HV Seminar - TLA

Transmission Line Arrester Application
Jorge Luiz De Franco

REP – Lima – November 18th – 20th, 2013
November 15, 2013

High Voltage Technical Seminar
Transmission Line Arrester Applications
• General overview about lightning activities
• General overview about lightning effects on unshielded and shielded
transmission lines.
• General overview about the procedures to improve the transmission
lines lightning performance.
• Transmission Line Arresters (TLA).
page 2 / November 15, 2013

General overview about
lightning activities

Lightning activities
• In many countries lightning has • Lightning is the most frequent cause

been reported as the main cause of of transmission outage and service
non-scheduled outages on interruption in the United States,
overhead sub-transmission and accounting for about 30% of all
transmission lines with rated voltage power outages, and resulting in
up to 230 kV. economic losses approaching $1
– United States: 57% billion annually – http://www.epri.com
– Brazil: 50 – 70%
– Japan: 70 – 80%
– Denmark: 57%
– Colombia: 47 – 69%

• Lightning effects on transmission lines are more critical in regions with

high electrical activities and / or high soil resistivity
– Load losses on power systems caused by voltage sags due to

lightning transitory activities on transmission lines.
– Critical for all modern industries now so reliant on sophisticated
electronic equipment and especially production process very
sensitive to momentary disturbances on the systems.
– Permanent and transitory disturbances on important lines / whole
system due to outages.

• This fact has been taken by several power supply utilities and
industrial consumers around the world and caused them to invest in
partnership with universities and research centers in the research
programs and field studies, aiming:
– To develop theoretical studies to get a better understanding about
the transient response of shielded and unshielded overhead lines
reached by lightning.
– To get a better understanding about the lightning incidence and its
parameters which have influence on the transient behaviour of the
overhead lines.
– The promotion of improvements along the critical sections of the
overhead lines with poorer lightning performance, thereby
increasing their reliability.

Ground Flash Density (GFD) – World Map

Keraunic Level (KL) – World Map

Ground Flash Density (GFD) versus Keraunic Map
• Starting from the KL and using

the CIGRÉ general equation the GFD  0.04  KL 1.25
GFD shall be estimated as:

GFD versus Keraunic Map - Peru
• Peru does not have yet a

lightning location system to get
more reliable information about
the Ground Flash Density
(GFD).
• Power utilities and industrial

consumers have been using
information available in the
Peruvian Keraunic Map.

Lightning Research Station – Morro do Cachimbo

Probability of lightning ccurrence – CIGRE Data
100.00
Probability to be exceeded (%)
10.00
 
1.00  
 
P I  I d   
1
2.6 
 1   I  
 
0.10   31  
0.01
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Discharge current (kA)
CIGRÉ Data Simplified equation - CIGRÉ

Front of time for lightning - CIGRÉ Data
100.00
Probability to be exceeded (%)
10.00
1.00
0.10
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Current Stepness (kA / µs)

General overview about
lightning effects on unshielded and
shielded transmission lines

Lightning effects on transmission lines
• Three main aspects are involved in

the lightning performance of the
transmission lines:
– Discharge current characteristics:
peak value, time-to-crest and rate
of rise.
– The attachment process between
lightning channel and the
transmission line components.
– The electromagnetic response of
the line.
Source: Lightning on transmission
lines - IEEE Acapulco 2004

• Main aspects involved in the transmission lines lightning performance:

– The lightning striking point: top of the tower or on the shield wires
(shielded lines); phase-conductors (unshielded lines or shielding
failure).
– Current discharges characteristics.
– The shield wire equivalent surge impedance.
– The electromagnetic coupling among shield wires and phase
conductors.
– The transient response of the tower.
– The effect of the adjacent towers.
– The transient response of grounding systems.
– The disruptive insulation model considered.

• Transmission lines may present several different configurations for the

towers, overhead conductors and tower-footings.
• Different configurations of these components establish different

transient responses under lightning stresses, which reflect on the
calculated values for the resultant overvoltages.

Unshielded lines
• Transient voltages travel along both Flashover on the phase i will occur if:
directions of the line.
VIS i t   Vdischarg ei t 
• Basically all lightning strikes on

structures or on the phase
conductors will produce flashovers
VIS t   Z 0  i t  along the insulator strings.

