3D Printing Advancements In Medical Sciences

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Wright State University

Submitted to
Dr. Ashan Mian

By
Abhishek Udataneni

Dilip Kumar Reddy Nelli

ABSTARCT:

Therapeutic applications for 3D printing are extending quickly and are being extensively used in
most of the critical purposes. Medical uses for 3D printing, both real and potential, can be sorted
out into a few general classifications, including: tissue and organ creation, formation of modified
prosthetics, inserts, and anatomical models, and pharmaceutical research with respect to sedate
dose structures, conveyance, and discovery. The use of 3D imprinting in medication can give
many advantages, including: the customization and personalization of medicinal items,
medications, and gear, cost-adequacy, expanded profitability, the democratization of outline and
producing, and upgraded collaboration.
Advances in 3D printing materials, gear, strategies and methods are as of now are still under
research and a huge amount of work has to be done. 3D printing utilizes an advanced document
to create a question of any shape by means of an added substance process that sets down
progressive layers of material. The 3D printers are ubiquitous and this has driven researchers to
use 3D printing in the healthcare field because of their astonishing level of exactness.
Notwithstanding, advancements over the recent years have demonstrated that the effect of this
innovation is no longer limited to basic materials and hobbyists.3D printing is seeing gigantic
development in the manufacture of customized prosthetics, restorative inserts, novel medication
details and the bioprinting of human tissues and organs.
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has various applications and has increased much enthusiasm for
the therapeutic world. The always enhancing nature of 3D-printing applications has added to
their expanded use on patients. This paper includes some of the advances and achievements on
surgical 3D-printing applications utilized on patients, with an attention on announced clinical
and monetary results.

1. Introduction

3DP comprises in setting down progressive layers of material in various shapes, everything
printed step by step as per a PC program. 3DP has added substance innovation is from customary
assembling systems, which are subtractive procedures in which material is expelled for example,
cutting or penetrating.
The Wikipedia states that the start of 3DP goes back to the 1980s, while Mary Gehl dove much
further in the past to the 1970s without giving any references to the claim. Strangely, the French
General Electric Company (now Alcatel-Alsthom) and CILAS (The Laser Consortium)
surrendered in the mid-1980s the utilizations of their patent for stereolithography, a standout
amongst the most vital procedures in 3DP, in which layers are included by curing with bright
light laser. The asserted reason was "because of absence of business potential". A standout
amongst the most essential establishing fathers of 3DP is Chuck Hull, who established 3D
Systems Corporation and built up a model framework in view of stereolithography. Indeed,
Hull's meaning of the procedure as a "framework for producing three dimensional protests by
making cross-sectional examples of the question be shaped" was like that of the procedure that
had been before created by Kodama. Structure's awesome commitment is the plan of the STL
(Stereolithography) document design, generally acknowledged by 3D printing programming, and
additionally the advanced cutting and infill procedures usually connected in many procedures
today.
The expression "3D printing" was authored in 1995 by Prof. Ely Sachs at MIT, who created a
venture of changing an inkjet printer such that a coupling arrangement was expelled onto a bed
of powder, as opposed to applying ink onto paper as was done in the old inkjet printers. Today
the terms 3D printing (3DP) and added substance fabricating (AM) are utilized conversely.
Likewise, desktop fabricating, quick assembling or fast prototyping are at times used to portray
this strategy for assembling. 3D models to be printed, as Hull's STL records, are made either
with a PC supported plan (CAD) bundle, by means of a 3D scanner or by a plain advanced
camera and photogrammetry programming. In drug industry, they are made utilizing X-beam or
tomography pictures changed into the STL format.
Until couple of years back, 3DP was utilized for the most part in quick tooling and prototyping
empowering specialists to plan and enhance by the planning procedure devices and models. Be
that as it may, today this strategy for assembling is seriously connected in car, aviation, military,
designing, dental and restorative enterprises. There are additionally various applications in
design, footwear, gems, eyewear, sustenance, and numerous different regions. Of uncommon
intrigue is 3DP with cells, called bioprinting, which at display is bringing the principal
applications and holds awesome guarantee.
A future where therapeutic treatment has turned out to be exceedingly customized, with
understanding medications, not one size fits all, is currently being figured out. Such a future
expects applications, to the point that will require superior; biosensor based gadgets, propelled
diagnostics including constant observing of metabolic and physiological occasions. Such utility
will require an innovation with expanded affectability, specificity, tunability, and adaptability.
While this innovation presently can't seem to be completely acknowledged, later propels in bio
fabrication and bioprinting may empower anyplace on demand medicinal treatment. Created in
the mid 1990's 3D printing innovation underscored the fast creation of instruments utilizing
metals and earthenware production. A regular printing set-up produces a 3D show in view of an
advanced record through an added substance process with the capacity of delivering objects of
any shape. 3D printing researchers have actively received it as a helpful method for making
straightforward plastic structures, quickly, inexpensively and with an astounding level of
precision. 3D printers for home utilization are reasonable and promptly available, and several
models are accessible on the web. 3D printing is an added substance innovation that specifically
manufactures a product, one layer at any given moment, as per a characterized show,
programming program or PC direction. 3D printing advances for biomedicine are being made
because of the substitution of the more ordinarily utilized pitches and plastics with nontoxic,
biocompatible also, bio resorbable bioplastics, for example, polylactic corrosive (PLA) and
polycaprolactone (PCL). These materials allow the creation of heterogeneous physical protests or
structures of high multifaceted nature. These materials likewise allow the manufacture of
heterogeneous physical items with control over numerous configuration highlights including
stack introduction, dopant, and polymer creation. 3D printing additionally gives the advantage of
accurate customization, fabrication of more proficient plans. As of now, there is an extraordinary
research exertion concentrated on the utilization of 3D printing examination to a scope of
wellbeing applications. These endeavors incorporate bioengineered veins bioengineered tissues
biomedical materials, and gadgets for dental and orthopedic surgery. In solution, 3D printing and
bioplastics are being utilized as a part of surgical arranging, in the production of anatomical also,
surgical models, manufactured and prosthetic gadgets, drugs, bio-and medicinal embeds and
even human tissue

