briefly.
The radius of reversal was found to be independent of blade angle and blade
width (and is approximately equal to 0.375 T) whereas, the cone angle (upflow-
ing) was found to be sensitive to the blade angle. These changes in the
geometrical parameters do not seem to disturb the isotropy of turbulence in the
bulk region of the tank.
The presented data can be conveniently used for the validation of flow model.
The careful analysis of the flow characteristics of impeller region gives us clues for
plausible modifications in the blade design to optimise the overall performance of
the impeller.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The present work was supported by a research grant from the Department of
Science and Technology, Government of India [No. 14(20)/82/STPII].
NOMENCLATURE
Bw Blade width, m
D Impeller diameter, m
ED Energy dissipation rate, watt
E, MP Energy input rate, watt
H Height of liquid in vessel, m
He Impeller clearance, m
k Turbulent kinetic energy, m 2/s2
KE r Kinetic energy flow rate through constant r surface, watt (Eq. (7»
KE z Kinetic energy flow rate through constant Z surface, watt (Eq. (8»
nb Number of blades
N Rotational speed of impeller, S-1
NQ P Primary pumping number (defined by Eq. (3»
NQ T Total pumping number (defined by Eq. (4»

PTD Pitched blade downflow turbine
r Radial coordinate
R Radius of impeller, m
Re Reynolds number
RR Radius of reversal, m
T Vessel diameter, m
u Radial turbulence intensity, mls
U Radial mean velocity, mls
U'ip Linear velocity of impeller tip, mls
v Tangential turbulence intensity, mls
V Tangential mean velocity, mls
v'es Resultant mean velocity, mls
w Axial turbulence intensity, ml s
W Axial mean velocity
Z Axial coordinate
Greek Symbols
(l' Blade angle
TJ Hydraulic efficiency of impeller
(J Angle defined by Eq. (9b)
p Density, kg/rrr'
<I> Angle defined by Eq. (9c)
REFERENCES
Buchhave, P., Ph.D. Thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo (1979).
Durst, F., Melling, A., and Whitelaw, J.H., Principles and Practice of Laser Doppler Anemometry,
Academic Press, New York (1976).
Fort, I., in Mixing: Theory and Practice, Vol. Ill, Uhl, V.W., and Gray, J.B., (Eds.), Academic
Press, New York (1986).
Oldshue, J.Y., Fluid Mixing Technology, McGraw-Hili Book Co., NY (1984).
Pandil, A.B., and Joshi, J.B., Chern. Eng. Sci., 38, 1189 (1983).
Raghav Rao, K.S.M.S., Rewatkar, V.B .. and Joshi, J.B., AIChEJ. 34, 1382 (1988a).
Raghav Rao, K.S.M.S., and Joshi, J.B., Chern. Eng. Commun., 74, 1 (1988b).
Sato, Y., Kamiwano, M., and Yamamoto, K., Kogaku Kogaku, 34, 104 (1970).
Tatterson, G.B., Yuan,H.S., and Broadkey, R.S., Chern. Eng. Sci., 35, 1369 (1980).

Measurements Using LDA

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This article was downloaded by: [North Carolina State University]

On: 20 September 2012, At: 03:58

Chemical Engineering Communications

FLOW GENERATED BY PITCHED BLADE TURBINES I:

Version of record first published: 25 Apr 2007.

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FLOW GENERATED BY PITCHED BLADE

Department of Chemical Technology

1.1 Problem of Interest

paper describes the results of the flow simulation exercise.

1.2 Previous Work

1.3 Present Contribution

2.1 Agitation Equipment and Instrumentation

300 1/3 0.3 45 1/3 2.32 0.93 1.95 67

300 1/3 0.3 30 1/3 1.38 0.6 1.6 40

2.2 Experimental Methodology

FIGURE 2 Experimental arrangement of LOA. I-Mounting bench 2-15 MW He-Ne laser

5/8 validation comparison to within a present tolerance of six percent. In order to

2.3 Measurement Error

3.1 Calculation of Gross Characteristics

whereas the total pumping capacity for PTD is defined as:

LRR 2:rrr drW

ED = E 1M P - net outgoing energy (6)

KE, = (z, p2:rrrU( U 2 + W 2 + V 2 + 3u 2 + w 2 + v 2 ) dZ (8)

3.2 Flow Generated by Standard PTD (No.1 in Table I)

3.2.1 Impeller region The measurements indicate strongly accelerating flow in

with vertically downward direction

FIGURE 3 Vector diagram for resultant velocity.

0 0'1 0·2 0·] 0·4 0·5 0-5 0·6 0·1 0·9

II/R =-0' 366 1

FIGURE 6(A) (Continued).

3.2.3 Effect of impeller clearance Pitched blade downflow impeller generates

!'f:,~ttill f!"Jl918 1:9 &

3.2.4 Effect of vessel diameter To understand the effect of scale, ;I geometrically

~5· FROM BAFFLE I - 0 ·0.

TOP HORIZONTAL 80TTOM HORIZONTAL

3.3 Effect of Impellers Geometry

FIGURE I3(C) Effect of blade angle on overall flow in the vessel.

40 60 80 100 120 \40

FIGURE 14(C) Effect of blade width on overall flow in the vessel.

3.3.3 Ratio of impeller to vessel diameter In order to understand the effect of

O· 5o\ -io.'\ ---.to"'----otc.,.-----co;;';.',........,0;;';.''''''-'o;;';.,c-'ot;.',---,0.....,---,0;';.,----.',.0

0'60!--0"'''-'-'0':"''''-'''0'''''''-.0'''''-0'''''---'0""''-.0''",7''-' 0' -'- o"-s

vortices and the downward jets is not attempted here.

NQ T Total pumping number (defined by Eq. (4»

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