Shielded lines
• When lightning strikes on the tower
or on the shield wires transient
voltages are generated and travel
along the tower and the shield wires
increasing the voltage on the top of
the tower (VTOWER).
• At same time induced voltages are
generated on the phase-conductors
due to the coupling factors between
the shield wire and the phase-
conductor (coupling factor – K).  
VIS i t   Vcrossarmi t   Vinducedi t   VPFi

Shielded lines
Stroke current
characteristics
Shielded lines
Transient voltage
on tower
The tower model can be considered and

evaluated on a simplified basis as a
transmission line.
  r  
ZT  60  Lncot  0.5  tan 1  av  

   HT  
Shielded lines
Voltage on the top tower
Shielded lines
Induced voltages on
phase conductors
VInducedi t   Ki .VTOWER t 
VA  0
V  0
 B   Z   
VC  0
   
Vg   I g 
Shielded lines
Z Earthing  ZTOWER
K REF 
Z Earthing  ZTOWER
if Zearthing < ZTOWER: a negative reflection

occurs reducing the voltage on the top of
the tower.
Shielded lines
Z Earthing  ZTOWER
K REF 
Z Earthing  ZTOWER
Shielded lines
• Transmission line lightning performance depends strongly on the
transient grounding system behaviour.
4.0
[MV]
3.5
3.0
10000
2.5 ohm
2.0
150 ohm
1.5
1.0
0,1 ohm
0.5
0.0
[us]
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
DescargaTorre_1.pl4: v:11
DESCARGATORRE_150.pl4: v:11
DESCARGATORRE_10000.pl4: v:11
Shielded lines – effect of grounding system

Shielded lines – effect of grounding system
Effect of the Grounding impedance

Shielded lines
Transient voltages on
insulators strings
 
VISi(t) Transient voltage on the insulators strings (kV)

Vcrossarmi(t) Transient voltage on the crossarms (kV)
Vinduced(t) Induced voltages (kV)
VPFi Power frequency voltage (kV)
Shielded lines
 
• Disregarding the “cross-arm effect”:
VIS i t   VTOWER t  1  Ki   VPFi
• Back flashover on the phase I will occur if:
VIS i t   VDischarg ei t 

Shielded lines – back flashover occurrence
• Possibility of back flashover occurring across insulator strings.
Source: National Grid

Shielded lines: Flashover Voltage on the Insulators
 710 
U flashover(t )   400  0,75  W
 t 
Uflashover Flashover voltage on the insulators strings (kV peak)

t Time for discharge (0,5 - 16 s)
W Dry arcing distance of the insulator strings (m)

W  n  1 p  DAD
W Dry arcing distance of insulators strings (m) up to 1,000 m.a.s.l.
n Number of insulators
p p = 146 mm (Suspension) / p = 146 mm (Tension)
DAD Dry arcing distance for 1 insulator (m)
DAD = 210 mm (Suspension) / 230 mm (Tension)
  H 1000 / 8150
WCH  W  e
WCH Dry arcing distance corrected by the altitude effect (m)
H Altitude of transmission line above the sea level (m)

Effect of the altitude on the dry arcing distance
Altitude Suspension Tension

(m) n W (cm) n W (cm)
1,000 20 298.4 21 315.0
3,516 20 219.1 21 231.3
3,800 20 211.6 21 223.4
4,100 20 204.0 21 215.3
4,400 20 196.6 21 207.6
4,550 20 193.0 21 203.8
4,646 20 190.8 21 201.4

Effect of the altitude on the flashover voltage
5000,0
4500,0
4000,0
3500,0
Udesc (kV)
3000,0
2500,0
2000,0
1500,0
1000,0
500,0
0,0
0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0
Time (us)
H = 1000 m H = 3500 m H = 4650 m

Shielding failure

Induced voltages
Source: Lightning on transmission lines - IEEE Acapulco 2004

• Unshielded Lines:
– Basically all lightning strikes on structures or on the phase
conductors will produce flashovers along the insulator strings.
• Shielded Lines:
– Possibility of back flashover occurring across insulator strings.
– Transmission line lightning performance depends strongly on the
• Shielding failure:
– Flashover occurrence as in case of the unshielded lines.
• Induced voltages:
– Critical for systems with rated voltage up to 45 kV

General overview about the procedures
to improve the transmission line
lightning performance

