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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ I Avgv‡ì evsjv‡`k 9
M. B-cP©v †mev : eZ©gv‡b †`‡ki mKj Rwgi †iK‡W©i Abywjwc AbjvB‡b msMÖn Kiv hvq| GwU‡K ejv
nq B-cP©v| c~‡e© mswkøó `ß‡ii Kg©xMY eo eo †iKW© eB †_‡K Z_¨mg~n c~e© wba©vwiZ Q‡K c~iY
K‡i Av‡e`bKvix‡K mieivn Ki‡Zb| GRb¨ Av‡e`bKvix‡K †hgb mivmwi Dcw¯’Z n‡Z n‡Zv
†Zgwb mswkøó `ß‡ii Kg©xivI MZvbyMwZK c×wZ‡Z cP©v ˆZwi Ki‡Zb| eZ©gv‡b GwU B-†mevi
AvIZvq Avmv‡Z Av‡e`bKvix †`k-we‡`‡ki †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’vb †_‡KB wbw`©ó wd Rgv w`‡q cP©v msMÖn
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
N. B-¯^v¯’¨‡mev : wewfbœ miKvwi ¯^v¯’¨‡K‡›`Ö Kg©iZ wPwKrmKiv GLb †gvevBj †dv‡b ¯^v¯’¨ civgk©
w`‡q _v‡Kb| GRb¨ †`‡ki mKj miKvwi nvmcvZv‡j GKwU K‡i †gvevBj †dvb †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|
†`‡ki †h‡Kv‡bv bvMwiK Gfv‡e †h‡Kv‡bv wPwKrm‡Ki civgk© †c‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov †`‡ki
K‡qKwU nvmcvZv‡j †Uwj‡gwWwmb †mev Pvjy n‡q‡Q| Gi gva¨‡g †ivMx nvmcvZv‡j bv G‡mI
we‡klÁ wPwKrm‡Ki †mev I civgk© cv‡”Qb|
O. †ijI‡qi B-wU‡KwUs I †gvevBj wU‡KwUs : evsjv‡`k †ijI‡qi K‡qKwU AvšÍtbMi †Uª‡bi wU‡KU
GLb †gvevBj †dv‡bI µq Kiv hvq| Avevi AbjvB‡bI wU‡KU msMÖ‡ni eë¯’v i‡q‡Q| d‡j,
wb‡Ri myweavg‡Zv mg‡q †ij‡÷k‡b bv wM‡qI wbw`©ó MšÍ‡eï wU‡KU msMÖn m¤¢e n‡”Q|
†gvevBj †dvb ev AbjvB‡b wU‡KU msMÖn Kiv n‡j †Uªb Qvovi Aí mgq c~‡e© hvÎx‡K †÷k‡b †h‡Z
nq Ges †gvevBj †dvb ev AbjvB‡b cÖvß †Mvcb b¤î cÖ`k©b K‡i †mLv‡b wba©vwiZ KvD›Uvi †_‡K
hvÎvi wU‡KU msMÖn K‡i wb‡Z nq|
B-Kgvm© I evsjv‡`k
GKwU †`‡ki weKvk I Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †¶‡Î evwY‡Rï †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| wWwRUvj cÖhyw³i weKvk,
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui D™¢e I weKvk Ges KvM‡Ri gy`ªvi evB‡iI B‡jKUªwbK wewbgq cÖ_v Pvjy nIqvi d‡j
evwY‡RïI GKwU we‡kl cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| GLb B‡jKUªwbK gva¨‡gI evwYR¨ Kiv hvq, hvi cÖPwjZ
bvg B-Kgvm© ev B-evwYR¨|
†h‡Kv‡bv cY¨ ev †mev evwY‡Rï K‡qKwU kZ© _v‡K| cÖ_gZ we‡µZvi Kv‡Q cY¨ _vKv| wØZxqZ †µZv
KZ…©K Zvi wewbgq g~j¨ cwi‡kva Kiv| Gi cÖavb c×wZ n‡jv we‡µZvi m‡½ †µZvi mivmwi
†hvMv‡hvM| wKš‘ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui hy‡M GKRb we‡µZv Zvi c‡Yï Qwe, wfwWI w`‡q B›Uvi‡b‡UB Zvi
Ô†`vKvbÕwU Ly‡j em‡Z cv‡ib| GRb¨ Zvi cÖwZôv‡bi GKwU I‡qemvBU Pvjy Ki‡Z nq| †µZv
AbjvB‡b Zvi cQ‡›ì cY¨wU cQ›` K‡ib Ges g~j¨ cwi‡kva K‡ib| †`‡k eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ †WweU ev
†µwWU Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g GB g~j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| GQvov †gvevBj e¨vswKs‡qi gva¨‡gI g~j¨
cwi‡kva Kiv hvq| Z…ZxqZ g~j¨ cÖvwßi ci we‡µZv Zvi cY¨wU †µZvi wVKvbvq wb‡R A_ev cY¨
mieivnKvix cÖwZôv‡bi (Kzwiqvi mvwf©m) gva¨‡g cvwV‡q †`b|
†gvevBj ev KvW© QvovI B-Kgv‡m© Av‡iv GKwU wej cwi‡kva c×wZ i‡q‡Q| GwU‡K ejv nq cÖvwßi ci
cwi‡kva ev K¨vk Ab †Wwjfvwi (COD)| GB c×wZ‡Z †µZv we‡µZvi I‡qemvB‡U e‡m cQ‡›ì cY¨wUi
AW©vi †`b| we‡µZv ZLb cY¨wU †µZvi Kv‡Q cvwV‡q †`b| †µZv cY¨ †c‡q wej cwi‡kva K‡ib|
10 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³
2011-12 mvj †_‡K evsjv‡`‡kI Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í B- Kgv‡m©i cÖmvi n‡” Q| eZ©gv‡b eB †_‡K ïiy K‡i
Rvgv, Kvco, Lvevi, †kŠwLb mvgMÖx BZ¨vw` B-Kgv‡m©i gva¨‡g †ePv‡Kbv n‡”
Q| cÖPwjZ evwY‡Rï g‡Zv
B-Kgv‡m©I `yB ai‡bi cÖwZôvb j¶ Kiv hvq| GK ai‡bi cÖwZôvb †Kej wb‡R‡ì cY¨ weµq K‡i
_v‡K| Avevi wKQy wKQy cÖwZôvb Ab¨ A‡bK cÖwZôv‡bi cY¨ weµq K‡i| †Zvgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ I‡qemvBU,
wUwf ev cÎ-cwÎKvq Gai‡bi A‡bK I‡qemvB‡Ui weÁvcb †`‡L †d‡jQ|
evsjv‡`‡ki Kg©‡¶‡Î AvBwmwU

we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki g‡Zv evsjv‡`‡kI GLb Kg©‡¶‡Î AvBwmwUi eûgyLx cÖfve I eënvi j¶ Kiv
hv‡”
Q| GB cÖfve I cwimi µgvMZ †e‡o P‡j‡Q| Kg©‡¶‡Î AvBwmwUi `yB ai‡bi cÖfve jÿ Kiv hvq|
cÖ_gZ cÖPwjZ Kg©‡¶Î¸‡jv‡Z AvBwmwUi cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j Kg©`¶Zvi e„w× Ges evRvi m¤úÖmviY,
Ab¨w`‡K AvBwmwU wb‡RB bZzb bZzb Kg©‡¶Î m„wó K‡i‡Q|
cÖPwjZ Kg©‡¶Î Ges cyivZb eëmv-evwY‡R¨ AvBwmwU eënv‡ii d‡j Kg©x‡ì `¶Zv, Revew`wnZv
Ges ¯^ ” QZv †e‡o‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K Gi d‡j †mevi gvbI DbœZ n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b †`‡ki AwaKvsk PvKwii
†¶‡Î AvBwmwU eënv‡ii mvaviY `¶Zv GKwU cÖv_wgK †hvM¨Zv wn‡m‡e aiv nq| e¨vsK, wegv †_‡K ïiy
K‡i eûRvwZK †Kv¤úvwb, miKvwi `ß‡i KvR Kivi Rb¨ IqvW© cÖ‡mmi †_‡K Dc¯’vcbv mdUIq¨vi,
B›Uvi‡bU eªvDwRs †_‡K B-†gBj, bvbvb ai‡bi we‡kølYx mdUIq¨vi BZ¨vw`‡Z `¶ n‡Z nq| cvkvcvwk
wewfbœ we‡klvwqZ mdUIq¨vi (†hgb e¨vswKs mdUIq¨vi) eënv‡iI cvi`wk©Zv AR©b Ki‡Z nq|
Ab¨w`‡K AvBwmwU wb‡RB GKwU eo AvKv‡ii Kg©evRvi m„wó K‡i‡Q| nvW©Iq¨vi, mdUIq¨vi †_‡K ïiy
K‡i I‡qemvBU wbg©vY, i¶Yv‡e¶Y BZ¨vw` GLb bZzb `¶ Kg©x‡ì Rb¨ GKwU weivU Kg©‡¶Î| †Kej
†`‡k bq, AvBwmwU‡Z `¶ Kg©xiv †`‡ki evB‡i †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡b A_ev ¯^Zš¿fv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
GB Kv‡Ri GKwU eo Ask †`‡k e‡mB m¤úbœ Kiv hvq| AvDU‡mvwm©s K‡i GLb A‡b‡KB evsjv‡`‡ki
Rb¨ g~jëvb ê‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©b Ki‡Q|
mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM I AvBwmwU
gvbyl mgvRe× Rxe| mgv‡R Pjv‡div I weKv‡ki Rb¨ gvby‡l gvby‡l †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb| Z‡e
GLb AvBwmwU‡Z mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g gvby‡l gvby‡l wg_w¯Œqv‡KB †evSvq|
Gi A_© n‡jv Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i gvbyl †hvMv‡hvM I fve cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ hv wKQy m„wó,
wewbgq wKsev Av`vb-cÖ`vb K‡i ZvB mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i weKv‡ki d‡j
eZ©gv‡b GB †hvMv‡hvM n‡q c‡o‡Q mnR, mvkªqx Ges A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wbivc`| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui eënvi, B-
†gBj, †gvevBj †dvb I †g‡mwRs wm‡÷g, eøwMs Ges mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM cø¨vUdg©mg~n eënvi K‡i
eZ©gv‡b AvBwmwUwfwËK mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM A‡bKvs‡k mnR|
B›Uvi‡b‡U M‡o D‡V‡Q A‡bK cø¨vUdg©, hv mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| Gi g‡a¨
me‡P‡q RbwcÖq `yBwU gva¨g n‡jvÑ†dmeyK I UzBUvi|
● †dmeyK (www.facebook.com) : †dmeyK mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi GKwU I‡qemvBU|

2004 mv‡ji 4Vv †deªyqvwi gvK© RyKvievM© Zvi Ab¨ eÜy‡ì m‡½ wb‡q GwU Pvjy K‡ib|
webvg~‡j¨ †h †KD †dmey‡Ki m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i| eënviKvixMY eÜy ms‡hvRb, evZ©v †cÖiY Ges
Zv‡ì e¨w³MZ Z_¨vewj cÖKvk, Av`vb-cÖ`vb I nvjbvMv` Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov G‡Z AwWI I
wfwWI cÖKvk Kiv hvq| †dmey‡K †h‡Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb Zv‡ì wbR¯^ †cR †hgb Lyj‡Z cv‡i, †Zgwb
mggbv eÜyiv wg‡j Pvjy Ki‡Z cv‡i †Kv‡bv Mªyc| www.stastica.com Gi wi‡cvU© gvP©-2015
Abyhvqx we‡k¦ facebook eënviKvixi msL¨v 1415 wgwjqb|
● UzBUvi (www.twitter.com) : UyBUviI GKwU mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v| Z‡e †dmey‡Ki m‡½
Gi GKwU †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| GwU‡Z eënviKvix‡ì m‡e©v”P 140 Character-Gi g‡a¨
Zv‡ì g‡bvfve cÖKvk I Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| GRb¨ GwU‡K gvB‡µveøwMs‡qi GKwU
I‡qemvBUI ejv hvq| 140 A¶‡ii GB evZ©v‡K ejv nq UyBU (tweet)| UyBUv‡ii m`m¨‡ì
UyBU evZ©v¸‡jv Zv‡ì †cÖvdvBj cvZvq †`Lv hvq| UyBUv‡ii m`mïv Ab¨ m`m¨‡ì UyBU covi Rb¨
†m m`m¨‡K AbymiY ev follow Ki‡Z cv‡ib| †Kv‡bv m`m¨‡K hviv AbymiY K‡i Zv‡ì‡K ejv
nq follower ev Abymvix|
we‡bv`b I AvBwmwU
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ we‡bv`‡bi RM‡Z GKUv bZzb w`K D‡b¥vwPZ n‡q‡Q| GwU
N‡U‡Q `yBfv‡eÑ cÖ_gZ we‡bv`bwU Kxfv‡e gvbyl MÖnY Ki‡e †mB cÖwµqvwU‡Z GKUv †gŠwjK cwieZ©b
n‡q‡Q| wØZxqZ we‡bv`‡bi wfbœ wfbœ gva¨g¸‡jv‡Z GKUv ¸YMZ cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q|
†`Lv hvK we‡bv`b MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqvq cwieZ©bwU Kxfv‡e N‡U‡Q| GKUv mgq wQj hLb we‡bv`‡bi Rb¨
gvbyyl‡K N‡ii evB‡i †h‡Z n‡Zv| wm‡bgv †`L‡Z n‡j wm‡bgv n‡j †h‡Z n‡Zv, †Ljv †`L‡Z n‡j
†Ljvi gv‡V †h‡Z n‡Zv, Mvb ïb‡Z n‡j Mv‡bi Rjmvq †h‡Z n‡Zv| GLb Gai‡bi we‡bv`‡bi R‡b¨
gvby‡li Avi Ni †_‡K †ei n‡Z nq bv| cÖ_‡g †iwWI, Zvici †Uwjwfkb G‡m‡Q| Zvici G‡m‡Q
Kw¤úDUvi| GKmgq Kw¤úDUvi mshy³ n‡q‡Q B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_| Avgiv Avwe®‹vi K‡iwQ GKRb
gvbyl Pvi †Ìqv‡ji †fZ‡i Ave× †_‡KB c„w_exi cÖvq me ai‡bi we‡bv`b Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
cÖ_g hLb Kw¤úDUvi Avwe®‹vi n‡qwQj ZLb Zvi g~j KvR wQj KgwcDU ev wnmve Kiv, ïay eo eo
cÖwZôvb ev miKvi GKUv Kw¤úDUv‡ii gvwjK n‡Z cviZ| cÖhyw³i DbœwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ Kw¤úDUvi
mnRjf¨ n‡q G‡m‡Q Ges GKmgq gvbyl Zvi wb‡Ri e¨w³MZ Kv‡Ri R‡b¨ Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Ki‡Z
ïiy K‡i‡Q| Kw¤úDUvi hLb kw³kvjx n‡q‡Q ZLb GwU ïay †jLv‡jwL ev wnmve-wbKv‡ki R‡b¨ eëüZ
bv n‡q ax‡i ax‡i we‡bv`‡bi R‡b¨ eëüZ n‡Z ïiy K‡i‡Q| GLb mvaviY gvbyl Kw¤úDUvi‡K m¤¢eZ
me‡P‡q †ewk eënvi K‡i we‡bv`‡bi R‡b¨| Mvb, Pjw” PÎ, Av‡jvKwPÎ mewKQzB GLb Kw¤úDUvi w`‡q
Kiv hvq| Z_¨cÖhyw³i Kvi‡Y we‡bv`b MÖn‡Yi cÖwµqvwU‡Z †hiKg cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q wVK †miKg
cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q we‡bv`‡bi welq¸‡jv‡Z| m½xZ‡K wWwRUvj iƒc †Ìqvq GLb Avgiv Kw¤úDUv‡i
Mvb ïb‡Z cvwi| wVK GKBfv‡e Avgiv wfwWI ev Pjw” PÎ †`L‡Z cvwi| wmwW ig wKsev wWwfwW †ei
nIqvi ci †mLv‡b wekvj cwigv‡Yi Z_¨ ivLv m¤¢eci n‡q‡Q| wm‡bgv n‡j bv wM‡q N‡i e‡m
Kw¤úDUvi wKsev †Uwjwfk‡b wWwfwW †_‡K Pjw” PÎ †`Lv GLb LyeB mvaviY GKUv welq| dvBevi
AcwUK †bUIqvK© emv‡bvi ci `ªyZMwZi B›Uvi‡bU mnRjf¨ n‡Z ïiy K‡i‡Q| Kv‡RB GLb GKRb‡K
Avi Mvb †kvbvi R‡b¨ wKsev Pjw”PÎ †`Lvi R‡b¨ AwWI wmwW ev wWwfwWi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq bv|
B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i mivmwi Mvb ev Pjw” PÎ Dc‡fvM Kiv m¤¢e n‡” Q| ïay ZvB bq †iwWI ev
†Uwjwfkb P¨v‡bj¸‡jv GLb B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i †kvbv I †`Lv hvq Ges †m¸‡jv A‡bK mg‡qB
†iKW© Kiv _v‡K e‡j KvD‡KB Avi †Kv‡bv wKQzi R‡b¨ wbw`©ó mgq A‡c¶v Ki‡Z nq bv, hLb †hwU
†`Lvi B‡”
Q K‡i ZLbB †mUv †`L‡Z cv‡i|
Z_¨cÖhyw³ DbœZ nevi ci bZyb wKQz we‡bv`‡bi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q †hwU Av‡M Dc‡fvM Kiv m¤¢e wQj bv, Zvi
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ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi †M‡gi Rb¥ n‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUvi †M‡gi e¨vcK RbwcÖqZv †`‡LB Avgiv Av›`vR Ki‡Z
cvwi GwU we‡bv`‡bi AZ¨šÍ mdj GKwU gva¨g| Gi mvd‡jï cÖavb GKwU KviY n‡” Q GwU †QvU wkky
†_‡K cÖvß eq¯‹ GKRb gvbyl mevB‡KB Zvi wb‡Ri iywP gvwdK Avb›` w`‡Z cv‡i| GKRb Av‡iK
R‡bi mv‡_ Kw¤úDUvi †Mg †Lj‡Z cv‡i, Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ †Lj‡Z cv‡i Ggb wK †bUIqvK© eënvi K‡i
evB‡ii Kv‡iv mv‡_I †Lj‡Z cv‡i| mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z wK, A‡bK †¶‡ÎB GB we‡bv`b Dc‡fv‡Mi ZxeªZv
GZ †ewk n‡Z cv‡i †h, †mwU GK ai‡bi Avmw³i Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i Ges †m Kvi‡Y Kw¤úDUvi †Mg
Dc‡fvM Kivi e¨vcv‡i mviv c„w_ex‡ZB mevB‡K mZK© _vKvi K_v ejv n‡” Q| Z_¨cÖhyw³ we‡bv`b m„wói
e¨vcv‡iI GK ai‡bi eo f‚wgKv †i‡L‡Q| A¨vwb‡gkb ev KvU©zb ˆZwi Kiv GK mgq A‡bK KwVb GKUv
welq wQj| Z_¨cÖhyw³ Ges kw³kvjx Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kvi‡Y GLb GwU A‡bK mnR n‡q †M‡Q| ïay ZvB bq
m„wókxj gvby‡li m„RbkxjZvi Kvi‡Y m¤ú~Y© bZzb GK ai‡bi e¨vcvi NU‡Z ïiy K‡i‡Q| mwZ¨Kv‡ii
Awf‡bZv Awf‡bÎx QvovB MÖvwd· wbf©i Pjw” P‡Îi wWwRUvj Awf‡bZv-Awf‡bÎxi Rb¥ n‡Z ïiy K‡i‡Q|
weL¨vZ eëmvmdj Pjw” P‡Î KvíwbK cÖvYx WvB‡bvmi wKsev wfbœ RM‡Zi cÖvYx ˆZwi Kivi R‡b¨ kw³kvjx
Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Kiv GLb AZ¨šÍ mvaviY GKwU welq|
GK K_vq Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, Z_¨cÖhyw³i Kvi‡Y ïay †h bZzb bZyb we‡bv`‡bi Rb¥ wb‡”
Q Zv bq, †mB
we‡bv`b¸‡jv GLb G‡Kev‡i mvaviY gvby‡li Kv‡QI †cuŠ‡Q hv‡” Q| me‡P‡q eo K_v GwU gvÎ ïiy,
fwel¨‡Z AvBwmwU wbf©i we‡bv`b †Kvb ch©v‡q hv‡e †mwU Kíbv KivI Am¤¢e!
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k
eZ©gvb miKvi cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv 2021 mv‡ji g‡a¨ wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k M‡o †Zvjvi GKwU cwiKíbv
MÖnY K‡i| GKUv i³¶qx hy‡×i †fZi w`‡q 1971 mv‡j Avgiv Avgv‡ì ¯^vaxbZv AR©b K‡iwQ,
2021 mv‡j Zvi Aa©kZvãx c~Y© n‡e Ges †m Kvi‡Y GB mg‡qi †fZ‡i Avgv‡ì wcÖq gvZ…f~wg‡K GKwU
we‡kl RvqMvq †bIqvi GKwU ¯^cœ Avgv‡ì mevB‡K ¯úk© K‡iwQj| ZvB wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k K_vwU ïay
GKwU K_v n‡q _v‡Kwb| GUv‡K ev¯Í‡e iƒc †Ìqvi R‡b¨ GB †`‡ki miKvi Ges mvaviY gvbyl mevB
GKwU eo D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Q|
cÖ_‡gB Avgv‡ì Rvbv ìKvi GbvjM I wWwRUvj K_vwU

