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ABSTRACT

Aluminum alloys are widely used in aerospace and automobile industries due to their low
density and good mechanical properties, better corrosion resistance and wear, low thermal
coefficient of expansion as compared to conventional metals and alloys. The excellent
mechanical properties of these materials and relatively low production cost make them a very
attractive candidate for a variety of applications both from scientific and technological
viewpoints metals and reinforcements. Present work is focused on the study of behavior of
Aluminum Alloy 6082 with silicon carbide composite produced by the stir casting technique.
Different % age of reinforcement is used. Tensile test, Hardness Test, Microstructure performed
on the samples obtained by the stir casting process.

A new class of materials, called “Composite Materials” has answered to this research to
great extent. Composite materials are those which are created artificially by combining two or
more materials which usually have dissimilar characteristics.

Metal Matrix Composites (MMC’s) consist of either pure metal or an alloy as the matrix
material, while the reinforcement generally a ceramic material. The key features of MMC’s are
specific strength and stiffness, excellent wear resistance, high electrical and thermal
conductivity.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the mechanical properties of Al 6082 metal matrix
composites reinforced with silicon carbide The test specimens are prepared as per ASTM
(American society for testing and materials) standard size by stir casting process. These
specimens are tested for hardness as per ASTM standards at different loads using “Brinell
hardness testing machine”. The tensile strength of the specimen is tested by using “Universal
Testing Machine”.

From the studies in overall it can be concluded that Al 6082 metal matrix composite exhibits
superior mechanical properties when reinforced with silicon carbide than other aluminum
composites.

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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

1.1. COMPOSITE MATERIALS

A composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials


that results in better properties than those of individual components used alone. In contrast to
metallic alloys, each material retains separate chemical, physical and mechanical properties. The
main advantages of composite materials are their high strength and stiffness, combined with low
density, when compared with bulk materials, allowing for a weight reduction in the finished part.
The two constituents are reinforcement and a matrix. The reinforcing phase provides the strength
and stiffness. In most cases, the reinforcement is harder, stronger and stiffer than the matrix. The
reinforcement is usually a fiber or a particulate. Particulate composites have dimensions that are
approximately equal in all directions. They may be spherical, platelets, or any other regular or
irregular geometry. Particulate composites tend to be much weaker and less stiff than continuous
fiber composites, but they are usually much less expensive. Particulate reinforced composites
usually contain less reinforcement (up to 40 to 50 volume percent) due to processing difficulties
and brittleness.

The length-to-diameter (l/d) ratio is known as the aspect ratio and can vary greatly. The
continuous phase is the matrix, which is a polymer, metal, or ceramic. Polymers have low
strength and stiffness, metals have intermediate strength and stiffness but high ductility, and
ceramics have high strength and stiffness but are brittle. The matrix (continuous phase) performs
several critical functions, including maintaining the fibers in the proper orientation and spacing
and protecting them from abrasion and the environment. In polymer and metal matrix composites
that form a strong bond between the fiber and the matrix, the matrix transmits loads from the
matrix to the fibers through shear loading at the interface. In ceramic matrix composites, the
objective is often to increase the toughness rather than the strength and stiffness; therefore, a low
interfacial strength bond is desirable.

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1.1.1. TYPES OF COMPOSITE MATRIX MATERIALS
There are three main types of composite matrix materials

 Ceramic matrix: Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are a subgroup of composite