Procedures to improve the transmission lines
• Increase the line insulation:
– increase the dry arc distance of the insulator strings.
• Improvement in the grounding system:
– reduction of the outages on the shielded transmission lines.
• Shield wire application on unshielded lines or improvement in the
shielding angle for shielded lines:
– reduction in the number of direct strikes on the phase conductors.
– increase the conductor height with increasing the attractive area.
• Transmission Line Arrester (TLA)
– Externally Gapped Lightning Arresters: EGLA
– Non-gapped lightning arresters – NGLA (TLA)

Which method shall be used?
INPUT OUTPUT:
Current outage Desired outage
number number
• Lightning studies and analysis using computational tools, in which for

the desired transmission line configuration is estimated number of
transmission line outages per 100 km . year.
– Current configuration and other configurations considering different
procedures to improve the line

• Basic Information Required for Modelling TLA for transmission lines:
– System voltage
– Basic configuration of the line:
– Tower type, phase-to-earth and phase-to-phase distances, shielded
or unshielded line, phase conductors and shield wire sags, span
length between towers, conductors diameters, etc.
– Short-circuit currents and temporary overvoltages conditions.
– Ground Flash Density of the region crossed by the linet.
– Grounding system
– Other

• Starting from the results obtained in the theoretical studies and
knowing the target number of desired outages for the lines, methods
and procedures to improve the lightning performance of the line have
been evaluated taking into account the cost – benefit balance and:
– from the methods currently available to improve the overhead

unshielded and shielded lightning performance, in most of the cases
Transmission Line Arresters (TLA) sometimes associated with
the improvement of transient grounding behaviour have been
usually considered as the most effective.

Transmission Line Arresters

Transmission Line Arrester – TLA
• Generality:
– TLA been Installed in parallel with
insulators strings on systems up to
800 kV for lightning protection and
to controll switching overvoltages.
– Installed along critical sections of
transmission lines with poorer
lightning performance to reduce
non-schedule outages due to
lightning.
• reducing system interruption.
• increasing system reliability.
– NGLA or EGLA configuration.

Which Application?
• To reduce non-schedule outages of unshielded and shielded
overhead transmission lines due to lightning:
– reducing system interruption caused by lightning.
– reducing or eliminating line trips due to lightning increasing the
service intervals of breakers.
– maintaining vulnerable networks from outage.
– eliminating interrupted power supply for sensitive industrial
processes.
• Controlled switching overvoltage profile along the line:
– a good alternative to pre-insertion resistors.

Which Application?
• Extended station protection:
– reducing both amplitude and steepness severity of the incoming
overvoltages entering an air or a GIS substations.
– eliminating insulator flashover (back flashover) near substations.
• Compact lines or Upgrading system voltage with existing line
insulation:
– less environmental impact & easier to get right-of-way permission
– increasing the system voltage without the necessity to change the
line design / configuration.
• To protect double circuit lines:
– avoiding the interruption of both circuits simultaneously.

Which Application?
• Minimize tripping of unshielded and shielded lines due to lightning:
– New transmission lines projects with high theoretical indexes of
outages due to lightning.
• Reduced costs for grounding systems;
• In some cases shield wires may be eliminated.
– To improve the lightning performance of existing unshielded and
shielded overhead lines with poorer lightning performance.
• Benefits for the utility:

– Utilities are required by demand to increase availability and reliability
of transmission systems. Therefore eliminating operational high cost
outages and mandatory penalties is high on the agenda.

TLA applied on sections of the line
• Individual towers protected with TLA
– Installing one TLA on an individual tower reduces the probability of
flashover, installed on the bottom phase. If a second TLA is installed
the reduction in probability is minimal.
"Cambuci - Sto Antônio Pádua" 69 kV TL
100.0
Outages probability (%)
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
58 59 60 61 62 65 66 70 72 76
Current configuration 1 TLA per structure 2 TLA per structure

• Adjacent towers protected with TLA
– Installation of additional TLA’s on adjacent towers reduces the
probability of flashover.
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
58 59 60 61 62 65 66 70 72 76
Current configuration 1 TLA per structure 2 TLA per strucuture

• Individual versus Adjacent towers protected with TLA

100.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
20.0
0.0
58 59 60 61 62
Current configuration 1 TLA per structure 2 TLA per structure

1 TLA per strucuture * 2 TLA per structure *

Extended station protection
• Back flashover at 600 m from the substation with one surge arrester
installed