w`‡q Avgiv Kx †evSvB| cwieZ©bkxj (wew” Qbœ) WvUv‡K
hLb ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K GbvjM
ms‡KZ e‡j| D`vniY¯îƒc Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b ZvcgvÎvi
K_v aiv hvK, w`‡bi wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ ai‡bi ZvcgvÎv
Abyf‚Z nq| GB Abyf‚Z ZvcgvÎv‡K hLb ms‡KZiƒ‡c K. GbvjM
cÖKvk Kwi ZLb Zv‡K GbvjM ms‡KZ ewj|
GbvjM ms‡K‡Zi mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv wbfz©j Ges m~² Z_¨
cvBbv, cÖvß gv‡bi ZviZg¨ _v‡K| GB GbvjM ms‡KZ‡K
wbw`©ó c×wZ‡Z `yBwU Ae¯’vi gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq, L. wWwRUvj
GB Ae¯’v¸‡jv‡K A‡¼i (Digit) gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kivi
d‡j GbvjM ms‡K‡Zi Zzjbvq AviI wbfz©j Ges m~² †_‡K m~²Zi Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| Digit Gi
gva¨‡g ms‡KZ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ eëüZ GB ai‡bi ms‡KZ‡K wWwRUvj ms‡KZ ejv nq| †hgb: ai,
KuvUvhy³ Nwo GbvjM ms‡KZ cÖ`k©b K‡i, c¶všÍ‡i KuvUvwenxb Nwo wWwRUvj ms‡KZ cÖ`k©b K‡i|
Z‡e wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k K_vwU ïay GKwU ÔKw¤úDUvi cÖ¯‘ Z †`kÕ wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv nqwb| GwU
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AvaywbK evsjv‡`k †evSv‡bv nq| me ai‡bi cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i GB †`‡ki wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨, Kg©ms¯’vb
Ges `vwi`ª¨ †gvP‡bi A½xKvi ev¯Íevqb n‡” Q wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki j¶¨| GB j‡¶¨ †cuŠQv‡bvi R‡b¨
Avgv‡ì cyivZb gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b K‡i BwZevPK ev¯ÍeZv Ges D™¢vebx wPšÍv Kiv Lye Riywi|
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`‡ki †cQ‡bi g~j K_vwU n‡” Q †`‡ki gvby‡li R‡b¨ MYZš¿, gvbevwaKvi, ¯^” QZv,
`vqe×Zv Ges mywePvi wbwðZ Kiv Ges †m¸‡jvi R‡b¨ cÖhyw³i m‡e©v” P eënvi Kiv| Zvi P~ovšÍ j¶¨
n‡” Q mKj †kÖwYi me ai‡bi gvby‡li Rxe‡bi gvb Dbœqb| wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k iƒcK‡íi ev¯Íevq‡bi
R‡b¨ miKvi PviwU mywbw`©ó welq‡K ¸iyZ¡ w`‡q‡Q; †m¸‡jv n‡” QÑ gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb, RbM‡Yi
m¤ú„³Zv, wmwfj mvwf©m Ges ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Z_¨cÖhyw³i eënvi|
c„w_exi Ab¨ A‡bK †`‡ki Zzjbvq evsjv‡`k Z_¨cÖhyw³i cÖmv‡ii KvRwU ïiy K‡i‡Q †`wi‡Z| ZvB Ab¨
A‡bK †`‡ki Zzjbvq evsjv‡`k h‡_ó wcwQ‡q Av‡Q| AZx‡Z Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i ¸iyZ¡
h_vh_fv‡e Dcjwä bv Ki‡jI eZ©gv‡b GwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡ cv‡”Q| mve‡gwib K¨ve‡ji mv‡_ hy³
nIqvq Avgv‡ì †`‡k GLb `ªyZ MwZi B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM cÖ`vb m¤¢e n‡”Q|
cÖhyw³ cÖmv‡ii GKwU my›ì w`K i‡q‡Q, †Kv‡bv †`k ev RvwZi GKwU wbw`©ó cÖhyw³‡Z wcwQ‡q _vK‡j
me mg‡qB Zv‡ì wcwQ‡q _vK‡Z nq bv| eo eo jvd w`‡q (Leap Frog) Ab¨‡ì a‡i †djv hvq|
ZvB evsjv‡`k Zvi me©kw³ w`‡q mvg‡b GwM‡q Ab¨ †`‡ki mgvb nevi †Póv Ki‡Q|
miKv‡ii AvMÖ‡ni Kvi‡Y †`‡k Z_¨cÖhyw³i AeKvVv‡gv M‡o DV‡Z ïiy K‡i‡Q| mviv †`‡k dvBevi
AcwUK jvBb ewm‡q cÖZ¨šÍ AÂj ch©šÍ B›Uvi‡bU †mev †Ìqvi D‡`¨vM †bIqv n‡q‡Q| gvÎ GK-†ò
`kK Av‡MI G‡`‡k †Uwj‡dv‡bi msL¨v wQj bMY¨| GLb wbwØ©avq ejv hvq GB †`‡ki cÖ‡Z¨KwU
cÖvßeq¯‹ gvby‡li nv‡Zi bvMv‡j †dvb i‡q‡Q| BDwbqb ch©v‡q Bbdi‡gkb mvwf©m †m›Uvi †Lvjv
n‡q‡Q, cÖZ¨šÍ GjvKvq †cv÷ Awdm¸‡jv‡K B-†m›Uv‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i †gvevBj gvwb AW©v‡ii my‡hvM
K‡i †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| BDwbqb Bbdi‡gkb †m›Uv‡ii mv‡_ mv‡_ wWw÷ª± Bbdi‡gkb †mj Ges b¨vkbvj
Bbdi‡gkb †mj †`‡ki AeKvVv‡gv‡Z GKUv eo ms‡hvRb| †gvevBj †Uwj‡dvb w`‡q fwZ© cix¶vi
†iwR‡÷ªkb, cvewjK cix¶vi djvdj Rvbv wKsev †Uª‡bi wU‡KU †Kbvi g‡Zv KvR¸‡jv wbqwgZfv‡e
Kiv n‡” Q| ¯‹zj-K‡j‡R Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i cvV ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡QÑ GB eBwU Zvi cÖgvY|
†`‡ki K‡jR-wek¦we`¨vj‡q Kw¤úDUvi mv‡qÝ cov‡bv n‡” Q| †`‡ki ZiyY cÖRb¥ wewfbœ mdUIq¨vi
†Kv¤úvwb‡Z †hvM †Ìqvi cvkvcvwk wb‡Riv †Kv¤úvwb M‡o Zzj‡Q Ges wekvj msL¨K ZiyY-ZiyYx
e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q AvDU †mvwm©s K‡i‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡K gReyZ Ki‡Q|
Z_¨cÖhyw³i GB mvdj¨ ï‡b †KD †hb g‡b bv K‡i Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ Avgv‡ì j‡¶¨ †cuŠ‡Q †MwQÑ GwU
†gv‡UI mwZ¨ bq| GB c‡_ Avgv‡ì Av‡iv `xN© c_ AwZµg Ki‡Z n‡e| †h‡nZz Avgv‡ì †`‡ki
†ewki fvM gvbylB MÖv‡g _v‡K ZvB wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k M‡o †Zvjvi cÖ_g avc n‡”Q GB MÖvgxY gvbyl‡K
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ †mevi AvIZvq wb‡q Avmv| †mRb¨ GL‡bv wekvj AeKvVv‡gv M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡e|
Z_¨cÖhyw³i cy‡iv myweav †c‡Z n‡j G‡ÿ‡Î `¶ Rbkw³i cÖ‡qvRb| ¯‹zj K‡jR wek¦we`¨vj‡q
†jLvcovi gvb evov‡Z n‡e, Av‡iv †ewk msL¨K wk¶v_x©‡K Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡Z `¶ K‡i M‡o
Zzj‡Z n‡e| B-Mfb©¨vÝ Gi gva¨‡g mKj Kv‡R ¯^”QZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| bZyb cÖRb¥‡K Zv‡ì
D™¢vebx ¶gZv Kv‡R jvMv‡Z Drmvnx Ki‡Z n‡e| wek¦we`¨vjq Ges Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ wk‡íi
g‡a¨ mgš^q Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvn‡jB Avgiv cÖK…Z wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k M‡o Zzj‡Z cvie|
`jMZ KvR
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k M‡o Zzj‡Z KiYxq wb‡q GKwU †cv÷vi wWRvBb Ki|
Abykxjbx
1. jÛb weÁvb Rv`yNi hvwš¿Kfv‡e MYbv Ki‡Z mÿg BwÄb KZ mv‡j ˆZwi K‡i?
K. 1833 L. 1842
M. 1953 N. 1991
2. †Kvb Avwe®‹vi‡Ki Avwe®‹v‡ii d‡j AvR‡Ki c„w_ex‡Z N‡i e‡mB Awd‡mi KvR Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q?
K. Pvj©m e¨v‡eR L. A¨vWv jvf‡jm
M. †Rgm K¬vK© g¨v·I‡qj N. RM`xk P›`ª emy
3. †dmey‡Ki wbg©vZv †K?
K. w÷f Rem L. wej †MUm
M. gvK© RyKvievM© N. wUg evb©vm© wj
4. miKvwi Kv‡R Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii d‡jÑ
i. ¯^ímg‡q miKvwi †mev cvIqv hv‡e
ii. miKvwi †mevi gvb DbœZ n‡e
iii. QzwUi w`‡bI A‡bK miKvwi †mev cvIqv hv‡e
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. i I iii
M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi Aby‡ Q`wU c‡o 5 I 6 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI:
mygb †m›UgvwU©b †eov‡Z †h‡q Amy¯’ n‡q †M‡j †dv‡b †m XvKvq GKRb wPwKrm‡Ki mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM
K‡i| wZwb mygb‡K `ªyZ nvmcvZv‡j †h‡Z e‡jb| c‡i nvmcvZv‡ji Wv³vi XvKvi we‡klÁ Wv³v‡ii
civgk© MÖnY K‡i myg‡bi wPwKrmvi eë¯’v Ki‡jb|
5. ¯’vbxq Wv³vi †h c×wZ‡Z we‡klÁ Wv³v‡ii civgk© MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib Zv n‡jv-
i. †Uwj‡gwWwmb †mev
ii. B-¯^v¯’¨‡mev
iii. B- Kgvm© †mev
6. myg‡bi wPwKrmvq †Kvb cÖhyw³wUi f~wgKv cÖavb?
K. AvBwmwU L. †Uwjwfkb
M. †iveU N. Kw¤úDUvi
7. KzwoMÖv‡gi †iŠgvwi Dc‡Rjvi hv`yi Pi MÖv‡gi wgjb MÖv‡g e‡mB D”Pwkÿv MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvq| Z_¨ I
†hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ Kxfv‡e Zv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i?
8. evsjv‡`‡ki †eKvi mgm¨v `~i Ki‡Z Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ Kx Kx m¤¢vebv m„wó K‡i‡Q? eY©bv Ki|
wØZxq Aa¨vq
Kw¤úDUvi I Kw¤úDUvi eënviKvixi wbivcËv
G Aa¨vq †k‡l Avgiv-

Kw¤úDUvi iÿYv‡eÿ‡Y mdUIq¨v‡ii ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;
Software uninstall Ges Software delete -Gi cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cvie;
Kw¤úDUvi, Z_¨-DcvË I Software -Gi wbivcËvq cvmIqvW© I Gw›U fvBivm eënv‡ii
¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;
mvaviY I mvgvwRK mvBUmg~‡ni g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cvie;
AwZgvÎvq B›Uvi‡bU eënv‡ii djvdj we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvie;
AwZgvÎvq †Mgm& †Ljvi †bwZevPK w`K¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;
mdUIq¨vi cvB‡iwmi welqwU eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;
KwcivBU AvB‡bi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;
B›Uvi‡b‡U Z‡_ï Aeva cÖev‡ni mv‡_ mv‡_ wbivcËvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;
Kw¤úDUv‡ii Uªvej ky¨wUs-Gi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;
h_vh_ cÖwµqv Aej¤^b K‡i wbw`©ó Software install/uninstall Ki‡Z cvie;
Unique cvmIqvW© ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvie; Ges
Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvaviY mgm¨vi Uªvej kyÜ Ki‡Z cvie|
Kw¤úDUvi I Kw¤úDUvi eënviKvixi wbivcËv 17
Kw¤úDUvi iÿYv‡eÿ‡Y mdUIq¨v‡ii ¸iyZ¡

