| ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY CIVIL ENGINEERING STEEL STRUCTURES Chayter 1: MATERLALS AND. 5P% Stee) structures ane built up with het rolled sted seviions Hor rolled steel sections atc made up of etruetural stack Tk code of practice for gotteral cansimaction in steal in TS 800 4. Types of stracrunal stcel 18 226 (Standart Caaliey) 18 2062 Fusion welding Quite) 18 962 (High tensile stesl) 18.1977 (Crdinary Onatiqyy 2 S26: * Mos conmionly used sic for genaral comseruction purpases of buildings, bridges, industrial seustires, (ansmnission fine towern ete > Rhering. bolting can fe done for all hickness but welding is + Penmed for thskness = 301m ony + Carbon vonten 8.23 46.35% > Elongution | 23% + Designated ss: fe 1D 6 3. 15 2062: (Fosto’ weleing evper: ‘Another sfee!cr:vunariy ancd fer general construction puspose, portoularly suitable fox strucluts subjecredl to dysamis Leads and impact suci as bridge decking, girders and orans girders + Designated as Te «10 WA. fe 410 WE. fe 410 WO. + Suitable for weldicsy fa 2 thickness Carbon content (mix) 72% 0.35%, elagation: 24% 4. 18961 (high tensik: steel: + Greater st-enoyit a+ # aimosphoric cormsion waisiaace - naxine strackines Wnt For sriucnue with fabrication by methods other than fesica Welding Fe St). “*— LIT : Por strictures where fasion welding is involved. Carbon coment = 9.27" for Fe 576 ~ IT Elongstien = 20% Mechanical Prop ~tics of Steel: Type of Steel ‘Thickness ‘Yield stress ‘Tensile strength aun) Nem? «Ultimate streas) Netmen* a) Standard Quality upto 20 #10 10 330 Fedid-s G10 40 2 410 10 330 and fusion weldiny 4 230 410 10 530 quality ') High temile Fo 510 1T upto 28 350 370 Ysical pro-ertes of structural steal; Specific gn ‘Modulus 0” Modatos of Rigi Coefficient of chermul expansion Poisson's rin = 8.25 s0 639) 23 10 ee (Cond. VUVUVUVUUUVULELEUUUUUVUVUUUUUULUOLLeELeLELuUUDU ,> ACES ee > ACES 7. Vavions types of standard steel aection 71 ~ section Indian standard junior bears (S78) Indian standard Tigh! beam (SLB) AUndbian standard medivim weight beam (ISB) Indian standard wide flange beam (SWB) Indian cohurnn section (SC + ALL seotion is designated by in depth and weight Ex: ISLB 500 at 250 Sin mcans, he 1—-section fy 300 mm deep and self weight is 750 N ‘per metre length 3, Chand Sections: indian standard junior chanel (SIC) Indian standard fight channel (ISLC) Indian standard medium sweigkt channel wrk siaping Henge (MC) indian standard medium weight chanel with parafel flange (MCP) Indian standard gate channel SGC) + Designated by its depth and weight Egg ISLC 350 ot 388 Nim 9. T Section: {indian standard rolled normal T — seotion (ISNT) Anchan standard rolled deep legued T — (SDT) Indian standatci roled sft fight weight T — bars (ISI.T) Infian staniarel rolled sift nevar weight T = bars (SMT) Indian standard volled silt T- bars feont H — section SUT) + Designation :ISNT 125 af 274 Nam ets ments 10, Angle ~ sections: May aa Indian siandard ¢ ual angles, Indian standard unequal angle Wee Designated hy abbreviation 18 along with Lngthe of buth legs and thicknass, Fg BA 40x 23x 6 tan : 12, Significance of varios slruclural shapes , 16eh eS D 2) Angle: Vora od ribs Seaweed + Angles are subj-ted to unayrametricat hending. y + Subjected to twisting if Lond doos not pass through shear center. Shear center: ft isa point trough which iflesd dees sot pass, the member will be subjected fo torsion. 8) Channels: Subjected to fisting iffoud doesnot pass through shear centers, ¢) ISM: Most commonty produced and used sections, > High moment of inertia about x - axis compareid to y — axis + Lateral buckling sirength is less ) ISHB: Thickness of web and images are on higher side > More arca uf etuss section and leay space + Heaviest T- section for sams depth compared to other shapes. ) TET + Has high cedius of gyration about v — ais when compared to its counterparts of ISMB or ISHB of same depth ~ Has relatvely higher lateral buckling capacity and be efficiency used as columns in building. ~ 1) Steet tuber: + Vary economical in truss manufacniring + Have high radius of gytation and torsional strongth Ie Most efficient ax compression member. (Comta...3DS ACES ay PACES 12. Tactor of safety = {Yield stress’ Permissible: strove) ‘Minimum factor of Safer is 1.67 ( by defining i in a rational method) 13, Methods of design of sedeel frame work : (i) Simpfe Design : Il connections are assumed to be pin jointed, (ii) Semisrigid Design » Assumes partial fixity at the ends. (ii) Fally rigid Design : Assumed the end connections 10 be fully rigid and rakes moments div) Plastic Design : Mainly’ used for analysis ond design of statically indeterminate frame stracturoa, It is saononuical, Sefety provided in terms of load facto. 28. Fatigue Strength : itis the sess at which stvel fails under repeated application of load, 29 Lompaet Strength ; [ts ve meas of ability ofthe steel to aby ctergy at high rates of ‘loading. OBJECTIVES 1, Consider the following siaicments fur carbon stecls with varying carbon camlemt, Aa the cathon content inxeaves 1, Ultimate strength of steel decreases 2. The elongation betore tailure increases 3. Ductifity of metal decresses 4, Ultimate sizength inezeases ‘Of these statements are a}3 &4 ars conect b) 1 & 3 are correct c) 1, 2 3 are comect d)1 & Dave comect The structural steel (Standard quality ahail conform to) ay 18 226 bp Is 800 e) 18 4977 ay 18 2062 3. ‘The percentage of carton in standard structural stee! ie 8) G.23 % 590.6% ©) 0.5% 0) 1.5% ‘+ The approximate radio of young's modulus to rigidly modulus of standard structural steel ix ais D2 235 as 45. The percentage elongation of mild steels of roiled shapes is about ayaa by 20 oa aya 8. The section which has more Jatcrai butking strength compared to its countor part sections of the same dopth is a)ISMB WISHR 2) SWB DINB ACE Sdveational Acaderry, 10. Lahenan Yara, Opps btelionket Schoo! New Gate. Naat Laj Mahal Hotel, Pocnandse Movpital Lane, Abid. ydersbad-4 Ph : 24752469 / 53582469 / 24760769 BG, 7" ther, REVR Reddy MRI Complex, Above Bank of Beroda, Al) ReOdys Boys Hon, Made Jay Loeunatonal Hotet Ne eee neersaac LLEDLELELLELL LEI LSNI ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY STEEL STRUCTURES Chapter 2: RIVETTED JOINTS: Rivet consists of head and shank Rivets are made of mild siee! or hig tensile sieel Size ofa rivet is the diameter of the stank Grip of the etvet is the distance between the undersides of the hvu hyads (Le, shank length inside the connection) 3. Nominal diameter of rivet ( ) = Dia of rivet betore driving (i... diameter of shank). 1 2 Gross diameter of rivet or effective size of rival (4) > dia of rivet after driving (iv, diameter cof rivet bole), d= o+hSmm if = 25mm = $t2mm it ¢> 25min 4, Types of rivets: a) Hol driven, by Cold driven © Hot driven Rivets: Rivets we healed red ‘hol before driving Cold deiven rivets: Darvon at atmospheric conditions vrithual byating, Has mare sizength ‘compared te hot driven rivet, 4. Anochur classification of rivela 1 Shop chiven, by Ficld diven Shop driven rivets have more strength: . 6. Important rivet lieads: = * Snap head or Round head | 4 = used for connecting structural member + Countet sunk head, uscd to provide a fush surface snap head counter head Pan head 7. Pitch of siveta (p): Distance botrrccn centre uf tern consecuiie rivets measured parallel to the sirection of ths foreo in the momber Ising on the sane rivet line, ~ [eis also detined as C:C distance of rivets measured along the length of the member os sounection. 8. Gauge (g) : Distance betevesn adjacent rivet lines or CHC dit ‘vets measuged at right — engles to the direction of the force. + Aleo defined as o/¢ distance botwaen tro eonsccutive rivets measured slang the width af member - or connection. ce between two consecutive ‘9. Rivet line (or gauge fine} Line along, which rivets are placed, 10. Minimum pitch = 2.5 ¥ nominal diameter of rivet. 11. Maximum pitch, in tension = {6t.or 200mm which ever 1 ess “Maximum pitch, in compression + 121 or 200mm which ever i fess ‘Where t = thickness of thinner plate 12, The maximum distance betrven the cents of two adjacent sivets (arons pitch), including tacking rivets = 32: or 300mm which ever ia fess, 13, Bdge distance: Minimum edge distance = 1.4 d (approx) Maximum edge distance ~ 37mm = 31 ‘Where t = thicknoss of thinner outside plate in ram’ 14, Tacking rivets (or stitch rivets): Lisee! to make two sectlons act Together and in compression ‘members to prevent buckling (Contd, ....4.2)Hache WACK 13. Types of Rivetted icinm: pe y 3) Lag jeknt: double rivetted lop joint + Hav eccentricity of load and thus sauses bending on the riveted connection, b) Butt joint; ; + In double cover juint, no wesenitcity of load, Hence, no bending etfeet, oH eae +, For single cover bun joint. sover plate thicknovs requied Double cover double is 1.23 canes the main plate riveted! butt jolat + For dowble covr butt joint, each vover pluie thickacs 8 58 x thickness of raat plate. 16, Failure of ivotted joints: Shear failure of rivets, sae Lallute of plates, tearing failure of plates, bearing lature of rivet, bearng failure of planes etc, 17. Asauniptions in design of riven joints: = Aload's assumed to he uniforsaly distributed! among, ail the rivets, = Shcag sess is assumed ts be uniter distributed aver its gros aren of eivet. . Bide has in rivets i neglectest, > Frichon hetweon plates is neglected + Rivet hole is axsumed to be completely fed by thy rival 18. Permisedble stresses in rivets: (as pce £8 BOO - VIM) Type-of sivet “Axial easom Sheat Bearing Athy Ory arn Bower deiven wo 100 300 Shop rivets Hand driven. a0 so 250 ‘# ~ For field river. the pennvissible stresses are reduced by 10% 4 “The permlasible seuises in rivets auc hols aay be increased by 28% wind or earth quake load is considered. 19, Strength of rivet in shear, Peed ote -- in single shear 4 Tc = Peemissible shear stress in rivet 20, Strenath of rivet in bearing, Pb = d t opr hickness of thinner olate in lap joint thickness of main thinnr plate or enn of cover plates thickness, which ever ie siturmaan ithe bute joint, 9c Permissible bearing stress in rived 721. River value, (Rv) = Minimum of strength of rivet in shear and hearing. Ave Smaller uf Pand Py, 22, No, of rivags requited. N= Lowl/ Rovet vale + oid ony in maiok Wee) nck Se CUDNLE count 23, Strength of plate in fearing, 2, = Where B = width of plate n> No, of rivet at the section Thickness of plate 4Contl...,3)OU LUVULLUUDDDUUULS Wace # Bacei 24, Strenath of joint = Catal strength of cvetst br of plate strenath (Pt). seh ever is dose, 25, Efficiency of the join, n ~ Strengtivet joing C160 Strongth ef sola vivis + Strength vf vot plate = B.t. 26, Daunond or ng-7ae riveting © clote etficieat thea: ain vetting 27, For bolted joints the diamolor uf hk: ™ ska. oF bull-+ Sam. ORIEC TIVES yascion Shem nevminal Figmesce tvs. 37 For «lap ‘wsctl ‘ov ullemable shear suress of ¢e< 8% 08.5 Nim and alarrulie hea: iy snces of 222.5 Nf ie cial atate sal den siset value is 8} 68.6 KN bytes ah i Lr 2. AS per 1S $00 - 1984, the minamunn prs aap 1 25h 3. he critical secuom foe cinenyth of th ait yz -> 4 ES is width of the plate and dis the diatmencr oi the civel chen ihe efficionsy af a riveted Joint having diamond tivetting is given by ajeod bod os} be dibs & d 1 a 5, A tee! plate is Sem wide and VOmni thick, @ river of nondinal diemeter ESram is river. The fet sectional ana of plate i3 «1 Smee 3) Meun* b)28.20en" wi dtateat - 6) Fur rivets and bolts the permiaable increnves in arose dng i efleat.of wine or owuth gvuke foadsis 4) 2580 by 163% Lae a0 7. Pickup the correct slaiement out of the Following. 