• Back flashover at 600 m from the substation with two surge arresters
installed

• Back flashover at 300 m from the substation with a set of TLA
installed on the structure closest to the substation with one surge
arresters installed

600
[kV]
Back flashover at 600 m from the

500
substation with one surge arresters
installed
Back flashover at
400
600 m from the
substation with two
surge arresters
300
installed
200
Back flashover at 300 m from

the substation with a set of
100
TLA installed on the structure
closest to the substation with
one surge arresters installed
0
[us]
0.0 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0
Simulação_3.pl4: v:5
SIMULAçãO_1.pl4: v:5
SIMULAçãO_2.pl4: v:5

Which Arrester design?
• No Gapless Line Arresters (NGLA)
+ Indication of overloaded NGLA by disconnector.
+ Reasonable current/energy sharing for kA currents.
+ Can be used for all applications.
– May be longer and heavier than EGLA.
– Mechanical stress on disconnector lead.
• Externally Gapped Line Arresters (EGLA)

+ No continuous voltage stress on ZnO-unit.
– Can only be used for tripping protection on shielded lines.
– Tricky coordination with insulator withstand levels in order to avoid spark-
over for slow front or TOV events.
– Minimal current sharing and no indication of overloaded EGLA.
page 56
Which Arrester design?
• Externally Gapped Line Arresters (EGLA)
page 57
TLA selection for NGLA
• Totally different application than substation arresters:
– Used to protect self-restoring equipments.
– Short protective distances.
– Its only purpose is to prevent flashover of the insulators strings
• Rated voltage and MCOV:
– Highest voltage of the system & maximum temporary overvoltages
and their duration.
• Housing characteristics.
• Energy requirements for lightning & switching surges.
• Maximum protective levels required.
• TLA short-circuit capability.
• Environmental conditions and mechanical considerations.

TLA selection – NGLA – Which Energy class?
• Different application than line discharge for substation arresters:
– Substation arresters shall take all line discharges and system

capacitor discharges.
– EGLA typically has IEC class 1 blocks.
– For NGLA the energy class depends on:

• if the transmission line is unshielded or shielded.
• the transient grounding system behaviour.
• numbers of TLA installed on the protected tower & along the line.

Energy requirements for lightning
• Lightning striking on the tower
– Simplified model to evaluate the energy handling by TLA / NGLA.
– Conservative model to evaluate a single phase.
– This model does not consider the effects of the adjacent towers and
considers the grounding impedance as a lumped resistance.

Energy requirements for switching surges
• Reclosing of a 600 km transmission line – Simplified ATP analysis
– Arresters installed on the substation

– Arresters installed on the substation and on the middle of line

– Arresters installed on the substation & along the sections of the line

– Energy comparison: arrester installed on phase C of the substation

– Energy comparison: arrester installed on the middle of line

• The energy absorbed by TLA during switching surge on the
transmission lines depends on the length of the line as well as the
number of TLA installed along the sections of the line.
• TLA installed along the sections of the transmission lines share the
total energy among them reducing the energy absorbed by each
TLA.
• For switching surges lower energy discharge class can be chosen

when many TLA are installed along the line.

How many and in which phases?
• The effectiveness of TLA for lightning performance improvement of
overhead lines is associated with the criteria used for TLA selection,
quantity and best location of TLA along the overhead lines.
• Electrical Studies:
– Simulations to optimize the number and the location of TLA:
• Calculation of the overhead transmission lines lightning
performance for different line configurations.
– Simulations to define and estimate the energy requirements for TLA:
• Studies to define the maximum energies absorbed by the TLA,
considering the lightning characteristics; the transient grounding
behaviour and the possibility of multiple strokes occurrence.

NGLA - Basic configuration for 230 kV system

Selection of disconnectors characteristics
• Which reclosing system is used?
– How fast is it?
– How many reclosing may occur?
– Typical short-circuit currents?
• Electrical characteristics.
– When the disconnector shall operate.
– When the disconnector shall not operate.
• Proper mechanical strength.