NUbv 1 : ivqbv K‡j‡R fwZ© nIqvi ci evevi Kv‡Q evqbv a‡iwQj GKwU j¨vcUc wK‡b †èvi Rb¨|
evev cÖ_g mvgwq‡Ki dj fv‡jv nIqvq ivqbv‡K GKwU †Kvi AvB dvBf cÖ‡mmihy³ GKwU j¨vcUc
wK‡b w`‡jb| j¨vcUc †c‡q Ges Gi MwZ †`‡L ivqbv gy»| †m wKQzw`‡bi g‡a¨B A‡bK mdUIq¨vi
Bb÷j K‡i †djj| wKš‘ ivqbv jÿ Kij Zvi j¨vcUcwU Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í axiMwZi n‡q hv‡” Q| GK
eQ‡ii gv_vq G‡m ivqbv †`Lj Zvi j¨vcUcwU GZUvB axi n‡q †M‡Q †h, KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q ivqbv gnv
wei³| wKQzw`b ci †m evev‡K Av‡iKwU j¨vcUc wK‡b †Ìqvi Rb¨ Ave`vi Kij|
NUbv 2 : AsKb Zvi Kw¤úDUv‡i B›Uvi‡bU Kv‡bKkb wb‡q‡Q| GLb †m cÖvqB B›Uvi‡b‡U wewfbœ I‡qe
mvB‡U cÖ‡ek K‡i| G‡Z Zvi †jLvcovi A‡bK DcKvi n‡” Q| †jLvcov QvovI †m eÜz‡ì B-†gBj
Kiv, Mvb †kvbv I Qwe †`Lvi Kv‡RI B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i| B`vbxs †m †`L‡Q Kw¤úDUviwU †Kv‡bv
KviY QvovB gv‡S g‡a¨ wi÷vU© n‡q hv‡” Q| GQvovI gv‡S gv‡S AsK‡bi B” Qv QvovB wewfbœ I‡qe
mvB‡U Xz‡K hv‡”
Q| GKw`b BDGmwe †cv‡U© †cbWªvBf cÖ‡ek Kiv‡j †m AevK n‡q †`Lj Zvi me dvBj
kU©KvU n‡q †M‡Q| g~j dvBj¸‡jv †Kv_vI †`Lv hv‡”
Q bv|
Dc‡ii NUbv `y‡Uv †_‡K †Zvgiv Kx eyS‡j? †Zvgv‡ì A‡b‡Ki AwfÁZvi mv‡_ wg‡j hv‡” Q? Z_¨ I
†hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K© GZw`‡b †Zvgv‡ì A‡bK wKQzB Rvbv n‡q †M‡Q| †Zvgiv wbðqB ey‡S †MQ
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡mmi I mdUIq¨vi wbf©i hš¿B n‡jv g~j hš¿| bZzb GKwU
Kw¤úDUvi Zv †W¯‹Uc, j¨vcUc ev U¨ve‡jU hvB †nvK bv †Kb †`L‡e Lye fv‡jv ev `ªyZMwZ‡Z KvR
Ki‡Q| wKš‘ wKQzw`b eënvi Kivi c‡i †`L‡e GwU µgk axiMwZi n‡q hv‡” Q| A_©vr cyi‡bv n‡j hš¿wU
†Kgb †hb axi n‡q hvq| A‡bK mgq GKwU KgvÛ w`‡q A‡bKÿY A‡cÿv Ki‡Z nq| gv‡S gv‡S
cwiw¯’wZ Ggb ùvovq †h, ivMvwš^Z n‡q Av‡iKwU bZzb Kw¤úDUvi wK‡b †dj‡Z B”Qv K‡i!
G Ae¯’v †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi Dcvq Zvn‡j Kx? GLv‡bB i‡q‡Q Kw¤úDUvi iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi ¸iyZ¡| wb‡Pi
†kÖwY‡Z †Zvgiv iÿYv‡eÿY m¤ú‡K© wKQzUv †R‡bQ| †ewkifvM gvby‡liB AvBwmwU hš¿cvwZ ev Ab¨
†Kv‡bv hš¿cvwZ iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi KvRwU Ki‡Z fv‡jv jv‡M bv| wKš‘ ZviciI G KvRwU AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|
Zzwg hw` †Zvgvi AvBwmwU hš¿ ev Kw¤úDUviwU mPj I c~Y©gvÎvq Kvh©ÿg ivL‡Z PvI Z‡e Aek¨B GwUi
iÿYv‡eÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| GKv‡Ri Rb¨ †Zvgvi hš¿cvwZ we‡klÁ nIqvi cÖ‡qvRb bvB| Avm‡j Avgiv
GLv‡b AvBwmwU hš¿cvwZi †ÿ‡Î mdUIq¨vi wfwËK iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi K_v ejwQ|
†Zvgvi AvBwmwU hš¿wU‡Z hw` gvB‡KªvmdU †Kv¤úvwbi DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g eënvi K‡i (we‡k¦i
†ewkifvM Kw¤úDUv‡i DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g eëüZ nq) _v‡K Z‡e Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g memgq
nvjbvMv` ev Avc‡WU Ki‡Z n‡e| B›Uvi‡b‡U mshy³ _vK‡j G Avc‡WU¸‡jv mvaviYZ ¯^qswµqfv‡e
n‡q _v‡K| Ab¨vb¨ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gI cÖvq GKB ai‡bi myweav w`‡q _v‡K| ZvQvov †Zvgv‡K Aek¨B
gv‡S gv‡S †iwRw÷ª wK¬bAvc mdUIq¨vi eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e Kw¤úDUvi‡K mPj I MwZkxj ivLvi Rb¨|
hw` †iwRw÷ª wK¬bAvc eënvi bv Ki †Zvgvi Kw¤úDUvi ev AvBwmwU hš¿wU wVKfv‡e KvR Ki‡e bv Ges
†Zvgvi Rb¨ A‡bK mgq weiw³i KviY n‡e|
GQvovI cÖ‡Z¨Kevi Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Kivi mgq †ekwKQz †U‡¤úvivwi dvBj ˆZwi nq| A‡bKw`b G
dvBj¸‡jv bv gy‡Q w`‡j nvW©wW‡¯‹i A‡bKUv RvqMv `Lj K‡i iv‡L Ges Kw¤úDUv‡ii MwZ‡K axi
K‡i †`q| †m Rb¨ Avgv‡ì meviB DwPZ mdUIq¨v‡ii mvnvh¨ wb‡q †U‡¤úvivwi dvBj¸‡jv gy‡Q
†Ìqv| G‡Z nvW©wW‡¯‹i †ek LvwbKUv RvqMv Lvwj n‡e Avevi Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvR Kivi MwZI †e‡o
hv‡e A‡bK|
B`vbxs B›Uvi‡bU eënvi Kiv Qvov AvBwmwU h‡š¿i eënvi Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| B›Uvi‡bU eënvi Ki‡j
†Zvgvi B›Uvi‡bU eªvDRv‡ii K¨vk †g‡gvwi‡Z A‡bK KzwKR I †U‡¤úvivwi dvBj Rgv nq| G‡Z
AvBwmwU hš¿wU µgvš^‡q axi n‡q hvq| cÖwZw`b m¤¢e bv n‡jI wKQzw`b ci ci K¨vk †g‡gvwi cwi®‹vi
Kiv GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| G KvRwU Ki‡Z mdUIq¨vi †Zvgv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|
Gw›UfvBivm, Gw›U ¯úvBIq¨vi I Gw›U g¨vjIq¨vi Qvov eZ©gv‡b AvBwmwU wWfvBm eënvi Kiv gvivZ¥K
SuzwKc~Y©| Gai‡bi md&UIq¨vi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© iÿYv‡eÿY Kvh©µg hvi gva¨‡g AvBwmwU hš¿
eënviKvixMY Zv‡ì h‡š¿ fvBivmmn g¨vjIq¨vi ev ¯úvBIq¨v‡ii AvµgY †_‡K iÿv cvb| cvkvcvwk
wbwe©‡Nœ Zv‡ì hš¿ ev hš¿My‡jv eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| me‡P‡q gRvi e¨vcvi, GLb A‡bK Gw›UfvBivm
Ges Gw›U g¨vjIq¨vi ev Gw›U ¯úvBIq¨vi webvg~‡j¨ B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K WvDb‡jvW K‡i eënvi Kiv hvq|
GgbwK G mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g nvjbvMvÌ (update) Kiv hvq| nvjbvMv`
Gw›UfvBivm Qvov AvBwmwU hš¿ eënvi Kiv AZ¨šÍ SzuwKc~Y©|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii KvR Kivi MwZ eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ cÖvq me eënviKvix wW¯‹ wK¬bAvc I wW¯‹
wWd«¨vM‡g›Uvi eënvi K‡i _v‡K| G †cÖvMªvg¸‡jv mvaviYZ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| G
mdUIq¨vi `y‡Uv nvW©wW‡¯‹i RvqMv Lvwj K‡i Ges dvBj¸‡jv Ggbfv‡e mvRvq hv‡Z Kw¤úDUvi MwZ
eRvq †i‡L KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
mdUIq¨vi Bb÷‡jkb I AvbBb÷‡jkb
Avgiv mevB Rvwb AvBwmwU hš¿¸‡jv mdUIq¨v‡ii gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ nq| G mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv Kw¤úDUvi
ev Ab¨vb¨ h‡š¿ Bb÷j Ki‡Z nq| Avgiv hLb †Kv‡bv AvBwmwU hš¿ wKwb ZLb we‡µZv mvaviYZ
Avgv‡ì wRÁvmv K‡i Avgv‡ì †Kvb †Kvb mdUIq¨vi cÖ‡qvRb| AZtci Acv‡iwUs mdUIq¨vimn
Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv we‡klÁ w`‡q Bb÷j K‡i we‡µZv hš¿wU Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q n¯ÍvšÍi
K‡i| Gfv‡e Avgiv wb‡R‡ì cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv AvBwmwU hš¿ Z_v Kw¤úDUvi, U¨ve‡jU, ¯§vU©‡dvb BZ¨vw`
eënvi Ki‡Z cvwi|
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi Bb÷j Kivi cÖwµqv GKUz RwUj Ges Gi Rb¨ wKQz we‡kl `ÿZvi
cÖ‡qvRb nq| G KvRwU wb‡q Avgiv cieZ©x †kªwY‡Z Av‡jvPbv Kie| Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi
QvovI AvBwmwU hš¿ eënvi Ki‡Z Avgv‡ì wewfbœ ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi cÖ‡qvRb nq| G mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv
eënviKvixi hš¿wU eënv‡ii D‡Ï‡kï wfwË‡Z Bb÷j Ki‡Z nq|
†Kv‡bv mdUIq¨vi Bb÷j Kivi c~‡e© wb‡Pi welq¸‡jv jÿ ivLv cÖ‡qvRb:

†h mdUIq¨vi Bb÷j Kiv n‡e Zv †Zvgvi h‡š¿i nvW©Iq¨vi mv‡cvU© K‡i wKbv;
read me dvBjwU‡Z Riywi wKQz Kv‡Ri K_v †jLv Av‡Q wKbv c‡o wb‡Z n‡e;
Bb÷‡jk‡bi mgq Ab¨ mKj KvR eÜ Av‡Q wKbv (eÜ bv _vK‡j A‡bK mgq bZzb
mdUIq¨vi Bb÷j Ki‡Z Sv‡gjv nq);
Gw›UfvBivm mdUIq¨vi eÜ Av‡Q wKbv; Ges
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi GWwgwb‡÷ªU‡ii AbygwZ Av‡Q wKbv (we‡kl †Kv‡bv hš¿ Qvov cÖvq me h‡š¿iB
G Aby‡gv`b †Ìqv _v‡K| welqwU m¤ú‡K© Avgiv cieZx© †kÖwY‡Z we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbe)|
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi Qvov Ab¨vb¨ mdUIq¨vi Bb÷j Kivi cÖwµqv A‡bKUvB Acv‡iwUs
wm‡÷‡gi Ici wbf©i K‡i| Z‡e G cÖwµqv A‡bKUv GKB ai‡bi| †Kv‡bv mdUIq¨vi Bb÷j Ki‡Z
n‡j cÖ_‡gB Avgv‡ì mdUIq¨viwUi mdU ev wWwRUvj Kwc cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| G mdU KwcwU wmwW,
wWwfwW, †cbWªvBf ev B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K cvIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| †ewkifvM †ÿ‡Î mdUIq¨vi¸‡jvi mv‡_
Auto run bv‡g GKwU †cÖvMÖvg mshy³ Ae¯’vq _v‡K| †Zvgv‡ì Kw¤úDUv‡i wmwW, wWwfwW ev †cbWªvBf
cÖ‡ek Kiv‡j Auto run †cÖvMÖvgwU mPj n‡q hvq Ges mdUIq¨viwU setup Kivi AbygwZ Pvq| AbygwZ
cÖ`vb Kivi ci cieZ©x avç‡jv AbymiY Ki‡jB mdUIq¨viwU †Zvgvi h‡š¿ Bb÷j n‡q hv‡e|
mvaviYZ hš¿wU restart Ki‡jB Bb÷jK…Z †cÖvMÖvgwU eënvi Kiv ïiy Kiv hvq|
GKwU mdUIq¨vi Bb÷j Kivi avç‡jv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
cÖ_‡g mdUIq¨v‡ii †mUAvc dvB‡j Wvej wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb, wb‡Pi wPÎ-1 GKwU †mUAvc
dvBj| GUv‡Z Wvej wK¬K Ki‡j Bb÷‡jkb ïiy n‡e|
Dc‡ii avç‡jv cÖvq me ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi

Bb÷‡ji †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨|
KvR
cÖwµqv AbymiY K‡i wkÿK wb‡`©wkZ
GKwU mdUIq¨vi Bb÷j Ki|
mdUIq¨vi AvbBb÷‡jkb
Bb÷j Ki‡Z wk‡L †dj‡j! GLb g‡b Ki Bb÷j Kiv †Kv‡bv GKwU mdUIq¨vi eënvi Kivi Avi
cÖ‡qvRb †bB| Zvn‡j Avgiv Kx Kie? †ewkifvM eënviKvix mdUIq¨viwU Zvi h‡š¿B †i‡L †`q| wKš‘
G‡Z nvW©wW‡¯‹i A‡bKUv RvqMv bó nq| Avevi A‡bK mgq AvBwmwU hš¿wU cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z Sv‡gjv
m„wó K‡i| ZvB eyw×gv‡bi KvR n‡jv AcÖ‡qvRbxq mdUIq¨vi AvbBb÷j K‡i †djv|
GLb cÖkœ n‡jv AvbBb÷j Kxfv‡e Kie? G KvRwU Ki‡ZI Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi Avgv‡ì
mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K| cÖvq me Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi Kv‡Ri aib GKB| Z‡e GÛª‡qW PvwjZ hš¿ we‡kl
K‡i nv‡Zi Av½y‡ji ¯úk© Øviv cwiPvwjZ A_©vr UvPw¯Œbhy³ ¯§vU©‡dvb¸‡jv †_‡K mdUIq¨vi AvbBb÷j
Kiv LyeB mnR| †mwUsm †_‡K A¨vwcø‡Kkb wm‡j± K‡i wbw`©ó mdUIq¨viwU‡Z UvP Ki‡j c`v©q GKwU
†gby Avm‡e| †mLv‡b AvbBb÷j †jLv RvqMvq UvP Kivi ci mdUIq¨viwU AvbBb÷j n‡q hv‡e|
gvB‡µvmdU DB‡ÛvR-Gi Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g hv wKbv we‡k¦i †ewkifvM gvbyl Zv‡ì AvBwmwU h‡š¿ Z_v
Kw¤úDUv‡i eënvi K‡i _v‡K, †mme hš¿ n‡Z mdUIq¨vi AvbBb÷j Ki‡Z n‡j wb‡Pi avç‡jv
AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
cÖ_‡g ÷vU© evUb †_‡K K‡›Uªvj c¨v‡b‡j †h‡Z n‡e| AZtci Wvej wK¬K K‡i ÔA¨vW Ai wigyfÕ A_ev
ÔAvbBb÷j †cÖvMÖvgÕ -G XzK‡Z n‡e|
Gici †h †cÖvMÖvgwU AvbBb÷j Ki‡Z PvI

