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Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Authors HMK and MNA designed the
study. Authors KE, MNA and BEAD performed the statistical analysis, wrote the protocol and wrote
the first draft of the manuscript. Authors KE and BEAD managed the analyses of the study. Authors
KE and SOOO managed the literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/ACSJ/2016/20624
Editor(s):
(1) Yunjin Yao, School of Chemical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Tunxi, Hefei, Anhui, China.
Reviewers:
(1) Anonymous, State University of Campinas, Brazil.
(2) Imtiaz Ahmad, University of Peshawar, Pakistan.
(3) Azhari Muhammad Syam, University of Malikussaleh, Indonesia.
Complete Peer review History: http://sciencedomain.org/review-history/13631
ABSTRACT
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was used to produce grease from spent engine oil. A study of the
unworked penetration, viscosity, and dropping point of the grease were analyzed under different
temperature ranges, from 30°C to 60°C.
The grease produced was of Brown colour on physical observation. The viscosity decreased at
increased temperature with its minimum viscosity being 340.2 and maximum viscosity 590.0. The
penetration point also increase as temperature increased and the minimum penetration was found
to be 255.0 (in 10-1 mm) and maximum penetration was 415.2 (in 10-1 mm). The dropping point test
showed an increase with increase in temperature. The minimum dropping point was 177.4°C while
the maximum dropping point was 239.3°C. An increase of temperature up to 40°C shows the
consistency number for the grease to be within most commercially available grease grade i.e.
within grade 2 and 3 in the market, hence, the grease produced shows good quality for application
within working temperature of between 30°C and 40° C.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Ebisike et al.; ACSJ, 13(3): 1-8, 2016; Article no.ACSJ.20624
reserves have led to more attention been given types of materials including lubricants to be
to the recycling of used lubricants. reused [17]. Presently, environmental concerns
involving interest in the concept of recycling as
Consistency is a measure of the stiffness of regard to the conservation of resources has
grease. A proper consistency will make the been maintained [1]. In some countries, the
grease stay in the bearing (its area of reclamation of spent crankcase oils is a pressing
application) without generating too much friction. national interest issue. On the other hand, it is
It is classified according to a scale developed by recognized that pollution of all oil spills at sea
the NLGI (National Lubricating Grease Institute). and offshore put together is smaller when
Grease for bearings are typically NLGI 1, 2 or 3. compared with that of used lubrication. With
The test measures how deep a cone falls into a petroleum storage in countries, spent oils which
grease sample in tenths of mm. is a precious commodity is not allowed to waste.
For this reason did the conservation of petroleum
The firmness of grease tells more about the resources declare a national policy in several
consistency of the grease. The area of countries; the benefit of wise resource
application of grease is determined by its design management is evident [18].
and formulation. Lubricating grease finds
application is so many areas especially in There is a renewed drive towards waste to
machinery and moving part to improve its recover and convert into useful original
efficiency and prolong its life-time [15]. The lubricating oils the used lubricating oil.
consistencies of the grease properties and Table 1. NLGI consistency number
structure span from semi fluid to nearly solid. The classification of greases
harness of the grease is a function of weather it
may not flow satisfactorily to the areas in need of NLGI ASTM worked Appearance
lubrication (i.e. too hard) or may leak out from the number penetration (25°C)
-1
desire area (i.e. too soft). The penetration of (10 mm)
grease by penetrometer is proportional to the 000 445 – 475 Very unsolidified
composition of grease as described by the un- 00 400 – 430 Unsolidified
worked penetration test (i.e. Table 4). Increasing 0 355 – 385 Semi – unsolidified
1 310 – 340 Very soft
the amount of the Spent Bleaching Earth (SPE), 2 265 – 295 Soft
results in the reduction of the penetration and 3 220 – 250 Medium solid
likewise the NLGI grade obtained. During 4 175 – 250 Solid
operations, grease can flow easily i.e. a lower 5 130 – 160 Very solid
consistency of the grease is indicated. Grade 2 6 85 – 115 Extremely solid
and 3 are the common grease consistency for
most marketable lubricating grease. The 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
consistency of grease confirms the penetration
test. 2.1 Materials
The materials needed for this work include;
The thickener in producing grease is non-soluble
Beaker, Measuring cylinder, Bunsen burner,
and there is no major effect when heat is applied Thermometer, Universal indicator, Viscometer,
and pro-longed mixing time on grease Buckel, Hydrometer, Volumetric flask, Mesh,
homogenization. As pressure and temperature Cooking pots, Conical flask, Stop watch,
are been increased, Spent Bleaching Earth Cylindrical bottle, Used engine oil, Fine particle
which acts as a reservoir for base oil absorbs
sand, White cloth of size 100 microns, Sodium
and releases the oil. The un-worked penetration hydroxide (NaOH), Concentrated sulphuric acid
does not actually propose the grease real (H2SO4), Local palm oil and Distilled water.
operation. It is observed that the penetration
value for normal room temperature is different 2.2 Methods
from elevated temperature. Reading should be
taken at room temperature which is 25°C based A thick and dark used engine oil sample which is
on the ASTM standard method [16]. due to carbon from wears and the weakened
acid as a result of neutralization by a base [6]
Since the 1930s, used lubricants recycling has was collected from a car which is about to be
been practiced especially during the Second serviced after its engine have worked 3500 rpm
World War conflict when crude oil supplies from when it was last serviced with a high
became scarce and this in-turn encouraged all performance multi-grade engine oil (i.e. SAE
3
Ebisike et al.; ACSJ, 13(3): 1-8, 2016; Article no.ACSJ.20624
20W/50, API SJ/ CF-4) from a local filling station The base thickening agents were prepared by
at Yola. Its pH (using a pH meter), viscosity preparing 1 M concentration of aqueous sodium
(using viscometer) and specific gravity (using hydroxide and mixed thoroughly with 200 g of
hydrometer) were determined. palm oil. Heat was applied at 85°C with constant
stirring and cooled. Different proportions of the
Fine particle sand were arranged in a cylindrical thickening agents as well as an additive were
bottle and the used engine oil was allowed to run blended with different proportions of dislodged/
through the sand particle bed so as to collect any treated engine oil. The resultant blends (grease)
metallic filling present in it. After which it was were subjected to viscosity test, penetration test
allowed to flow through the piece of cloth and dropping point test using ASTM standard
covered over a beaker for further separation. D2422, D217, D-566 respectively.
