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Contents
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1 Definition
2 Properties
3 See also
4 References
Definition[edit]
Let P → M be a principal G-bundle on a smooth manifold M. If ϕ is a tensorial k-
form on P, then its exterior covariant derivative is defined by
Properties[edit]
Unlike the usual exterior derivative, which squares to 0 (that is d2 = 0), we have
Connection form
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
[hide]
1 Vector bundles
o 1.1 Preliminaries
1.1.1 Frames on a vector bundle
1.1.2 Exterior connections
o 1.2 Connection forms
1.2.1 Change of frame
1.2.2 Global connection forms
o 1.3 Curvature
o 1.4 Soldering and torsion
o 1.5 Example: The Levi-Civita connection
1.5.1 Curvature
1.5.2 Torsion
2 Structure groups
o 2.1 Compatible connections
o 2.2 Change of frame
3 Principal bundles
o 3.1 The principal connection for a connection form
o 3.2 Connection forms associated to a principal connection
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
Vector bundles[edit]
Preliminaries[edit]
Frames on a vector bundle[edit]
Let E be a vector bundle of fibre dimension k over a differentiable manifold M. A local
frame for E is an ordered basis of local sections of E.
Let e=(eα)α=1,2,...,k be a local frame on E. This frame can be used to express locally any
section of E. For suppose that ξ is a local section, defined over the same open set as the
frame e, then
where ξα(e) denotes the components of ξ in the frame e. As a matrix equation, this
reads
Exterior connections[edit]
See also: Exterior covariant derivative
where Γ denotes the sheaf of local sections of a vector bundle, and Ω1M is
the bundle of differential 1-forms on M. For D to be a connection, it must be
correctly coupled to theexterior derivative. Specifically, if v is a local section
of E, and f is a smooth function, then
such that
Connection forms[edit]
The connection form arises when applying the exterior connection to a particular
frame e. Upon applying the exterior connection to the eα, it is the unique k × k matrix (ωαβ)
ofone-forms on M such that
In terms of the connection form, the exterior connection of any section of E can now
be expressed, for suppose that ξ = Σα eαξα. Then
Change of frame[edit]
Curvature[edit]
The curvature two-form of a connection form in E is defined by
Unlike the connection form, the curvature behaves tensorially under a change of
frame, which can be checked directly by using the Poincaré lemma. Specifically,
if e → e g is a change of frame, then the curvature two-form transforms by
If θ = (θi | i=1,2,...,n), denotes the dual basis of the cotangent bundle, such that θi(ej)
= δij (the Kronecker delta), then the connection form is
One can recover the Levi-Civita connection, in the usual sense, from this by
contracting with ei:
Curvature[edit]
Torsion[edit]
Structure groups[edit]
A more specific type of connection form can be constructed when the vector
bundle E carries a structure group. This amounts to a preferred class of
frames e on E, which are related by a Lie group G. For example, in the presence
of a metric in E, one works with frames that form an orthonormal basis at each
point. The structure group is then theorthogonal group, since this group
preserves the orthonormality of frames. Other examples include:
The usual frames, considered in the preceding section, have structural group
GL(k) where k is the fibre dimension of E.
The holomorphic tangent bundle of a complex manifold (or almost complex
manifold).[3] Here the structure group is GLn(C) ⊂ GL2n(R).[4] In case
a hermitian metric is given, then the structure group reduces to the unitary
group acting on unitary frames.[5]
Spinors on a manifold equipped with a spin structure. The frames are unitary
with respect to an invariant inner product on the spin space, and the group
reduces to the spin group.
Holomorphic tangent bundles on CR manifolds.[6]
Two such frames are G-related. Informally, the vector bundle E has
the structure of a G-bundle if a preferred class of frames is specified, all of
which are locally G-related to each other. In formal terms, E is a fibre
bundle with structure group G whose typical fibre is Rk with the natural action
of G as a subgroup of GL(k).
Compatible connections[edit]
A connection is compatible with the structure of a G-bundle on E provided that the
associated parallel transport maps always send one G-frame to another. Formally, along
a curve γ, the following must hold locally (that is, for sufficiently small values of t):
for some matrix gαβ (which may also depend on t). Differentiation at t=0 gives
where the coefficients ωαβ are in the Lie algebra g of the Lie group G.