materials. They consist of ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix, thus forming a
ceramic fiber reinforced ceramic (CFRC) material. The matrix and fibers can consist of
any ceramic material. CMC materials were designed to overcome the major
disadvantages such as low fracture toughness, brittleness, and limited thermal shock
resistance faced by the traditional technical ceramics.
 Metal Matrix: Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are composite materials that contain at
least two constituent parts – a metal and another material or a different metal. The metal
matrix is reinforced with the other material to improve strength and wear. Where three or
more constituent parts are present, it is called a hybrid composite. In structural
applications, the matrix is usually composed of a lighter metal such as magnesium,
titanium, or aluminum. In high temperature applications, cobalt and cobalt-nickel alloy
matrices are common. Typical MMC's manufacturing is basically divided into three
types: solid, liquid, and vapor. Continuous carbon, silicon carbide, or ceramic fibers are
some of the materials that can be embedded in a metallic matrix material. MMCs are fire
resistant, operate in a wide range of temperatures, do not absorb moisture, and possess
better electrical and thermal conductivity. They have also found applications to be
resistant to radiation damage, and to not suffer from outgassing.
 Polymer Matrix: Polymer matrix composites (PMCs) can be divided into three sub-
types, namely, thermoset, thermoplastic, and rubber. Polymer is a large molecule
composed of repeating structural units connected by covalent chemical bonds. PMC's
consist of a polymer matrix combined with a fibrous reinforcing dispersed phase. They
are cheaper with easier fabrication methods. PMCs are less dense than metals or
ceramics, can resist atmospheric and other forms of corrosion, and exhibit superior
resistance to the conduction of electrical current.

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1.1.2. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMPOSITES

Composites consist of one or more discontinuous phases embedded in a continuous


phase. The discontinuous phase is usually harder and stronger than the continuous phase and is
called the ‘reinforcementor’ ‘reinforcing material’, whereas the continuous phase is termed as
the ‘matrix’. Properties of composites are strongly dependent on the properties of their
constituent materials, their distribution and the interaction among them. The composite
properties may be the volume fraction sum of the properties of the constituents or the
constituents may interact in a synergistic way resulting in improved or better properties. Apart
from the nature of the constituent materials, the geometry of the reinforcement (shape, size and
size distribution) influences the properties of the composite to a great extent. The concentration
distribution and orientation of the reinforcement also affect the properties.

The shape of the discontinuous phase (which may by spherical, cylindrical, or rectangular
cross-sanctioned prisms or platelets), the size and size distribution (which controls the texture of
the material) and volume fraction determine the interfacial area, which plays an important role in
determining the extent of the interaction between the reinforcement and the matrix.

Concentration, usually measured as volume or weight fraction, determines the


contribution of a single constituent to the overall properties of the composites. It is not only the
single most important parameter influencing the properties of the composites, but also an easily
controllable manufacturing variable used to alter its properties. The orientation of the
reinforcement affects the isotropy of the system.

1.2. METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are composite materials that contain at least two constituent
parts, a metal and another material or a different metal. The metal matrix is reinforced with the
other material to improve strength and wear

Metal matrix composites possess some attractive properties, when compared with organic
matrices. These include (i) strength retention at higher temperatures, (ii) higher transverse
strength, (iii) better electrical conductivity, (iv) superior thermal conductivity, (v) higher erosion
resistance etc. The main advantage of metal matrix compositeare they have Low transverse

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strength, Good corrosion resistance, Low operational temperature limits, Low thermal
conductivities, Low electrical conductivities.

Good elastic modulus properties can be achieved by the unidirectional incorporation of fibers or
whiskers in the metal matrix even though the bonding between them may be poor. But, strong
metallic matrices rather than weak metal or polymer matrices are essential for good transverse
modulus and shear strength. Carbon/graphite fibers have been used with metal matrices on a
laboratory / experimental scale only, because most basic fabrication techniques involve high
temperatures which have detrimental effects on the fiber. However, research on these lines is
continuing in view of the potential of the composites.

1.1.2. TYPES OF METAL MATRIX COMPOSITES

a) Aluminum Matrix Composites


b) Magnesium Matrix Composite
c) Titanium Matrix Composite
d) Copper Matrix Composites
a) Aluminum Matrix Composites

This is the widest group of Metal Matrix Composites. Matrices of Aluminum Matrix
Composites are usually based on aluminum-silicon (Al-Si) alloys and on the alloys of 2xxx and
6xxx series.