3). Alf other conditions comasmany, cme oA Pw tang ‘mesuang SOP ft fer edn. ) All other conditions remaining cams, bot rivotting gives mone strenyrh than cold riveting, ©) Smengia emenping erme in hort conamens, 4) None of the above A The piteh of rive is the distance herve ny (v9 Lomscendve rivets measuecd. a) parallel to the tection of the fosee tying m tie same vet line, ) Traneeme io the dire-vion of the forze Iving in the sammy five Hae, e) Both 9 and “b’ are comas ay Mone of tis ahove. 8. Which of the following ix not ia assumption in ibe design of sivetied connections. 4) Load i assumed to be uniformly distributed ainong all.zhe rivers 6) Shear strean on a rivet ik apwence! 16 he umifoemiy disterhuied ver its grass area. 6) Bending strees in the awe w nepected d) Fatutlon between the plates is considered 10.Ry providing proper edge distances for nvers mitie’s oF thy; followmng fadbures cait be avuided. a) ahoar fallure of plaice by Bearing fulluns of ples ©) Spuiting of plates at edge 4d) ali ths above SEY FOR OBJECTIVES L@ 4b Se da fe 6a ta Ba Sat Wd TROD ACE snareACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY . STEEL STRUCTURES CHAPTER : 2. "RIVETTED JOINTS’ (CONVENTIONAL) SEMAN AERA EE RRA L EAE R EO A 6mm thick angle section ia jointed to 1 8mm thick gusset plato. The angle «upporting 9 load of 55 KN, Find the no. of 16 ram diameter rivets required, puiewme ¢- 8. bah A single riveted double cower butt joint is nsed fo connect two plated |fimm thick. The fivets used are power diiyen 20mm diameter at a pitch of GO mum, Find out the aafe load per pitch length and clficiewly of the joint, Desiga the joint of roof trams as shown in the fig. The members are connected by power driven 20 mim thick die rive to a gusses plate 10 tnm thick: awe lk mma. membuns po ainuortiy evs ok eo agink c eer | BE kay A. m conte Heo Lge weer le ‘Two plated 12 mm thick ate jonnted ay double nvcted double Cover butt joint as shown én the $ig, Using 20 men diameter rivels, design the pitch af the rivets. Also Gnd efficiency of the joint, agaume Boa ven. ‘Determine the strength of 3 double cover bult Jojnt used to connect two Mets 200 [SF 12 as shown in the Ba. The thickness of each cover plate is 8 mam. What is the efficiency of the join, Diameter of rivet is 22 mm, ACT Edeonal Avatar, 29, MaeranPlin, Gp: Metodis Scho! Mew Gu Feamnle Howl am Neat Ty Mata Tl Abide cea 4752460 / 6632489 / 6582467 "8.0;2"* oor REVE Relay Copies, Above atk of Barca Aa RAG HO HO Nese tute Hobe Harm et ANA yt yrVULULELULLELEELEL OEE LELULUUELUGEEEELEEELULL ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY CIVIL ENGINERING STEEL annie NE : * For structores. metal art: welding is generatty used. 1, Advantages of welded joints: - No holes are fonned. Homie members are more effective in taking joad. + Over all weight of joint is reduced, + Speed of fabrication. + Complete rigid joints can be achieved, + Efffciency of welded joint is more than the riveted joint, Disadvantages: = Infennial stress and warping are produced. + Welded joints are more brittle and their fatigue strength is lesa =__ Defiets ike internat air pockets anf incomplete penetration 3. Types of wekis n i be Symbol n * Fillet weld : ” Bun weld : { X symbol: V.X¥1F, ete 4. Size of fillet weld (S}: ~ Length of the sides of the largest right angied rangle in the crore section of the fet walled. a (ie fog Jengrt of weld) 5. * Max size of fillet Weld, Sua: ees Suu = Thichnew of thioner member-1.$mm -> for square edges. Se” 3/4of thickavss of anglc or Mange -> for tc of angle or round odgy of flange. 6. *” Mininam size of tilet weld. Sys! Smin ~ 3mm, when thiohnoss of thicker plate = 10 man = Smim, when thickness of thicker piate ito 20mm © Geum, when thickness of thicker plate 2010 32mm Throat of filet (0 : Length of perpendicular from right angle comer to the hyporemuse. ‘Thrval thickness, =. « filled size . Ki constant, depends upon angle between fusion facet as shown GO- 90? 91~ 100" 101-106 Constant, K:,70 4.65 66 + for sight angled filod, k ~ 0.70: é 3: Bifective length of fills: weld ~ overall length ~ 2 tines weldsize lap > * Minimum effective length = 4 times weld vize + Only effective length is shown on the drawing 9, Overlap in lap joint should not be less than S times thickness of thinncr plate 410, fnteemitient Billet weld: ~ Used when length of fillet weld required 10 tranwnit a force is less than the continous length of the joint. “ Any section of an intermittent fillet weld should have minimum effeciive length of 45 or “Hmmm which ever is greater > Clear spacing botwocr inlsrmaltent file: seulions should wx be rune ian 121 a6 200mm ‘which ever is laos Fox conyresnon, should nat bo more than L6t ar 200 nm which ever ix lees for torsion, (oont.......2.2)4 ACES BACEE LL. Strength of Slet weld « Evatuated based on shear sess atthe thinimum section (throat section) P= Et TvE {= Effective lent of weld = Bifectve throat thickness “Tof = Permissible shear stress in the weld (140 ‘Nem’ for fillet welds) 12, Bam welds: = Pullppenetration welds : double -~. double 1, | Per il penezation welds, throarthichues, t= ful tines of thinner plate 1 Baeadngle vy ving U,thoeat (5) -cthicnest oF thinner pee «Sheng of butoeld is faken equ tthe song of pas jones if fall panetation of wold mete is ensured, «Foe buttwekd dh pormisble sos i taken te be agin a that of te parent metal, | ser gomplete peneivauon bur welds. cticicney #8 LAs. 15, Strength of burr weld. p= 1 Or lenggh of the weld fective throat thickness periasble sirens in tension. or comppresson ofthe patent rata. oe LA. Pevenisible trenaes in the webis are reduced hy 20% when the welding is done in the field 15. When etfect of wind os earthquake are conmidered, the permissible stresses ame inorensed by 2586, ASSIGNMENT in the fig, can calry with out exceeding stress 1. What wafe load can a fillet weld shawn I cof 110 Nimm2 size of weld is Geum. +, Tove plates 24em x Lom and 2domex LGem are | to be bunt welded, Cakcualte the max. tpaesile i force which the joint can carry {as them 4) for single V burt weld > 1b) for double V bust weld _t r “The lowable teaeite stress in the metal is 5OOky'omn t fi T om 43, Find the total engi of fillet weld of size Gra equired to carry a Faroe of 250 KIN. Allowable shear sess ed in the weld is 130 nem’. all The best * ki} ACEH Eeucational Academy, abide, Hyderabad, vee -& 74752469 | 66824871 G6B2460 ***ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY CIVIL ENGG. STEEL STRUCTURES Ch ter 4: “ECCENTRIC JOINTS® 1: Eecenirie tuad : 4 toad is called eccentric toad when its fin: of action doesnot pass through the C.G of the rivet group or weld, + Becati eccentricity (6), additional moment is induced in the join. 2. When Joed or Moment acting in the plune of rivets + Rivets are subjected to vertical shear load (W ) and @ moment. M= W.¢ + Alt the rivets are subjected to shear stross only. eS / (ep >I = Vertical zheat force.on each rivet due to direet toad, W ix F, + Vertical shear force om each rivet dus to direct load, Wis Fa mais. Feo Win ot mm “Force due to moment (M) on any rive, Fm ~ Mc oo Fai se t : Beast 1 Ey oo e = distance of rivet from €.G of rivet group . « © The resultant force, F, aciing on a rivet is f 4 2 > . i a ¥,=\Fa + Fm + 2Fa Fin cos i . For safety Friahall be < rivet value. 20° TS For design, approximate.no. aL rivets required may be warked out from the following-fommula’ “*”"~ = a= [eM m= no. of rivet lines in vertical 2 m.p-Ry pitch < BR, = Rivet value . © no. of rivets in a single vetical line, - 4 i . * when there Is initial tension in the rivet (in hot driven rivets) = * The nowtral mais is assumed to be at C.G of the rivet group, s + For the desien. no, of rivets in vertical line recutired * 2 uM i it w ~ mp, z : +) © The sensile force induced in-oxtreme rivet. Ty | c eile 2 ham | E | {sis o mpa’ | LE |] > > Tenmile sess in ther, cq cal =~ T, | > “6 x R= Ws + = 1 2 Actual shear sirss in tivel, zg cal palaces, 2 Gaye = 5 =H ACES HACEe ** when rivety are subjected to shear and-tension, condition to be satiafied for safety is recal + cpel |g 14 ard Ox 704, cal = ealealated or actual shear stress present in rivet Tye = permissible shear stress in the rivet itl = Caled opel inal era ee idk = Permisaible tennile stress in the rivet, 4) With no Inttial tension in rivets (cota driven rivets y Assume tbe NLA sppebimately passing at (17) from botoen ‘Moment resisted by the eiveta a tension, cM) +f 1 Mr i i> ay a zy = vertical distance of eenire of rivets fram NA. b= effective depih | M=momen=W.s { ) + Tensile force in rivets, Fy = Mt + = . actual toile s \ : STO Oe = 5 er, Py, . 4 ‘when rivet are subjected. to-ahenc ahd tension, condition to be satisfied is ‘eve, cal + + btheal- . cg Sr < 1.80 ; * For the design, no. of rivets in vertical ine roquired, n 0-8 _6ME mpR ECCENTRIC WELDED JOINTS: 6. Fillet weld : Lond ying in the plane of weld. * Fillet weld ia subjocted to direct shear load (W) and torsional moment (W -¢) em ag of is wd +" ez sea an nh al, pe . at For-afity_p al be < 110 Nia? (Const, ....3) 4LUUboUUD BVEEEEVEDEEOUEUOUODEE EEE EEE EEE UE " POOTEEE a i aAcee 7. Fillet weld : oad not iying in the piane of the weld = Ww * Vertical shoar stress in the weld pm Ww 2dt * Horizontal shear stress due to bending at extreme Ebro, Ps =.M_y i * Resultant stress p, = Vp > py? oa Sy "For safety, p, = 110N/ enn? f=L wd, y=d 2 2 4, Butt welded joint loaded eccentricaily: iW t= thickness of wold * shear stress in the weld, Pp + Tensile or somy is i al extreme point, Py / 4 P=M.y, Piel yeas2 Y 2 a * AB per IS code, ¢f butt welds are subjected to shear and’ bending, equivalent stress, p, = 13 “The permissible value of equivalent stress = 0.9% fy #204, 2” Floor, Rahiran Plaza, Near Ta} Mehal Hotel, Opp: Methodist Schoo! New Gate, Fernandez Hospital Lane, ABIDS, Hyderabad — $90 001. Ph 24752489, 55582460, Bi BRANCH OFFICE :2" Figor, Adi. Reddy Boys Hostel, ABIDS, Hyderabad — 500 001, Visit usw email: eo ~& 3, - Find the’ safe’ load P varried by 4, Design *a‘bracket connection. té au, 5. If the maximum load that can bo” (STEEL STRUCTURES) ir@rloae“OF20 t 4s captied by 4. : ‘Eilate sack it rivetted toa” Joc geaumn-asy shown in the fig. ‘maximum force any.Pivet:.(1ES 96) loon dpnected "tq the flange IWbrough a group of ots tot ster @ Lad of 120 MLA Sekt eecentricity ‘of 150°mn eae Sine fig.’ The ‘thicknes. fhe bracket: plate ‘is (10 mm and aNBE ey the, F. nge'plate ie mm, sdegdar ne Aianober‘of the rivets igeporhlaslble stress an single sheer is 100 MPa and in bearing 180 ua, GATES) if i is tne Joint sheen, The sivets, se 1s power drsven 20 nin fat # pitch - of 80! mn, aSenaee gf flange .."