FIG (1): Traditional spine implant vs 3-D printed spline implant:

The above figure depicts the importance of 3-D printed spline implantation when compared to
that of a conventional titanium implantation where its shows the precision of the operation by 3-
D printed implantation.
2. APPLICATIONS OF 3-D PRINTING IN MEDICAL FIELD:
The major applications of 3-D printing in the field of medical sciences include:

2.1 3D printed prostheses:

3D printed prostheses are a decent case of the impact this system can apply since, from one
perspective, they are reasonable, and, on the other, they have to be completely customized for the
wearer. They are more agreeable than the customary prostheses and can be made in a day. Low
expenses of the 3D printed appendage prostheses are particularly critical in prosthetics for
youngsters, since they exceed the prostheses quick. Besides, stretchable and expandable 3D
prosthetics may soon be accessible for kids that could "develop" with the youngster. One can
discover on the Internet "DIY" assistive gadgets that can be printed by essentially anybody,
anyplace. Considering the high cost of the customary prostheses, this is a boon to the medical
field.
One of the first and for the most part promoted illustration is the hand prosthesis created by the
then 17-year-old secondary school understudy Easton LaChapelle , who needed to help a 9-year
old young lady whose guardians couldn't bear the cost of another, bigger prosthetic hand for
$80000. His 3D printed prosthesis, controlled by a headband outfitted with EEG
(electroencephalography) through which mind waves controlled the development of the
prosthesis, cost under $500. He posted his outlines online for anybody to refine, repurpose, and
utilize. As of now, Easton works with NASA on the development of robots
In the United States alone, near 200,000 removals are played out every year, with prosthetics
evaluated from $5,000-$50,000 substitution or modifications can be tedious and costly. Since
prosthetics are such individual things, everyone must be uniquely designed or fit to the
necessities of the wearer. AM innovation is presently consistently being utilized to deliver
persistent segments of prosthetics that match impeccably with the client's life systems. The
capacity to create complex geometries from a scope of materials has brought about AM being
adjusted at the areas where prosthetics are in contact with a patient. AM innovation has been
utilized to deliver everything from prosthetic leg associations that fit serenely onto a client
through to a complex and exceedingly modified facial prosthetic for a disease persistent.