Aluminum Matrix Composites (AMC) are reinforced by:

 Alumina (Al2O3) or silicon carbide (SiC) particles (particulate Composites) in


amounts 15-70 vol%;
 Continuous fibers of alumina, silicon carbide, Graphite (long-fiber reinforced
composites)
 Discontinuous fibers of alumina (short-fiber reinforced composites)

Aluminum Matrix Composites are manufactured by the following fabrication methods:

 Powder metallurgy(sintering)
 Stir casting
 Infiltration

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The following properties are typical for Aluminum Matrix Composites:

 High strength even at elevated temperatures


 High stiffness (modulus of elasticity)
 Low density
 High thermal conductivity
 Excellent abrasion resistance.

Aluminum Matrix Composites (AMC) are used for manufacturing automotive parts
(pistons, pushrods, brake components), brake rotors for high speed trains, bicycles, golf clubs,
electronic substrates, cores for high voltage electrical cables.

b) Magnesium Matrix Composite

Magnesium Matrix Composites are reinforced mainly by silicon carbide (SiC) particles
(particulate composites)

The following properties are typical for Magnesium Matrix Composites:

 Low density
 High stiffness (modulus of elasticity)
 High wear resistance
 Good strength even at elevated temperatures
 Good creep resistance

Magnesium Matrix Composites are used for manufacturing components for racing cars,
lightweight automotive brake system, aircraft parts for: gearboxes, transmissions, compressors
and engine.

c) Titanium Matrix Composite

Titanium Matrix Composites are reinforced mainly by: Continuous monofilament


silicon carbide fiber (long-fiber reinforced composites);Titanium boride (TiB2) and titanium
carbide (TiC) particles (particulate composites). Powder metallurgy (sintering)is used for
fabrication of Titanium Matrix Composites.

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The following properties are typical for Titanium Matrix Composites:

 High strength
 High stiffness (modulus of elasticity)
 High creep resistance
 High thermal stability
 High wear resistance

Titanium Matrix Composites are used for manufacturing structural components of the
jet’s landing gear, turbine engine components (fan blades, actuator pistons, synchronization
rings, connecting links, shafts, discs), automotive engine components, drive train parts, general
machine components.

d) Copper Matrix Composites

Copper Matrix Composites are reinforced by: Continuous fibers of carbon (**C**),
silicon carbon (SiC), tungsten (W), stainless steel 304 (long-fiber reinforced composites); Silicon
carbide particles (particulate composites). Powder metallurgy (sintering) and infiltration
technique are used for fabrication Copper Matrix Composites.

The following properties are typical for Copper Matrix Composites:

 Low coefficient of thermal expansion


 High stiffness (modulus of elasticity)
 Good electrical conductivity
 High thermal conductivity
 Good wear resistance.

Copper Matrix Composites are used for manufacturing hybride modules, electronic
relays, electrically conducting springs and other electrical and electronic components.

Hybrid composites are a new generation of metal matrix composites that havethe
potentials of satisfying the recent demands of advanced engineering applications. Thesedemands
are met due to improved mechanical properties, amenability to conventionalprocessing technique
and possibility of reducing production cost of aluminum hybrid composites.So, we are using
hybrid metal matrix composite in our project.

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1.3. Fabrication Methods of Metal Matrix composites

In recent years, the potential of metal-matrix composite (MMC) materials for significant
improvement in performance over conventional alloys has been recognized widely. However,
their manufacturing costs are still relatively high. There are several fabrication techniques
available to manufacture the MMC materials: there is no unique route in this respect. Due to the
choice of material and reinforcement and of the types of reinforcement, the fabrication
techniques can vary considerably. The processing methods

used to manufacture particulate reinforced MMCs can be grouped as follows.