/. 46 6.1mm and plate ts 8-mny vie ef bracket ein, a Me ppont end reaction of 200 KN. The Sccontricity of the load is 250 mm as shown = dn the fion 4 oo agg es ailoned on any siyot is 32 KN, find ‘the maxifum.ioad,P.that sansbe 4ed on. the bracket, st ae, on he : Find the"éafo “load that can be applied dn’ the bracket’ shown, Totel: 16 rivets are provided 8 ngs in each row) at a pitch of cm. Take 20 as dian poner Qriyen hot rivets:. Initial tension is present, |. 1a, % Peacent ‘ease! 23 ie. . Impection,of 200 x! 200 mais! rivetted: to tie flange,of'g Z01ied stell column of Tesacticnto. toma bracket. It carried 'a-load of 280 kn at a distance ‘of 200 mn from the bracket as ‘shown -in the fig. The rivets are Placed in two vertical lines, on each vertical line there ‘are’? rivets, Pitch = 6,5 én andiedge' dischance = 3,25 cm. "Chatioter of rivet 4s 22 mn, -Check.the gatety of, connection, SF ayo Find the mataniin stress’ ant tts location in the! fillet weld ABCDA fori the. bracket, connection shown in the fig... Tho sizo of weld is 6/mm,..(GATE 87, IES 94) on ip! A 12 mm ‘thiek bracket plate ts Connected’ £03" column flange 2s shown 49 the: figs’ Dsaign a suiteble shopiwald ermissible stresses /in.'the weld'azo.: in bending 1s 15.45 KN/cmn? shear 4e.8,05.KN/en?.. (32592) For phe bracket shown below, find the maximum sate. value of the gppligd load, Win KN go that the stooss in the weld docacrt exceed 110 N/mm, Thi fillet weld applied on the fangs Ae, of 8mm s4zé‘and'on’ the web £9 of of 6° mm size | (GATE 90) Fig, shows an: eccentri¢ connection with 6 mn fillet welds, determine the greatest load P per bracket plate which can eo applied on the cennection if the shear strass in the weld 49 not to ‘exceed 108 MPa,PULVUVELLEVEDLE LEE EDEL UE ULUUUUDUUOE LEE ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY CIVIL ENGG. STEEL STRUCTURES TENSION MEMBERS (SYNOPSIS) A tension metibet (or tio) carries a direet axial tension in a oof truss or bridge truss. 1. A tension member is designed for ite not sectional arca at the joint 2. Net area in case of chin riveting (Hor pates): oo! tf A= (—n.d)t rom ‘b= width of plate: d= gross dia of rivet Oo L ‘© no.ef vera atthe section | t= thickness of smaller plate 3. Zig — Zag sveting : ‘Net ofetive aren along scctio ABCDE Ave =]b—nd H_52 salt b sci ~ Stein's Sno. of vet Rolex he acon {Gin the above figure at section ABCDE) Sy or S; = staggered pitch (measured paralsl to the force) 181 0° ge = gauige distance (measured perpendicular to the force direction} * In zig — zag riveting, the net cross sectional area along a chain of rivets is increased by S't ag 4. Single angle connected by one leg only : net effective aroa, Ani = Ar + kA 4 ‘Where Ax = net cross scctional area of the connscted log ~(a-d-v2)t a t ‘Aa = gross cross sectional arca of unconnected Jeg = (b+ V2): z k= 3A) Gusset plat b GA, + Ad ‘Aron of « log of ant angle ~ (length of log - 1/2 thichmess of log )x thicknoss 5. Pair of a angles placed back — to — back connected by one leg of each angle (or by the Bange of a T- section) 10 the mame side of a gusser plate: Awe Ay taAa A= net sectional area of conntoted legs ‘Aa = gross aca of out standing Icgs(or wob of T ) GA+A) © The area of web of T = (dopth — thickness of flange) x thickness of web ‘*) The cutrtanding legs of pair of angles should be tacked by rivets ala pitch not exceeding tm 6. For doable angles or T's placed back to baok and connected to each side of a gussct or to each side ‘of a rolled section:( on opposite sides af the gussct platc) ‘Aca = gross area ~ area of rivet holes Provided thatthe anglee or the T's are tock riveted along their length of at a cli ame -neannnt Stes’ san:> ACL > > ACED> * When wo angles of T 5 placed back -t0 ~ hack are nos sack ~ riveted the provisions under (3) and (6) above do tiot apply and each angle or T is designed as single angle or single T connected to one side of the j_.s8et 7. Permissible stress in tension (04): Fy = yield stress for steel (250 N’ram’ for standard structural stccl) 8. Design of axially toaded tension montbet: stops : L. Calculate net area required : Aya * Anial load / om 42. Try suitable section having sectional area 20 to 40 % excess than the Aye required. 3. Calculate the A,y available in the tial section. 4. The trial saction will be 0.4 if Are: avzilable > Age required as per step (1) above 5. Calculate no, of rivets required, 6 n= axial foree rivet value 9. Lugangle : It is a short kength of an angle used ata joint to connect the outatarding leg of member. > used to reduce Jength of the joint. - Alug angle is provided. at the beginning of a joint so that it can be effective in sharing ad. * Specifications: > The lug angle and its connection to the gusset plate should be capable of developing a dtrength aot less than 20 % in excess of the force in the outstanding leg of the angle.( i¢., 1.2 times) + The attachment of the tug angle to the rain angle should be capable of developing 40% in excess ofthatforce (sc. ' 4 times) » Minimum rivets to connect hig angle are 2 nos. * Where lug angles are uscd fo connect an angle. member, the whole area cf the member should ‘be taken as cffective. ive., Ans * gross area — Rivet holes, 10, Tension splice : ~ A joint for a tension member, = Tension splices are the cover plates used on both siev of the fut jointed tension member. - When members of different thickness are spliced, packing is required 10 fi the aap. = the packing is more than 6 mm thick, additional rivet atthe rate of 2.$ % for each 2 mm thickness of total packing is to be provided. coven piste ov optize HOME eae SR ot OHNE Contd 3)eetbegcrnrnnrd -OL00 LUELEVULUOULELUDELELLE EGU UY UOe 2 ACES 3 2 ACES ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY STEEL STRUCTURES ‘TENSION MEMBERS’ (Objective Questions) 1 Atieisa {a} Tension member (b) compression member {¢) Bending tserber (d) Biaxial bending member 2. When two angles are used asa tension member, ifthe angles are not tack rivet the net tension capacity {a) Decreases (b) Increase (©) Remains same (d) None of the above 3. The max. spacing of tack rivets for a tension member is @)i6t (b) 200mm (©) 600m ¢d) 100mm 4, Lug angle is used at the joint (a) To increase the load capacity @) To seplace tack riveing (©) To reduce the length of joint (@) To take care of the effect of stress reversal 5. For the zig-zag riveting shown, the net width of plate for the failure made shown is @ B-3) (b)B-3d- _S1_- 82) 4g 4g ©B-HM+ St +S4.) (@ (B- 34 - S21 - St) - ae fo a: ssa a th at t ‘poy re z 6. TEA; is the effective cross sectional area of the connected leg and Ag ii gross o/s are of ‘unconnected leg the net effective ares ofa single angi is given by Al +k A2. Where Kis equal @_A_ 3a) A) BA ALt Ap 3 A+ Ay SAyt+ Ap Alt 3 Ag 7. The allowable tonsite stress for a yield stress of ‘fy’ in structural steel is (oss, M)O4S O66, @O6E 8. The best tension member section wall be () siveted single angle section (b) welded single angle section (©) channel section: (d) All the above . Single angle tension member welded to the gusst plate is preferred over riveted one because (2) welded tension memnbers ate easy to fabricate (b) Rivets are weak in tension (©) Eccentricity of connection can be eliminated by adjusting the weld length (None of the above, 10. For a single unequal angle tie member the leg preferred for making connection is the (@)\onger one (b} shorter onc (c) any ofthe two (d) Longer if riveted and shorter if welded (Contd.......4) OaDdeaGa Be Be OQvPDaBbeac BaPACES > ACES At. Tension member splice is designed for Fee (a) Load on the member 0) Nat of the member (©) Maximum catculated force (@) None of the above, 12, Which one of the following is not a tension member (a) Cable (b) Bar (©) Boom (4) Angle te 3. The minimum thickness of stoe! of the tensite members not exposed directly to weather is: (s) 4roma, b) 6mm © tomm Sm #4. The minimum thickness of steel ofthe tension members exposed to weather and not accessible is (@) 4.5mra &) 6a. © 8mm @) 10mm 15. The arsof cross-nection of built up rofled angles to be taken into consideration in bonsile steel member ix : (@) Area of bork the legs of the angles (b) Not area of the legy connected by rivets (©) Net area of the legs connected by rivet plus some araof the oustanding legs @) None of the above, 16, The effective area of a weld structural steel we angle for design purposes is equal 10 : (a) Gross area (b) Full area of welded leg plus a certain percentagr of the outstanding leg (0) Full are of welded leg plus 50% of the oustanding leg (4) None of the above. 17, Uf double angles ans uted a8 a tension member, connected to opposite side of yussct than the net effective area is € 18° wivet a) pate fa) Apt 3A) A ty A+ ___3 A) 1). Ay 3 A+ Ay BAL t AL (A+ _3& LAL (@) Gross aroa of anges — rivet holes Ata * 18. in case of a single angie in tension connected by onc leg anty, the nct effective section of the angle } shall be taken as ( 3+ bk) where a =net azea of connected log and b= gross area of the cut-standing 1 feg, thon che value of k will be (n> Pus old Code)» ervte VIB () 1/(at O38 ba) BM /(1 +356) E1/CL-O2Wa) LICL + O2 bia) 19.4 Tie member consisting of ISA 63x 65x 8mm. Ifthe member {a connected by 16 mm dia rivets to one log only, fine the safe Yoad in the tie can carry ( use fy = 250 MPa) a)1S0KN BOZENC)250KN ‘@) none ' 20, Ifthe thicknes of thinncat outsids plate is 10 mnt, then maximum pitch of rivet in a tension ! member will be, in mam” — a) 120 bisa )200 4) 250 21. Ina tension member the area to be considered in the calculation of ifs load carrying capacity oar by gros area) cracked area equivalent area ' 22. The load carrying capacity of two T- sections connected opposite seide of a gusvet plats with tock sivets along the length with gross pectional area of each section 200 aq.ram will be (usa fy~260 MPa) a)250KN by 200kN-«)300KN sd) none WALL THE BEST TD ACE STUDENTS 17 Your's ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY"a JV NE SE lig oe ete 4 ACADEMY OF CIVIL STEEL STRUCTURES ~ TENS Ii 1, For allowable tensile stress of 180 N/mm’ , the capacity of sin ISA 100 x 100 x 10 mm, connected by one led using 20 mm diam o° rivet 1s (GATE 27) 2, A140 x 10 mm mild steel piate is lap spliced with a 140 x 12 mild steel plate using 4 numbers of 20 mn mild steel bolts i clsarance poles located in two rows, Calculote the load Capazit of the splice (GATE 95) 3, Calucalate the strength of ISA 40 x 25, 5 mm thick when used a tension memper with its long leg conaected by (1) 14 am dia civots ang (ii) fillet weld. 4, Atie in a truss consists of two angles 150 x J15 x LO mm with long legs connected to a gusset plate by 18 mn diem, Rivets in such a way that each angle seclion is reduced in section by cne rivet hele only, Deterinine the tension strength of the monber, bf a) The angles are connected on the same side of thy guevet volute of 12 mm thick and tack rivetted b) The angles are connected on thy opposite side of the gusset plate of 12 mm thick ana tack tivetted ce) What ie the effect on the tensile strength if the angic