Two litre of the filtered spent engine oil was
mixed with 30 ml of concentrated sulphuric acid 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
and heated at 60°C for 900 s.
3.1 Results
The mixture was left to cool for 14400 s. The
coagulate settles at the bottom of the container Table 2 shows mainly some properties of
and the sludge decanted. The sample collected spent engine oil. The specific gravity determined
was mixed with 40 ml of concentrated H2SO4 for at room temperature was 0.880. The pH
further purification, then the sludge decanted. determined was 6.23 indicating that the spent
Further purification of the sample was with 50ml engine oil was lowly acidic. The viscosity of spent
conc. H2SO4 and the sludge decanted. The pH of engine oil was determined to be 156 centipoise.
the dislodged engine oil is raised to neutral (pH Fig. 1 is a schematic representation of the
7) by using an alkaline medium. grease production.
4
Ebisike et al.; ACSJ, 13(3): 1-8, 2016; Article no.ACSJ.20624
600
having its consistency number around 1 and 2
from NaOH thickner at
different temperature
500
with their appearance at soft and medium (see
400 30°C Table 4). This implies that these grease can
300 40°C function well for bearing especially at
200 50°C temperatures of 30°C and 40°C and it agrees
100 60°C with the report that the common grease
0 consistency for most of the commercial
1 2 3 4 5 lubricating grease lies within grade 2 and 3 [16].
Product A consistency number of 0 (semi-fluid in nature)
was attained during the unworked penetration of
the formulated grease as the temperature is
Fig. 2. Viscosity test for grease produced increased to both 50°C and 60°C.
from sodium hydroxide thickener
Dropping point is the temperature at which
700 grease passes from a semi – solid to a liquid
Viscosity test of Grease made
500
conditions of 30°C, 40°C, 50°C and 60°C, for the
Product 1 five grease formulated products, the grease
400
Product 2 loses its resistant to heat as the temperature
300
Product 3 increases thereby protruding slowly through the
200 orifice of the cup. This is shown in Figs. 6 and 7.
Product 4
100
Product 5
0 Table 2. Properties of spent engine oil
30°C 40°C 50°C 60°C
Temperature (°C)
S/N Description Value
1 Specific gravity Spent 0.880
Fig. 3. Comparative viscosity test of 5 grease engine oil
products from sodium hydroxide at different 2 pH of spent engine oil 6.23
temperature 3 Viscosity of spent engine oil 156 centipoise
Grease penetration is the depth in which a cone Table 3. Ratio of the blend for the formulated
sinks into the grease in pre-specified conditions. Grease
The deeper the cone is into the sample, the
higher will be the penetration number and the Formulation Ratio of Ratio of Ratio of
grease will be softer. This can be observed in number of NaOH palm oil Spent
Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 when the test temperature was product (PO) engine oil
increased from 30°C, through 40°C, 50°C to (SPE)
60°C, the formulated grease produced was lowly 1 3.5 1.0 2.7
viscous i.e. lost its consistency thereby softening. 2 3.5 1.0 2.1
This allowed the cone to go deeper and easily 3 3.5 1.0 2.4
into the various grease samples, hence, having 4 3.3 1.0 3.3
higher penetration number. 5 3.5 1.0 2.4
5
Ebisike et al.; ACSJ, 13(3): 1-8, 2016; Article no.ACSJ.20624
Grease Comparative hardness grade Comparative hardness grade Comparative hardness grade Comparative hardness grade
formulation @ 30°C @ 40°C @ 50°C @ 60°C
Unworked NLGI consistency Unworked NLGI consistency Unworked NLGI consistency Unworked NLGI consistency
penetration number penetration number penetration number penetration number
Product 1 265.0 2 320.0 1 355.0 0 395.5 00 - 0
Product 2 260.8 2–3 330.1 1 365.2 0 410.0 00
Product 3 267.2 2 340.1 1 369.3 0 415.2 00
Product 4 255.0 2–3 302.4 1–2 355.5 0 374.5 0
Product 5 255.2 2–3 306.3 1–2 354.9 0 372.5 0
6
Ebisike et al.; ACSJ, 13(3): 1-8, 2016; Article no.ACSJ.20624
different temperature
50 60°C
Product 1
0 200
Product 2
1 2 3 4 5 150
Product 3
Product
100 Product 4
50 Product 5
Fig. 4. Penetration test for grease produced 0
from sodium hydroxide thickener 30°C 40°C 50°C 60°C
Temperature (°C)
450
made from NaOH thickner at
400
Penetration test of Grease
different temperature
COMPETING INTERESTS
Fig. 6. Dropping point test for grease
produced from sodium hydroxide thickener Authors have declared that no competing
interests exist.
Dropping point using sodium hydroxide as a
thickener was around 170°C – 190°C which have REFERENCES
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© 2016 Ebisike et al.; This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,
provided the original work is properly cited.
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