– Vibrations should be verified.
page 72
Selection of disconnectors characteristics
• Typical disconnector data:

– Curve showing opening
time versus current.
– Standard distribution types
are not suitable as soon as
NGLA with higher energy
capabilities are used.
– No opening for lightning
stresses allowed.
– Only operate if NGLA is
overloaded.
page 73
Important disconnector characteristics
• The disconnector must always continue its opening operation once it
is triggered to operate even if the system voltage trips.
• A disconnector is a simple device that typically reacts on heating
from power frequency like currents. It can never distinguish between
TOV currents or slow oscillating slow front currents passing through
the NGLA or real short-circuit currents.
– This shows the importance to always select a high enough rated
voltage so that the NGLA do not see TOV stresses that can
interfere with its disconnector operation.
– If not, disconnectors with a better coordination to selected NGLA
and systems conditions shall be selected.
page 74
NGLA - Proper disconnector coordination
1. Disconnector operates before the line trips: this depends how
quick the disconnector operates plus how quickly it can quench the
arc during falling out, which will be strongly weather dependent.
This is then a race between the line protection scheme and the
disconnector and may vary from incident to incident. No tripping
occurs.
2. Disconnector operates before fast reclosing of the line: this
means that once triggered the disconnector shall continue to
disconnect even if the power supply is switched off. This should be
a repeatable operation depending on coordination of the line
protection scheme including fast reclosing time and the
disconnector opening time.
page 75
NGLA - Proper disconnector coordination
3. Disconnector has not completed its operation when reclosing
occurs: this should not happen as this leads to a system
disturbance and also leads to a second short-circuit stress on the
NGLA which significantly increase the risk of complete
disintegration of the arrester with larger pieces coming down. This
indicates a mismatch of disconnector opening times compared to
the line protection scheme of the system and may cause system
disturbance every time there is a NGLA failure.
4. A fourth scenario is that the disconnector operates but the
arrester is not overloaded or failed: this should not occur and
indicates either a disconnector not matching the NGLA
characteristics or a mechanically too weak disconnector design.
page 76
Field performance and trial results
• Field experience with line arrester´s application:
– Technical literatures and field evaluation have been reporting the
effectiveness in the application of transmission line arresters for the
improvement of transmission line lightning performance in many
countries around the world in special in USA and Japan.
– Good field experience and the proven results obtained in the
improvement of the overhead lines lightning performance have been
encouraging more and more users to develop studies and research
programs to evaluate the line arresters application.
– In the following slides are shown some experiences from Peru.

• Field experience of the Peruvian utilities
– More than 6,500 units of gapless transmission line arresters
installed on overhead lines of several different users with rated
voltages up to 220 kV, being approximately 25% on 220 kV
transmission lines.
– First applications: NGLA installed on Antamina´s 23 kV internal
network and on 220 kV transmission lines at 4,500 m.a.s.l.
– Good results obtained along the years have encouraged more and
more users to install NGLA aiming the improvement of the lightning
performance of their overhead distribution, sub-transmisison and
transmission lines.

• Field experience of the Peruvian utilities:

• Field experience of the Peruvian utilities:
– Improvement of the Lightning Performance of 220 kV transmission
lines from Antamina (L-2254 and L-2255 – 2000)

• Few registrations of electric and mechanic failures in the line arresters
have been observed and detected.
– Electric failures:
• higher energies absorbed by line arresters.
• Temporary overvoltage issues
– Mechanic failures:
• disconnection of some line arresters due to failures in the flexible
cable and in the links connection (eye screw) caused by the
incidence of strong winds and / or vibration in the line.

• Mechanic failures (source CEMIG):
Details of the disconnector operation due to mechanical failure

TLA have been tested and have presented good electrical results

Field experience
• Electrocentro – Peru – 23 kV

Field experience
• Antamina – Peru – 23 kV

Field experience
• Ampla – Brazil – 69 kV

Field experience
• BKK – Norway – 120 kV

Field experience
• Transmission line 123 kV

Field experience
• CEMIG – Brazil – 138 kV

Field experience

Field experience

Field experience
• CVRD – Brazil – 138 kV

Field experience
• Buena Ventura – Peru – 138 kV

Field experience
• Terna SPA – Italy – 138 kV

Field experience
• Energisa – Brazil – 138 kV
TLA were installed on a “new”

structure built in the tower to allow
TLA installation on hot line.
This procedure has a shorter
installation time compared with the
usual procedure used to install TLA
on hot line.