not tack rivetted ? take gross arsa of each angle 5. Aflat of size 16 x 1.2 on gs used ae » tension monber connected tbo @ gusset plat by 22 mo™f# shown in tha fig. Calculate the maximum tension that the flat can cerry if the permissible stress in the flat 15 150 MPa LUVUbELUbDEEFPEREEEEEERS 6, Design an angle section te carry a tensile force of 120 kN, Usu 18 mm dia power driven rivets, The available angle sections arn ISA 20 % 45. X 10 wannnenenne A = 1052 a ISA 75 x 50 x 10 ew A = 1152 mm ISA 80 x 50 x 10 1202 am © 8 te Ah >» 4 EMH ADE HEN © Pe porayan ® plissey BO suns © yaarks ~~ ~ ~ = = => = = = = > > = O@ ors © wesen © cok Bynn @® Hs sate kn Cy rsa. s5sconwnl PUUUUELUELELDULELELEDEELEVUVLELLELOELEE LEP ERBY ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY STEEL STRUCTURES 1. Eg Stanchiona (in boom fancrme) (ina truss) one 2. Compressive strength, P = Areas sere A= gros area, = allowable compressive sess 3 5 - il vies it: Hci El it ee Se™ 0.6 fexf where £, = yield steens of steel [Pee + Ey} 1h, = elastic enicalaress in corapression - ESA B= Modulus of stect 2, = slenderness ratio ~ effective length of member = stave of wyration of menaber Fr 11> 9 factor, assumed a6 1.4 radius of gyration, ~- STAY © VGMforeent of inertia “Asce of crows section) 4, Effective langth of compression member 1): a) Effectively held in povition and restrainedt ‘againat rotation at both ends (both ends fixed) 10.65. are i pc on Gt rotation at one end. Roatan acne 1<0.80L, ) Effectively hekd in ponition at both ends, bt not retained against rotation ( both ends ig) 6) Effectively held in position and resirainod ‘gpinat rotation at one snd but not held in posiion of restrained against rolation at other end (ane end fixed, other end free) te. } <) Sve bd psn annie sn i rotation at one end, and atthe other end restrained fi @ ‘gninat rotation but not held in position 1=1.20L +1 = wusepponed lent of member ‘between cc of inenvection of snembers) * For batt column the effective ug hall be increacd By 10S 4 5. For angle strat, the epacifications are different as follows * For discontinuous members ‘(Whether ringle or double angle) allowable stress For single rhvet.or bolt lel, = 0.8 One ‘For double rivet, double bolt et weld 1= 0.855, Oe ¢ For Continuous members oe For single or doxible angle) ae ‘Foran: tone of comeietines: 10.710 085L Ce rACEH z # ACEH 6. Composite compression members back to hack : The members shall be tack rivetted, “Maximum spacing of tacking rivets ~ 600 mm (Flor two angles, channels, T-s) A. = 32 tor 300mm which ever is less: (For bailtup compresvion member with cover plates) ‘witete (= thickness of thinner outside plate. * A minimum of 2 rivets or bole shall be used in excl conneétion ( one on fine of each gauge mark, where the legs of connected angles are 2 125 mm wide) 7. Marimam slendemess ratio (2) 8) A member carrying compressive loads dee resulting from D,L and L2. 180 b) A member subjected to compressive Jonds enulting Srom wind or earth quake forces 250 ©) A tension member in which reversal of siress, due to londs other thaa wind oF seistaic forces 1x0 6) A member normly carving tensiox but subjected toreversa! of stress due to wind or earth quake forces 35u ¢) Compression Dange of a beam 300 #) Tension mvercbers 400 8. Design of compression members : Stops : 8) asmurne some value of oye and calculate the appréximate area, required, Aggy = load ! hue For single sectica (1. 3) + c, may be assumed a8 80 Noun? Kar built up sections =~ oy, may be ayumed aa 110 Nimm b) Select a tal section having area = Agee ©) Determine actual 2 (slendemess ratio} und actual ae (or the tsitl a eeetiont 44) Catculate load sapaedy of the selected section and compare wit the extemal load acting. TCnor tallied, repeat the above steps. ©) Check the stendernesy ratio. 9. Lacing and Batening fos built up compression members. ° The different components of built up sections are placed in auch a way that the buill up seetion has same radius of hyration about both axes, (its tec = fy) ‘+ The different components of builtup svetions are connactad together vo that they act as a single colsran, 9 Lacing and Bartening eystems are used to connect the members, ?* Lacing is penerathy preferred in case of ezcentic Inads. Eor axially loaded members, battening is preferted. 10. Lacings : (Specifications “Fiat bars, angle, channel and cubuilar sections arc used for lacing, * Lacing system should aot be varied throughout: lenatit af the member. * The single - laced! systera on opposite sides of the main companents should hie in the same direction so chat one be the shadow of the oiher. * Tie plates should be provided at the ends of the lacing system and at-poinite where lacing ‘s¥steme are internupted.BACT ACER 11 Inelination of laving system with vertical should be between. 40° and 70” % Slondemess ratio (1) of lagig bay should nat excocd 145, * For single lacing (rvotted) = / (J tongth between innor ond tivsis) ° For double lacing tivetted at onds l= 0.7 7 ® For welded lacing ene 12. For fiat bur (b x1}, tis = 2/412 13. For rivesicd or welded lacing syrtem, —__L - $50 or 0.7 times: maximum 4 of member as a whols, which ever is toss, Where me = minintum radivs of gyration of the components of compression member 14, Mininum wicth of lacing tar in rivetted connaction Nominal diameter ofriver(um): 22200 1818 ‘Width of iacing bar (man) 165 608850 * xpproximately 3 x nominal diameter. 1S. Mivirourn thickness oC lacing hor 1 ¥ 2/40, for single lacing ; 5200, for double lacing: 16. The lacing slrould be designed! to resist 4 transverse shea; V j Sade (a) ease (b) dangle 17. For single lacing, the forco (comprvasion or tensile) in eal bar, [5° ol anial load. © The lacing shoud he desigacd additonal thear duc to bending if the compression member carries bending, Pe V5 fordoubiciovin, F = ov Tan Find ‘Compressive stress in each bar = shall not be greater than atsmble a Termite sees in wach bar = shall aot be greater tham Oa aleve de 18, Fre connection For ease (a), no. of rivets = For case (b), no, of rivets = Brea vate Aas 19. Battens lo 7 ° 3 + The no, of batens should be such that i Adie member is divided into mot Joss than thres parts Jongimdinally (e., miniorum €. ‘bation plates) 1 een * Flat platos are used for battens oo * Effective length of battened columns L should be mereased by 10%, —_—tack é Rl Wace 20, Design Specifications : Spacing of battens ‘C” is such that, che slonderness ratio of the lesser tnain component, £_, $0.07 0.7 times the? of the member as u whole about XN axia (parallel 0 Fon battens), which over ts Joe where aa. © tddinunm tadiay oF ysration of component, S = transverse cislatos butween ccatroids of aivel group or welding. = Spacing of battens = > centroid distance of members @ + affootive depth or batten; thickness of batten > for ond batten, » B14) a Cov intermediate battens * 2h for any bation *Thickoess of batten, (> Jas $0 21. Rates should be d trausverse shew. V V2.5 4h of total axial load on member signed to carry bending moment and shwar Forces arising trom a 22. Lonnitudival shear on batten, Vi, ‘Momsat on bation, M =. where N = No, of parallel planes of bations = 2 in che above figures, * Check for shear stress. = Vy of T,, = 100 Nm? a Bering stress Moma, or sy = 165 Netw? Gy 1 24, Encased Columns : Steel column encased in coment concrete * For sxchitoctura! appearance ¥ To increase fre ronistanve + To otuck vorvosion 24. Spesifications of encased eolumuts : “*n the dasigning a cased column, the cutie Joad is assumed 10 he taker by stcel section oly. The conerete increases the stiffness af column. © The overs! dimensions of ihre steel section should not cxcced 750 x 450 mm, Minéwum. kover is SO mm, ** Cohionr should be Gapiinted and encesod with a minimum grade of M 15 concrete. * The minimum width of soli casing is by + 100 unm, where by is the walth of stee! flange of column, in mm. The load cremping capacity ef encased column should aot exceed 2 rimes the load permittect on sn tncased colorin, ** he eadivs of ayravion tor encased column about V¥-asi) is given by fy. By = 4.2 be + 100) mm where by width of steel fiauge in suns is taken as that of the uncased section. “ ALL THE BEST" ACE, Hyderabad ACE, Hyderabod 204, RAHMAN PLAZA, NEAR TAJ MAHAL HOTEL, OPP: METHODIST SCHOOL NEW GATE, ABIDS, HYDFRABAD. ia ee ea a a ee mere @ wemeeeeLULLLELEDLELELLULELLELELLLULELELELL wee hone gute ns ACK ENGINKERING ACADEMY CIVIL ENGE, STEEL STRUCTURES CHAPTER, 6: COMPRESSION MEMBERS (OBJECTIVES) I, Two ISMC 400 channels placed back to back ot « spacing of 26 om cary an axial load af 160 (onnes. Tho lacing system should be designed to resist « teansverse shieat of a) Lot byt oat a) ie 2. Fora circular column having its onds hinged, the siondemess ratio #9 160. The Ji tat the column is 2380 137 240 ayae 3. Aspor the cade, max pitch of rivets in compression 13 2) smaller of 12 1 oF 200mm 'b) smaller of 16 (or 26cm ¢) smaller of 32 tor 300mm | 4} 600mm 4, The élendernest ratio of a-cokamn which is supporigd.throughout its longi by avisiecry wa 3 10 4) 100 4 zero oD iedininy: 5. ‘The code 18300 ~ 1984 ues the following formula to eatlce sonable come 3) eran fom tp Renkines formate 6} Merchant ~ Rankine formula @) links Garden a 6 ‘Lacing bars in a steel column are designed to resis *. a) Bending moment resaiting from 2.5% of voter loot 6) Transverse shear force due to 2.3% of arial load in the cohen, @ 2.5% of column load 8) Boss (a) and @) 7. Thé effective length of 2 battened cobman in inerdgnod ay a) 10% 6) 15% Bra \ a8% \ “The slendemess ratio of compression mestbors is Hint 2d1e COMPRESSION MEMBERS (CONDE NTIONAL) 1 sind the ford carrying capacny of ISH 350 used as column, Lhe cffcotive longth is Tre with respect so X-auis and 5m wath reapect 10 Yara. Properties of the ISHB 330 are zea = 859] men’ 2, Accolumn of 5.25 m effective length consists of two channels placed back to back with a cover placte as shown. Czteulate the strength of column, Slendemess ratio: 10 $060 Ge (MPa) 2139 492 122 Fropertizs of ISMC ate A Flange thickness = 0.90 em Web thickness ~ 0.54 em T= 779.40m", Ty y 3. A built up column consists of two ISM: 400 at 494 Nim and two plates $00 x 10 mm. The slear distance between back to back of channels is 200mm. Onc plate is connected to each flange sice, Detertmine tha safe Inad corrying capacity if the effective Iength of cotumn is Sm Properties of © TSMC: 400 are A= 6.293410" mm’, cw = 283 Iq” 150,828 20? mm’, hy ~ 5.048 x 10 4. Design a compreasion member whose offective length is Sm and which caryies a load of 12+ Use angle sections and data dagle Ares fan’) Tania (crm) ISA 65 x6Sx10 42 125 ISA 70x 70x 10 13.02 1.33 ISA 79x 75x10 102 14s 184 80x 80x 10 17.81 154 TSA. 90x 90x10 20.42 164 a0 90 100 WTS 1007 924-10 110 3. A but up column of 6m length comprisses of 33.4 100 x 100 x 18 mmm adequately Laced, ‘laced with their comers coincident with the comers of aquare 400 rom side. The cofarnn is hinges at base continuous at the top. Comptto the maximunt loed that she contimacus colama ean carry. CES 9S) Properties of ISA: A= 19.03 em’.1,=1,= 177 cm’, Cyn Cy = 284M, fee hy