Change of frame[edit]
Under a change of frame
Christoffel symbols
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In mathematics and physics, the Christoffel symbols, named for Elwin Bruno
Christoffel [1] (1829–1900), are numerical arrays of real numbers that describe, in
coordinates, the effects of parallel transport in curved surfaces and, more
generally, manifolds. As such, they are coordinate-space expressions for the Levi-Civita
connection derived from themetric tensor. In a broader sense, the connection
coefficients of an arbitrary (not necessarily metric) affine connection in a coordinate basis
are also called Christoffel symbols.[2]The Christoffel symbols may be used for performing
practical calculations in differential geometry. For example, the Riemann curvature
tensor can be expressed entirely in terms of the Christoffel symbols and their first partial
derivatives.
At each point of the underlying n-dimensional manifold, for any local coordinate system,
the Christoffel symbol is an array with three dimensions: n × n × n. Each of
the n3components is a real number.
Under linear coordinate transformations on the manifold, its components transform like
those of a tensor, but under general coordinate transformations, they do not. In many
practical problems, most components of the Christoffel symbols are equal to zero,
provided the coordinate system and the metric tensor possess some common
symmetries.
In general relativity, the Christoffel symbol plays the role of the gravitational force
field with the corresponding gravitational potential being the metric tensor.
Contents
[hide]
1 Preliminaries
2 Definition
o 2.1 Christoffel symbols of the first kind
o 2.2 Christoffel symbols of the second kind (symmetric definition)
o 2.3 Connection coefficients in a non holonomic basis
o 2.4 Ricci rotation coefficients (asymmetric definition)
3 Relationship to index-free notation
4 Covariant derivatives of tensors
5 Change of variable
6 Applications to general relativity
7 See also
8 Notes
9 References
Preliminaries[edit]
The definitions given below are valid for both Riemannian manifolds and pseudo-
Riemannian manifolds, such as those of general relativity, with careful distinction being
made between upper and lower indices (contra-variant and co-variant indices). The
formulas hold for either sign convention, unless otherwise noted. Einstein summation
convention is used in this article. The connection coefficients of the Levi-Civita
connection (or pseudo-Riemannian connection) expressed in a coordinate basis are
called the Christoffel symbols.
Definition[edit]
Given a local coordinate system xi, i = 1, 2, ..., n on a manifold M with metric tensor ,
the tangent vectors
define a local coordinate basis of the tangent space to M at each point of its domain.
where is the inverse of the matrix , defined as (using the Kronecker delta,
and Einstein notation for summation) . Although the Christoffel symbols
are written in the same notation as tensors with index notation, they
are not tensors,[8] since they do not transform like tensors under a change of coordinates;
see below.
where are the basis vectors and is the Lie bracket. The standard unit
vectors in spherical and cylindrical coordinates furnish an example of a basis
with non-vanishing commutation coefficients.
where .
Here, the Einstein notation is used, so repeated indices indicate summation over
indices and contraction with the metric tensor serves to raise and lower indices:
that is,
Torsion tensor
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Torsion (disambiguation) and Torsion field (disambiguation).
Contents
[hide]
where [X,Y] is the Lie bracket of two vector fields. By the Leibniz rule, T(fX,Y)
= T(X,fY) = fT(X,Y) for any smooth function f. So T is tensorial, despite being
defined in terms of the non-tensorial covariant derivative: it gives a 2-form on
tangent vectors, while the covariant derivative is only defined for vector fields.
Curvature and the Bianchi identities[edit]
The curvature tensor of ∇ is a mapping TM × TM → End(TM) defined on vector
fields X, Y, and Z by
Note that, for vectors at a point, this definition is independent of how the
vectors are extended to vector fields away from the point (thus it defines a
tensor, much like the torsion).
The Bianchi identities relate the curvature and torsion as
follows.[1] Let denote the cyclic sum over X, Y, and Z. For instance,
The torsion form is a (horizontal) tensorial form with values in Rn, meaning
that under the right action of g ∈ Gl(n) it transforms equivariantly:
where g acts on the right-hand side through its fundamental
representation on Rn.
1.
2.
Moreover, one can recover the curvature and torsion tensors from
the curvature and torsion forms as follows. At a point u of FxM, one
has[3]
The torsion form may be expressed in terms of a connection form on the base
manifold M, written in a particular frame of the tangent bundle (e1,...,en). The connection
form expresses the exterior covariant derivative of these basic sections:
The solder form for the tangent bundle (relative to this frame) is the dual basis θi ∈
T*M of the ei, so that θi(ej) = δij (the Kronecker delta.) Then the torsion 2-form has
components
given by
Irreducible decomposition[edit]
The torsion tensor can be decomposed into
two irreducible parts: a trace-free part and another part
which contains the trace terms. Using the index notation, the
trace of T is given by
Curvature form
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Contents
[hide]
1 Definition
o 1.1 Curvature form in a vector bundle
2 Bianchi identities
3 References
4 See also
Definition[edit]
Let G be a Lie group with Lie algebra , and P → B be a principal G-bundle. Let ω be
an Ehresmann connection on P (which is a -valued one-form on P).