†mwU Luy‡R wK¬K K‡i AvbBb÷‡j wK¬K
Ki‡jB dvBjwU AvbBb÷j n‡Z ïiy Ki‡e|
dvBj eo n‡j AvbBb÷j n‡Z GKUz †ewk
mgq jvM‡Z cv‡i| AvbBb÷j Kivi ci
mvaviYZ Kw¤úDUvi wi÷vU© Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e
†Kv‡bv mdUIq¨vi AvbBb÷j Kivi mgq
wbwðZ n‡q Zv Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq fzjµ‡g
KvR Ggb mdUIq¨vi AvbBb÷j n‡Z cv‡i, hvi
cÖwµqv AbymiY K‡i wkÿK wb‡`©wkZ Kvi‡Y †Zvgvi hš¿wU‡Z cybivq mdUIq¨viwU
GKwU mdUIq¨vi AvbBb÷j Ki| Bb÷j Kiv Qvov Pvjv‡bv m¤¢e bvI n‡Z
cv‡i| ZvB G‡ÿ‡Î Avgv‡ì mZK© _vK‡Z
n‡e|
mdUIq¨vi wWwjU
Avgiv Rvwb wWwjU A_© gy‡Q †djv| g~jZ mdUIq¨vi AvbBb÷j Kivi gva¨‡g Avgiv Avgv‡ì AvBwmwU
hš¿ n‡Z Bb÷j Kiv †h‡Kv‡bv mdUIq¨vi gy‡Q †dj‡Z cvwi| wbðqB cÖkœ RvM‡Q Zvn‡j wWwjU w`‡q
Kx Kie? Kw¤úDUvi ev Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv AvBwmwU h‡š¿ †Kv‡bv mdUIq¨vi GKevi Bb÷j Ki‡j
AvbBb÷‡ji gva¨‡g Zv m¤ú~Y© gy‡Q †djv hvq bv| Avevi wbqg bv †g‡b ïay mdUIq¨viwU wWwjU K‡i
w`‡j mdUIq¨viwU gy‡Q †Zv hvqB bv eis Av‡iv mgm¨v ˆZwi K‡i| AvbBb÷j Ki‡j mdUIq¨viwUi
wKQz Ask Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi †iwRw÷ª dvB‡j †_‡K hvq| wbqg AbymiY K‡i wWwjU Ki‡j †h‡Kv‡bv
mdUIq¨vi m¤ú~Y©fv‡e gy‡Q †djv m¤¢e| wb‡P wbqgwU †`Lv‡bv n‡jv| G KvRwU Ki‡ZI Avgv‡ì
mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e|
wWwjU Ki‡Z hv Ki‡Z n‡e : cÖ_‡g c~‡e©i wbq‡g mdUIq¨viwU AvbBb÷j Ki‡Z n‡e| c‡i wb‡Pi
avç‡jv AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
1. cÖ_‡g Kx‡ev‡W©i + r GKmv‡_ †P‡c Run Command Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvici regedit
wj‡L ok evUb wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. dvBj †gby‡Z cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. Export -G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
2
3
4. Acv‡iwUs mdUIq¨vi †h WªvB‡f i‡q‡Q A_v©r C wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. bvg w`‡q dvBjwU †mf Ki‡Z n‡e| GwU LyeB Riywi| †Kv‡bv fzj n‡j hv‡Z wm‡÷g wVK Kiv hvq|
6. AZtci Edit -G cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e|
7
6
7. Find -G †h‡Z n‡e|

8. †h mdUIq¨viwU wWwjU Ki‡Z PvB Zvi bvg LyuR‡Z n‡e, †hgb GLv‡b AUDIALS
9. Find Next -G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
8
9
10. Gfv‡e wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|

11. Gevi Wvb evUb wK¬K K‡i Delete -G wK¬K K‡i Ki‡Z n‡e|
11
10
12. me‡k‡l Kx‡ev‡W©i F3 †P‡c †iwRw÷ªi me RvqMv †_‡K H `jMZ KvR

bv‡gi dvBj¸‡jv gy‡Q w`‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡eB m¤ú~Y© n‡e cy‡iv
AvbBb÷j Ges wWwj‡Ui g‡a¨
mdUIq¨vi wWwjU Kivi cÖwµqv|
cv_©K¨ wba©viY K‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki|
wb‡Ri Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbivcËv Ñ Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm I Gw›UfvBivm

Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm wel‡q Avgiv A‡bK wKQzB B‡Zvg‡a¨ †R‡b
†d‡jwQ| Zey Avgv‡ì AvBwmwU h‡š¿i wbivcËvi K_vwU gv_vq
†i‡L G wel‡q AviI Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| cÖvYx‡`‡n fvBivm Avµg‡Yi
g‡ZvB G fvBivm¸‡jv Avgv‡ì AvBwmwU h‡š¿i ÿwZ K‡i _v‡K|
VIRUS k‡ãi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv Vital Information Resources
Under Siege hvi A_© `vuovq ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Z_¨mg~n
`L‡j †bIqv ev ÿwZ mvab Kiv| 1980 mv‡j G bvgKiY K‡i‡Qb cÖL¨vZ M‡elK ÔUniversity of
New Haven’-Gi Aa¨vcK †d«W †Kv‡nb (Fred Cohen)| fvBivm n‡jv GK ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi hv
Z_¨ I DcvË‡K AvµgY K‡i Ges hvi wb‡Ri msL¨v e„w×i ÿgZv i‡q‡Q| fvBivm Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ‡ek
Ki‡j mvaviYZ msL¨v e„w× n‡Z _v‡K I wewfbœ Z_¨-DcvË‡K AvµgY K‡i Ges GK ch©v‡q †MvUv
Kw¤úDUvi ev AvBwmwU hš¿‡K msµwgZ K‡i APj K‡i †`q| †hgb- eyU fvBivm wW‡¯‹i eyU †m±i‡K
AvµgY K‡i| AwZ cwiwPZ wKQz fvBivm n‡jv †÷vb (Stone), wf‡qbv (Vienna), wmAvBGBP (CIH),
†dvìvi (Folder), Trojan Horse BZ¨vw`|
†Kv‡bvfv‡e Kw¤úDUvi ev AvBwmwU hš¿ fvBiv‡m msµwgZ n‡j Zv µ‡g µ‡g we¯Ívi N‡U| wmwW,
†cbWªvBf wKsev Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bvfv‡e fvBivmhy³ GKwU dvBj fvBivmgy³ Kw¤úDUvi ev †Kv‡bv AvBwmwU
h‡š¿ Pvjv‡j dvB‡ji msµwgZ fvBivm Kw¤úDUvi ev hš¿wUi †g‡gvwi‡Z Ae¯’vb †bq| KvR †kl K‡i
dvBj eÜ Ki‡jI msµwgZ fvBivmwU †g‡gvwi‡Z i‡qB hvq| d‡j fvBivmgy³ Kw¤úDUvi ev AvBwmwU
hš¿ fvBiv‡m AvµvšÍ n‡q c‡o| GKB Ae¯’v N‡U †Kv‡bv fvBivm msµwgZ †cÖvMÖvg ev mdUIq¨vi
Pvjv‡jI|
Gfv‡e †g‡gvwi‡Z ¯’vb `LjKvix fvBivm cieZ©x‡Z Ab¨vb¨ †cÖvMÖvg Ges dvBj‡KI AvµgY K‡i|
†Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv fvBivm ZvrÿwYKfv‡e mKj †cÖvMÖvg I dvBj‡K MÖvm K‡i, Avevi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv fvBivm
ïay bZzb †cÖvMÖvg I dvBj‡KB AvµvšÍ K‡i| dvBj I †cÖvMÖvgmg~n MÖvm Ki‡Z Ki‡Z fvBivm Zvi
B”Qvg‡Zv Kw¤úDUv‡ii Af¨šÍ‡i mvwe©K ÿwZ mvab ïiy K‡i| Gfv‡e GKwU fvBivmgy³ Kw¤úDUvi ax‡i
ax‡i fvBiv‡m msµwgZ nq Ges D³ msµwgZ Kw¤úDUv‡i eëüZ wmwW, nvW©wW¯‹, B›Uvi‡bU BZ¨vwì
gva¨‡g fvBivmwU Ab¨vb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i Qwo‡q c‡o|
Kw¤úDUvi ev AvBwmwU hš¿ fvBivm AvµvšÍ nIqvi j¶Ymg~n:
• †cÖvMÖvg I dvBj Open Ki‡Z ¯^vfvweK mg‡qi †P‡q †ewk mgq jvM‡Q
• †g‡gvwi Kg †`Lv‡”Q d‡j MwZ K‡g †M‡Q
• Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy Ae¯’vq Pjgvb Kv‡Ri mv‡_ mswkøó bq Ggb wKQz AcÖZ¨vwkZ evZ©v cÖ`wk©Z n‡”Q
• bZzb †cÖvMÖvg Bb÷‡ji †ÿ‡Î †ewk mgq jvM‡Q
• Pjgvb Kv‡Ri dvBj¸‡jv †ewk RvqMv `Lj Ki‡Q
• hš¿ Pvjy Kivi mgq Pvjy n‡Z n‡Z eÜ ev kvU WvDb n‡q hv‡”Q wKsev KvR Ki‡Z Ki‡Z nVvr
eÜ n‡q hv‡”Q ev wi÷vU© n‡”Q
• †dvìv‡i we`¨gvb dvBj¸‡jvi bvg cwieZ©b n‡q †M‡Q BZ¨vw`|
fvBivm mvaviYZ hv hv ÿwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i :
• Kw¤úDUv‡i msiwÿZ †Kv‡bv dvBj gy‡Q w`‡Z cv‡i
• †WUv weK…Z ev Corrupt K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i
• Kw¤úDUv‡i KvR Kivi mgq AvPgKv AevwÃZ evZ©v cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡i
• Kw¤úDUvi gwbU‡ii wWm‡cø‡K weK…Z ev Corrupt K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i
• wm‡÷‡gi KvR‡K axiMwZ m¤úbœ K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i|
G Ae¯’v †_‡K gyw³ †c‡Z Avgiv Kx Ki‡Z cvwi? GLv‡bB Gw›UfvBiv‡mi K_v G‡m hvq| †ewkifvM
†ÿ‡Î Gw›UfvBivm Avgv‡ì‡K G Ae¯’v †_‡K gyw³ w`‡Z cv‡i| Kw¤úDUvi ev AvBwmwU h‡š¿i
fvBiv‡mi cÖwZ‡laK n‡jv Gw›UfvBivm| wm‡÷g fvBivm Øviv AvµvšÍ n‡j GwU wbg~©j Ki‡Z nq|
fvBiv‡mi msµgY †_‡K iÿv Ki‡Z Gw›UfvBivm BDwUwjwU eënvi Kiv nq| GB BDwUwjwU¸‡jv cÖ_‡g
AvµvšÍ Kw¤úDUv‡i fvBiv‡mi wP‡ýi mv‡_ cwiwPZ fvBiv‡mi wPý¸‡jvi wgjKiY K‡i| AZtci
Gw›UfvBivm mdUIq¨viwU Zvi c~e©Ávb eënvi K‡i msµwgZ Ae¯’vb †_‡K Avmj †cÖvMÖvg‡K wVK
K‡i| GKwU fv‡jv Gw›UfvBivm mvaviYfv‡e cÖvq me ai‡bi fvBivm wbg~©j Ki‡Z cv‡i| bZzb fvBivm
Avwe®‹…Z nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Gw›UfvBivm Update Ki‡j Gi kw³ I Kvh©ÿgZv cÖwZwbqZ DbœZ nq|
d‡j bZzb bZzb fvBivm aŸsm Ki‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gv‡b A‡bK Gw›UfvBivm i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv fvBivm wPwýZ
K‡i, wbg©~j K‡i Ges cÖwZnZ K‡i| AvRKvj cÖvq cÖ‡Z¨K Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g mdUIq¨v‡ii mv‡_ mshy³
Ae¯’vq Gw›UfvBivm mdUIq¨vi †Ìqv _v‡K| GQvovI GLbKvi Gw›UfvBivm¸‡jv fvBivm AvµgY
Kivi c~‡e©B Zv aŸsm K‡i A_ev eënviKvix‡K mZK© K‡i| d‡j G¸‡jv c~‡e©i Gw›UfvBiv‡mi Zzjbvq
A‡bK †ewk Kvh©Ki| GLv‡b GKwU K_v Aek¨B Avgv‡ì g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h Gw›UfvBivm mdUIq¨vi
memgq nvjbvMv` (Update) ivL‡Z n‡e|
fvBiv‡mi nvZ †_‡K iÿv cvIqvi Rb¨ AvRKvj webvg~‡j¨ B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K Gw›UfvBivm md&UIq¨vi
WvDb‡jvW Ges Bb÷j K‡i AvBwmwU hš¿cvwZi wbivcËv A‡bKvsk wbwðZ Kiv hvq| D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wKQz
Gw›UfvBivm †cÖvMÖv‡gi bvg n‡jv-
• GwfwR Gw›UfvBivm md&UIq¨vi (WvDb‡jvW I‡qemvBU www.avg.com)
• Gwfiv Gw›UfvBivm md&UIq¨vi (WvDb‡jvW I‡qemvBU www.avira.com)
• Gfv÷ Gw›UfvBivm md&UIq¨vi (WvDb‡jvW I‡qemvBU www.avast.com)
Kw¤úDUvi ev Avgv‡ì AvBwmwU hš¿¸‡jv‡K fvBivmgy³ †i‡L eënvi Ki‡Z Avgiv wb‡Pi c×wZ¸‡jv
AbymiY Ki‡Z cvwi|
1. Ab¨ h‡š¿ eëüZ wmwW, †cbWªvBf, †g‡gvwi KvW© BZ¨vw` wb‡Ri h‡š¿ eënv‡ii c~‡e© fvBivm gy³
K‡i †bqv| (Gw›U fvBivm Øviv ¯‹¨vb K‡i †bIqv)
2. Ab¨ Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K KwcK…Z md&UIq¨vi wb‡Ri Kw¤úDUv‡i eënv‡ii Av‡M md&UIq¨viwU‡K
fvBivm gy³ Kiv;
3. Ab¨ h‡š¿i †Kv‡bv dvBj wb‡Ri h‡š¿ eënv‡ii c~‡e© dvBjwU‡K fvBivm gy³ Kiv;
4. B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K †Kv‡bv md&UIq¨vi wb‡Ri Kw¤úDUv‡i WvDb‡jvW K‡i Bb÷j Kivi mg‡q mZK©
_vKv| KviY, WvDb‡jvWK…Z md&UIq¨v‡i fvBivm _vK‡j Zv †_‡K †Zvgvi Kw¤úDUviwUI fvBivm
AvµvšÍ n‡Z cv‡i|
5. Ab¨vb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i ev h‡š¿ eëüZ md&UIq¨vi Kwc K‡i eënvi bv Kiv|
6. Kw¤úDUv‡i fvBivm cÖ‡ek Ki‡j kZK©Zvg~jK evZ©v cÖ`k©b Kivi Rb¨ Gw›UfvBivm md&UIq¨viwU‡K
nvjbvMv` K‡i ivLv cÖ‡qvRb;
7. cÖwZw`‡bi eëüZ Z_¨ ev dvBjmg~n Avjv`v †Kv‡bv wW¯‹ ev †cbWªvB‡f e¨vKAvc ivLv, Z‡e
G‡ÿ‡Î wW¯‹ ev †cbWªvBfwU Aek¨B fvBivm gy³ n‡Z n‡e;
8. B-†gBj Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv| †hgb : m‡›`nRbK †mvm© †_‡K AvMZ B-†gBj open
bv Kiv| Ki‡jI fvBivmgy³ K‡i Zv †Lvjv DwPZ|
9. †Mg dvBj eënv‡ii Av‡M Aek¨B fvBivm †PK Ki‡Z n‡e|
cvmIqvW©
cwiev‡ii mevB evwoi evB‡i †eov‡Z †M‡j mvaviYZ Avgiv evwoi ìRvq Zvjv jvwM‡q hvB| †Kb?
evwoi wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨, ZvB bv| GLb GKUz wPšÍv Ki, Zvjv wRwbmUv Avm‡j Kx? †h †KD
†h‡Kv‡bv Pvwe w`‡q †Zvgvi evwoi ZvjvwU Lyj‡Z cv‡i bv| KviY c„w_exi cÖ‡Z¨KwU Zvjvi Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ
Pvwe i‡q‡Q| GK Zvjvi Pvwe w`‡q Ab¨ GKwU Zvjv †Lvjv hvq bv| Gfv‡e Avgiv Zvjv w`‡q Avgv‡ì
evwomn Ab¨vb¨ wRwb‡mi wbivcËv wbwðZ Kwi| GLb Aek¨ b¤î †Ìqv GK ai‡bi Zvjv †`Lv hvq,
†hLv‡b b¤î wgwj‡q ZvjvwU Lyj‡Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î b¤îwU Pvwei KvR K‡i| wKš‘ wWwRUvj cÖhyw³i G hy‡M
Av‡iv A‡bK wKQzi wbivcËv wb‡q Avgv‡ì wPšÍv Ki‡Z nq| †Zvgiv wbðqB ey‡S †d‡jQ wK‡mi K_v
ejwQ|
wVK a‡iQ, Avgiv Avgv‡ì Z_¨ I Dcv‡Ëi wbivcËvi K_v ejwQ| AvBwmwUi G hy‡M Avgv‡ì ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
Z_¨, DcvË I mdUIq¨vi wbivcËvq GK ai‡bi Zvjv w`‡Z nq| G Zvjvi bvg cvmIqvW©|
†Zvgiv A‡b‡K wbðqB B‡Zvg‡a¨ cvmIqvW© ˆZwi I eënvi K‡i †d‡jQ| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i
eënvi GLb meLv‡b| Avgv‡ì †`kI Gi e¨wZµg bq| Gi cÖmvi hZ evo‡Q wbivcËvi cÖkœwU ZZ
¸iyZ¡c~Y© n‡q DV‡Q| Avgv‡ì e¨w³MZ mKj Z_¨ †hgb e¨vsK GKvD›U, AvqK‡ii wnmve, PvKwii
wewfbœ Z_¨ BZ¨vw` QvovI bvbv Z_¨-DcvË GLb wWwRUvj eë¯’vi AvIZvq Avm‡Q| GQvovI Avgv‡ì
AvBwmwU hš¿cvwZ †hgb Kw¤úDUvi, j¨vcUc, U¨ve‡jU wKsev †gvevBj †dvb¸‡jv mdUIq¨vi Øviv
cwiPvwjZ nq| Avgiv hLb B›Uvi‡bU eënvi Kwi ZLb c„w_exi †h‡Kv‡bv cÖv‡šÍi Kw¤úDUvi ev
AvBwmwU h‡š¿i mv‡_ †hvM‡hvM Ki‡Z cvwi| †Zgwb Ab¨ †h †KD Avgv‡ì h‡š¿i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z
cv‡i| Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi gva¨‡g Avgv‡ì e¨w³MZ †Mvcbxq Z_Ï A‡bï Kv‡Q P‡j
†h‡Z cv‡i wKsev †KD Avgv‡ì h‡š¿i mdUIq¨v‡ii ÿwZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| G Ae¯’v †_‡K iÿv †c‡Z
Avgv‡ì wbivcËv cÖ‡qvRb| Gme Z_¨ I Avgv‡ì h‡š¿i mdUIq¨vimg~n iÿv Ki‡Z cvmIqv‡W©i
†Kv‡bv weKí †bB| cvmIqvW© †Ìqv _vK‡j †h †KD B” Qv Ki‡jB Avgv‡ì Z_¨ wb‡Z cvi‡e bv ev ÿwZ
Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| Z‡e GLv‡b GKwU K_v Aek¨B †R‡b ivL‡Z n‡e hw` †KD eyw× LvwU‡q Avgiv †h
cvmIqvW© w`‡qwQjvg Zv a‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i Zvn‡j †m Avgv‡ì mKj Z_¨ wb‡q wb‡Z cvi‡e| Z_¨ bó
Ki‡Z PvB‡j bó Ki‡Z cvi‡e| A‡bKUv Wzwcø‡KU Pvwe evwb‡q Zvjv Ly‡j †djvi g‡Zv| ZvB cvmIqvW©
ˆZwi Ki‡Z Avgv‡ì A‡bK `ÿ n‡Z n‡e| Ab¨ †KD aviYv Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb mnR cvmIqvW© †hgb
ˆZwi Kiv hv‡e bv Avevi wb‡RB fz‡j †h‡Z cvwi Ggb cvmIqvW© ˆZwi Kiv hv‡e bv|
†ewkifvM gvbyl 123456 ev 654321 ev abcdef G ai‡bi cvmIqvW© ˆZwi K‡i| d‡j cvmIqvW©
†R‡b hvIqv ev a‡i †djv mnR nq| hwÌ A‡bK eënviKvix Abb¨ ev unique cvmIqvW© ˆZwi Kiv‡K
Sv‡gjvi KvR g‡b K‡i| Z_¨-Dcv‡Ëi w`KwU we‡ePbvq wb‡j unique ev †gŠwjK cvmIqvW© ˆZwi Kiv
AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|
mvfv©i, Kw¤úDUvi ev †h‡Kv‡bv AvBwmwU h‡š¿ iwÿZ Z_¨ I Dcv‡Ëi wbivcËv weav‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_
†MvcbxqZv eRvq ivLvi KvRwUI cvmIqvW© K‡i _v‡K| †Zvgvi cvmIqvW© hw` unique bv nq Z‡e:
1. `ye©j cvmIqv‡W©i Kvi‡Y fvBivm mn‡RB AvµgY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2. n¨vKvi‡ì mn‡RB n¨vK Kivi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z †Zvgvi e¨vs‡K ivLv UvKv QvovI
¸iyZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ A‡bï nv‡Z P‡j †h‡Z cv‡i|
3. †Zvgvi mnR cvmIqv‡W©i Kvi‡Y AvBwmwU h‡š¿ iwÿZ Z_¨ bó Kivi my‡hvM ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i|
Kxfv‡e †gŠwjK cvmIqvW© ˆZwi Kiv hvq? GwU GKwU m„Rbkxj KvR| †Zvgvi m„RbkxjZvB †Zvgvi Z_¨
ev mdUIq¨v‡ii wbivcËv I †MvcbxqZv iÿv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î wKQz wbqg †g‡b Pj‡j KvRwU
Ki‡Z Avgv‡ì A‡bK myweav n‡e|
unique cvmIqvW© ˆZwii mgq Avgv‡ì jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e:
wb‡Ri ev cwiev‡ii Kv‡iv bvg ev e¨w³MZ †Kv‡bv Z_¨ mivmwi eënvi bv Kiv| hwÌ cvmIqvW©wU
g‡b ivLvi †ÿ‡Î GwU Avgv‡ì mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K;
msL¨v, wPý I kã eënv‡ii †ÿ‡Î †QvU nv‡Zi Aÿi I eo nv‡Zi Aÿi wgwk‡q w`‡j fv‡jv nq|
G‡Z cvmIqvW©wU m¤ú‡K© A‡bï aviYv Kiv A‡bK KwVb n‡q hv‡e;
cvmIqvW©wU †hb Aek¨B GKUz eo AvKv‡ii nq;
cvmIqvW© g‡b ivLvi Rb¨ AvBwmwU hš¿ ev Wvqwi ev Ab¨ †Kv_vI cvmIqvW© ev Gi Askwe‡kl wj‡L
bv ivLv;
cvmIqvW© g‡b ivLvi Rb¨ wb‡Ri cQ‡›ì GKwU ms‡KZ eënvi Kiv| GwU n‡Z cv‡i wcÖq KweZv,
Mí, †jLK, êÁvwbK Avwe®‹vi ev †Kv‡bv HwZnvwmK NUbv|
G KvR¸‡jvi mv‡_ hw` m„RbkxjZv †hvM nq Z‡e cvmIqvW©wU n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i unique cvmIqvW©|
Avgv‡ì cvmIqvW©¸‡jv n‡Z cv‡i Ggb-
MoriTeChaHina_AmiSunDarVhubanE (cÖvY-iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi)
AmAr_AchE_wateR (ûgvq~b Avn‡g`)
2BornoT2B_tHatisThe? (To be or not to be, that is the
question- From Shakespeare) KvR
4Score&7yrsAGO (Four score and seven years ago- cÖ‡Z¨‡K GKwU K‡i cvmIqvW©
From the Gettysburg Address) ˆZwi K‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki|
Z‡e cvmIqvW© Aek¨B g‡b ivLvi gZ nIqv DwPZ|
cÖvqk cvmIqvW© cwieZ©b KivI GKwU Riywi KvR| Gi gva¨‡g Avgiv Avgv‡ì Z_¨ I mdUIq¨v‡ii
wbivcËv I †MvcbxqZv iÿv Ki‡Z mÿg ne|
I‡q‡e wbivc` _vKv
Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b Z_¨cÖhyw³i eënvi cÖwZwbqZ †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| e¨w³MZfv‡e †gvevBj,
Kw¤cDUv‡ii eënvi †hgb †e‡o‡Q, †Zgwb B›Uvi‡bU ev AbjvB‡bi eënviI µgvMZ †e‡o P‡j‡Q|
hLbB †Kv‡bv Kw¤cDUvi ev †gvevBj wWfvBm ( †dvb, c¨vW, U¨ve BZ¨vw`) AbjvB‡b hy³ _v‡K ZLbB
Gi wbivcËv SzuwK ˆZwi nq| mZK©Zv Ges we‡kl eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i GB SzuwK Kgv‡bv hvq|
GKRb AbjvBb eënviKvix bvbvb Kvi‡Y wewfbœ ai‡bi I‡qemvBU eënvi K‡ib| GLv‡b K‡qKwU
we‡kl we‡kl †¶‡Î I‡q‡e wbivc` _vKvi welqwU Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
K. mvaviY mvBU : eënviKvix‡ì A‡b‡KB Bqvû, nU‡gBj ev wR‡gB‡ji g‡Zv mvaviY Ges
webvg~‡jï B-†gBj †mev eënvi K‡i _v‡Kb| G¸‡jvi cÖwZwU mvB‡U GKvD›U n¨vK nIqvi m¤¢vebv
G‡Kev‡i Dwo‡q †Ìqv hvq bv| n¨vK n‡j Avgv‡ì A‡bK cÖ‡qvRbxq †gBj nvwi‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| Avevi
H GKvD›U eënvi K‡i cÖZviYv ev Abyiƒc KvR n‡Z cv‡i hvi `vq-`vwqZ¡ eënviKvixi Ici eZ©vq|
Gme †¶‡Î wb‡¤œv³ mvaviY mZK©Zv¸‡jv †g‡b Pjv ìKvi
• mnR cvmIqvW© eënvi bv Kiv - A‡b‡KB Zv‡ì B-†gBj GKvD‡›Ui cvmIqvW© wnmv‡e wb‡Ri bvg,
Kx‡ev‡W©i mnR web¨vm (†hgb qwerty ev asdfg ev 123456978) eënvi K‡i| GwU †gv‡UB
msMZ bq| KviY B-†gB‡ji †ÿ‡Î B-‡gBj GKvD›U-B eënviKvixi bvg, hv cÖvq mevB Rv‡b| †h
Kvi‡Y cvmIqvW©wU hw` mnR nq Zvn‡j †h †KD gvÎ K‡qKev‡ii †Póv‡ZB GKvD›UwU n¨vK
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| GRb¨ GKwU RwUj web¨vm eënvi Kiv DwPZ cvmIqvW© wnmv‡e| Ges G‡Z A¶i,
msL¨v we‡kl wPý (!@#& BZ¨vw`) eënvi Kiv DwPZ|
• wbqwgZ cvmIqvW© cwieZ©b Kiv : wKQzw`b ci ci B-†gB‡ji cvmIqvW© cwieZ©b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
• †hme †¶‡Î wØgyLx †fwiwd‡Kk‡bi eë¯’v i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv eënvi Kiv| †hgb, †gvevBj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g
wR‡gBj A¨vKvD›UwUi wbivcËv AviI kw³kvjx Kiv hvq| G Rb¨ wR‡gB‡ji 2 Step
Verificaton AckbwU eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
†cÖvdvBj †_‡K A¨vKvD›U †mwUs‡q †h‡Z n‡e|
2-step verification GLv‡b GwWU Ack‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
†gvevB‡ji b¤îwU w`‡Z n‡e Ges †mÛ †KvW evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
wR‡gBj †_‡K †gvevB‡j GKwU wmwKDwiwU †KvW cvVv‡bv n‡e| †mwU w`‡q †fwidvB
Ack‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
Gici 2-step verificationwU Ab Ki‡Z n‡e|
GLb †KD GB A¨vKvD‡›U AbwaKvi cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zv‡K †gvevBj †KvWwU †c‡Z n‡e Ges eënvi
Ki‡Z n‡e| †h‡nZz †KvWwU GKevi gvÎ eënvi Kiv hv‡e myZivs †KD Av‡Mi †KvWwU Rvb‡Z cvi‡jI
A¨vKvD›UwU _vK‡e wbivc`| GKBfv‡e Bqvû! †gB‡jI Abyiƒc eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv hvq|
mvBevi K¨v‡d ev A‡b‡KB eënvi K‡i Ggb †Kv‡bv Kw¤cDUvi †_‡K B-†gBj eënvi Ki‡j, eënvi
†k‡l Aek¨B A¨vKvD›U †_‡K jM-AvDU Ki‡Z n‡e|
GQvov mvaviY I‡qemvBU eënv‡ii †¶‡ÎI wKQz evowZ mZK©Zv †g‡b Pj‡j wbivc` _vKv hvq| A‡bK
I‡qemvB‡U we‡kl ai‡bi †cÖvMÖvg Bb÷j Kiv _v‡K| I‡qe eªvDRv‡i KzwKR Pvjy _vK‡j Gme
mdUIq¨vi eënviKvixi Kw¤cDUvi I eªvDRv‡ii wewfbœ Z_¨ Ab¨Î cvwV‡q †`q| Gme I‡qemvBU
eënv‡ii mgq mZK© _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv I‡qemvBU eënviKvix‡ì KvQ †_‡K wewfbœ
e¨w³MZ Z_¨ Pvq| we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb bv _vK‡j GB mKj Z_¨ †Ìqvi cÖ‡qvRb bvB|
L. mvgvwRK mvBU : eZ©gv‡b A‡b‡K mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM mvB‡U wb‡Ri e¨w³MZ Z_¨ †i‡L †`b|
e¨w³MZ QweI A‡b‡K †kqvi K‡i _v‡K| d‡j †dmeyK A¨vKvD‡›Ui cvmIqvW© †KD †R‡b †dj‡j Zv‡Z
e¨w³MZ Z‡_ï wbivcËv wewNœZ n‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î B-†gBj mvB‡U †h mKj wbivcËvi K_v D‡jøL Kiv
n‡q‡Q Zvi g‡Zv Abyiƒc eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv Riywi| GQvov mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mvBU eënv‡ii mgq
wb‡¤œv³ mZK©Zv †g‡b Pjv cÖ‡qvRb :
KvD‡K ÔeÜyÕ evbv‡bvi Av‡M Zvi m¤c‡K© wbwðZ nIqv, ev¯Íe Rxe‡b †h †Zvgvi eÜy nIqvi †hvM¨
bq, Zv‡K eÜy bv Kiv
AcwiwPZ KvD‡K eÜy evbv‡bvi mgq Zvi cwiPq m¤c‡K© mg¨Kfv‡e wbwðZ nIqv, GRb¨ Zvi †cÖvdvBj
†`Lv, cvi¯cwiK eÜy‡ì g‡a¨ †KD †Zvgvi cwiwPZ wK-bv †mme welq †`‡L wbwðZ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb
LyeB e¨w³MZ Qwe †dmey‡K cÖKvk Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vKv
†gvevB‡j †dmeyK/B-†gBj eënvi Kivi ci cÖwZeviB jMAvDU Kiv
¯‹zj, mvBevi K¨v‡d‡Z B›Uvi‡bU eënvi Kivi ci mvBb AvDU Kiv
eÜyi ev cwiwPZ Kv‡iv Kw¤cDUvi eënv‡ii mgq mZK© _vKv
†Kv‡bv AcwiwPZ e¨w³i KvQ †_‡K †Kv‡bv †dmeyK Gwcø‡Kkb eënv‡ii Aby‡iva G‡j, wbwðZ
bv n‡q Zv‡Z wK¬K bv Kiv|
M. eq‡mvc‡hvMx mvBU : I‡q‡e A‡bK mvBU i‡q‡Q hv †Kej cÖvßeq¯‹‡ì Rb¨| GB mKj mvB‡U
eq‡mvc‡hvMx bvbvb welq _v‡K hv †Zvgv‡ì Rb¨ Dchy³ bq| G ai‡bi I‡qemvBU eënv‡ii d‡j
wbivcËv wewNœZ Z_v h‡š¿i ¯^vfvweK Kvh©µg e¨vnZ n‡Z cv‡i| wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi j‡¶¨
I‡qemvB‡U `„k¨gvb AbvKvw•LZ wPÎ ev weÁvc‡b wK¬K Kiv †_‡K weiZ _vK‡Z n‡e| †Zvgv‡ì Z_¨
cÖhyw³i weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_ ˆbwZK Dbœq‡b m‡Pó n‡Z n‡e|
Kw¤úDUvi I B›Uvi‡bU eënv‡i Avmw³
Avmw³ e‡j GKUv fxwZKi kã Av‡Q Ges mevB wbðqB Gi
mv‡_ cwiwPZ| mvaviYZ Avmw³ kãUv eëüZ nq gv`‡Ki
mv‡_| †Kv‡bv GKRb e¨w³ gv`‡K Avm³ n‡q †M‡j Zvi
RxebUv †Kgbfv‡e bó n‡q hvq Ges †mLvb †_‡K †ei n‡q
Avmv KZ KwVb Avgiv mevB †mUv Rvwb| wKš‘ Z_¨cÖhyw³i
cvVëB‡q Kw¤úDUvi Ges Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡ii g‡Zv Ggb
PgrKvi GKUv wel‡qi mv‡_ Avmw³i g‡Zv fqsKi GKUv
†bwZevPK kã †Kgb K‡i Ry‡o †Ìqv n‡jv †mwU wb‡q
†Zvgv‡ì †KD †KD wbðqB AevK n‡qQ| †Zvgv‡ì †fZi
hv‡ì Kw¤úDUvi Av‡Q, Zv‡ì †KD †KD wbðqB B‡Zvg‡a¨ Kw¤úDUvi †Mg †Lj‡Z †Lj‡Z gv‡S gv‡S
evovevwo K‡i †d‡jQ, †Ljv eÜ K‡i hLb Ab¨ GKUv Riywi KvR Kiv ìKvi ZL‡bv †Ljv †Q‡o DV‡Z
cviQ bv, GiKg AwfÁZv wbðqB Kv‡iv Kv‡iv n‡q‡Q| hv‡ì Kw¤úDUv‡i B›Uvi‡b‡Ui †hvMv‡hvM Av‡Q
Zv‡ì Kv‡iv Kv‡iv nq‡Zv †dmeyK A¨vKvD›U Av‡Q Ges †mB †dmey‡K Zzwg m¤¢eZ wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K©
†Kv‡bv Z_¨ w`‡q Aaxi AvMÖ‡n A‡c¶v K‡iQ KLb †mLv‡b †KD jvBK †`‡e| †dmey‡K †Zvgvi eÜz
evo‡j Zzwg nq‡Zv Avb›` †c‡qQ Ges wVK Kw¤úDUvi †M‡gi g‡ZvB †dmeyK bv‡g mvgvwRK †bUIqv‡K©
†Zvgvi hZUyKz mgq †Ìqv DwPZ †Zvgv‡ì †KD †KD wbðqB Zvi †_‡K A‡bK †ewk mgq w`‡qQ| GUv
nq‡Zv Lye A¯^vfvweK bq †h Zzwg hw` †dmey‡K GZ mgq bv w`‡Z Zvn‡j †Zvgvi cix¶vi dj Av‡iKUz
fv‡jv n‡Zv| Zzwg Av‡iv K‡qKUv PgrKvi eB co‡Z cvi‡Z| gv‡V Av‡iv GKUz †ewk †Lj‡Z cvi‡Z|
fvB-†evb, evev-gv‡K Av‡iKUz †ewk mgq w`‡Z cvi‡Z|
†Zvgv‡ì A‡b‡K Kw¤úDUvi †Mg wKsev †dmey‡Ki g‡Zv †Kv‡bv GKUv mvgvwRK †bUIqv‡K© cÖ‡qvR‡bi
†P‡q A‡bK †ewk mgq e¨q Ki| G‡Z mwZ¨Kv‡ii Rxe‡bi LvwbKUv n‡jI ¶wZ KiQ hviv GgbwU
KiQ Zviv wbðqB GLb Kw¤úDUvi Ges B›Uvi‡bU bv‡g BwZevPK kãwUi mv‡_ Avmw³ bv‡gi
†bwZevPK kãUv Ry‡o‡Ìqvi KviY eyS‡Z †c‡iQ! Avmw³ ej‡Z †evSv‡bv nq hLb †KD Rv‡b KvRwU
Kiv wVK n‡”Q bv ZviciI †mB KvRwU bv K‡i _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| gv`‡Ki R‡b¨ GwU †hgb n‡Z cv‡i
wVK †miKg Kw¤úDUvi Ges B›Uvi‡b‡Ui †ÿ‡ÎI †mwU n‡Z cv‡i| gv`K †hgb Rxe‡bi Rb¨ ¶wZKi,
evovevwo Kiv n‡j Kw¤úDUvi wKsev B›Uvi‡bUI †m iKg ¶wZi KviY n‡Z cv‡i|
Kw¤úDUvi †M‡g Avmw³
Kw¤úDUvi †M‡g Avmw³Uv cÖvq mg‡qB ïiy nq ˆkke †_‡K Ges
†ewki fvM mgqB †mUv N‡U AwffveK‡ì AÁZvi Kvi‡Y|
Kw¤úDUvi GKUv Tool Ges GUv w`‡q bvbv ai‡bi KvR Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i| GB cÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K© GZ my›ì my›ì K_v ejv n‡q‡Q
†h A‡bK mgqB AwffveKiv a‡i †bb GUv w`‡q hv wKQz Kiv nq
†mUvB eywS fv‡jv, ZvB hLb Zviv †`‡Lb Zv‡ì mšÍv‡biv `xN©
mgq Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvg‡b e‡m Av‡Q Zviv eyS‡Z cv‡ib bv Zvi
gv‡S mZK© nIqvi e¨vcvi i‡q‡Q| Kw¤úDUvi †Mg GK ai‡bi
we‡bv`b Ges GB we‡bv`‡bi bvbv iKg gvÎv i‡q‡Q| hviv †mwU
†Lj‡Q Zviv †mUv‡K wbQK we‡bv`b wn‡m‡e wb‡q gvÎvi †fZ‡i eënvi Ki‡j †mwU †h‡Kv‡bv my¯’
we‡bv`‡bi g‡ZvB n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ cÖvq mgqB †mwU N‡U bv| †`Lv †M‡Q GKwU †QvU wkï †_‡K c~Y©
eq¯‹ gvbyl ch©šÍ mevB Kw¤úDUvi †M‡g Avm³ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| †Kvwiqvq GKRb gvbyl Uvbv cÂvk
NÈv Kw¤úDUvi †Mg †L‡j g„Zzï †Kv‡j X‡j c‡owQj, Px‡bi GK `¤úwZ Kw¤úDUvi †Mg †Ljvi A_©
†RvMvo Ki‡Z Zv‡ì wkï mšÍvb‡K weµq K‡i w`‡qwQj| GB D`vniY¸‡jv Avgv‡ì g‡b Kwi‡q †`q
Kw¤úDUvi †M‡g Avm³ n‡q hvIqv †gv‡UI wewPÎ wKQz bq Ges GKUz mZK© bv _vK‡j GKRb Lye
mn‡RB Avm³ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
Kw¤úDUvi wKsev Kw¤úDUvi †M‡g Avmw³i welqUv †h‡nZz bZzb, ZvB †mMy‡jv wb‡q M‡elYv GL‡bv Lye
†ewk nqwb| wKš‘ fwel¨‡Z cy‡iv welqwU wb‡q M‡elKiv Av‡iv wbwðZfv‡e w`K-wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
GLbB M‡elYvq †`Lv †M‡Q †Kv‡bv GKUv Kw¤úDUvi †M‡g Zxeªfv‡e Avm³ GKRb gvby‡li gw¯Í‡®‹
we‡kl D‡ËRK ivmvqwbK `ª‡eï Avwef©ve nq| ïay ZvB bq hviv mßv‡n AšÍZ Qq w`b Uvbv `k NÈv
K‡i Kw¤úDUvi eënvi K‡i Zv‡ì gw¯Í‡®‹ i MV‡bI GK ai‡bi cwieZ©b n‡q hvq|
Kv‡RB Kw¤úDUvi †Mg PgrKvi GKUv we‡bv`b n‡Z cv‡iÑ wKš‘ G‡Z Avm³ nIqv Lye mnR Ges Zvi
cwiYwZ †gv‡UI fv‡jv bq, †mUv mevB‡K g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e|
mvgvwRK †bUIqv‡K© Avmw³
gvbyl mvgvwRK cÖvYx Ges gvby‡li wb‡R‡ì †fZi memg‡qB GKai‡bi mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM wQjÑ wKš‘
B`vbxs mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi K_v ejv n‡j †mwU gvbe mf¨Zvi †mB wPišÍb mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM ev
mvgvwRK †bUIqv‡K©i K_v bv eywS‡q B›Uvi‡bU-wbf©i m¤ú~Y© wfbœ GK ai‡bi †bUIqv‡K©i K_v †evSv‡bv
nq| †dmeyK, UzBUvi, Bb÷vMÖvg, ¸MjcøvmÑ G ai‡bi A‡bK mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM mvBU i‡q‡Q
†h¸‡jv‡Z gvbyl wb‡R‡ì cwiwPZ‡ì mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ivL‡Z cv‡i| GK mgq GB mvBU¸‡jv wQj Kg
eqmx ZiyY-ZiyYx‡ì R‡b¨, GLb me eqmx gvbylB †mwU eënvi K‡i| ïay †h G‡K A‡bï mv‡_
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi R‡b¨ GwU eënvi K‡i Zv bq, GKUv we‡kl Av`k© ev gZev`‡K cÖwZwôZ Kivi R‡bÏ
GwU eënvi Kiv nq| †h D‡Ï‡k¨ GwU ïiy n‡qwQj hw` GwU †mB D‡Ï‡kï gv‡S mxgve× _vKZ
Zvn‡j GwU †Kv‡bv mgm¨vi Rb¥ w`Z bv, wKš‘ `yfv©M¨RbK n‡jI mwZ¨ mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM mvB‡U
Avmw³ ax‡i ax‡i mviv c„w_exi R‡b¨B GKUv eo mgm¨v n‡q ùvwo‡q †h‡Z ïiy Ki‡Q|
g‡bvweÁvbxiv GUv wb‡q M‡elYv ïiy K‡i‡Qb Ges GLb GwU †gvUvgywUfv‡e wbwðZ ejv hvq GB
mvBU¸‡jvi mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i, †m¸‡jv KZ `¶Zvi mv‡_ eënviKvix‡ì Avm³ Ki‡Z cv‡i| cy‡iv
Kg©c×wZi gv‡SB †h welqwU i‡q‡Q †mwU n‡” Q KZ †ewkevi Ges KZ †ewk mgq GKRb‡K GB
mvBU¸‡jv‡Z †U‡b Avbv hvq Ges Zv‡ì‡K w`‡q †Kv‡bv GKUv wKQz Kiv‡bv hvq| †h hZ †ewkevi GB
mvBU eënvi Ki‡e †mB mvBUwU ZZ †ewk mdj wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e Ges Aek¨B †mwU ZZ †ewk
UvKv DcvR©b Ki‡e| Kv‡RB †KD hw` AZ¨šÍ mZK© bv _v‡K Zvn‡j Zvi GB mvBU¸‡jv‡Z cy‡ivcywi
Avm³ n‡q hvevi Lye eo GKUv Avk¼v i‡q‡Q|
g‡bvweÁvbxiv GB mvBU¸‡jv we‡kølY K‡i Av‡iv GKwU †KŠZ‚n‡jvÏxcK welq Avwe®‹vi K‡i‡Qb| me
gvby‡li †fZ‡iB wb‡R‡K cÖKvk Kivi GKUv e¨vcvi i‡q‡Q wKsev wb‡R‡K wb‡q gy» _vKvi GK ai‡bi
my&ß AvKv•¶v _v‡K, †mUv‡K g‡bvweÁv‡bi fvlvq Narcissism e‡jÑ mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mvBU¸‡jv‡Z
gvby‡li GB myß evmbv‡K RvMÖZ K‡i †`q| mevi †fZiB ZLb wb‡R‡K RbwcÖq K‡i †Zvjvi GK ai‡bi
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv ïiy nq| †R‡b †nvK bv †R‡b †nvK eënviKvixiv wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K© AZ¨šÍ Zz”Q LyuwUbvwU Z_¨
mevi mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z _v‡K, †KD †mwU †`L‡j †m Lywk nq, †KD cQ›` Ki‡j Av‡iv †ewk Lywk
nq| cy‡iv cÖwµqvwU A‡bKUv gv`‡Ki g‡Zv KvR K‡i Ges GKRb eënviKvix NÈvi ci N›Uv GB
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì mgq AcPq Ki‡Z _v‡K| mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GB AvKvkPz¤^x RbwcÖqZvi
Kvi‡Y mviv c„w_ex‡Z A‡bK mg‡qi AcPq n‡”Q|
Avmw³ †_‡K gy³ _vKvi Dcvq

Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ †R‡bwQ gv`‡Ki b¨vq Kw¤úDUvi †Mg ev mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM mvB‡UI Avmw³ n‡Z cv‡i|
ZvB gv`‡K Avmw³i R‡b¨ hv hv mwZ¨, Kw¤úDUvi †Mg ev mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mvB‡U Avmw³i R‡bÏ
†m¸‡jv mwZ¨| ZvB Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi GKevi Avm³ n‡q hvevi ci †mLvb †_‡K gy³ nIqvi †Póv Kiv
†_‡K KL‡bvB Avm³ bv nIqv A‡bK †ewk eyw×gv‡bi KvR| hviv GB Avmw³i e¨vcviwU Rv‡b bv Zv‡ì
c‡¶ Avm³ n‡q hvevi GKUv Avk¼v _v‡K| wKš‘ †Zvgiv hviv GB †jLv¸‡jv coQ, Zviv wbðqB mZK©
_vK‡e †hb mn‡RB Avm³ bv n‡q hvI|
Kw¤úDUvi †Mg GK ai‡bi we‡bv`b, Kv‡RB hviv Kw¤úDUvi †Mg †Lj‡e Zv‡ì‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e Ab¨
†h‡Kv‡bv we‡bv`‡bi R‡b¨ †hUv mwZ¨ Kw¤úDUvi †Mg †Ljvi †ejv‡ZI †mUv mwZ¨| Kw¤úDUvi GK
ai‡bi cÖhyw³| ZvB A‡b‡KB Kw¤úDUvi eënvi K‡i Kiv †h‡Kv‡bv KvR‡KB cÖhyw³i GK ai‡bi
eënvi e‡j g‡b K‡i, †mUv †gv‡UI mwZ¨ bq| Kw¤úDUvi †Mg †L‡j †gv‡UI Kw¤úDUvi cÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K©
fv‡jv Ávb nq bv, †Ljvi Avb›Ùv nq| Kv‡RB KL‡bvB Kw¤úDUvi †Mg †Ljvi Kvi‡Y wb‡Ri ˆ`bw›`b
Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡R †hb e¨vNvZ bv N‡U †mwU m¤ú‡K© wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e|
Avkv Kiv hv‡”Q †Zvgiv KL‡bv Kw¤úDUvi †M‡g Avm³ n‡e bv,
wVK †miKg †Zvgv‡ì Pvicv‡k hviv Av‡Q Zv‡ì‡KI Kw¤úDUvi
†M‡g Avm³ n‡Z †`‡e bv| hviv Kw¤úDUvi †M‡g Avm³ n‡q hvq,
Zv‡ì wKQz mywbw`©ó j¶Y _v‡K| †hgb Zv‡ì gv_vq mve©¶wYK
ïay †mB †MgUvi fvebvB †Ljv K‡i, hLbB Zviv †mB †MgwU
†Lj‡Z e‡m Zv‡ì †fZ‡i GK ai‡bi A¯^vfvweK D‡ËRbv fi
K‡i, Zv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi KvRK‡g© e¨vNvZ NU‡Z _v‡K|
†jLvcovq Ag‡bv‡hvMx n‡q I‡V| †Rvi K‡i Zv‡ì‡K GB †Ljv
†_‡K weiZ ivLv n‡j Zv‡ì kvixwiK A¯^w¯Í n‡Z _v‡K| me‡P‡q †hUv f‡qi K_v, A‡bK Kó K‡i
GB Avmw³ †_‡K gy³ nIqv †M‡jI nVvr K‡i †Kv‡bv GKUv Kvi‡Y Avevi †mB Avmw³ wd‡i Avm‡Z
cv‡i| hviv †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y Kw¤úDUvi †M‡g Avm³ n‡q hvq Zviv hw` GB Avmw³ †_‡K gy³ n‡Z Pvq
Zvn‡j mevi Av‡M wb‡Ri Kv‡Q ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e †h Zv‡ì Avmw³ R‡b¥‡Q| Zvici Zv‡K
Rxe‡bi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq Kx Kx Zvi GKUv ZvwjKv Ki‡Z n‡e| †mB ZvwjKvq Kw¤úDUvi †M‡gi
RvqMvUzKy †Kv_vq †mwU wb‡R‡K †evSv‡Z n‡e| Zvi Rxe‡bi mgm¨v¸‡jviI GKUv ZvwjKv Ki‡Z n‡e|
†mB ZvwjKvi mgm¨v¸‡jvi †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwU Kw¤úDUvi †M‡gi Kvi‡Y n‡q‡Q †mUvI wb‡R‡K †evSv‡Z
n‡e| Zvici Rxe‡bi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© KvR †jLvcov, †nvgIqvK©, gv‡V †Ljvayjv, Extra Curricular
Activities, cwiev‡ii mv‡_ mgq KvUv‡bv, †¯^”
Qv‡mevg~jK Kv‡R mewKQzi R‡b¨ mgq fvM K‡i ivL‡Z
n‡e| †mB me wKQz Kivi ci hw` †Kv‡bv mgq cvIqv hvq ïay Zvn‡jB Kw¤úDUvi †Mg †Lj‡e e‡j wVK
K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| ax‡i ax‡i Kw¤úDUvi †M‡g mgq Kwg‡q G‡b wb‡R‡K Ab¨vb¨ m„Rbkxj Kv‡R e¨¯Í
ivL‡Z n‡e|
hviv mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM mvB‡U Avm³ n‡q †M‡Q Zv‡ì †ejv‡ZI Avmw³ †_‡K gy³ nIqvi R‡b¨
GKBfv‡e AMÖmi n‡Z n‡e| cÖ_‡g wb‡R‡K †evSv‡Z n‡e GB ai‡bi mvB‡U AwZwi³ mgq †Ìqv
Avm‡j GK ai‡bi Avmw³| cÖ‡Z¨Kevi hLb mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM mvB‡U wKQz GKUv †`L‡Z B” Qv Ki‡e
ZLb wb‡R‡K wR‡Ám Ki‡Z n‡e mwZ¨ wK Zvi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q? hw` cÖ‡qvRb bv _v‡K Zvn‡j wb‡R‡K
wbe„Ë Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨Kevi †hvMv‡hvM mvB‡U XzK‡j †mLv‡b KZUzKz mgq †Ìqv n‡q‡Q †mUv †Kv_vI
wj‡L ivL‡Z n‡e| w`‡b KZ NÈv mgq †Ìqv nq, mßv‡n KZ NÈv, gv‡m KZ NÈv †mUv wnmve K‡i
†mB mgqUv‡Z mwZ¨Kv‡ii †Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡j KZUzKz KvR Kiv †hZ †mUv wb‡R‡K †evSv‡Z n‡e|
mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM mvB‡U Avmw³ Kgv‡Z n‡j †mLvb †_‡K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb †bB Ggb gvbyl‡ì
KvUQvU K‡i msL¨v Kwg‡q Avb‡Z n‡e| Ab¨ me KvR †kl nIqvi ci mgq _vK‡jB GB mvB‡U †XvKv
hv‡eÑ GwU wb‡R‡K †evSv‡Z n‡e| cix¶v wKsev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© B‡f›U-Gi mv‡_ mvgvwRK
†hvMv‡hvM mvBU Deactivate K‡i †djvi Af¨vm Ki‡Z n‡e| Gfv‡e ax‡i ax‡i wb‡R‡K Af¨¯Í K‡i
Avmw³UzKz Kgv‡Z Kgv‡Z GK mgq c~Y©fv‡e gy³ n‡Z n‡e|
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU gyn~Z© g~jëvb| †mB gyn~Z©¸‡jv mwZ¨Kvi Kv‡R e¨q bv K‡i †Kv‡bv
GKwU Avmw³i †cQ‡b e¨q Kiv Lye eo Aciva!
cvB‡iwm
†jLK, wkíxmn m„Rbkxj Kg©x‡ì Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì m„óKg©‡K msi¶Y Kivi AwaKvi †Ìqv KwcivBU
AvB‡bi j¶¨| mvaviYfv‡e, GKwU gyw`ªZ cy¯Í‡Ki KwcivBU f½ K‡i †mwU cybgy©`ªY Kiv h‡_ó
Sv‡gjvc~Y© Ges e¨qeûj| wKš‘ Kw¤úDUv‡ii †ejvq †h‡Kv‡bv wKQzi ÔKwcÕ ev ÔAweKj cÖwZwjwcÕ ˆZwi
Kiv LyeB mnR KvR| GRb¨ GgbwK we‡klÁ nIqviI cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv| G Kvi‡Y Kw¤úDUvi
mdUIq¨vi, Kw¤úDUv‡i Kiv m„Rbkxj Kg© †hgb Qwe, Gwb‡gkb BZ¨vwì †ejvq KwcivBU msi¶Y
Kivi Rb¨ evowZ eë¯’v wb‡Z nq| hLbB Giƒc KwcivBU AvB‡bi AvIZvq †Kv‡bv KwcivBU †nvìv‡ii
AwaKvi ¶zYœ nq ZLbB KwcivBU wewNœZ n‡q‡Q e‡j a‡i †bIqv hvq| GB ai‡bi NUbv‡K mvaviYfv‡e
cvB‡iwm ev mdUIq¨vi cvB‡iwm bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
KwcivBU AvB‡bi AvIZvq mswkøó D‡`¨v³v, wbg©vZv ev †cÖvMÖvgvi Zv‡ì Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨v‡ii
†gav¯^Z¡ msi¶Y Ki‡Z cv‡ib| d‡j, Zv‡ì AbygwZ e¨ZxZ IB mdUIq¨v‡ii cÖwZwjwc Kiv ev †mwUi
cwigvR©bv K‡i bZzb wKQy m„wó Kiv AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z A‰ea n‡q hvq| d‡j, Kwc ev bZzb m„wói
AvBbMZ wfwË Avi _v‡K bv| Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨v‡ii cvB‡iwm †mvRv n‡jI wek¦e¨vcx cvB‡iwmi
cÖ‡Kvc Lye †ewk GK_v ejv hvq bv| eo eo mdUIq¨vi †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jv Zv‡ì †gav¯^Z¡ msi¶Y I
wek¦e¨vcx cvB‡iwm bRi`vwi Kivi Rb¨ weR‡bm mdUIq¨vi Gjv‡qÝ (BSA) bv‡g GKwU ms¯’v ˆZwi
K‡i‡Q| ms¯’vwUi 2011 mv‡ji cÖwZ‡e`‡b ejv n‡q‡QÑcv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi eënviKvix‡ì cÖwZ 10
R‡bi g‡a¨ 7 RbB cvB‡iwmgy³| †h‡nZz mdUIq¨vi cvB‡iwm LyeB mnR, ZvB Gi wnmve KivUv KwVbB
e‡U| evsjv‡`‡kI mdUIq¨vi cvB‡iwm wbwl×|
KwcivBU AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
KwcivBU AvBb m…Rbkxj K‡g©i mªóv‡K wbw`©ó mgq ch©šÍ Zvi m…óK‡g©i Ici ÔgvwjKvbvÕ ev
¯^Z¡vwaKvi †`q| d‡j, †Kv‡bv m…óK‡g©i evwYwR¨K g~j¨ _vK‡j †mwU Zvi mªóvB cvb, Abïv bb| †h‡nZy
cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡li †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ A_© cÖ‡qvRb, †m‡nZy Kwe, mvwnwZ¨K, Pjw”PÎ wbg©vZv, mdUIq¨vi
wbg©vZv, I‡qemvBU wWRvBbKvix meviB UvKvi cÖ‡qvRb| Zviv Zv‡ì m…Rbkxj Kg© m…wói Rb¨ cwikªg,
†gav Ges KL‡bv KL‡bv A_©I wewb‡qvM K‡ib| Kv‡RB, m…óKg© wewµ ev wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g Zvu‡K Zvi
wewb‡qv‡Mi mydj Zyj‡Z †Ìqv DwPZ e‡j g‡b K‡ib A‡b‡KB| KwcivBU AvB‡bi AvIZvq cÖvß
AvBbMZ AwaKvi Zv‡ì †mB myweavB †`q|
hw` †Kv‡bv wkíx ev †cÖvMÖvgvi †`L‡Z cvb †h, Zvi `xN©w`‡bi kªg I †gavi dmj Abïv †Kv‡bviƒc ¯^xK…wZ
ev wewbgq g~j¨ (cÖ‡hvR¨ †¶‡Î) Qvov Dc‡fvM ev eënvi Ki‡Q Zvn‡j wZwb wbiyrmvwnZ n‡q c‡ob|
KwcivBU AvB‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv m…Rbkxj Kg©x‡ì GB wbiyrmvwnZ nIqv †_‡K i¶v K‡i|
Z_¨ AwaKvi I wbivcËv
Z‡_ï Aeva cÖevn Ges RbM‡Yi Z_¨ AwaKvi wbwðZKi‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k Z_¨ AwaKvi
(Right to Information) AvBb cÖYxZ I ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡” Q| MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b wPšÍv,
we‡eK I evK-¯^vaxbZv I Z_¨ cÖvwßi AwaKvi bvMwiKM‡Yi Ab¨Zg †gŠwjK AwaKvi wnmv‡e ¯^xK…Z|
†h‡nZz RbMY cÖRvZ‡š¿i mKj ¶gZvi gvwjK I RbM‡Yi ¶gZvq‡bi Rb¨ Z_¨ AwaKvi wbwðZ Kivi
Rb¨ 2009 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k ÒZ_¨ AwaKvi AvBb 2009Ó bv‡g GKwU AvBb Pvjy n‡q‡Q| GB AvB‡bi
AvIZvq KZ©…c‡¶i wbKU n‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki Z_¨ jv‡fi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q Ges †Kv‡bv bvMwi‡Ki
Aby‡iv‡ai †cÖw¶‡Z mswkøó KZ©…c¶ Zv‡K Z_¨ mieivn Ki‡Z eva¨ _v‡Kb| GB AvB‡bi gva¨‡g
RbM‡Yi Z_¨ AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv n‡j miKvwi, ¯^vqËkvwmZ I mswewae× ms¯’v Ges miKvwi I
we‡`wk A_©vq‡b m„ó ev cwiPvwjZ †emiKvwi ms¯’vi ¯^”
QZv I Revew`wnZv e„w×, `yb©xwZ nªvm I mykvmb
cÖwZwôZ n‡e| GB AvB‡b RbM‡Yi Z_¨ AwaKvi wbwðZ Kivi cvkvcvwk ms¯’vmg~n‡K Z_¨ msi¶Y
Kivi wb‡`©kbv †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| d‡j RbM‡Yi †h‡Kv‡bv wel‡q Z_¨ cÖvwß mnR n‡q‡Q|
GB AvB‡bi d‡j A‡b‡Ki c‡¶ iv‡óªi A‡bK ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ Rvbvi GKwU my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b
Kiv nq| wKš‘ cÖK…Zc‡¶ †h mKj Z‡_ï †MvcbxqZvi m‡½ iv‡óªi wbivcËvi welqwU RwoZ, †m mKj
†¶‡Î Z_¨ AwaKvi AvB‡bi AvIZvq Z_¨ cÖKvk‡K eva¨Zvg~jK ivLv nqwb| †hgb aiv hvK cix¶vi
cÖkœcÎ| cix¶vi Av‡MB cÖkœcÎ cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ †Kv‡bv ms¯’v‡K GB AvB‡bi AvIZvq eva¨ Kiv n‡j Zv
m¤c~Y© cix¶v c×wZ‡K cÖkœwe× Ki‡e, hv Kvw•ÿZ bq| G Kvi‡Y cix¶vi cÖkœc‡Îi wbivcËv Z_¨
AwaKvi AvBb msi¶Y K‡i| GKBfv‡e †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi wKQz wKQz †KŠkjMZ, KvwiMwi ev êÁvwbK
Z_¨ cÖKvwkZ n‡j cÖwZôvbwU evwYwR¨Kfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc †¶‡Î †m mKj Z_¨ †Mvcb
ivLvUv GB AvB‡bi j•Nb bq| me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© n‡jv hw` †Kv‡bv Z_¨ cÖKvk Kiv n‡j †`‡ki wbivcËv,
ALÊZv I mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i cÖwZ ûgwK m„wó nq, Zvn‡j Zv G AvB‡bi AvIZvq cÖKvk‡hvM¨ bq|
GB mKj †¶‡Î AvB‡bi 7g avivq wb‡¤œv³ 20wU welq‡K GB AvB‡bi AvIZvgy³ ivLv n‡q‡Q-
GB AvB‡bi Ab¨vb¨ weavbvewj‡Z hvnv wKQzB _vKzK bv †Kb, †Kv‡bv KZ©…c¶ †Kv‡bv bvMwiK‡K
wb¤œwjwLZ Z_¨mg~n cÖ`vb Kwi‡Z eva¨ _vwK‡e bv, h_v-
(K) †Kv‡bv Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki wbivcËv, ALÊZv I mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i cÖwZ ûgwK nB‡Z cv‡i
GBiƒc Z_¨;
(L) ciivóªbxwZi †Kv‡bv welq hvnvi Øviv we‡`wk iv‡óªi A_ev AvšÍR©vwZK †Kv‡bv ms¯’v ev AvÂwjK
†Kv‡bv †RvU ev msMV‡bi mwnZ we`¨gvb m¤cK© ¶zYœ nB‡Z cv‡i GBiƒc Z_¨;
(M) †Kv‡bv we‡`wk miKv‡ii wbKU nB‡Z cÖvß †Kv‡bv †Mvcbxq Z_¨;
(N) †Kv‡bv Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki d‡j †Kv‡bv Z…Zxq c‡¶i eyw×e„wËK m¤ú‡ì AwaKvi ¶wZMÖ¯Í nB‡Z
cv‡i GBiƒc evwYwR¨K ev eëmvwqK AšÍwb©wnZ †MvcbxqZv welqK, KwcivBU ev eyw×e„wËK m¤c`
(Intellectual Property Right) m¤cwK©Z Z_¨;
(O) †Kv‡bv Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki d‡j †Kv‡bv we‡kl e¨w³ ev ms¯’v‡K jvfevb ev ¶wZMÖ¯Í Kwi‡Z cv‡i GBiƒc
wb‡¤œv³ Z_¨, h_vt
(A) AvqKi, ïé, f¨vU I AveMvwi AvBb, ev‡RU ev Kinvi cwieZ©b msµvšÍ †Kv‡bv AvMvg Z_¨;
(Av)gy`ªvi wewbgq I my‡ì nvi cwieZ©bRwbZ †Kv‡bv AvMvg Z_¨;
(B) e¨vsKmn Avw_©K cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni cwiPvjbv I Z`viwK msµvšÍ †Kv‡bv AvMvg Z_¨;
(P) †Kv‡bv Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki d‡j cÖPwjZ AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM evavMÖ¯Í nB‡Z cv‡i ev Aciva e„w× cvB‡Z cv‡i
GBiƒc Z_¨;
(Q) †Kv‡bv Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki d‡j RbM‡Yi wbivcËv wewNœZ nB‡Z cv‡i ev wePvivaxb gvgjvi myôz wePvi
Kvh© e¨vnZ nB‡Z cv‡i GBiƒc Z_¨;
(R) †Kv‡bv Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki d‡j †Kv‡bv e¨w³i e¨w³MZ Rxe‡bi †MvcbxqZv ¶zYœ nB‡Z cv‡i GBiƒc Z_¨;
(S) †Kv‡bv Z_¨ cÖKv‡ki d‡j †Kv‡bv e¨w³i Rxeb ev kvixwiK wbivcËv wec`vcbœ nB‡Z cv‡i GBiƒc
Z_¨;
(T)AvBb cÖ‡qvMKvix ms¯’vi mnvqZvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv e¨w³ KZ©…K †Mvc‡b cÖ`Ë †Kv‡bv Z_¨;
(U) Av`vj‡Z wePvivaxb †Kv‡bv welq Ges hvnv cÖKv‡k Av`vjZ ev UªvBeybv‡ji wb‡lavÁv iwnqv‡Q A_ev
hvnvi cÖKvk Av`vjZ Aegvbbvi kvwgj GBiƒc Z_¨;
(V) Z`šÍvaxb †Kv‡bv welq hvnvi cÖKvk Z`šÍ Kv‡R weNœ NUvB‡Z cv‡i GBiƒc Z_¨;
(W) †Kv‡bv Aciv‡ai Z`šÍ cÖwµqv Ges Acivaxi †MÖdZvi I kvw¯Í‡K cÖfvweZ Kwi‡Z cv‡i GBiƒc Z_¨;
(X) AvBb Abymv‡i †Kej GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ cÖKv‡ki evaëvaKZv iwnqv‡Q GBiƒc Z_¨;
(Y) †KŠkjMZ I evwYwR¨K Kvi‡Y †Mvcb ivLv evÃbxq GBiƒc KvwiMwi ev êÁvwbK M‡elYvjä †Kv‡bv
Z_¨;
(Z) †Kv‡bv µq Kvh©µg m¤c~Y© nBevi c~‡e© ev D³ wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© mswkøó µq ev Dnvi
Kvh©µg msµvšÍ †Kv‡bv Z_¨ ;
(_) RvZxq msm‡ì we‡kl AwaKvi nvwbi KviY nB‡Z cv‡i GBiƒc Z_¨;
(`) †Kv‡bv e¨w³i AvBb Øviv msiw¶Z †Mvcbxq Z_¨;
(a) cix¶vi cÖkœcÎ ev cix¶vq cÖ`Ë b¤î m¤cwK©Z AvMvg Z_¨;

