CONCEPT GENERATION 3

Two option are available for us to continue with the project whether the electricity
generated directly feed into the grid which called on grid network. But in this project we are
aiming to setup a system that stand alone off grid system which the electricity will be stored
in the battery bank before being supply to the targeted consumer. Therefore it is a crucial for
us to select the best battery with the correct parameters that can have long cycle life and high
performances.
This project use batteries to backup solar farm power when emergency occur .For the
battery type, we choose to use lithium ion chemistry battery. We decide to use The PHI
3.4TM kWh 60 Amp deep-cycle Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LFP) battery. For this selection,
we focused on the advantages of lithium ion chemistry. This battery are greatly above acid
lead battery with higher life cycle, low maintenance and high energy density [2]. Lastly this
battery also compatible with all industry standard inverter/charge controllers

Figure above show Datasheet of SimpliPhi PHI 3.4 kWh Smart-Tech 48v 67 Ah LFP Battery
Battery calculation

Using the PHI 3.4TM kWh 60 Amp deep-cycle Lithium Ferro Phosphate (LFP)
Total kWh needed = 50kWh
Batteries should not be drained more than 50% in the system. That means total kWh
need to be twice, therefore total kWh is 100kWh.
Total Amp hour (Ah),
(Total kWh / VDC of battery bank) = Total Amp hour
= 100 kWh
51.2 VDC
= 1952 Ah

Total Batteries need,

(Total Amp hour / Amp hour rating )

= 1952 Ah
67 Ah
= 29 unit.

Therefore the batteries need is 29 unit connect in series.

Position Of Solar Batteries

Solar batteries have to place in proper housing or room to keep the batteries in good
condition. Most of solar batteries require an enclosure that is lockable, sealed, insulated, and
vented outdoors. The housing also must have clear viewing windows and proper door to do
inspection and maintenance. This will help the batteries to work for a long time. Furthermore,
solar batteries are dangerous and they should not to be accessible to anyone unware proper
safety protocol. In addition it also can prevent solar batteries from theft. For build solar
housing or room for 29 batteries needed, the area needed is 576 meter square with cost
RM 95 000.
Safety

Battery manufacturers and manufacturers of battery-powered products design

products to deliver specified performance characteristics in a safe manner under anticipated
usage conditions. As such, failure can be caused by poor execution of a design, or an
unanticipated use or abuse of a product. Passive safeguards for single-cell batteries and active
safeguards for multi-cell batteries such as those used in electric vehicles have been designed
to mitigate or prevent some failures. However, major challenges in performance and safety
still exist, including the thermal stability of active materials within the battery at high
temperatures and the occurrence of internal short circuits that may lead to thermal runaway.
With increasing use of lithium-ion power packs, reports of occasional incidents of
severely debilitating and sometimes fatal tragedies appear in the news. This review analyzes
possible scenarios that trigger such hazards before proceeding to discuss safety mechanisms
such as pressure release valves, one-shot fuses, reversible and irreversible positive
temperature coefficient elements, shutdown separators, chemical shuttles, non-flammable
electrolytes and coatings.

Budget batteries

Equipment/ Description Price Quantity Price (RM)

items Unit (RM)
Battery  SimpliPhi PHI 3.4 15 012 29 435 348
kWh Smart-Tech
48v 67 Ah LFP
Battery
 Wire

wiring  Wires 50 000 50 000

 Junctions boxes
 Combiner boxes
AC/DC disconnects,
 Service panel
Battery room  Brick 95 000 1 95 000
 Sand
 Marble
 Cement
Total price 580 348
(RM)
Reference

1. S. Zhang, R. Zhao, J. Liu, J. Gu, "Investigation on a hydrogel based passive thermal

management system for lithium ion batteries", Energy, vol. 68, pp. 854-861, 2014.

2. Celina Mikolajczak, Michael Kahn, Kevin White, Richard Thomas Long, Exponent
Failure Analysis Associates, Inc., "Lithium-Ion Batteries Hazard and Use
Assessment-Final Report", The Fire Protection Research Foundation, July 2011,
WEB: www. nfpa. org/Foundation

3. Davide Andrea, "Battery Management Systems for Large Lithium-Ion Battery Packs",
Norwood, MA, Artech House, 2010, ISBN-13 978-1-60807-104-3

4. https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/everyday-tech/lithium-ion-battery.htm