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W
Unit weight : γ =
V
Gs γw
Dry unit weight : γd =
1+ e
DRY H1
Moist unit weight : γ = γdry ( 1 + ω )
(Gs + e) γ w
Saturated unit weight: γsat =
1+ e
Zero air void unit weight: MOIST H2
Gsγ w
γzav = G.W.T.
1+ e
Moisture content (water content)
Ww
ω = SATURATED
Ws H3
ωG s
Degree of saturation : s =
e
e
Porosity : n = Phases of Soil
1+ e
Air void ratio = n (1 – s)
G.W.T. = ground water table
where : W = total weight
V = volume
Gs = specific gravity
e = void ratio
γw = unit weight of water
= 9.81 kN/m3 ( 1gram/cm3 )
GEOTECHNICAL 2
Uniformity coefficient, Cu
Some methods for determining density of
D
Cu = 60 soil in the field:
D10
Discharge velocity, V
V=ki
Seepage velocity, Vs
V
Vs =
n
n = porosity
GEOTECHNICAL 5
Vertical Stresses in Soil Compressibility of Soil
h1
Dry, γd
B G.W.T.
h Components of Settlement:
h2 Saturated, γsat
S = S1 + S2 + S3
C
S = total settlement
1. Total stress at C : σc = γd h1 + γsat h2
S1 = immediate or distortion settlement
2. Pore water pressure at C : uc = γw h
S2 = primary consolidation settlement
3. Effective stress at C = Total stress – Pore pressure
σc’ = σc − uc S3 = secondary consolidation settlement
t2 open open
S3 = C’a H log
t1 Hdr
Ca H Hdr
C’a =
1 + ep
Δe
Ca = open closed
t
log 2
t1 Cv t
Tv =
Ca = secondary compression index H 2 dr
ep = void ratio at the end of primary consolidation Cv = coefficient of consolidation
= eo - ∆e Tv = time factor
Po + ΔP Hdr = drainage distance of water
∆e = Cc log
Po
Preconsolidation Pressure, Pc
t1 = time for completion of primary consolidation
t2 = time after completion of primary
Pc
consolidation OCR =
Po
Immediate Settlement, S1 OCR = overconsolidation ratio
Pc = preconsolidation pressure
(1 - μ2 ) Po = soil overburden pressure
S1 = Cs q B
Es
Cs = shape and foundation rigidity factor
q = pressure due to load
B = width of foundation or diameter of circular
foundation
µ = Poisson’s ratio of soil
Es = modulus of elasticity of soil
GEOTECHNICAL 7
Bearing Capacity of Foundations Case 2: the water table is located at the bottom
of the foundation
Terzaghi’s Bearing-Capacity
G.W.T.
B
d>B
G.W.T.
B
γ = γdry
γ = γsat - γw
GEOTECHNICAL 8
τ
σ1
φ c
σ τ
cu
τ σ
φ c σ
σ3 deviator stress
σ3 deviator stress σ1
σ1
cu = undrained shear strength
σ3 = chamber confining pressure, cell pressure
= minor principal stress
σ1 = major principal stress
∆σ = deviator stress
GEOTECHNICAL 9
σh = k σv
γΗ Frictional capcity
Cuts in Clay when <4
C Qf = PLλ (Qv + 2C )
0.25 H Qb Pv diagram
Pa= 0.3 γH
Qb + Qf
Design Load : Qall =
ka = Rankine active pressure coefficient F.S.
C = cohesion of clay
γ = unit weight of soil
H = depth of cut
GEOTECHNICAL 11
Piles on Sand Qall Drilled Piles on Clay
Qall
Ds
Dc 1.5 m
Qf L1 L
Qf
Ds
L2
Qb Pv diagram
Db
End bearing capacity Qb
Qb = Pv Nq Atip End bearing capacity
Qb = qp Atip
Frictional capcity
Qf = P ( area of Pv diagram ) K µ L1 + L2
qp = 6C [ 1 + 0.2 ] but not greater than CNc
Db
Qb + Qf
Design Load : Qall = Db = bell diameter
F.S.
Ds = shaft diameter
L Qf
θ [(n - 1) m + (m - 1) n]
Eg = 1 -
90 m n
Qb
End bearing capacity Bowles :
Qb = qp Atip 2 ( m + n - 2) S + 4D
Eg =
πD m n
a. Nvalue < 50 m = number of rows of piles
qp = 57.5 Nvalue < 2900 kPa n = number of piles in a row
b. Nvalue > 50 D
tan θ =
P S
qp = 0.59[ Nvalue ( a )]0.8
Pvb D = diameter of pile
Pa = 100 kPa S = spacing of piles center to center
Pvb = effective vertical pressure at base elevation
Settlement of Piles
Frictional capcity : Qf = Σ β Pv P L
a. Nvalue ≥ 15 Se = Se1 + Se2 + Se3
β = 1.5 – n (z)0.5 (drilled on sand)
β = 2 – 0.15 (z)0.5 (drilled on gravel) Elastic Settlement of Pile, Se1
b. Nvalue < 15 (Qwp + ξ Qws ) L
N Se1 =
β = value [ 1.5 – n (z)0.5 ] Ap Ep
15
Qwp = load carried at the pile point under working
Pv = effective vertical overburden pressure at
load condition
depth z.
Qws = load carried by frictional resistance under
z = height from ground surface to mid-height of a
working load condition
given layer
Ap = cross sectional area of pile
n = 0.245
L = length of pile
P = perimeter of pile
L = length of pile
GEOTECHNICAL 13
Settlement of Pile caused by the Load at the Pile Settlement of Group of Piles
Tip , Se2
qwp D
Se2 = (1 - µs2 ) Iwp
Es
Qwp
qwp =
Ap
Es = modulus of elasticity of soil
µs = Poisson’s ratio of soil
Iwp = influence factor
Qws D
Se3 = (1 - µs2 ) Iws
PLEs
L
Iws = 2 + 0.35
D
P = perimeter of pile
Cc H P + ΔP
L = length of pile S= Σ log o
1 + eo Po
Iws = influence factor
D = diameter of pile
Cc = compression index
H = thickness of clay layer
eo = initial void ratio
∆P = average increase in pressure on clay
Po = effective overburden pressure at the mid-
height of the clay layer