(b) gwš¿cwil` ev, †¶Îg‡Z, Dc‡`óv cwil‡ì êV‡K Dc¯’vcbxq mvi-ms‡¶cmn Avbylw½K
`wjjvw` Ges D³iƒc êV‡Ki Av‡jvPbv I wm×všÍ msµvšÍ †Kv‡bv Z_¨t
Z‡e kZ© _v‡K †h, gwš¿cwil` ev, †¶Îg‡Z, Dc‡`óv cwil` KZ©…K †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ M„nxZ nBevi ci
Abyiƒc wm×v‡šÍi KviY Ges †h mKj wel‡qi Dci wfwË Kwiqv wm×všÍwU M„nxZ nBqv‡Q Dnv cÖKvk Kiv
hvB‡e| Av‡iv kZ© _v‡K †h, GB avivi Aaxb Z_¨ cÖ`vb ¯’wMZ ivwLevi †¶‡Î mswkøó KZ©…c¶‡K Z_¨
Kwgk‡bi c~e©vby‡gv`b MÖnY Kwi‡Z nB‡e|
Kv‡RB †`Lv hvq †h, Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb RbM‡Yi Z_¨ cvevi c_ Db¥y³ I mnR Ki‡jI †hme †¶‡Î
ivóª, cÖwZôvb ev e¨w³i wbivcËv wewNœZ n‡Z cv‡i ,†mme †¶‡Î Z‡_ï wbivcËv msi¶Y K‡i|
mvaviY UªvejïwUs
B‡jKUªwbK hš¿ eënvi Ki‡e A_P KL‡bv †mwU weM‡o hvqwb ev eënv‡ii †ÿ‡Î mgm¨v ˆZwi K‡iwb
Ggb AwfÁZvi gvbyl c„w_ex‡Z weij| wKQz wKQz mgm¨v LyeB mvaviY Avevi wKQz mgm¨v RwUj| mvaviY
mgm¨v¸‡jv A‡bK mgq eënviKvixivB wVK K‡i †dj‡Z cv‡i| RwUj mgm¨vi †ÿ‡Î AwfÁ KviI
gva¨‡g wVK Kiv‡Z nq| Kw¤úDUvi ev AvBwmwU hš¿¸‡jvI Gi e¨wZµg bq| †Zvgiv hviv B‡jKUªwbK
hš¿ eënvi Ki Zviv wbðqB jÿ¨ K‡iQ cÖ‡Z¨KwU h‡š¿i mv‡_ GKwU K‡i g¨vbyqvj ev eënvi
wb‡`©wkKv _v‡K| G wb‡`©wkKvi GKwU êwkó¨ n‡jv Gi †klw`‡K GK ev `ywU c„ôv _v‡K hvi wk‡ivbvg
n‡jv UªvejïwUs| UªvejïwUs As‡k mvaviY mgm¨vi cÖK…wZ I Gi mgvavb †Ìqv _v‡K|
UªvejïwUs n‡”
Q mgm¨vi Drm ev DrcwË¯’j wbY©‡qi cÖwµqv| mvaviYZ wKQz cÖkœ Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq
Ges cvkvcvwk mgvavb †Ìqv _v‡K| eënviKvix Zvi mgm¨vi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx mgvavb Abymi‡Yi gva¨‡g
†ewkifvM‡ÿ‡Î mgm¨vwU mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
g~jZ UªvejïwUs n‡”Q Ggb wKQz hv, GKwU
wbw`©ó mxgvi g‡a¨ †_‡K Ki‡Z nq| Ab¨
†h‡Kv‡bv B‡jKUªwbK h‡š¿i Zzjbvq
Kw¤úDUvi ev AvBwmwU h‡š¿i UªvejïwUs
GKUz †ewkB cÖ‡qvRb nq| Gi GKwU m¤¢ve¨
KviY n‡Z cv‡i G hš¿¸‡jv Avgiv A‡bK
†ewk mgq a‡i eënvi Kwi! ZvB AvBwmwUi
eënviKvix‡ì Aek¨B mvaviY UªvejïwUs
m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e| mvaviYZ
nvW©Iq¨vi m¤úwK©Z mgm¨vi †ÿ‡Î UªvejïwUs
K_vwU eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| wb‡P wKQz
UªvejïwUs wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
µwgK mgm¨v mvaviY mgvavb