ROS cm, y= ABS om, fay 1.94 em M3139 132-122ACES Ack 6. A sontunuows rafter of (uss is 3m Jong between inteemediate comections, [t comprises of tivo [5:4 905 $08 connected on both sides of 16 mmm thick gusset plate. The fwe angle seshons are tack sivetted wing 16 ram thick washers along the length st 33 om interval Cedeulae tustiuunn foros thal cam tre taken up by the ratler. Abowable etress anay be tabew 38 ES 974 Propanexof ISA: 90.090x Baw A ~ 13.79 om, Cr RTC ty 29 Si 7. Find the strength of a isscmtinuous strut of tinetl: 32m. “The rater somsdess of owe an [90.5 755 Hann, wih tong leat connected, places on sane vide a guste fl tak - tivetied and is gontovted t9 20 mia gussst plate wit one diver. The py cach angle ore A = B3do anc, Alem 6 LBP mM T= FL oem no aMdom > 218 on, S.A buite up coum 1s shown in the tigre. Hind the spacing >peovesn the. channels so ihat ty column sae carey enanimum load. ISLC 350 fr, = 9730.9 ont! hy — 395.3 emt Aven = 19.54 om? G7 22 em 10 Four angles 184 100 x 100) 42 are used for a halt np column ap sown Arca of angle = 22.59 om? Lx By 207 x10" mm? fr" oS Fa ee ey on to "I Distance of rivet hole from back of angle 35m] #6 om. Load acting on the column ia LISOEN. Slendeoess ratio of built — up | volontwif2 33.73, Design a suitable single lacing system ai 45" using 20 mm riveis ‘with rivet value of 36 kN "ALL 1908 BEST’ ACE, Hyderabad 2412469 / SSSR2I69 ACE, Hyderabad Oeswere DB RzWE Bw s- 220mmACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY CIVIL ENGS, STEEL STRUCTURES CHAPTER 6 t COMPRESSION MEMBERS (CORVENTIONAL) 1. Find the load carrying capacity of IS¥#3 350 used as column, The effective length is 7m with feepec! to X-ais and 5m with respect to Y-axis, Propertics of the ISHS 350 arc Area = 859] mm’, 1. * 149.3 mim, fy © 53.4 mm 1010 900 800 2 Details ofa double angle member of a steel roof truss are given below. Check to ses if the mentor hus the capacity 10 camry tensile farce of 240 EN and compressive force of 168 KN 2 service load, The meinehre consists of2 ISA ~ 90-x 90 x 6 mm connected to opposite sides of 8 mm guaset using 20 mm bolts, Elective Length for buckling about KX-anis ~ 1,70 m. “Esfevtive length for buckling about Y¥saxia - $m, Properties of single ISA 90 x 90 x 6 mm age A = 1047 mm’, Fe 24.2eam, Lex * 80100 mm*, f, = 250 Nim? Allowable Compressive sires ~ O66 fs Ue they where i. = Euler's buckling stress (GATE '93 & GATE '98) 3. Acohimn of 3.25 m effective length consists of two channels placed back to hack witha cover paste ax shown, Calculate ie strength of column, Stoudemess ratio: 30 50 60 Se (MPa) 139132 122 Propertios of ISMC are A Flings thickness = 0.90 om Web thickness = 0.54 cm x= 779.4.0m* Typ 102.3 em’, o, = 2.22 em 20.88 cm’, VUUUUEVUUVVUUUUUULLEULELEUG pes Sp 200. pS 3 4. A built up column consists of two ISMC 400 at 494 Nim and Iwo plates 500 x 10 sem, The ear distance between back to back of chantels is 200mm. One plate is connected to each 3 _ Range side, Determine the ate load earying capacity ifthe effective length of cokamn ia Sm. Propesties of = ISM. 400 are A= 6.2995 10° mm’, = Ty" 150.828 16! runt, Ty = 5,048 x 10? > > > > 5. Design a compresion member whose effective length i 1.8m an ich cris a oad of > 121, Use angle sacrions and data = ingle rea fem") ncn (CO) 3 ISA65x65310 12 4.45 TSA 10x 70x10 13.02 3.38 ISA 75x 75x10 14.02 35 TSA 80 x 80% 10 Ans 184. ESA 903 90x10 20.12 Lt LU75 1007 928-840 wuuuusHACEE PACER 6. A built up column of 6m leagth comprises of ISA 100 x L00 x 10 mm adequately laced, placed with their comers coincident with the corners of square 100 mam side. The column is hinged at base continuous a¢ the top. Compute the maximum Joad that the continuows column can camry. GES 95) Properticsof = ISA: AW 19.03 om? p= Jy~ 177 cm", QBdom, ty ty? 3.05 om, ty 3.85 cm, ty = 1.94 exh 80 imo 900 90 100 800 Iso 148145 439 -432-122-1120 7. A continuous rafter ofa trass is 3m fong between intermediate connections. Ti comprises of two ISA 90x 90x 8 connected on both sides of 16 mrn thick gusset plate. The two angle sections are fack riverted using 16 mm thick washers along the length at 30 cm interval Caloulate maximum force that can be taken up by the rafter. Allowable strews may be taken an GES 99) Propaties of ISA: 90x90x10are A= 13.79’, 2.75 em 30 1320 1220 8. Find the sirengih of a discontinvious strut of length 3.2.10. The rafter consists of two angles 103 x 75.8 nim, with long leg connected, placed on same side of gusset plate, The strut iz tack — riveted and is connected to LG ram gusset plat, The properties of the each angle are A= Lhdbom!.C,=3.100m, Cy= L87 em, k= 131.6 om, 1, = 63.3 om’, B14 om, cy= 2. 1B Ont, Meo on RMA erm + 9, A ouilt up columnn is shown in the figure. Find the spaciig. ‘between the channels $0 that the column can carry maximum toad, Ist ¢ 380 , Ty” 9330.9 em? fy = 395.Semn* Area = 49,54 ern? Cy 242 en 10. Four angles ISA 160 x 100 x 12 are used for a built up column ais sho Area of angie = 22.59 em" = Tye Igy = 207 x 108 tan! aS r= 194mm, ©, =C,* 240m Distance of tivet hole from back of male {x 6.cm. Load acting on the volun is 1450 KN, Slondsmess ratio of built — ap 1 cokurmn i $3.73. Design a suilable single lacing yystem. \ i) a | 14. A column of length 9.4 1 is effectively held in position at both ends but net restrained in direction. Its to be constructed by using four cqual angle sections ISA 196.8 100 10 mm thickness, ( Propertics may be found from problci No.6), Determine a suitable arrangement {o carry an axial load of 75,000hg. Also specify the spacing ef lacinge Pe) “ALL TOE OBST" ACE, Hyderabad PF 1782489 / 6562469 / 6502467 ACE, HyderabadLULULLLDUUUULUE ot “u BRVUULVUVVUVUUUDLLELULL GEeevenuyu 4 Griliage Foundation : ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY CWILENGINEERING 4, Column Bas 3: To distribute '0a0 over 2 gre ater ares, * Types 4 Sia Sase 2. Cusseted Base 2. Slab Base : SES AND COLUMN &| STEEL STRUCTURES FLICES (5) 2. Giiiage Fuundation 7 Column ed ie machinac to transfer foad to sab by creat beat + Fastenings ate provided to ce forces except direct compression Axial Iced! In column & Aree of base piste ain colLrn seourely in place and to resist all moments and Peimissitie bearing siress in concrete © The permissible bearing pressure 5 {oF compressive etreas| in concrete is 4Nimien?® As ter 1S800, - 1984, the thickness of slab base, tH W™ pressure on under side of baee olate Om * permissible bending stress In slab base = 785 Nimm? for ail steeis = greater projection of piate beyard column mailer projection of plate beyond colt 3. Gusseted Basu: B/S ™ Consists of a tase plate connected to em the colume though gusset plates and gusa Thickness of base plate in this case ts smeler than that requited tor 3 sla base, for same oad ‘* ifend is machined, fastenings are designed for 50% of axial faad. Hf not machined, enall be designedt for full oad * Ortical section for moment i taken at the toot of the angie as shown in the figure, 4, ie. at section X-X shown wee & ‘an % Adopted when columns cany vely Neavy loads ard the bearing capaclty of the soil ie very low. ‘© It oonsists of two or more tiers of steal beame piaced one above the other at right angles to each other and embedded in concrete. © Pipe separators are used to keep thie aMage beams properly epaced The digiance between edges of adjacent Panges shall be rat less than 78 mm, ‘® Minimum cover oF concrete ig 4100 mm, I a Ee fede cing & NOS to ey tow ce> AcE > 2 ® Goluma Splice : + 18.82 ont ina column > The ens. camoression members should be machined 1o ensure perfect contact surface in bearing 7 the colurm ends are mactined for complete bearing mheoreticaty no rivet is reguired for transmitting adal lead, However, it ls common prastioe to design the connection to resist 50% of axial oad in addition to moments ang shear if any. iF the ens are not machined for complete ‘eanna, the plies shouls be designed to transmit ail ne forces. OBIECTIVES 1, Acctumin és subjected to axial compressive toad 9609 KN and a bending moment of 180 KO, Four foundation halts are srovided ex the four comers. The uplit foree In the foundation dag: wil be de #) W2BKN 2) 20 KI ar 2 ©) 50 KN a) 75 KN i 2, Ira gusset base as shown in figuee, | |: the ethical sections for eaicu'ating 4 tHiokese is | a) 3-4 ' bp eee 3-3 gy 4-4 3. The Dermissibie encing stress in slab base of yield stress (fy) 280 Nimm? a} 185 Mémm? b) 185 Nie? 6) &.75 Ame? ¢) none 4 The column pases of indusinal Duieings ere manly cubweied to and designed for 2) bending and compression tt} sompragsion and tension } beating end compression d) beanng and tensa Key Sheet: 10 2a ab 4e ALLTHE BEST 204 Rahman Plaza, Opp Methodist School Near Tai Mahal Hotel Femandex Hospral ane Abide, Hyd-1 Phones - 4757469 / 8882469 / 6582467 2%floot Above Bank of Baroda, ROVR Reddys! NR! Complex, Near Hotel Jaya Imerational Hye-1DELEGLUELUDUEULLELELTELLELY -_ ~ ~ ~ = = » 2 > = = = ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY IGINEERING ‘STEEL STRUCTURES TOPIC: BEAMS (SYNOPSIS) Beam : A structura’ member carrying loads 2erpendioular to te aia doist : A boam supporting flooring but ne other beans Floor Beam : A irajot beam suzpertiny oltie’ bears 0: jbl \@lso trensverse beam in oratge foors) Ginder ; Any major beam in 2 structure ia floor baarn in buliing) Lintel : A beam supporting wall directly over door or window oF any other openings, Spanaral Beam : A oeam on tne outside, sunporing Foor as wer ae wail above it, TTT | Stringer: Beam supporting stair slece (in case of buiidings). In cage ot bndges, tne longitudinal Seam supporing deck fleor ana supported by floor bears, : Purlin : A beam supported by root trusses, ‘Sommon Rafter: A beam supporting Purlins in roof truss Git: An enemst death om tne cose oF ndustnal bulcings, to suppor wall cavennig. Header : A beam at stair well openings. 1, Oosign criteria : * Slress in bending anc shew’ should be within limits * Deflection shall be within limit * End beatings snall be checked. * Swcundasy failures ike local bucklny of compression flange of web, weD cripgling UrRler ‘concentvated loads shduid be checked. 2, The aclual Denditiy nlrest Opeea (COmMPFESEINE) and om,cx (lense) aré calculated 26 follows Beced OF oucal = MI).Y (Of) Shes OF ou.cal = MZ M = bending moment, i = moment of inerts of the o1oss section of beam = dietance from neutral axis (extreme fibre trom NA), Z= modulve of section = (1/Y, 3. Hallawable bending stress. o. is gen. the 2’ required is found as follows: Z required = Mf cp 4, 162! available and oy ara given, then the moment of resistance, Mr= ay. Z 5. Permissible banding stress : 48) For faterally restrained beama : (When compression Range 's restrained laterally against bucking) Allowable bending 6iress, cy, (Or) oy = 0.661, 1 yield stress of stee!> ACES 2 ACES 6) Unstreined beams : Terane peneng streas cy = Oder. The compressive bending stress (xe) for laterally unrestrained beams depends on. yields elites. iulerel support conelon of Lhe Lear arxt geurmetiical properties, ‘Ge Alenathy praceaure t0 tnd cee for Festrained bess) ©. The ay, and oy may be increases by 33 1/3 % when effscts of wind, seremic forces are taker ines account. 