Tensile & Impact Strength Information of

Fiber Metal Laminate

A Project Report

S.No VTU No. Register No. Name of the Student

1 4087 13UEAE0007 Amay ranjan
2 40 13UEAE0061 S.siddharthbaskran
3 Roop say kumar raju

Submitted by

In partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN

AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

VEL TECH DR.RR & DR.SR UNIVERSITY AVADI,

CHENNAI-600062.
 APRIL 2017

VEL TECH DR.RR & DR.SR UNIVERSITY AVADI,

CHENNAI – 600062.

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project report on Tensile & Impact Strength Information of Fiber Material
Laminate (FML) is the bonafide work of who carried out the project work under my supervision.

Signature Signature

Jagan Raj () Bhoopaty ()

Head of Department Professor

Department of Aeronautical Engineering Department of Aeronautical Engineering

Vel Tech Dr. RR & Dr. SR University Vel Tech Dr. RR & Dr. SR University
 Certificate of evaluation

University: Vel Tech Dr. RR Dr. SR University

Branch: Aeronautical Year: 2016-17 Semester:
VIII
Title: Tensile & Impact Strength Information of Fiber
Material Laminate

S.No VTU No. Register No. Name of the Student

1 4087 13UEAE0007 Amay ranjjan
2 13UEAE0061 S.siddharth baskran
3 13UEAE00
 Project Team Members

Internal External

Examiner
The reports of the project work submitted by the above students in partial fulfillment for the award
of Bachelor of Engineering degree in Aeronautical Engineering of Vel Tech Dr. RR Dr. SR University
were evaluated and confirmed to be the reports of the work done by the above students and then
evaluated.

This report was submitted during the viva voice held on

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project, though done by us would not have been possible, without the support of various
people, who by their cooperation have helped us in bringing out this project successfully.
First of all I would like to express my deepest to Vel Tech Dr. RR & Dr. SR

University for giving me this tremendous oportunities.

We are gratefull to our Founder, Dr. R. Rangarajan B.E (Elect), (Mech), MS (Auto) for his patronage
towards our project.

We would like to acknowledge Founder Vice President Dr. SangunthalaRangarajan (MBBS) for her
support.

I would like to express my gratitude to chairperson and managing trustee Dr, Mrs.
RangarajanMahalakshmi K BE (IE), MBA (UK), Phd.

I Would futher like to express my deepest thanks to our Vice President Mr. K.V.D. Kishor Kumar.

We thank our Chancellor, Dr.R.P. BajpaiPh.D(IIT)., Dr.Sc (Hokkaido,Japan)., FIETE, who had always
served as an inspiration for us to perform well.

I Would futher like to thanks to our Vice Chancellor Dr. BeelaSatyanarayana B.E. (Mech), ME(MD),
ME(IE), M.Tech (CSE), Phd.(IIT Delhi).
I would like to express my gratitude to our Registrar Dr. E Kannan M.E, Phd.

PGDSM(HONS).
I would like to express thanks DA

I would like to express thanks Dean of School of Machanical for his support. I would futher like to
express my deepest gratitude to Mr. Jagan Raj Head of Department (Aeronautical Department) for
his valuable suggestion.

I would also like to express my deepest gratitude to Mr. G. Boopathy professor for helping me
Through the project and Sharing his valuable knowledge.
 INDEX
Serial No. Content Page No.
1. Abstract
2. Abbreviation
3. Formulas
4. List of Figures and Graphs
5. Introduction
6. Fiber Material Laminate
7. Materials Used
8. Aluminum Sheet
9. Glass Fiber
10. Epoxy
11. Araldite
12. Composite Material
13. Cutting
14. Testing Machine used
15. Flexural Test
16. Tensile Test
17. Impact Values
18. Test Report
18. Conclusion
19. Bibliography
20. Referance
 Abstract

Our Project is the testing of the Fiber material Laminate

(FML)

Abbreviation

E Young's modulus

F force exerted

A cross-sectional area

ΔL length of the object changes

L0 Original length of object

ν Resulting poisson ratio

Transverse strain
єtrans
Єaxial Axial strain
 Formulas
Young’s modulus

Young's modulus, also known as the elastic modulus, is a measure of the stiffness of a solid
material.

The technical definition is: the ratio of the stress (force per unit area) along an axis to the strain (ratio of
deformation over initial length) along that axis in the range of stress in which Hooke’s law holds.

where

E is the Young's modulus (modulus of elasticity)

 Fiber Material (FML)

A fiber metal laminate (FML) is one of a class of metallic materials consisting of a laminate of several
thin metal layers bonded with layers of composite material. This allows the material to behave much
as a simple metal structure, but with considerable specific advantages regarding properties such as
metal fatigue, impact, corrosion resistance, fire resistance, weight savings, and specialized strength
properties.

Being mixtures of monolithic metals and composite materials, FMLs belong to the class of
heterogeneous mixtures.