Field experience
• UTEJF – Brazil – 138 kV

Field experience
• Antamina – Peru – 220 kV

Field experience
• REN – Portugal – 230 kV

Field experience
• Statnett – Norway – 300 kV

Field experience
• Unshielded compact line – 420 kV
Source: Different Transmission Line Arrester Applications, Installations,

and Designs – MSA / ABB – CIGRÉ tutorial – Rio de Janeiro – 2005

Field experience
• Protection of double circuit line – 420 kV
page 100 November 15, 2013

/
Field experience
• Protection of double circuit line – 420 kV
Source: Limitation of switching overvoltages by line arresters in combination

with controlled switching - Carl E. Solver - CIGRÉ 2006 - Q1.12 – Paris

/
Field experience
• Controlled switching overvoltage - Russia

/
Field experience
• Controlled switching overvoltage – 800 kV
Source: Application of 800 kV SF6 Dead Tank Circuit Breaker with

Transmission Line Surge Arresters to Control Switching Transient Over Voltages
IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 17, n. 4, p 957-962 Oct. 2002.

/
General considerations
• Lightning has been reported in many countries as the major cause of

non-scheduled outages on sub-transmission and transmission
overhead lines, creating many issues and damages for power supply
utilities and their consumers. Losses and damages in the USA caused
by lightning exceed an annual value of 1 billion dollars.
• Power supply utilities and industrial consumers in partnership
with universities and research centers have been establishing and
developing research programs seeking lightning performance
improvement of their lines. Lightning evaluation shall be using
computational simulations, in way to define quantity, best location and
TLA characteristic. Usually an economical analysis allows to obtain
an optimized solution for the lightning performance improvement.

/
• From the methods used to improve the overhead lines lightning

performance, line arresters have been usually considered in most
of the cases as the most effective. Sometimes, this effectiveness
and cost – benefit balance increases with some improvement in the
grounding systems for fast transients.
• The appropriate dimensioning of the TLA energy handling capacity is

a important factor for a good transmission line lightning performance,
once the TLA energy handling capacity is one of the most important
factors for an appropriate performance of the TLA in the systems.

/
• The improvement observed in the transmission line lightning

performance with TLA installed along the lines or in their critical points
proves the efficiency and the reliability of the TLA application. Good
field experience and the proven results obtained in the improvement
of the overhead lines lightning performance have been encouraging
more and more users to develop studies and research programs to
evaluate the line arresters application.

/
• Technical activities and R&D projects have been done in way to

diffusing technical information about the improvement of the overhead
lines lighning performance; to increase the line arresters application
field and its reliability; as well as to encourage more users and
researchers in the participation of lightning studies.
– to evaluate the electric and mechanic performance of line arresters;
– to get detailed information about lightning activities and parameters;
– to evaluate energy requirements for lightning activities.
– to analyze and to evaluate other applications for line arresters, such
as: compact lines; controlled switching surge overvoltages profile
along the line; upgrading system voltage with existing line insulation;
extended station protection; etc;

/
Thank You For Your Attention!
November 15, 2013

HV Seminar - TLA

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Transmission Line Arrester Application

Jorge Luiz De Franco

November 15, 2013

page 2 / November 15, 2013

page 3 / November 15, 2013

• In many countries lightning has • Lightning is the most frequent cause

page 4 / November 15, 2013

• Lightning effects on transmission lines are more critical in regions with

– Load losses on power systems caused by voltage sags due to

page 5 / November 15, 2013

page 6 / November 15, 2013

page 7 / November 15, 2013

page 8 / November 15, 2013

• Starting from the KL and using

GFD shall be estimated as:

page 9 / November 15, 2013

• Peru does not have yet a

• Power utilities and industrial

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Discharge current (kA)

CIGRÉ Data Simplified equation - CIGRÉ

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Current Stepness (kA / µs)

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• Three main aspects are involved in

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• Main aspects involved in the transmission lines lightning performance:

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• Transmission lines may present several different configurations for the

• Different configurations of these components establish different

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• Basically all lightning strikes on

VIS t   Z 0  i t  along the insulator strings.

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The tower model can be considered and

if Zearthing < ZTOWER: a negative reflection

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Effect of the Grounding impedance

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VISi(t) Transient voltage on the insulators strings (kV)

• Disregarding the “cross-arm effect”:

VIS i t   VTOWER t  1  Ki   VPFi

• Back flashover on the phase I will occur if:

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Source: National Grid

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Uflashover Flashover voltage on the insulators strings (kV peak)

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Altitude Suspension Tension

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Source: Lightning on transmission lines - IEEE Acapulco 2004

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Which method shall be used?

• Lightning studies and analysis using computational tools, in which for