7, Shear Stress: ‘The shear sifess at any voi or ihe oross section of beam is given by + YAY i Vv = shear force ai the seciton, moment of inertie of the section = wadth of section 21 the point where shear stress Is caloulated AY ~ moment cf area above the level where the shear etress is calculated. about Iieuital as of the eection, * Maximum shear stress occurs al neutral axis, <2 3. Average crear stress. t= V i Pp u ct dt, ate d= overall depth of beam. tw = web thickness $. Peiiuissib'e maxim steeet stress, ty = 0.48 fy Pemtissibie average shear sess, , = Od f, * "The sireeses may be increased: by 33 3/3% when effects of wind or earthquake is vorrsidered. 10. Permissible deflection = (span /326}——_ generally (tan ba 2x spanva25 for eantvever bare) 11, Permissible bearing stress, = 0.75 ty for wind effect 23 118% extra, 42, Web Crippling and Web Bucking wee GRIpPLA WE BUCKLIN Bear ray also fail under Gurwenttated Ioact ue to cnprling of web or ky Buckling of web, * Load dispersion under concentrated ond qs He 1s assumed to be 30° with hanzontal, for computation of bearing tress at racfoffilet be 8 A BTE 13. Web crippling occurs at a section wnere there is more Dearing strene at tne root of the filet 44 Web bucking acours due fo columinar action of web under concentrated loads, and due to ciagorial comoression due t shear.eeu. 5 u wu BVUVVUVVUVU VU UUe PACED a8 FACED uber : 48. Buill-Up Beans Usact when a 1) Availacie rolled sectian Is Insufficient. 2) Depth of beam is reetricted. -—— * Approxmiale area of eagi: cover piste required, Pez iztm = 7 where Z7= required modus, Zy= available section MECUIUS, depth of beer The gross area of flange plate is taker a9 20% of axcta to account for rvet holes + The outstand of flange plate (beyond the fivet stiould nol exceed 1 t for compression) and ZO rfor tension. ge w crener wecat punting — 4G, it welding is provided as shown in the figure So « Shear force at the weld per 1 mim length (horizontal) { qe VAY penne £ # Amoren ol flange plate. wad melvieg we < Ley 47. For sivetted buit up beams, the actual bending stresses are calculaled as folows - “Bending compreseve etrees, chen = (MIN) ¥ * Bending tensile stress, teat See! X Ag ct whora Ay = gross area of the Range Aye = net area of the flongs ASSIGNMENT 4. A rolled steet Joist has # section modulus of 2 x 10° min’ end permissible bending stress: 160 Nimen* a) Thentho moment of resiatance of the beam ie —-~- Kim. ‘by The Unt that can be applied on & ‘simply Supported Dear: of g effective span of 6 m 1s. oer KIM 2, Arolled steo! lotst has a depth of 400 mmm and the thickness of web is6 mm, the shes folce is 180 KN, the actual average shear sues in the web is —--~ Ninn", 3. The net aren te be provided for never latins of a but up ection consisting of EWD Ge 11451 Nm, F moculus of section required 1s 13854.2 x 10° mm? is (2x for ISWB = 3854.2 x 10° mm) 4, img butt up beam, the gross area of tension flange is 5090 mm? anc net area is 4000 m) iE mmarcmum camoressive étrecs in bending is 100 Nim, the inaxmurn tensile stress it bending for) f@ (sae? : 3ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY CIVIL ENGINEERING STEEL STRUCTURES, TOPIC BEAMS (OBJECTIVES) 4. For roiled steol cextions recommendad for beams the depth to thickness ratio of web is less. than a) 50 p85 0) 148 0) 180 2. Web crippling ocours due to a) column action of web b) failure cf web under concentrated foad 0) excaeeive bending moment d} secondary bending moment 3. The maximum deflection in siesi beams, snouit not exceed a) C4500 byl 1000 L100 ay igze 4. Whan the beating sirces In beam exceeds 0.75 ty 4) the bearing block tength is increased 1b) beams with thick web are used ©} beering stiffener is provided, @) all the above 8, Banding compressive and ianslie stresses are calculated respectively Sased on A) gross ates and net aren bj not area and gross areo +} gross area in botn cases } net area in both eases 6. Incase of roiled eteet beams, shear force is resisted by a) web b) nanges } wob ard flanges togetner aynone 7, The defeotion of beams may be decreased by ayimoreasing the depth ofthe beam —_b) decressing the span ©) providing greater end restraining} ll the above 8. The approximate ellowable tensile stress shear in MS standard sectiuns is (In MPa) a) 165 by 150 0) 180 a) 140 9. The approximate allowable average shear in MS steridard sections Is (In MPa) a} 65 6) 100 ¢} 139 as 2 @°'10. The width to thickness ‘atic limitations on the plate elements under co‘npression in steel members are Imposed oy 15-800 in order to avoid a) too large deflection af element before reaching yield stress. 'b) too jarge retation of element before reaching yield stress, ¢} loca! bucking of the element before reaching the yield stress, 1d) fabrication diffcuties 111. Whieh one ofthe factors coes not affect the iateral buckding strength of a steel | section tinder going banding about its majar axis ? 3} Boundary concitione at the ends ) Rasius of gyration about minor axis ) Radius of gyration about major axis d) Lateral unsupported length of the compression flange 12, For a Given sheer force across 2 symmetiical f-sectlon, the shear stress is maxcmurn at a) extreme fire _b) centroid of section ©) junction of flange and wed but on the web <) junetion of the flange and web but on the Range 43, Aspandrel beam 8) supporte only oor ty) Supports the floor and tne walt above c) Supporta only the wali i) none of (a), (b) and ic) 44. Web buckling occurs because of a) dlaconal compression due tc shear b} longitudinal cornpresaion due to bending ¢) vertical compression cue io concentrated kads —d any of (a), (6) and (¢) 5” VDVUEULUYULELEEPE REE LUUUUUUUVUUUUEERLETEEEEUE 3 ACES 5 > ACES 45, The most efficient section for ¢ beam for a given cross sectional area is a} cireviar bb} hollow citoutar ©) channel ¢) | = section 18 Any major veam in @ structure is known as a 2) girder b) Joust ©) beam 4) spandiel beam 17, The rolled stew! |-sections are mast eammaniy used as the hears because they provide 8) large moment cf inertia with ‘ess otoss section! area bb} greater moment of resistance as comoared to other sections c} greater faterai stability ] all he-above 18. The lateral buckling of I-beams in steel is overneed mostly by a) boundary conditions of the flanges: ) maximura moment of inertia ©) torsional’ conetant 9} Wieth of fanges 19 The thickness of an cutstanding flange in steel beams is subjected toa minimum values because of a) durabilly 5) loca? bending ©) local bucking d} compresaive svvess and fateral buckling of the beam 20. Match the List- wh List-i) ar! select the correct answer using the oodes given below the lists List-# List=H (Type of sirees} (Penmissible stress) A. Bending stress, 1. 04K B. Bering stress 2 045 C. Maximum shear stross 3. 0.66% 4, 0.75% Codes : aA BC A 8 C yA BC dA BC 3 04.2 1094 2 24 2 24 3 21. Permiseible bending stress for fateraly unsupported beams are obtained by a) Rankine formula 5} Flexural formula 6} Merchant Rankine forrmuig 0} Napler’s formula 22, Match List| with List-) and select the correct answer usirg the codes given below the Hels bist-t List-# {Nature of Stress) (Afeximum Permissible stress for stee! with yield) A. Bearing 4. O84 8. Bending tension 2 a7sh C. Axial tension 3 a68t, ©. Average shear 4 ony Codes: aJABCD BA BC 4924 234 1D 2D 3d 4d Ba 14d 18d 18a 17d 18a ACE Ph: 4782469/ 6662469 / 6582487 ACEACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY CIVIL ENGG STEEL STRUCTURES PROBLEMS ON BEAMS 1, Abhall of ciear dimension 15m x 6m is tu be covered by RCC stab flooring 12um thich resting over rolled steel joints at an interval of 3m center vo center. Terrazzo ‘oma thick is to be provided aver the RCC slab. The live toad on slab is 4 kNIme, The Joists are resting over 30 em thick walls, Design the Hloor joists if permissible stresses in bending and shear are 165 Mpa and 00 Mpa respectively. The unit weight of RCC and. Gnishingis 24Kalm3. Assume that beam is laterally restrained. Try ISLB 350@ 49.5kym having Zax = 7519om3, a= 63.01 om. tye 7.4mm Ex » 13158.3 em’ A compound beam is built up with 2 channel SLO 200 {> @ 20.6 btm as shown. Caleulato the maxitmum central] | load the beam can carry over 2 span of 7.60m whon bending sirens in limited to 165N/mun2. Neglect self weight of beams, ‘The properties of ISLC: 200 are a= 26.260m', Cy> 2.36 om, 2,= 1728.9em¢ Ly = 146.8em", width of flange = 7.5em. For ISMB 450, a = 92.3 cn’, I, = 30390.g01n!, Iy * R340’. {A built up stool beam (fig) comprises of two flange platoy 250mm. side x 10mm thick and web plats 33¢mmn deep and Gran thick. ‘The M.l of the section is 162.5 x 10° umd. The allonable normal stress in the extreme fibros of flange plates is 140N/mnrm2 and the Average allowable shear stréss in the web plate is 1U0N ram’. ‘Compute the flevural and sear cepavties of the beam. ‘The flange plates aro Welded to web plate by Gama intermittent {Med wells. The allowable sheae stress in Weld material is 100N ma ‘Determine the percentage of weld iength for intermittent welding at the JZ section of maximum shvar (GATE-92) poe a ee +} Aa section i fabricated form a 12mm thick plate by filed aru Wolding of 6mm size as shown. Determine the maxinnum shear“) load ihe section can carry if te maximum permissible average shear ntreea for the stecl is 10UN/um’ andl the permissible shear , strees for the fillet weld ie {10Némnan?, Ph, 5. Design a suitable built up beara camying total ul af $5 KNimincluding self Waaht) over an effective spon of at. "Available section is TSWH 600 haring Z = 3854.2 om. If required cover plates may be ured. Propentics of the ISWE are; width of flange = 250mm, thickness of fange = 23.6mule = 106198.$0af-1 1 Ween ACE tenes Ss pe Ack. > VUUVUU YU UUUU Le LUUU eeveeer e ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY Chapter 9: PLATE GIRDER ~ Iisa built-up beam fabricated from plates ~ Largely provided in bridges and also in tuildings for long span with heavy loads, ~ Pll gets are conomical when span is lage, say beyond 20m and the loads a. veh S eee LEUGELEOEPDELEPTUT 1, Depth of riveted plate girder; 110 1. of span. R ” 10 S + Depth of welded plate girder : 1 to 2 of pan. ~ ® oR - ~ cs 2, Economical depth of plate ginder (12) : (The depth af which weight is minimum) For riveted plate girder, D= ttf. by For wekled plate girder, D~ S$ "J % Where M = Maximum bending moment c= Perrnissibke bending streis ~ It depth of girder ix loss than 750mm, it js called shallow plate girder. ~ It depth is more than 750mm, itis called deep plate girder % 3, Approximate self weight of plate girder, « = _W (for riveted and welded) 300 ‘9 * Solf weight, load / m We Total Josd on the girdcr, a, + Maximum thickness of Web : 6mm. - when exposed to Weather but accessible for painting Scum —when exposed to vsoather buvis inacoessibio for painting, t " (Contd...> ACE> FS 5, Effective depth of web plate : sy used Co cateulath she bank sk rested Ie I . dima IF | a | § ra if 6, Web stiffeners: 18. 