AM is likewise being utilized as a part of the produce of minimal effort prosthetics. The idea of
the AM business has implied that a snappy web for 3D printed prosthetics uncovers a
tremendous scope of associate considered items that can be imprinted on desktop AM printers
requiring little to no effort. These plans can without much of a stretch be scaled or modified to
consummate match the span of the client. The e-NABLE Community includes a gathering of
people from everywhere throughout the world who are utilizing their 3D printers to make free
3D printed hands and arms for those needing an upper appendage assistive gadget. Ideas like this
are currently ending up plainly more typical as AM keeps on moving into the standard.
Regularly, conventional assembling procedures and materials are utilized to deliver the auxiliary
area of utilitarian prosthetics. AM is frequently at that point executed at the interface area by
delivering complex forms that fit immaculate to the client’s life systems enhancing solace and
fit. AM is additionally executed on the outside external surface of prosthetics to deliver life-like
and natural external shells that shroud the mechanical idea of prosthetics. This additionally
enables the wearer to completely modify their prosthetics to whatever outline or style they lean
toward.

IMAGE (2): Detailed custom facial prosthetic made with AM (image courtesy of
FORMLABS)
 Image (3): Prosthetic arm implanted for a boy (image courtesy of 3D
print.com)

2.2 3D Printing in hearing aids:

Much to many people's surprise hearing aids are one of the greatest success stories to come from
the continued development of AM. Over 10,000,000 people are now wearing 3D printed hearing
aids with 97% of all hearing aids globally now being created using AM. Not only has AM
technology signif icantly reduced the cost of custom hearing aids when compared to traditional
manufacturing but the ability to produce the complex and organic surfaces required for a hearing
aid has reduced returns because of bad fit from 40% to 10%.

Image (4): Patient specific hearing aids printed through 3D printing (image courtesy
Envision tech)
To start with, silicone impressions of the ear trench (which are as yet grasped by hand) are
checked into the PC utilizing laser innovation. Additionally, preparing is then completed
carefully on-screen. Once a portable amplifier shell has been done on the PC, the document with
the three-dimensional structure is put away in a focal database and transmitted to the 3D printers
at the creation site. The genuine printing is an interesting procedure to watch: endless supply of
light-curing acrylic tar gives off an impression of being developed from nothing to shape the new
listening device shell. Bridling this innovation, Sonova (a company that involves in 3-d printing)
can mass-deliver a huge number of uniquely designed items consistently. In spite of the high
amounts included, every item varies in its shape and is custom fitted to suit the individual needs
of every wearer. This is the most noteworthy exhibition of the tremendous capability of 3D
printing.

Image (5):3D-printed bionic ear capable of receiving radio signals. (Image

credit: Frank Wojciechowski)

Researchers at the Princeton University school of Engineering used a 3D printer to create a

functional ear that can “hear” radio frequencies. Not only does their printed ear work, but it
works so much better than a normal human ear that the team calls it a bionic ear.
2.3 3D printing in dentistry:

The principal modern uses of 3DP were in the fields of fast tooling and quick prototyping.
Therefore, its utilization in dentistry, where single, customized objects were fabricated, was a
conspicuous following stage. Today, by consolidating oral filtering, CAD/CAM outline and 3D
printing, dental labs can precisely and quickly deliver crowns, spans, mortar/stone models, and a
scope of orthodontic machines, for example, surgical aides and aligners. Rather than awkward
impressions, a 3D filter is taken, which is later changed into a 3D model and sent to be 3D
printed. The printed model can be utilized to make a full scope of orthodontic apparatuses,
conveyance and situating plate, clear aligners and retainers. Additionally, the models can be
advantageously put away carefully as 3D CAD (Computer Assisted Design) documents. 3DP
enables one to digitize the entire work process, drastically quickening creation times and
altogether expanding generation limit. Furthermore, they enable one to wipe out physical
impressions and the capacity of models. There were quick changes in dental labs in 2015
"changes came quick and angry, especially on the grounds that it was the year when the
International Dental Show happened and reviewed the absolute most bleeding edge arrangements
going to the dental lab world". New denture work processes have been presented all over the
place. "While the maximum capacity of advanced devices on the denture work process presently
can't seem to be acknowledged, 2015 offered some tempting looks at a portion of the potential
outcomes. Abruptly, full dentures delivered completely from advanced documents don't appear
like such a distant choice". In 2015, interestingly "printing totally completed dental prostheses
and reclamations with the push of a catch appeared to come nearer to reality". With the dental
printer that can print layers of various material more than each other and FDA affirmed denture
material for 3DP, "3D printing plays with what's to come". Problematic character of 3DP for the
business: With 3DP, dental specialists are bringing labs into their workplaces and the two
printers, and materials convey progressive changes to labs, dental specialists and dental experts.
There are various new 3D printers for dental and orthodontic labs from the 3DP mammoth
Startasys as well as from littler organizations, for example, Zenith 3D Printing Systems,
Envision, AXSYS, Valplast, and so forth.
 IMAGE (6): 3-D Printing of dental tool guide (Image cortesy of FORM
LABS)

