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Reg- No. ,
Fifth Semester
Aeronautical Engineering
AE 2303 AERODYNAMICS - II
-
(R'egulation 2008)
PARTA-(tOx 2=2}Marks)
4. Define shock strength and express it in terms of Mach number for a normal
r) lII-L^r:- I It t
.i. yrrruL - -ir:
ls crlttctll r
i.vlacn numDer/
10. www.Vidyarthiplus.com
Describe boundary layer fence and state its purpose.
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PARTB-(5x1G=B0Marks)
Or
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53013
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Or
(b) (i) Derive suitable expressions for lift and drag
coefficients of a flat
piate airfoil at small angles of attack using
linearized supersonic
flow fheory.
(8)
(ii ) A flat plate of 1 m x 0-2 m size is kept in an air
stream of velocity
1800 kmph at an angle of attack of 5 degree.
carcurate the lift using
supersonic linear theory- Assume that the static
temperature of the free-stream air are 2 x 10s
p."".,r." ,rrd
N/m2 and K
"""(;;
--'- 2gg
respectively.
15. (a) (i) 'Describe the transonic flow regime with suitabre sketches
pattern over a two-dimensional airfoil" of flow
(6)
(ii ) Explain how large drag increase takes place
at transonic flow. What
are the control measures adopted at the design
stage? (6)
(iii) what are the flows detrimentar effects
experienced in sweep back
wings?
G)
Or
(b) (i) Write a note on transonic area rule"
(8)
(ii) Discuss the major differences between Rayleigh
and Fanno flows.(g)
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-' ,y Degree . I].8 /B.Tech ,/
/
r\
Brarrch
Senre-ster : 5
: B-E_Acronarrtical Errginecring lq-)
(
Code No. ISubject : AD z3a3/AERODyNAMTCS
tleE'ff':iass-t"ht,'lis
vYsw 4
_ II U- & Nov_lOe
I r'"'TL^--c- e-.c_q-^^^
<aV,fhi p,qff f1a* .
. M^ 1.,
2r=1t/;
fora nonnalshock : _11
=Pt /+l
vatues of shock wave angte in a
supersonic flow for zero florv
::ii:#:ilrit!ng
Answer: sin-'64;
=B=+
@ exptain Mach reflec{ion. I
A,srver: . lIlVl, after the incidenr sbock is less than
nfinEffiI e. th"n,io.oUf iqir'rt thutif tt,.
*t
rqto,irn
.i,m,o,,
takesEac..
'A nearly nornral shock nearthe rvall ending at a triple point
frorn the wa, where the incidcnt slight ly away
& rcfrectedirrock intersect"
[ 7. )What are Riemann invariants?
Ansrver: . Compatibility relations betrveen v and e are
Q=v+o
D n
,\_y_u
- -.
' Q and R are invariant along the right ancJ left r'unning
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(8,)
Answer:
respective ly aild arc called Riernanrr Ilivariants.
Write down the Prandtl-ClaLrerl similarity rule for
. Prandtl-Clauert sinrilarity
pr-essLtre
C
,
o
'For lvi-:0, Cp:Cpo (the incompressible Cp)
. : For l\vl- r0, Cp increasesasymptotically with the increase in free-stream N4ach
number and it gives the compressibility correction up to the transonic regirne
beyond which.rhe expression is invalii
6
\_-/ *,,,,, is critical Mach nr.,,,',lr.r?
Tnswer: Criticai Mach nuntber is detlneci as the flee-strerrn Mach nuntber for wiriclr
the local N4;tch nuntber M at some point ovel tlre body surface reaclies unit',,.
(lSDescribe a boundary layer f'ence and stare its purpose.
Answer: ' These are flat plates kept perpendicular to the plan-form on the ripper sirrt?rce
of the wing at specitied span-wise locations.
, lt acts as a barrier to tip-rvard flow on swept back wings
I I (a) (i) Describe the one dimensional adiabatic steady stare energy equariqn arrd deduce the
l=r*,
T2 M'
"t
'
, * =lr*r-)M'li ''i,
\
l
t.
:
*=Lrnt-|u,t' (3marks)
I\U (ii) Air flow is discharged to atnrosphere at sea level through a sonic no-rz.le- tf the air
-1e
storage at the reservoir is 40x 105 N/ m2, dete nnine the pr*rrrr., ternperature and
density at the exit of the nozzle" Assunre that the reservoir air is at sea level
temperature. (8)
P.
Answer: p,,=fr=48.4kglnrj ' (2nlarks)
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2/ta
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rf ,o'1i) ryL)
yn = 0.6841 14'
"' . Jnr,, (8)
p,,.tqnr- A.
po
Introduction of gas relations & further simplicaiion
;=^E#Er*l-
Substituting the value of y=1.4
i = 0.6847 ry (5rnarks)
J nr,,
.fi'
"r+ (ii) A storage chamber of a compressor is maintained at l.g atmosphere absolure and
q6#'Y 20 degree c" lf the surrounding pressure is I atmosphere, calculate the velocity with
" which air flow takes place fiorn the chamber to outside
through a unit area hole. Also,
th" *u* A. Assurne air as a perlect gas.