Then the curvature form is the -valued 2-form on P defined by
Bianchi identities[edit]
If is the canonical vector-valued 1-form on the frame bundle,
the torsion of the connection form is the vector-valued 2-form
defined by the structure equation
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Mathematical formulation
o Resources
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The curvature tensor is given in terms of the Levi-Civita connection by the following
formula:
where [u,v] is the Lie bracket of vector fields. For each pair of tangent
vectors u, v, R(u,v) is a linear transformation of the tangent space of the manifold. It
is linear in u and v, and so defines a tensor. Occasionally, the curvature tensor is
defined with the opposite sign.
The curvature formula can also be expressed in terms of the second covariant
derivative defined as:[1]
Contents
[hide]
1 Geometrical meaning
o 1.1 Informally
o 1.2 Formally
2 Coordinate expression
3 Symmetries and identities
4 Special cases
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
Geometrical meaning[edit]
Informally[edit]
Imagine walking around the bounding white line of a tennis court with a stick held out in
front of you. When you reach the first corner of the court, you turn to follow the white line,
but you keep the stick held out in the same direction, which means you are now holding
the stick out to your side. You do the same when you reach each corner of the court.
When you get back to where you started, you are holding the stick out in exactly the
same direction as you were when you started (no surprise there).
Now imagine you are standing on the equator of the earth, facing north with the stick held
out in front of you. You walk north up along a line of longitude until you get to the north
pole. At that point you turn right, ninety degrees, but you keep the stick held out in the
same direction, which means you are now holding the stick out to your left. You keep
walking (south obviously – whichever way you set off from the north pole, it's south) until
you get to the equator. There, you turn right again (and so now you have to hold the stick
pointing out behind you) and walk along the equator until you get back to where you
started from. But here is the thing: the stick is pointing back along the equator from where
you just came, not north up to the pole how it was when you started!
The reason for the difference is that the surface of the earth is curved, whereas the
surface of a tennis court is flat, but it is not quite that simple. Imagine that the tennis court
is slightly humped along its centre-line so that it is like part of the surface of a cylinder. If
you walk around the court again, the stick still points in the same direction as it did when
you started. The reason is that the humped tennis court has extrinsic curvature but
no intrinsic curvature. The surface of the earth, however, has both extrinsic and intrinsic
curvature.
The Riemann curvature tensor is a way to capture a measure of the intrinsic curvature.
When you write it down in terms of its components (like writing down the components of
a vector), it consists of a multi-dimensional array of sums and products of partial
derivatives (some of those partial derivatives can be thought of as akin to capturing the
curvature imposed upon someone walking in straight lines on a curved surface).
Formally[edit]
When a vector in a Euclidean space is parallel transported around a loop, it will again
point in the initial direction after returning to its original position. However, this property
does not hold in the general case. The Riemann curvature tensor directly measures the
failure of this in a general Riemannian manifold. This failure is known as the non-
holonomy of the manifold.
Let xt be a curve in a Riemannian manifold M. Denote by τxt : Tx0M → TxtM the parallel
transport map along xt. The parallel transport maps are related to the covariant
derivativeby
Suppose that X and Y are a pair of commuting vector fields. Each of these fields
generates a pair of one-parameter groups of diffeomorphisms in a neighborhood
of x0. Denote by τtX and τtY, respectively, the parallel transports along the flows
of X and Y for time t. Parallel transport of a vector Z ∈ Tx0M around the quadrilateral
with sides tY, sX, −tY, −sX is given by
This measures the failure of parallel transport to return Z to its original position in
the tangent space Tx0M. Shrinking the loop by sending s, t → 0 gives the
infinitesimal description of this deviation:
Given any coordinate chart about some point on the manifold, the
above identities may be written in terms of the components of the
Riemann tensor at this point as:
Skew symmetry
Interchange symmetry
where the brackets denote the antisymmetric part on the indicated indices. This is
equivalent to the previous version of the identity because the Riemann tensor is
already skew on its last two indices.
Second Bianchi identity
Special cases[edit]
Surfaces
For a two-dimensional surface, the Bianchi identities imply that the Riemann tensor can
be expressed as
Space forms