3D printing innovation is flipping the plan of action for dental labs and taking that business back
to America. Albensi Laboratories outside Pittsburgh and Bay View Dental Laboratory in
Chesapeake, Va., are only a couple of illustrations. This month in Chicago, dental lab proprietors
and experts will meet at LMT Lab Day, a vast industry expo, where they will investigate the
most recent 3D scanners, CAD/CAM programming and 3D printers to make dental parts as the
business proceeds with a fast move to everything computerized. There have been bunches of
signs that the 3D dental industry will warm up and change how patients get their dental and
orthodontic needs met considerably more later on. The American Association of Orthodontists
has even turned out with an announcement against DIY orthodontics that notices 3D printing. Be
that as it may, even inside dentistry, 3D innovation is making it less demanding for dental
specialists to do work once just done by masters, for example, inserts. Until further notice, 3D
printer deals to dental experts are hustling ahead. At EnvisionTEC, for instance, 3D printers deal
to the dental business grew 75% of every 2016 more than 2015.

2.4 Printing drugs

Extending their idea on the applications of 3D printing in chemistry, Lee Cronin's group started
to print the drug ibuprofen .There have been several applications of drug printing, e.g. for
printing nonstandard doses for children or the elderly, have been proposed. To think that day to
day drugs can be readily available to 3D print using downloadable procedures from the
pharmaceutical companies or other researchers is life changing application and it may
revolutionize the way drugs are being made. The first 3D printed drug, Sprintam (levetiracetam,
for epilepsy treatment), produced and marketed by Aprecia Pharmaceuticals, has obtained U.S.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval. 3D Printing gives us the advantage of very high
accurate porus drugs which enables us to improve the dosage of a pill if necessary.

3. Future Trends

When it comes to personalized medicine 3D printing has avital role to play in tne near future
judging by the current trends and its customizability such as in nutritional products, organs, and
drugs. 3D printing in pharmacy settings has a very wide range of applications as compared to
others. The manufacturing and distribution of drug by companies will likely be replaced by the
mailing of medication procedure to pharmacies on demand and printed as applicable.There
would be an enormous change in how they operate and the cost reduction would be tremendous.
The 3D printing or bioprinting of organs is still in research and is the most awaited technology .
It has been estimated that we are less than 20 years from a fully functioning printable. Although
we are quite far from printing organs for body parts but the research that is being done is quite
promising.As the technology advances even complex heterogeneous tissues, such as liver and
kidney tissues, will be fabricated successfully. This will open the door to making viable live
implants, as well as printed tissue and organ models for use in drug discovery. It may also be
possible to print out a patient’s tissue as a strip that can be used in tests to determine what
medication will be most effective. In the future, it could even be possible to take stem cells from
a child’s baby teeth for lifelong use as a tool kit for growing and developing replacement tissues
and organs.Hence the future of 3D printing is quite promising.

4. Conclusion:

3D printing has become the number one go to for the medical field considering its performance,
resolution, and available materials. The exsisting applications of 3D printing technology should
be refined and new ones are being explored. The medical advances that have been made using
3D printing are already significant and exciting, but some of the more revolutionary applications,
such as organ printing, will need time to evolve.
5. References:

1. Schubert C, van Langeveld MC, Donoso LA. Innovations in 3D printing: a 3D overview from
optics to organs. Br J Ophthalmol. .
2. C. Lee Vent,ola Medical Applications for 3D Printing: Current and Projected Uses .
3. Helena Dodziuk , Applications of 3D printing in healthcare.
4. Ben Redwood , Medical 3D Printing Applications