"ul"ulut. / (8)
Answer: . Calculation of po/p and M
I
I
I
1l rn
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is dr = C:,,+-
UI'T R!!
P
(2mar.rrs)
. After integration and simplification, the pressure loss across rhe norrnal
shock can be obtained and is
_t
l
-,1r-*)tuti t'' ,
Po, l
({r,arks)
P,,='*7;;;,rl A M,, -r -,,)/,-,
' f+l f+l
n
" Substituting this value ," Rayteigh supersonic Pitot ferrnula can be
. #,
It
obtained and is
I
D02 _ ,;
7r z,rl1-,
1t*t tvtl
)
(2marks)
.
P, tJ-, M,, -r4l\-,
r+t /+t
(ii) A Pitot tube is inserted. in to an air t'low ol' Mach 2 u.here the static pressure is I
attnosphere. Calculate the lotal pressure measured by tlre tube and tire loss oltotal
pressure experiencpd. (8)
lp
Answer: . Tqtalpr{ssure rneasured Po, =4P,= 5.64 atm. (3rnerrks)
,ri P, I
lZ (b) (i) Derive a relation between flow turrring angle. shock angle and free-streanr Maclr
nurr,ber lor oblique shock rr,aves.
t.- e '\'$) (3)
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4t l0
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)2-u)() f
(T
z'^
)
@
A nsrver " skdtch ot'upstrearr & downstreanr rlow veloc.ity cornponerts
ac'oss an
o (2rnarks)
; From geometry tan = u1lrv tan(fl-0;
B ; - tr2;/w
tan(R-0) p+2
'rqnF _!]ut _(r-t)M,'sinz (3nrarks)
0+l)lvt,2sin2 p-
'Expanding tan(p-0) and simprirying, rhe foilowing0-p M r.erarion
can be
obtained-
M,1 sin' p -l
tan9 =2cot p (3 mrrrks)
M ,t (y + cos2p) + 2
ta
\> A
\1
\r
l3 A)iii) A supersonic flori'at N{ l: I .5E rnd I'i= l:rtnr. Expancls arorrnd a sltarp corn,:r. i r
tne Ilrcssure dorvnstreanr oIthe corner is 0 I i06 atrr.. calcLrlate thc deflection lnglc
o t' the corner (s)
A ns r,r,e i': . From P-M table, v;14.27 dcg. lor N,lr: I .56 (2rrriu'ks)
. Calculation of Po: / P2 and deternrination oI M2 from norntal shock tab]e
13. (b) (i) Explain the procidtu'e to obtain tlre sLrpersonic nozzle coniour for a given Maclt
n Lr nr ber trsing Method ol chai'acteristics. (s)
Ansu'er:'Once the nozzle Mach nunrber is given, expansion angle by which thc nozzle wall
will have to be detlected on either side can be deternrined. The expansion segnrenr
has to be divided into number of small sognrents with equal deflection angle.
'The inclination of the first wave at the throat, relative to the centerline can be
determined and is'A [(90-0)+(pk-0r)]. The- reflected first wave is to be cancelletl by the
inward deflected nozzle rvall ai the wave by the same amount as that of the initial
expansion angle.
'The above procedure is to be repeated for all the expansion waves. This rnakes the
last nozzle wall deflection to be parallel to the centerline and the florv clo,,vnstrearn
will be uniform at the given Mach nurnber.l-he final teii section height nrust agree
with the value of A/Ar corresponding to v(Mr)
' Sketch of the divergent portion of the nozzle with characteristic nctwork.
4x2=Sruarks)
(it) An incident shock wave angle of i5 deglee inrpinges on a straight rvall" tf the
upstrealn flow properties are M:3, P-latnr. and T:300K, calculate the reflectct
shock rvave angle rvith respect to the rvall ancl the ,',oru
rroffi
dor.vnstream of the reflectetl slrock rvavf. (8)
Answer: . For M1=3; Pr=3-s deg.,0= fi.1 Aeg...frorn oblique shock charr
' Determination of the normal Cornponent oi lv'lach number clowrrstreanr of t5e
shock and Mz
Mz'= 2'14
. Determination of p2 I'rorn oblique sirocl< table
$2= 46 deg.
Reflected shocl< wave angle Pz - 0 28.3 :
. Mach number dow.nstream of reflected shock.M3 :.1.45
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6it{)
| -> l,[:,
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#
Pressuredorvnstrearn p-
t= 4-P.,rl --()'rJ
o rn
P, P,
Tem perature downstreanr
Tl:5 55 K
nrial rhe.ryff":*i[]'
the linearized pressttre coellrcient is a
lunction oIthe pcrrurbarion ,"lo.ity ;n rt,. nu*
drrectron cinly.