1.3.1. Liquid -phase fabrication methods


1.3.2. Solid -phase fabrication methods
1.3.3. Two phase (solid/liquid) processes

Which include Rheocasting and Spray Atomization Normally the liquid-phase fabrication
method is more efficient than the solid-phase fabrication method because solid-phase processing
requires a longer time. The matrix metal is used in various forms in different fabrication
methods. Generally, powder is used in pneumatic impaction and the powder metallurgy
technique, and a liquid matrix is used in liquid-metal infiltration, plasma spray, spray casting,
squeeze casting, pressure casting, gravity casting, stir casting, investment casting, etc. A
molecular form of the matrix is used in electroforming; vapor deposition and metal foils are used
in diffusion bonding, rolling, extrusion, etc.

1.3.1. Liquid phase fabrication techniques

Most of the MMCs are produced by this technique. In this technique, the ceramic particles are
incorporated into liquid metal using various processes. The liquid composite slurry is
subsequently cast into various shapes by conventional casting techniques or cast into ingots for
secondary processing. The process has major advantage that the production costs of MMCs are
very low. The major difficulty in such processes is the non-wettability of the particles by liquid
aluminum and the consequent rejection of the particles from the melt, non-uniform distribution
of particles due to their preferential segregation and extensive interfacial reaction. Liquid-metal
infiltration, squeeze casting, compo casting, pressure casting, spray codeposition, stir casting etc.

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 Stir Casting
The final distribution of the particles in the solid depends on material properties and
process parameters such as the wetting condition of the particles with the melt, strength of
mixing, relative density, and rate of solidification. The distribution of the particles in the molten
matrix depends on the geometry of the mechanical stirrer, stirring parameters, placement of the
mechanical stirrer in the melt, melting temperature, and the characteristics of the particles added.
An interesting recent development in stir casting is a two-step mixing process. In this process,
the matrix material is heated to above its liquids temperature so that the metal is totally melted.
The melt is then cooled down to a temperature between the liquids and solidus points and kept in
a semi-solid state. At this stage, the preheated particles are added and mixed. The slurry is again
heated to a fully liquid state and mixed thoroughly. This two-step mixing process has been used
in the fabrication of aluminum.

Fig 1: Stir Casting

 Squeeze Casting
Squeeze casting is also known as liquid metal forging is a combination of casting and
forging process. the molten metal is poured in the bottom half of the pre-heater die. As the
metal starts solidifying the upper half closes the die and applies pressure durimg the
solidification process. The amount of pressure thus applied I significantly less than used in
forging, and part of the grade detail can be produced. Coring can be used with this process
o form holes and recesses. The porosity iss low and mechanical properties are improved.
Both the ferrous and non-ferrous materials can be produced using this method.

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1.3.2. Solid phase fabrication methods

There are several ways to fabricate MMC using solid-phase materials but among them diffusion
bonding and the powder metallurgy route are used widely. Diffusion bonding, hot rolling,
extrusion, drawing, explosive welding, Powder metallurgy route, pneumatic impaction, etc.

 Powder Metallurgy
Powder metallurgy is a term covering a wide range of ways in which the materials are
components are made from metal powders. Powder metallurgy process can avoid are
greatly reduce the need to use metal removal processes, thereby drastically reducing a
yield loss in manufacturing and often resulting in lower cost. Powder metallurgy is also
used to make undue materials impossible to melt or form in others ways.

Fig 3: Power Metallurgy

1.4. REINFORCED MATERIALS

The role of the reinforcement in a composite material is fundamentally one of increasing the
mechanical properties of the neat resin system. All of the different fibers used in composites
have different properties and so affect the properties of the composite in different ways. For most
of the applications, the fibers need to be arranged into some form of sheet, known as a fabric, to

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make handling possible. Different ways for assembling fibers into sheets and the variety of fiber
orientations possible to achieve different characteristics.