Examples of FMLs include aramid fibers and glare.

Material Used
Aluminum Sheet

Carbon Fiber

Carbon fibers or carbon fibres (alternatively CF, graphite fiber or graphite fibre)
are fibers about 5–10 micrometres in diameter and composed mostly of carbon
atoms.
To produce a carbon fiber, the carbon atoms are bonded together in crystals that
are more or less aligned parallel to the long axis of the fiber as the crystal
alignment gives the fiber high strength-to-volume ratio (making it strong for its
size). Several thousand carbon fibers are bundled together to form a tow, which
may be used by itself or woven into a fabric.
The properties of carbon fibers, such as high stiffness, high tensile strength, low
weight, high chemical resistance, high temperature tolerance and low thermal
expansion, make them very popular in aerospace, civil engineering, military,
and motorsports, along with other competition sports. However, they are
relatively expensive when compared with similar fibers, such as glass fibers or
plastic fibers.
Carbon fibers are usually combined with other materials to form a composite.
When combined with a plastic resin and wound or molded it forms carbon-
fiber-reiforced polymer (often referred to as carbon fiber) which has a very high
strength-to-weight ratio, and is extremely rigid although somewhat brittle.
However, carbon fibers are also composited with other materials, such as
graphite, to form carbon-carbon composites, which have a very high heat
tolerance.

Applications
The global demand on carbon fiber composites was valued at roughly US$10.8
billion in 2009, which declined 8–10% from the previous year. It is expected to
reach US$13.2 billion by 2012 and to increase to US$18.6 billion by 2015 with
an annual growth rate of 7% or more. Strongest demands come from aircraft &
aerospace, wind energy, as well as from the automotive industry with
optimized resin systems.
Property Value

Tensile strength ( Mpa) 270

Shear strength (Mpa) 210

Young modulus (Gpa) 69

Density (g/cm3 ) 2.7

Melting Point (°C) 580

Composite materials
Carbon fiber is most notably used to reinforce composite materials, particularly
the class of materials known as carbon fiber or graphite reinforced polymers.
Non-polymer materials can also be used as the matrix for carbon fibers. Due to
the formation of metal cabides and corrosion considerations, carbon has seen
limited success in metal matrix composite applications. Reinforced carbon-
carbon (RCC) consists of carbon fiber-reinforced graphite, and is used
structurally in high-temperature applications. The fiber also finds use in
filtration of high-temperature gases, as an electrode with high surface area and
impeccable corrosion resistance, and as an anti-static component. Molding a
thin layer of carbon fibers significantly improves fire resistance of polymers or
thermoset composites because a dense, compact layer of carbon fibers
efficiently reflects heat.
The increasing use of carbon fiber composites is displacing aluminum from
aerospace applications in favor of other metals because of galvanic corrosion
issues.

High elastic modulus type (HM)

Tensile elastic modulus: 350-600 GPa
Tensile strength: 2,500 MPa or higher
 Epoxy

Epoxy is either any of the basic components or the cured end products of epoxy
resins, as well as a colloquial name for the epoxide functional group. Epoxy
resins, also known as polyepoxides, are a class of reactive prepolymers and
polymers which contain epoxide groups. Epoxy resins may be reacted (cross-
linked) either with themselves through catalytic homopolymerisation, or with a
wide range of co-reactants including polyfunctional amines, acids (and acid
anhydrides), phenols, alcohols and thiols. These co-reactants are often referred
to as hardeners or curatives, and the cross-linking reaction is commonly referred
to as curing. Reaction of polyepoxides with themselves or with polyfunctional
hardeners forms a thermosetting polymer, often with high mechanical
properties, temperature and chemical resistance. Epoxy has a wide range of
applications, including metal coatings, use in electronics / electrical
components/LED, high tension electrical insulators, paint brushes
manufacturing, fiber-reinforced plastic materials and structural adhesives.

Epoxy resin

Epoxy resins are low molecular weight pre-polymers or higher molecular

weight polymers which normally contain at least two epoxide groups.
The epoxide group is also sometimes referred to as a glycidyl or oxirane
group.
 Araldite

Araldite is a registered trademaark of Huntsman Advanced Materials

referring to their range of engineering and structural epoxy, acrylic, and
polyurethane adhesives. The name was first used in 1946 for a two-part epoxy
adhesive.

Applications of Araldite

 Araldite is used to join together the two

sections of carbon composite which make up the monocoque of the
Lamborghini Aventador.
 The use of Araldite in architecture to bond thin joints of pre-cast concrete
units was pioneered by Ove Arup in Coventry cathedral and the Sydney Opera
House. At Coventry cathedral, Araldite was used to bond its columns and fins,
while at Sydney Opera House, Araldite was used to bond the rib sections of the
shells, since a traditional concrete joint would have slowed construction, as it
would need 24 hours to cure before stressing.
 Highmark Manufacturing uses Araldite in the manufacture of advanced
ballistic protection body armour.
 Schlösser Metallbau, a manufacturer of metal parts for railway carriages,
uses Araldite 2015 to bond aluminium profiles of cab doorframes on the BR 423
Siemens Bombardier tram.
 Fischer Composite Technology GmbH uses the Araldite RTM System to
produce carbon composite side blades for the Audi R8.
 Araldite is commonly used as an embedding medium for electron
microscopy.
 Some Flamenco guitarists use it to reinforce their fingernails.
 Brian May used it to seal the pickups in his homemade Red Special guitar
to prevent microphonic feedback.