800 recommends to provide web stiffeners a5 follows: D TE ity 85, no wiffoner ix required ii) 85< dh ts 200 vertical liffeners are provided fii) 200 < dy tw = 250, vertical stiffener + a horizontal stiffener at a distance frown ‘compression Sange equal to 2/$ of distance of compression Hartge from neutral axis iv) 250< dy ty © 400, same ae at Gt) + a horizontal miffoner at neutral axis dy = 2.x clear distance from compression flange angle to the neviral axis, a 7. The greater clear dimension of a web panel < 270 tw jo eres 'S The lesser clear dimension of the wob panel < 1804w 7 **re 4, Asnumnptions for design of plats girder: "Web plate resists shear force Flange plates ronist bonding moment 9. Moment of resistance of plate ginder, M> 0%. Z, an ¥ 10. Bending siresy in compression, o get ~My Se Bending stress in tension , 6 biet ~ Theet Adi Allowable abr = 0.66 1y = 165 Nimm2 * Allowsble che is calculated by Merchant — Rankine’s formula, 2 aia ites oom aul Snrentoaine 11, The portion of web which acta as flange is termed as “Web equivalent? ‘The web cquivalem wile calculating gross atea of ange ie taken as 1/6 of weh aca We cwegypahere Aw = dw tw 6 = For net aroa of flange, vcd oquivalent in LB-of web arva = An / 8 Crevsicn) * However, as per [5 $00-- 1984, web equivatent is that portion of web, which is betwern the flange angles. 12, In welded comacetion, the eéfestive flange =” Tongue plales area js equa) to that of tha flange plates + fongue aX plates, if uny upto eight times theit thickness grel), foal. 8 rortit, OGRA ane FIOMARA Gren nen sak weve yeailinemenk olf Monge aun.UUVVUVUUUUUVEUUEEU YUE UU UE FACED 23 ACES 13, in riveted plate girder, the flange section consists of flange plates + flange angles and part of ‘web which is between the fange angles 14 In designing the total ange area, the Hange sugles shall be kept to have more arca in the flange, preferably aueast equal to 1/3 of net area of tension flange. 15, Shear Design: [14 asgumed that the entire ahsar is reaiatod by web plate (web is designed for shear force and flanges for bending moment) © Average shear streay, Try v a dy = depth of web tor = thicknoss of web » Allowable average shear stress, Ta 0.4fy for wasainfied.ovebs urintiteened oes. * cmax = 0.45 fy anc beading of vetcal SHiyenens © For stiffened webs, Tvs depends on dy’ nv ratio, It-can be found from tables given in the code.” as tna spacing OF venkicat stlnsehen: IncrtOHE, He ablonble awenage 16, Moment of resistance may also be found approximately as follows | srean tren acreaut Mr=abe (Af +16 Ay 2 pa apn atataning one tection Or Mr=GbI(AF + 1B Awd oy ue piatk aan Aw= mes ofweb = dw x tw AL> grows flange area. ‘sores neamired om tens Sleacaileven is eatusns stg ani + The above formulae may also be used to find area of cach Dange required. # Notarea of-one tension flange, Aft = Mo = Ay od 8 17, Impact factor for steel girders as per Indian Railway Board, i 20. m+i ‘Where L = loaded length of span in metren, The impact factor 1 sball not exceed 1 18, Veqtical stffirers (or transverse stiffness) This nor subjected to any load. It provides stiffness ta the wetrto check buckling of web, imum spacing of vertical stiffeners is 1.$ 4), ‘Mininmum spacing of vertical stiffhess in 0.33 d1. The vertical stiffener may be provided with filer plate or jogaled. i 19. The moiplent of inertia (M.D of pair of vertical stiffeners about conire-of web or a single stiffeneg’ about face of web should be : te asa a ? i Where j t= minimum required thicknoas web ‘4. >the maximum pemaitted claor distance between vertiga stffoners , (Cot.FACED > ACE> 20, Horizontal stiffener (or longicudinal stiffener) ~ todnorwase buckting resistance, i) For the first horizontal stiffeners, 12 4cf i) For second horizontal stiffener at the neutral avis, Le at ve 2. Connection of web stiffeners : The connsction between web and stitfenors (vertical or horizomtal) iv designed to withstand a shear force (Fa) between the web and cach cemponunt of the stiffener Fe 2 125 te h Where Fs is Nim. é f= ourtsiand of niffener, in mu ty = web thickness, m wom, ae Provided under concentrated loads and at onds 10 resist reactions. ~ Provided to avoid looal bending failure of the ange ard local crippling and buckling of web. -Bearing stiffener should not be joggled, ~ ~ Musi have sufficicat contact area between flange and the stiffener to transfer joad in bearing, ‘© The bearing stress in the outstanding legs (clear of the root of the flange angles) should ‘be with in Limits, Load or end reaction _ <_ Perminsible bearing stross (0.75 ty) Baring length x thickness of stiffener © The bearing stiffener together with web plate shall be designed as a column. = Bifvotive length ~ 0.7 achial length of stiffener. © The tw is calculated about contre line of web plate, = The arga of section which resisty compression is area of stiffener + ara of web far a Jength of 20 ter on both sides of the contre tine of the stiffener. 23, Web Splice : - Iti a joint in the web plate to increase the length. > Splices should not be lousted at wections where maximum bending moment occurs. ae -Web splices are designed to resist shear and moment of the spliced location. Splice platen ace provided on side of the web. . > 3 > > = - ~ - - o a 2 = = > ° = > = > ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY CIVIL ENGINEERING STEEL STRUCTURES IC: PLATE GIRDERS (OBJECTIVES) Rivets connecting flange angles to vaver plates are subjected to syhotizentalsheat only b) vertical load only) both (a) and(b) —_-d) None 2. Rivets connecting flange aniglos to che web are subjeoted te A horizontal shear only b) vertical ioad only) both {@) and(b) dd) None 3. Ezonomical depth of plate girder concept is bascd on 4) minimumibleight 1) minionwn depth —¢).miniwwan width) minimum thickness of web 4 The verticad sufferers and horiconial suffeners are used for plate girders, 2) to prevent the yielding ‘hy decreaue the deflection of the gind:e ©) io prevent web ducling ) to prevent web crippling 5. The allowable shear stress in eulifened webs of MS beams decreases with (CES 97) a) decrease in the spacing of siffeners ‘) increase in the spacing of the stitfeners #) decrease in the offective depth ” "dy inerease in the effcctive dopah Vertical siffeners in a plate girder are used to prevent a} compression buckiing of web 'b) shear buckling of wed plate oyistdipg 4) Notis 7, Horizontal stiffeners in a plate girder are used to prevent 4) compression buckling of web plate 1) shear buckling of web plate = 6) yielding 6) Noae 3, Minimum thickness of web plate requived, when it is exposed to weather and accessible Sor painting is a) 6 mm b)3 mm c) 10mm @ 12mm 9. Ths web crippling due to excessive bearing stress can be avoided by a} increasing the web thickness 9) providing stiffeners +o} inoreasing the length of bearing plates under the concentraicd joads i None 10, Intermediate vertical stiffeners in a plate girder are required if the depth of web excoods 851, by 1801, 2) 2804, 43.300 1, witere hy thichsees of we? 11. Bearing stiftsuer in a plate girder is used wherever thero is concentrated load to 2) prevent excessive deflection ‘) prevent buckling of web ©) transfer the load from compression Hange 10 the tension flange A}incrcase shear resistance 12, At the web splice-of a plate girder the forces acting are a) shear farce. b) bending moment ©} shear force and bending moment 4) axial Force ani hending imoment 13, The maximum spacing of vertical stiffener in x plate girder should 66 4}0.33 dy LS | 0) 2 dghd) 1.33 dy ‘where dy = effective depth of web 14, The larger clear dimension of pane! in the web of a stiffened plate girdor should not excced a) 1804, by 270, £) 165 iw 8) 200 ty 15. The web splice in plate gitdor iy designed to withstand 4) axial force) shear force 0) bending moment 4) shoar farce and bending momant 16, Th foros acting on a flange eplive of a plate girder are a) axial force ') shear force ¢) bending moment ty None tCéace® 2: tacke 17 Phe web splice im plate girders should be placed al 2) mininaan shear ovation ‘») minimutn moment location <} maximum moment location @) maximum shear locaton’ 18, The (lange splice in plate girder should be selected at 42) maximum shear location b) maxisnom moment location ©) timarunn sbeat location «fy minimurn momert localron 19. Ina plate girder flange the angle aection used shoukl be a) equal ange by unequal angle with long tegs horizons! ¢) unequal angle with short fegs horizontal )a bulb angle 20, Welded plate winders weight less than riveted plate pirdeve by about 3) 010% 0) 5-152 2) 10-20% Mis 25% |. The connection of vertical stiffener to the web of plate aurdsr are for 3) shear forse (125 t/'h) ) sheat foree (125 #4) ) moment 125 t d) moment (1.25 7h) per meter length 122. Intermediate vertical snffeners are provided in a plate girder to 2) eliminate web bucking b) eliminate local buckling ¢) wanster concentrated defleciion 4) prevent excessive deflection ‘23, Stiffeners are not required in a plate pirder when the (dy! te) ratio is a) 40 by as y= 200 ses 24. Self weight of de riveted plate girder may be laken at a) W200 por meter ran 6) W300 per meter nar. 6) / 400 per ineter run d) W500 por meter ran (CURTAILMENT OF FLANGE PLATE: i web 2 whore a), hoo. eae the distances of the cutoff points from rhe ventre of the plate ger Por example : mel a os L [Ara 2 VAP + Ane 2 VArt dee Where Ap = area of flange amglex ~ flange plates ‘Ane = area of web equivalent Ag, Aa oy ~ aren of 14,2". nl* cover plates respectively counred from ourerte, Ken Ia de 3a 4c¢ 56 66 Ta Be 9e Ma HG Ie 16 14.6 Dd fou Aa 1d 196-206 26 Wa Wd 246 Ace Engineering academy Ph : 247822469 / $8582469| LULVLVLLELELLELEETLELLLLLULULULUELELUULELL L 2 ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY STEEL STRUCTURES PLATE GIRDER ‘A plate girder section is shown in the tigre, 4 ‘The angles used are 150 x 118 x 12mm with vm sborter feg connected \u the web, The total bending moment at the section is 1041 kNem. ‘Chock the anitabully of the acction, ‘Tho properties of the Joo angel 150 x 115 x 10mm are atea yee =30,52.em?, Cy = 4.65em, Cy > 2.92em, le = 684.dem', 1, = 350.60. 