The following are the major reinforcements:

1.4.1. Silicon Carbide


Silicon carbide is also known as carborundum. Silicon carbide possess high
strength, high elastic modulus, high toughness and impact resistance, low sensitivity-to
changes in temperature or thermal shock, high surface durability, low sensitivity to
surface flaws, high electrical and thermal conductivity, minimum exposure to the
potential problem of moisture absorption resulting in environmental degradation and
improved fabric ability with conventional metal working equipment. The effects of the
test temperature on the impact behavior of all materials were not very significant.
1.4.2. Boron Carbide
Boron carbide is a robust material having excellent chemical and thermal stability,
high hardness and low density and it is used for manufacturing bullet proof vests, armor
tank etc. Hence, boron carbide reinforced aluminum matrix composite has grained more
attraction with low cost casting route.
1.4.3. Titanium Carbide
Titanium carbide is extremely hard refractory ceramic material, similar to tungsten
carbide. It has the appearance of black powder with the sodium chloride structure.
Titanium carbide is high elastic modulus, extreme hardness and temperature resistant
properties, titanium carbide ceramic particles are often used as reinforcement within the
aluminum matrix. Titanium carbide is also relatively inexpensive an exhibits good
wetting characteristics in molten aluminum.
1.4.4. Aluminum Oxide
Aluminum oxide is a chemical compound of aluminum and oxygen. Corundum is
the most common naturally occurring crystalline form of aluminum oxide. Rubies and
sapphires are gem-quality form of corundum. Aluminum oxide is an electrical insulator
but has a relatively high thermal conductivity for a ceramic material. Aluminum oxide is
insoluble in water. Aluminum oxide is responsible for the resistance of metallic
aluminum to weathering.

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1.4.5. Silver Nano Particles
Metal Nano particles are commonly used for surface modifications in fiber
reinforced polymer composites because of their large specific surface area and electronic,
magnetic, other related properties. Nano particles of silver of between 1nm and 100 nm in
size, while frequently described as being silver some are composed of a large percentage
of silver oxides due to their large ration of surface-to-bulk silver atoms.

1.4.6. Tungsten Carbide


Tungsten Carbide is the main raw material for the production of the cemented
carbide. It is a kind of black six square crystals, with metallic luster, hardness and
diamond are similar, as good conductors of electricity, heat. Tungsten Carbide is
insoluble in water, hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid, mixed acid soluble in nitric acid
and hydrofluoric acid. Tungsten Carbide are pure, if the incorporation of a small amount
of titanium, cobalt metal, can reduce the brittleness. As Tungsten steel cutting tools, often
by adding titanium carbide, tantalum carbide or their mixture, in order to improve the
anti-explosion capacity. Chemical properties of Tungsten Carbide are stability.

1.4.7. Titanium oxide

Titanium oxide (TiO) is an inorganic chemical compound of titanium and oxygen. It


can be prepared from titanium dioxide and titanium metal at 1500 °C. It is non-stoichiometric
in a range TiO0.7 to TiO1.3 and this is caused by vacancies of either Ti or O in the defect rock
salt structure. In pure TiO 15% of both Ti and O sites are vacant. Careful annealing can cause
ordering of the vacancies producing a monoclinic form which has 5 TiO units in the primitive
cell that exhibits lower resistivity. A high temperature form with titanium atoms with trigonal
prismatic coordination is also known. Acid solutions of TiO are stable for a short time then
decompose to give hydrogen.