Composite Material

In materials science, a composite laminates is an assembly of layers of

fibrous composite materials which can be joined to provide required
engineering properties, including in-plane stiffness, bending stiffness, strength,
and coefficient of thermal expasion.
The individual layers consist of high-modulus, high-strength fibers in a
polymeric, metallic, or ceramic matrix material. Typical fibers used include
graphite, glass, boron, and silicon carbide, and some matrix materials are
epoxies, polyimides, aluminium, titanium, and alumina.
Layers of different materials may be used, resulting in a hybrid laminate. The
individual layers generally are orthotropic (that is, with principal properties in
orthogonal directions) or transversely isotropic (with isotropic properties in the
transverse plane) with the laminate then exhibiting anisotropic (with variable
direction of principal properties), orthotropic, or quasi-isotropic properties.
Quasi-isotropic laminates exhibit isotropic (that is, independent of direction)
inplane response but are not restricted to isotropic out-of-plane (bending)
response. Depending upon the stacking sequence of the individual layers, the
laminate may exhibit coupling between inplane and out-of-plane response. An
example of bending-stretching coupling is the presence of curvature developing
as a result of in-plane loading.

Classical laminate analysis

Composite laminates may be regarded as a type of plate or thin-shell
structure, and as such their stiffness properties may be found by integration of
in-plane stress in the direction normal to the laminates surface. The broad
majority of ply or lamina materials obey Hooke’s law and hence all of their
stresses and strains may be related by a system of linear equation. Laminates are
assumed to deform by developing three strains of the mid-plane/surface and
three changes in curvature.
 Cutting
Water jet cutter

A water jet cutter, also known as a water jet or waterjet, is an industrial tool
capable of cutting a wide variety of materials using a very high-pressure jet of
water, or a mixture of water and an abrasive substance. The term abrasive jet
refers specifically to the use of a mixture of water and abrasive to cut hard
materials such as metal or granite, while the terms pure waterjet and water-only
cutting refer to waterjet cutting without the use of added abrasives, often used
for softer materials such as wood or rubber.
Waterjet cutting is often used during fabrication of machine parts. It is the
preferred method when the materials being cut are sensitive to the high
temperatures generated by other methods. Waterjet cutting is used in various
industries, including mining and aerospace, for cutting, shaping, and reamind
 A diagram of a water jet cutter.
1: high-pressure water inlet.
2: jewel (ruby or diamond).
3: abrasive (garnet).
4: mixing tube.
5: guard.
6: cutting water jet.
7: cut material

Testing Machine used

Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

A universal testing machine (UTM), also known as a universal tester, materials

testing machine or materials test frame, is used to test the tensile strength and
compressive strength of materials. The "universal" part of the name reflects that
it can perform many standard tensile and compression tests on materials,
components, and structures (in other words, that it is versatile).
 Flexural Test

The three point bending flexural test provides values for the modulus of
elasticity bending Ef, flexural stress бf, flexural strain εf, and the flexural stress-
strain response of the material. The main advantage of a three-point flexural test
is the ease of the specimen preparation and testing. However, this method has
also some disadvantages: the results of the testing method are sensitive to
specimen and loading geometry and strain rate.
Tensile Test

Tensile testing, is also known as tension testing, is a fundamental material

science test in which a sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure.
The results from the test are commonly used to select a material for an
application, for quality control, and to predict how a material will react under
other types of forces. Properties that are directly measured via a tensile test are
ultimate tensile strength, maximum elongation and reduction in area. From
these measurements the following properties can also be determined: Young’s
modulus, Poisson’s ratio, Yield strength, and strain-hardening characteristics.
Uniaxial tensile testing is the most commonly used for obtaining the mechanical
characteristics of isotropic materials. For anisotropic materials, such as
composite materials and textiles, biaxial tensile testing is required.

Impact Values
The Charpy impact test, also known as the Charpy V-notch test, is a
standardized high stain-rate test which determines the amount of energy
absorbed by a material during fracture. This absorbed energy is a measure of a
given material's notch toughness and acts as a tool to study temperature-
dependent ductile-brittle transition. It is widely applied in industry, since it is
easy to prepare and conduct and results can be obtained quickly and cheaply. A
disadvantage is that some results are only comparative.

Test Report

Flexural Test:
Tensile Test:
Impact values:

Sample ID Joules
1 12.3
2 12.6
3 12.7
conculsion