20 mm diamriveis are used for connection. seri Ws owen pencting otros Wm yaa sq amprewian amd timation & Wonton Pf ba cme “A welded plate gitder is subjected to a maxinum bending moment of 1200 kN-m inclusive coffts self weight, Mild steel piste of 1200 mom X San, and plates 20mm thickness are readily available, Assuming a fully dateral restraint for the beam and using the available sections only, design » preliminary section for the gircr. Chock the, sefoty of the section if permisssbie strese in bending compression and tonsion is 160 Nimmn*, A bearing stiffimer is provided for a plate girder as shawn in the figure; under a concentreaied Joad of $50 LN, Check the safety of the bearing atiffsner of height equal to 2nr Properties of the ISA 128 X 75 X 10cm Area = 19.02 cm! Cx > 4.2dem, Cy * 1.76om ‘ Tq = 300.3 cmd, I, « 81.64 t . cf em gem _ aT 12 4 GOOD LUCKPe lf ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY CIVIL ENGINEERING STEEL STRUCTURES Topi 1. GANTRY GIRDERS : Thew aro laterally unsupported beams provided in inclusitial buildings to carry eranas, » Gantry girders ars subjected to vertical, tural and longitudinal forces. The lateral thrusts are caused duc to sudden stopping or starting of the crab and thexc laterot forces act normal to the rails, * Longitudinal loads are caused due to stopping or slarting of the crane girder, and produce 4 thrust along, che rails, pat be re 2. Section for a gantry girder + — “ 4 grubs 20 — * The compreesion flange of the J+ section is reinforced with a channel to increase the lateral stability When greater laterally staiity and torsional ‘gidity are roquired incase of heavy lateral forces, a box type of ginder is adopted an, shown in the fig. | 4, As the loads aro applied on the gantry girder suddenly, additional stresses are inchiced in the girder due to the impact effect.ACES ads #ACEG 4 ADDITIONAL LOADS POR STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO IMPACT : Type of load Additional load Cane OSS) 8) Vertical forces tranaferred to the rails 4) For elecuric overhead cranes 25 4a of maximum static whee! load, #) For hand operated cranes 10% of maxima static whee! load. b) Horizontal forces transverse to the ails |) Por electric over head cranes 10 % of the weight of the erab and tho weight lifted on the crane ii) For hand operated cranes 5 % of the weight of the crab and the weight ifved om the crane ©) Horiaimial forces along the rails 56 of dhe stalic wheel loads ongitudinal) * . Either of the two horizontal forces specified in the above table should be considered to act along with the vertical loads at a time. + a, a #5, ALLOWABLE DrFLEction: The vertical deflection of a gantry girder should not exceed the values specified below : i) Where the cranes are manually operated 1/300 i) Whore the cranes avs overhead traveling and operated electically up to SOOKN ./750 ii) Whore che cramen ate overhead traveling and operated clectically over SOUKN 1/7000 is) Other moving loads, such as charging care, ele. Z /600 Where L = Span of the gantry girder. 6. a gantry girder, the allowable sirestes may be increased by 10 Se OBneTIVES + Gantry girdors are subjected to 1, Vertical loads 2, Lateral loads 3, Longitudinal loads a) Only Liscorrest. b) 1,2 are correct.) |_and 3are correct. d) 2,3 are comet 2. For gantry girders carrying electrically operated ovethead traveling eranes the vertical forces ate increased by a) 25 Yo of maxttnum static wheel load by 10140 of maxim static wheel foad ¢) 10% of weight of the crab ant weight lifted by the erane &) 5% of the weight of the ceab and weight dfted by the vxane 3. Ina gantry girder section, channel is provided on compression flange of an T~ section. a) To increase Laeral buckling strenuth, 1b) Te decrease vertical deflection ©) To teducs effective length of compression flange ¢) To reduce moment of inertia about horizontal axis 4. When gannry girders camry cleotrically opcrated traveling cranes sith heavy loads the: deflection should not exceed a)! 500 by1. 600 o) L750 4) L/ 1009 “ALL THE BEST ” ACE, Hyderabad 2A7S469 / 38582A6B / SS362465 ACE, Hyderobual— 3 ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY - CIVIL ENGG, STEEL STRUCTURES = CHAP: “ROOF TRUSSES” (SYNOPSYS) me «AlN joints are asoumed 10 be hinged and loads applied at the joints only. + Allmembert of a roof trusses are subjected to axial forces Pioh v1 Slope = 2 x pitch * Common pitches for different roof sheets, Pitch 1/6 for G1 Sheets 12 for AC shoots 1/4 for snow load occurs besides wind bad pes of Tastes: King post Truss upto ém ‘Quoon post Truss 6 tom Prait truss 6 to 30m Spacing of trusses: ‘Economical spacing 13 to 1/5 of span. 4 For economical spacing, cost of russes = 2 x vost of puntings+ cot of covering ‘Prinviple rafter The top chord momibers is 2 root truss are called “Principal rafters". They support the roof covering through yutlins. They are mainly compression members and may be subjected to ahcar and bending moment ifthe purlins are not placed at nodal poins. Sinus. The member cacrying compressive {orces in a roof truss are called struts ‘Ties. Membere carrying tonsile forces, ‘SHain Tie. The bottom chord memiber. It is usually in tension and takes sonmpression if rovataal of feads occurs du to wind load. Ridge fine and eves The top line of the roof truss is called the ridge line and the bottom edge of roof surface is called eves. sPurline Member subjected to transverse loads and rest on the top chords of roof tresses, They ‘support shectings thai carTics roof covering, They are horizontal beama spanning between the two adjacent trusses. Spaving ganerally varies from 2m to 3m. Loads on roof trusses, Y Orad Loada) Roof covaring )Purlins Self weight truss ~100to 180 Nin? We(13+5) x 10 Nim? Where / = span of truss in meteis For spacing = dm, C.G.1 sheets and pitch=1+4 2) Imposed foad on L.L: For roofs sloping > 10° 8) For roof membrane, sheets or purtins: 750 N/m* ~ 20 Nim? for every degre increase in stope ‘over 10° subjected to a minimum of 400 N'm?, b) For member supporting the roof members and soof purlins, such as muses, beams, girders te 2/3 of load im (a). 3) Snow load 25 Nim’ per cm depth of snow. teow cenglt? 50 Hees sn0W Ioed need act be considered ‘OTe dengh Wind prosure on root ia determined by combination of extraal wind pressure and ‘internal sie pressure. ‘(Contd....2) VUUVULVULOVELEELULUELULELLEVLELLELELULI2 ACE > 9) Extemal wittd pressurv: External wine! pressure in ferm of basic wind prenwute ‘p” on roofs when wind is normal to ridge # ~ Depends on slope Stope ofroofon ~~ External, windward pressure wage. Windward side Windward slope Leeward slope seen A reuae o a 20° awe ia 40" os “ 10° and above x ov ” ‘On both slopes oF oof for longth equal to mess height of roof from graund “3 « 0.6 P Over remaining length 0.4 P Corina) kb) Internal wind pressure: Depends upon perneably ofthe seve. For diferent penmeailics of buildings, the imtemal air pressurs intctmis of basic wind presturs ‘P* ix given below. ‘Type of Bullidngs Internal Pressure 1. Pero permeabifi. no openings 0 (Mokistoried buildayg with panel wal! sand no opening} Nonnal permeabiity (upto 20% opening} (low of sir commonly afforded by structure through open 202P windows and dooss), 3. Large Opening (Area of opening > 20% of total wall area) +05P (Hangers and sheds) 5. Desipe of Purbie (Aras, Lor Z section) Designed as 2 beam subjected to bending moment about two axes, ‘Span of purlin = spacing of trusses cobs (or) bt_Mx. +_My_ zx By Max B.MLin putin M= W120 W = Udl/ Unit length TT ‘on purfin including wind [oad Specification: The MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1, Which of the fotfowing sections fias more resistanoe against torsion. a) angle section }) channel section ¢) box type section d) I - section 2 Extemal wind pressure for design of roof depends on 4) dogroe of permeability of rot 1) slope of root ¢) both (a) and (b) d) acne of the above 3. Intemal wind pressure for design of ronf depends on a) degree of permeability of structure by slope of roof ©) both (3) and (b 4) none of the above 4. TES = spacing of truss 1 ~ cont of truss, p = cost of purtin, r = cost of root covering, then for cconomic spacing of muses, ate Qper orspeze oi-per Ars pate (Contd. ..3) Oc. S6OawWaACES > ACE > $. A plate used as a connecting piece at the intemection of two oF more structural clements is oalled a) templaie ) gunset plate €) base plate 4) shoe plate 6 A plate which ix attached to the top of 2 column or base of a roof truss to provide a connecting link berween the cofurnn and truss is ved 4) Tomplate 'b) Charset plate ©) shoe plate ¢) base plate A? 7. Bracings are used for ated frames to 4) increase vertical load carrying capacity ') resist horizontal loads in the plane of the frame ©) resist horizontal ioada acting normal to the plane of the Siame @) none of the above 8 If ‘D” is basic wind pressure, for buildings with farge openings design intemat wind prosnure on a wall is taken a8 a) O.SP W)0.7P etP DL2P 9. Tho slope of a roof truss is 33° (sucess not provided except maintenance). Live load of the oof in Nun? ie 8) 290 Nam" b) 300 Nema M00 Nim? 4435 Nanm* 10.1n a workahop building, the spacing of roof trusses is 4m and span of truss ix Sa, the approximate sei weight of the truss may’ be taken ss—-of plan aea, a) 40.7 Nim? b) 76.4 Nim’ 9) 50 Nem? d}none ‘LL The effective spatt of puslin used in roof truss of 9m span at 4m spacing is a) 2m ») 4m 23m, a) 6m 12, The member of a root mass which supports the puslins is called is 8) principal rater) principle ie ©) sag te 4) main strut 13. In industrial buidding in the northern hemisphere, the advantage of a north -Rght roof is that it 2) allows sunlight into the building '8) fully exploits the Aurora Borealis ©) permits diffused daylight into the building and helps avoid glare of direct sunlight 4) allows both sunlight and the prevailing northern breeze in the building 14, North light roof truss is used when a) the span és greater than 10 metros 1b) light is a criteria 9) the building is oriented towards north 4) the slope is less than 1/5 span 15. The pitch of a truss is defined as the ratio of 8) height of the truss to the span 2) height of the truss to one half of the span ¢) height of the truss to length of principle rafter 4) none of the above 16. The slope of symmetrical trusses is defined as the ratio of rise and --eeespan a) full dp halt ©) twiee the 4) one fours the 17. The economic range of spacing of roof trisses is 8) 1/2 to 1/3 of span by 2 40 V4 of span 3} U4 to 16 of span d) 13 to WS ofspan (Contd....4) FLUVULLULULULULELELE DELLE UEULU DEEL ELELELELEE a a re oe> ACE> > aACES + 18. Normally, the angie of soof truss with asbestos cement sheets should not be less than a) 26 12° b) 30° 38° 4) 6° 19, Generally the purline are plaoed at the panel points 30 as to avoid a) axial force in rafter b) shear force in rafter ¢) deflection of rafter <) bending moment in rafter 20. As per LS code, where the sccest is not provided excopé maintenance, live load on roofs, while desianing 2 truss, in respect of is plon area is adopted as aj 100 Nim* b) 400 Nm? ¢) 750 Nim? ) 1500 Nin? 21. Purlins in roof muse are subjected to a) hoop tension: b) axial comprension, ©) Unayrametrical compression J} onsymumetrical bending, 22, The sag tie in a truss ix mainly used to reduce a) fension 5) compression ¢) moment and deflection 4) weight of the truss 23, As per LS. codes, purtins are designed as 2) simple beara ') continuous hearns ©) cantilever nove 24. The tind load on a steel truss for an industrial building will depend upon a) location of the structure ) shape of the structure. ¢) location, shape and height of the structure 4) shape und he-uht of the structure 25.1. section purtine are subjected to 4) uniaxial bending ») biaxial bending +) dead load and ind load 4) all the above 26. The permissible stresses for the design of purlin ia a) 06 f bye fy 90.66 dy 4) 1.33 0.66 fy 27. The truss show in figure is known as 2} platform cuss 1b) butierfy truss ©) scissor truss «) None ACE ENGINEERING ACADEMY 204 Rahm Place opp. Methodist collage Taj Mahal Hotel Lane, ABIDS HYDERABAD 500001 24752409 / 58582469 / 24760621 @. @4@c @4E¢ OB @°Gr O41 &