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CHAPTER-2

LITERATURE SURVEY

1. G. G. Sozhamannanet AL investigates in 2012, “Effect of Processing Parameters on


Metal Matrix Composites: Stir Casting Process”. Conventional stir casting process has
been employed for producing discontinuous particle reinforced metal matrix composites
for decades. In the present study, aluminum metal matrix composites were fabricated by
different processing temperatures with different holding time to understand the influence
of process parameters on the distribution of particle in the matrix and the resultant
mechanical properties. The distribution is examined by microstructure analysis, hardness
distribution and density distribution. The particles were distributed uniformly in the
processing temperature 750°C and 800°C. The particles agglomerations were found in the
processing temperature of 700°C, 850°C and 900°C due to the changes of viscosity in
liquid Al matrix.
2. Muhammad Hayat Jokhioet. Al. investigates in 2012, “Manufacturing of Aluminum
Composite Material Using Stir Casting Process”. The 7xxx series aluminum matrix
usually contains Cu-Zn-Mg. Aluminum matrix manufactured by varying Cu, Zn and Mg
percentage. He investigates the effect of Al2O3reinforcement on aluminum 7xxx matrix
on mechanical properties using simple foundry melting alloying and casting route. The
required quantities of "Al2O3" particles were added in 2.5, 5, 10 and 15% weight percent.
The experimental results indicate that aluminum matrix cast composite can be
manufactured via conventional foundry method giving very good responses to the strength
and ductility up to 10% "Al2O3"particles reinforced in aluminum matrix. The high
percentage of "Al2O3" up to 15% in alloy decreases the tensile strength. High "Al2O3"
particles in matrix requires.
3. Yilmaz and Altintas [1994]. “The reinforcement particles can also be pre-treated by
heating”. For SiC oxidation, different researchers have used varying temperature and
times: 1000°C for 1.5 h in air [Yilmaz and Altintas, 1994], 1100ºC for 1-3 h [Zhou and
Xu, 1997], 850°C for 8 h Kevorkijan and Sustarsic, 1997]. Doel and Bowen, [1996] has

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chosen stainless steel as the main crucible and stirrer material. The machine consisted of a
four 45º flat bladed stirrer and a crucible in a resistance heated furnace chamber. Stirring
speed was varied from 200 to 500 rpm.
4. Bai & Zhao (2010) studied the contribution, and “The effect of the micro-
structuralcharacteristics on tensile properties and fracture behavior of partially-
squeeze Al7075 alloy die casting in the as-cast and T6 heat-treated conditions”. The
results show that inferior tensile properties of the casting partially- squeezed part were
caused by the -Al cells with fragment, rosette, angular and globular shapes, while finer
dendrites with smaller secondary dendrite arm spacing and more rounded silicon particles
corresponded to higher tensile properties. After T6 treatment, tensile properties increased
significantly due to the spheroidization of silicon particle and consequently the reduction
of stress concentration at silicon/eutectic matrix interface.
5. Gopalakrishnan &Murugan (2012) attributed the “primary attraction of
practitioners and researchers to Metal matrix composite (MMC) to improved
specific strength, high temperature and wear resistance application”. Aluminum
matrix reinforced with titanium carbide (Al-TiC) was reported by the authors to have a
good potential. In composite fabrication, the main challenge, as noted by the authors is to
produce this composite in a cost-effective way to meet the above requirements. In the
study, Al-TiC castings with different volume fraction of TiC were produced in an argon
atmosphere by an enhanced stir-casting method.

6. M. Benachour, N. Benachour, and Benguediab, “Fatigue crack initiation of Al-


Alloys-Effect of Heat treatment condition”, International Journal of Mechanical,
Aerospace and Mechatronics Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 11, pp. 1195-1197, 2013.

7. H.B. Bhaskar and Abdul Sharief, “Tribological properties of Aluminum 2024 Alloy-
Beryl Particulate MMC’s”, Bonfring International Journal of Industrial Engineering and
Management Science, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 143-147, 2012.

8. Jayashree P .K , Gowri Shankar M.C , Achutha Kini, Sharma S.S and Raviraj
Shetty, “Review on Effect of Silicon Carbide (SiC) on Stir Cast Aluminum Metal
Matrix Composites” . The importance of composites as engineering materials is reflected
by the fact that out of over 1600 engineering materials available in the market today more

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than 200 are composites. These composites initially replaced Cast Iron and Bronze alloys
but owing to their poor wear and seizure resistance, they were subjected to many
experiments and the wear behavior of these composites were explored to a maximum
extent and were reported by number of research scholars for the past 25 years. In the
present study, based on the literature review, the effect of Silicon carbide on Stir cast
Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites is discussed. Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites
with Silicon carbide particle reinforcements are finding increased applications in
aerospace, automobile, space, underwater, and transportation applications. This is mainly
due to improved mechanical and tribological properties like strong, stiff, abrasion and
impact resistant, and is not easily corroded. In the present scenario, a review of different
researchers has been made to consolidate some of the aspects of mechanical and wear
behavior of Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites reinforced with Silicon carbide particles
in both untreated and precipitation hardened condition Vol.3, No.3 2013.