Cp--2u/y.
( l0)
Answer: . AssLrmptions
'I The perturbation.verocity co,rponents
' the mean velocity U ' -"-r- rr,v,rv are smr, cornpared to
.uvtt)
'' i'o, r({t
* Flow is two-dimensional
and isentronic Vetn.ir., ^^..
T =t -;-(-----, -,,
'a L (l (2nrlr-ks)
. l n trod uc
i n g pe4!&alia!-yg!g91!les
a n d ded.u c i,, g, p/!]s
u s i n g i se n rropic
conditions, p/p* in tenniofpertirbat;on
. Using Binomial expansion velo"ir,"*rbor"rir" (2rnarks)
rra,i*piifyire
Pt , *r-**
)/-1 ,, r.2u u2+vz
L-' ,C*-U ) i2rnarks)
. Substituting it in Cp
and simplifying
2u
V- (2marks)
prandrr-Gtauerr
afrne rranstbrnration for subsonic nf
1,? Tr:r,ne or",, airfbirs and
l/ght its rign in.rniJ.---.-....-----.---._'__-
h igh
(6)
Answer: , .,1ffjj,,:1,,:1".:,:::sfbrmation
retares rhe corrrpressibte florv
in physical plane ro the incomprerriir" Gver an airfbit
same airfoil.
ii.*
iln transfornred spacc
over the
Transflornrationis(=x
r{ibJ'ri ?:, , ,\ ,, ,\
( r;)
1 L. q)a i) which governs the incornpressible flow over tlre same (2nrarks) airioil
. The significance of this transformation is that it relates the Cp over an airfbil
in compressible florv to Cp overthe same airloil in incr:rnpr-essible florv
(',t
CP run,, (2rnarks)
=
l+ (b) (i) Derive suitable expressions fir.tin drag coelilcients of a llat Plate airfoil at
4
' snra{l angles of attack using liriearized supersonic florv,theoiy. (tt)
2a
Cn (expansion) (2marks)
Therelore C', =
M,
.+G 7
C,I =- (2marks)
M-'-l
(ii)Aflatplateof lmx0"?msizeiskeptinanairstrearnofvelocity lS00kmphatan
angle of attack of 5 degree. Calculate the lift using supersonic linear theory. Assunre
that the static pressure and temperature of the freestrearn airdre 2x l0s N/rn2 and
M: 500/340=1.47 (2rnarks)
. c, -3:= 0.32 (Siiiarks)
'"
JM' -l
r Lift = % yHrt2PS Cr. = 19160 N (3nrarks)
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(6)
A rrsv'er:
' Transonic flow regiine is between rower and upper criticar rrqv'
Definition of lower critical Mach number ' Mach
I I Inumbers.
rur I ruc;r 5-
Sonic - - - hock
,,:e-u>t
{ur),<w <l
:_---_-> shlr-k
(3marks)
(ii) Exptain how large drag increase takes place at transonic
frow. whar are rhe
control rrreasures adopted at the design stage?
(6)
Anss,er:
' At transonic flow. Mach nunrber just above the lower critical
Mach number a finite
region of supersonic flow te,ninaied by a
normal shock wave exists on the trp
the airfoil' Theadverse pressure gradient induced surf,ace of
by the siock & separation.orr. u rurg.
increase in drag' The Mach n,,,,rb.rat which
it takes pi"*;r called drag di'ergence
ntttlrber' Above this the tlrag increases dranraticirlly Mac'
due Lo the extensivc shock induccd
se paration on top & bottorrr strr
l-aces.
'Tlie control tneasures include introducrion olrrrinner airtbirs.lnil5jlback
bi'ief discussion on how these rl)easures help rving. A
in ,"ar"inf iti. arug need ro bc includcd.
(2rnarks)
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rc
. Aerodynarnic ad.rantages oltlre area-nrled aircraft rvillalso havc to be broLrglrt orrt hy
conrparing the Cd Vs Mach ntrrttber plots olarea-r'Lr led and non area-rr.rled cases o['an
a ircraft. (4x2:Srnarks)
16 . I' tiii Discuss the major differe nces between Rayleigh and Fanno florvs. (8)
:
Auswer:
. Plot of tlre therrnodylarnic properties flor.one-dimensional flow with heat lddirion in'a
Mollier diagram, g?]l:d Rayleigh.cLrrve which describes the Rayleigh Flow.
as' similar pfot for flow with. friction' called Fanno crtrve ,vh ic'
describes Fanno a[ffit
' - l-leat.aaaition lfwJri'd.'r., the Mach nunrber tolvards l. decelei-ating il supersonic florv
arrd accelerating a subsonic florr.
Where as, in a lranno tlorv, liiction drives the Mach nurnber lorvlrdd l,
clccelerating a supersonic llorv and accelerating l subsonic flow.
. Rayleigh curve can be traversed f,rom the top and bottom. -
(
(
I
l.
I
!
a
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