9. G.Sivakaruna and Dr.P.Suresh Babu “ A Survey On Effects Of Reinforcement On


Aluminum Metal Matrix Composites”. In the recent years the use of composites is
increasing rapidly and likely to increase more rapidly in the future. In the present
industrial scenario Aluminum and its alloy based composites are having importance in the
elevating fields of engineering. Aluminum metal matrix composite (AMMC) are mostly
preferred for their density, high strength to weight ratio, hardness, corrosion resistance,
fatigue and creep resistance. Hence they are widely used in aerospace, automobile,
marine, sports, electronic and automation industries. The material makes as tailored
material when it reinforced with many materials for various application. Hence in this
paper we present a survey on the effects of different reinforcements on the mechanical and
tribological behavior of AMMCs fabricated by various methods.

10. Dipti Kanta Das, Purna Chandra Mishra,Saranjit and Swati Pattanaik, “ Fabrication
and Heat Treatment Of Ceramicreinforced Aluminum Matrix Composites ”.
Ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composites have attracted considerable attention in
engineering applications as a result of their relatively low costs and characteristic isotropic
properties. Reinforcement materials include carbides, nitrides and oxides. In an effort to
achieve optimality in structure and properties of ceramic-reinforced metal matrix
composites (MMCs), various fabrication and heat treatment techniques have evolved over
the last 20 years. In this paper, the status of the research and development in fabrication

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and heat treatment techniques of ceramic-reinforced aluminum matrix composites is
reviewed, with a major focus on material systems in terms of chemical compositions,
weight or volume fraction, particle size of reinforcement, fabrication methods and heat
treatment procedures. Various optical measurement techniques used by the researchers are
highlighted. Also, limitations and needs of the technique in composite fabrication are
presented in the literature. The full potential of various methods for fabricating ceramic-
reinforced aluminum matrix composites is yet to be explored.
11. Bala G Narasimha, Vamsi M Krishna and Dr. Anthony M Xavior, “A Review on
Processing of Particulate Metal Matrix Composites and its Properties”. In the past,
materials are confined only to monolithic type, but for the better physical, chemical and
triboloigical properties comparing to the monolithic materials composite materials are
have been evolved. Metal matrix composites have evoked a keen interest in recent times
for potential applications, because the characteristics of MMCs can be designed into the
material, custom-made, dependent on the application. From this potential, metal matrix
composites fulfill all the desired conceptions of the designer. Out of these Al/Al alloy
based MMC’s are gaining wider acceptance in many industries e.g. aerospace, automotive
and automobile industries due to their superior properties such as light weight, low
density, high strength to weight ratio, low cost, high quality and high performance etc. in
structural materials. The aim of this paper is to review the current research and
development of Al matrix based MMC and discusses the various existing and emerging
processing techniques for the fabrication of Aluminum matrix composites. The vortex (or
mixing) method continues to be the most popular processing method in use because of its
operation, total production cost, and suitability, while the infiltration, casting, and spray
atomization and co-deposition techniques receive less attention.

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CHAPTER-3
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 ALUMINUM 6082

Aluminum alloy 6082 is am aluminum alloy, it is a medium alloy


with excellent corrosion resistance. It has highest strength of the 6000 series alloys.
Alloy 6082 is known as a structural alloy. In plate form, aluminum alloy 6082 is
the alloy most commonly used for machining. The higher strength of aluminum
alloy 6082 has seen it replace 6061 in many applications. The addition of a large
amount of manganese controls the grain structure which in turn results in a
stronger alloy.

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