1. wm‡÷g Pvjy n‡”Q bv 1. †gBb cvIqvi K¨ve‡ji ms‡hvMwU loose ev wX‡j wKbv †`L‡Z n‡e|
2. †gBb †ev‡W© cvIqvi Avm‡Q wKbv †`L‡Z n‡e|
3. †gBb †ev‡W© hw` cvIqvi bv Av‡m cvIqvi mvcøvB BDwbU
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. ¯’vbxq †Kv‡bv mvwf©m †m›Uv‡i wb‡q AwfÁ KvD‡K †`L‡Z n‡e|
2. wm‡÷g mwVKfv‡e 1. wm‡÷gwU eÜ Ki Ges †gBb wm‡÷g †_‡K cvIqvi K¨vejwU

Pj‡Q wKšÍy gwbU‡i Ly‡j †dj‡Z n‡e (mZK©Zvi Rb¨)|
wKQz †`Lv hv‡”Q 2. †g‡gvwi ¯øU †_‡K mKj i¨vg (RAM) mwi‡q †dj|
bv| 3. GKwU B‡iRvi (Rubber) w`‡q i¨vg-Gi Kv‡b±i¸‡jv‡K N‡l
cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. k³ eªvk w`‡q me¸‡jv i¨vg ¯øU‡K cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. i¨vg Bb÷j bv K‡i Kw¤úDUviwU Pvjy Ki Ges †Kv‡bv beep
mvDÛ nq wKbv †Lqvj Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. hw` beep mvDÛ ïb‡Z cvI Z‡e Kw¤úDUvi eÜ K‡i i¨vg
Bb÷j K‡i Kw¤úDUviwU Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. hw` †Kv‡bv beep mvDÛ nq Z‡e eyS‡Z n‡e i¨vgwU mgm¨vhy³|
8. GeviI Display bv Avm‡j bZzb i¨vg jvMv‡Z n‡e|
9. i¨vg‡K cÖwZ¯’vcb K‡i Avevi †PK Ki| AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î Display
bv nIqvi KviY i¨vg-Gi mgm¨v| †kl ch©šÍ mgvavb bv n‡j ¯’vbxq
†Kv‡bv mvwf©m †m›Uv‡i wb‡q AwfÁ KvD‡K †`Lv‡Z n‡e|
3. wm‡÷g AZ¨šÍ Mig 1. †Kwms wU †Lvj|

n‡q hvq Ges 2. gv`vi‡evW© †_‡K mZK©Zvi mv‡_ CPU Z_v cÖ‡mmi d¨vbwU
A¯^vfvweKfv‡e miv‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ cÖ‡mmi miv‡bv hv‡e bv|
nVvr eÜ n‡q hvq|
3. nq‡Zv †`L‡e †fZ‡i ev heat sink-G cÖPzi ay‡jvevwj R‡g Av‡Q, hv
evqy PjvPj‡K evavMÖ¯’ Ki‡Q| d‡j CPU VvÛv n‡Z cvi‡Q bv|
4. Heat sink Ges d¨vbwU‡K fv‡jvfv‡e cwi®‹vi K‡i cybivq
Bb÷j Ki| Gevi †Kwe‡bUwU eÜ K‡i Kw¤úDUviwU Pvjy Ki‡Z
n‡e|
5. mgvavb bv n‡j ¯’vbxq †Kv‡bv mvwf©m †m›Uv‡i wb‡q AwfÁ
KvD‡K †`Lv‡Z n‡e|

4. †Kv‡bviƒc DËß 1. mZK©Zvi mv‡_ gv`vi‡evW©wU fv‡jv K‡i †`‡L bvI| wjKhy³ ev
nIqv QvovB ÎywUc~Y© K¨vcvwmwUi Dci †_‡K Ly‡j Avm‡Q Giƒc †Pv‡L c‡o
Kw¤úDUviwU K‡qK wKbv †Lqvj Ki| G‡ÿ‡Î K¨vcvwmUi‡K fv‡jv K‡i jvwM‡q
wgwbU cici wb‡jB mgm¨vi mgvavb cvIqv hv‡e|
shutdown n‡q 2. Lye mZK©Zvi mv‡_ Pvjy Ae¯’vq Kw¤úDUviwU †Lqvj Ki †Kv‡bv
hv‡”Q| IC ev K‡¤úvb¨v›U AwZwi³ Zvc Drcv`b Ki‡Q wKbv| Z‡e
mveavb, †evW©Uv †hb shorted bv n‡q hvq| hw` †Zgb nq Z‡e
†givg‡Zi Rb¨ †Zvgvi wbKU¯’ mvwf©m †m›Uv‡i hvIqv Qvov
Dcvq †bB|
5. DB‡ÛvR ivb Kivi 1. Avc‡MÖW Gw›UfvBivm Pvwj‡q nvW©wW‡¯‹ †Kv‡bv cÖKvi fvBivm
mgq AvU‡K ev Av‡Q wKbv †PK K‡i wK¬b K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
n¨vs/Hang n‡q 2. nvW©wW¯‹ †_‡K ¸iyZ¡c~Y© WvUv Ab¨Î e¨vKAvc wb‡q nvW©wW‡¯‹i
hvq| ÒCÓ WªvBf dig¨vU K‡i bZzb K‡i DB‡ÛvR Bb÷j Ki‡Z n‡e|
KvRwU mvwf©m †m›Uv‡i wb‡q AwfÁ KvD‡K w`‡q Kiv‡bv fv‡jv|
6. cvIqvi Ab Ki‡j 1. cÖ_g avc : Kw¤úDUv‡ii cvIqvi Ad Ki Ges †Kwms‡qi
Display Avmvi ci GKcv‡k¦© Ly‡j nvW©wW¯‹, wmwWig wKsev wWwfwW-Gi mv‡_ mshy³
Kw¤ úDUvi Hang WvUv K¨vej Ges cvIqvi K¨vejmg~n mveav‡b Ly‡j †dj Ges
n‡q hvq| G¸‡jv ch©vqµ‡g ¯^ ¯^ ¯’v‡b h_vh_fv‡e ms‡hvM w`‡q cybivq
Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy K‡i †`L| hw` mgm¨v †_‡K hvq Zvn‡jÑ
2. wØZxq avc : gv`vi‡evW© †_‡K RAM, Processor, Power supply
connection cÖ‡Z¨KwU Avjv`vfv‡e cixÿv K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e
†Kv‡bv cÖKvi ÎywU wKsev K¨vej Kv‡bKk‡bi ms‡hvM¯’‡j jyR
Av‡Q wKbv? GiciI hw` GKB mgm¨v _v‡K Zvn‡jÑ
3. Z…Zxq avc : Ab¨ GKwU fv‡jv Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K cÖ‡mmi i¨vg,
nW©wW¯‹ Ges Ab¨vb¨ Avbymw½K hš¿cvwZ GB gv`vi‡ev‡W©
eënvi K‡i cix¶v K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e gv`vi‡evW©wU wVK Av‡Q
wKbv| hw` wVK bv _v‡K Zvn‡j gv`vi‡evW© e`wj‡q †dj‡Z n‡e|
KvRwU mvwf©m †m›Uv‡i wb‡q AwfÁ KvD‡K w`‡q Kiv‡Z n‡e|
†bvU : A‡bK mgq †Kwms‡qi wcQ‡b gv`vi‡evW©wUi Kx‡evW© Ges
gvDm †cv‡U©i ms‡hvM jyR _vK‡jI G ai‡bi mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z
cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î h_vh_fv‡e ms‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e|

7. Kw¤úDUvi Nb Nb 1. Kw¤úDUv‡ii wmwcBDi Dci mshy³ Kzwjs d¨vbwU bv Nyi‡j wKsev
n¨vs K‡i ev chv©ß VvÛv Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j G ai‡bi mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i|
wieyU/wi÷vU© n‡q †m‡ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii cvIqvi Ad K‡i †Kwms Ly‡j Kzwjs
hvq| d¨vbwU‡K fv‡jvfv‡e †PK K‡i cÖ‡qvR‡b bZzb Kzwjs d¨vb ¯’vcb
K‡i bvI| GQvovI Kw¤úDUvi PjvKvjxb †Zvgvi wmwcBDi wcQ‡b
†Kwms-Gi d¨vbwU Ny‡i wKbv ZvI †PK Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. Kw¤úDUv‡i fvBivm _vK‡jI G ai‡bi mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB
Avc‡MÖW Gw›UfvBivm Øviv Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©wW¯‹ WªvB‡fi
cÖwZwU WªvBf wK¬b K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| GQvov A‡bK mgq bZzb
md&UIq¨vi ev †cÖvMÖvg †jvW Kivi Kvi‡YI GwU n‡Z cv‡i|
†m‡ÿ‡Î †cÖvMÖvgwU AvbBb÷j K‡i †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i|
8. Kw¤úDUv‡ii †gUvj 1. Kw¤úDUv‡ii Mv‡q Z_v †gUvj As‡k ¯úk© Ki‡j hw` kK& K‡i
As‡k ¯úk© ev nvZ Zvn‡j eyS‡Z n‡e Kw¤úDUviwU Avw_©s Kiv †bB| †m‡ÿ‡Î
jvM‡j kK& K‡i| GKRb cvi`k©x B‡jKwUªwkqvb Øviv h_vh_fv‡e Avw_©s Kwi‡q
wb‡Z n‡e|
9. Kw¤úDUv‡ii ZvwiL Ges 1. gv`vi‡ev‡W© mshy³ CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide
mgq wVK _v‡K bv| Semiconductor) Gi e¨vUvwiwU Kvh©ÿgZv nviv‡j GwU N‡U|
A_ev G‡¶‡Î GKwU bZzb Abyiƒc e¨vUvwi gv`vi‡ev‡W© jvwM‡q w`‡Z
ev‡qv‡mi †Kv‡bv n‡e|
Ackb cwieZ©b Ki‡j
Zv †mf nq bv|
1. Kw¤úDUv‡ii cvIqvi eÜ K‡i †Kwms Ly‡j gv`vi‡evW© Ges nvW©wW¯‹
10. Boot Disk failure
WªvB‡fi mv‡_ mshy³ †WUv K¨vej Ges cvIqvi mvcøvB BDwbU †_‡K
or nvW©wW‡¯‹ mshy³ cvIqvi K¨vejwUi ms‡hvM¯’‡j †Kv‡bv jyR Av‡Q
Hard disk not wKbv Zv cÖZ¨ÿ K‡i mwVKfv‡e Kv‡b± Ki‡Z n‡e|
found †g‡mR †`Lvq| 2. nvW©wW‡¯‹i wcQ‡bi Rv¤úvi †mwUs WvqvMÖvg AbymiY K‡i
WªvBfwUi Rv¤úvi †mwUs wVK Av‡Q wKbv Zv †`‡L mwVKfv‡e
Rv¤úvi †mwUs Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3. Kw¤úDUvi Pvwj‡q ev‡qv‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i nvW©wW¯‹ WªvBfwU‡K
ev‡qv‡mi Ackb †_‡K A‡Uv wKsev g¨vbyqvwj wW‡U± K‡i wKbv Zv
†`L| hw` mgm¨v mgvavb bv nq Zvn‡j Ab¨ GKwU fv‡jv
Kw¤úDUv‡i †Zvgvi nvW©wW¯‹wU‡K jvwM‡q †`L nvW©wW¯‹wU KvR
K‡i wKbv? hw` KvR bv K‡i Zvn‡j wbwð‡šÍ Ab¨ GKwU nvW©wW¯‹
µq K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ jvwM‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq †cÖvMÖvg Bb÷j K‡i
†dj| KvRwU Aek¨B AwfÁ KvD‡K w`‡q Kiv‡Z n‡e|

11. Out of memory 1. mvaviYZ Kw¤úDUv‡ii AwZwi³ †cÖvMÖvg Bb÷j Ki‡Z wM‡q
or wKsev GKvwaK †cÖvMÖvg GKmv‡_ I‡cb K‡i KvR Ki‡Z †M‡j
G ai‡bi g¨v‡mR cÖ`wk©Z nq|
Not enough
Memory †g‡mR 2. Kw¤úDUv‡i AwZwi³ †cÖvMÖvg Bb÷j Kivi g‡Zv ch©vß †g‡gvwi
†`Lvq| bv _vK‡j G ai‡bi mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| G mgm¨v `~i
Kivi Rb¨ gv`vi‡ev‡W© AwaK i¨vg eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
12. Kx‡evW© KvR Ki‡Q 1. Kw¤úDUviwU eÜ K‡i Kx‡evW©wU †cv‡U©i mv‡_ h_vh_fv‡e
bv ms‡hvM Kiv Av‡Q wKbv †m welqwU jÿ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2. hw` ms‡hvM bv _v‡K wKsev jyR _v‡K Zvn‡j fv‡jvfv‡e ms‡hvM
w`‡q cybivq Kw¤úDUvi Pvjy K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e|
3. Gw›UfvBivm Øviv fvBivm wK¬b K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e|
4. GiciI hw` Kx‡evW© KvR bv K‡i Zvn‡j bZzb Kx‡evW© jvwM‡q
wb‡Z n‡e|
13. gvDm wW‡U± K‡i 1. Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ gvD‡mi K¨vej ms‡hvM wVK Av‡Q wKbv †`L
bv wKsev gvDm KvR Ges fv‡jvfv‡e jvwM‡q cybivq cixÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|
K‡i bv 2. †cvU© cwieZ©b K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e|
3. Ab¨ GKwU fv‡jv gvDm †cv‡U© jvwM‡q †`L‡Z n‡e|
4. ev‡qv‡m cÖ‡ek K‡i †`L gvDm wWR¨vej Kiv Av‡Q wKbv? hw`
_v‡K Gbvej K‡i w`‡q †mf K‡i ev‡qvm †_‡K †ei n‡q
Avm‡Z n‡e|
5. GiciI hw` mgm¨v mgvavb bv nq Zvnv‡j fv‡jv GKwU gvDm
jvwM‡q bvI| mgm¨v mgvavb n‡q hv‡e|
14. gwbU‡i †Kv‡bv 1. cvIqvi †evZvg (ev myBP) Pvjy Av‡Q wKbv|
cvIqvi bvB| 2. AC cvIqvi KW©wU gwbU‡ii †cQ‡b Ges cvIqvi AvDU‡j‡U
fv‡jvfv‡e mshy³ Av‡Q wKbv wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e|
15. gwbU‡ii cvIqvi 1. gwbU‡ii mv‡_ mieivnK…Z wfwWI K¨vejwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii †cQ‡b
Ab/Pvjy wKš‘ c`©vq gReyZfv‡e jvMv‡bv n‡q‡Q wKbv wbwðZ n‡Z n‡e| hw` wfwWI
†Kv‡bv Qwe bvB| K¨ve‡ji Aci cÖvšÍwU ¯’vqxfv‡e gwbU‡ii mv‡_ hy³ bv _v‡K,
Zvn‡j GwU‡K `„pfv‡e jvwM‡q w`‡Z n‡e|
2. eªvBU‡bm (Brightness) Ges KbUªv÷ (Contrast) wVK K‡i
†`L‡Z n‡e|

16. wcÖ›Uv‡i wcÖ›U n‡”Q 1. wcÖ›Uv‡ii mv‡_ cvIqvi K¨vejwU mshy³ Av‡Q wKbv †`L‡Z n‡e|
bv| 2. wcÖ›Uvi Ab/Pvjy Kiv Av‡Q wKbv †`L‡Z n‡e|
3. Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ wcÖ›Uv‡ii †WUv K¨vej mshy³ Av‡Q wKbv
†`L‡Z n‡e|
4. wcÖ›Uv‡ii wfZ‡i †Kv‡bv cÖKvi KvMR wKsev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wKQz
AvU‡K Av‡Q wKbv Zv wcÖ›Uvi Ly‡j fv‡jvfv‡e cixÿv Ki‡Z
n‡e|
5. wcÖ›Uv‡ii KvwU©‡R Kvwj Av‡Q wKbv Zv †`L A_ev wcÖ›Uvi †_‡K
KvwU©RwU Ly‡j fv‡jvfv‡e †b‡o cybivq KvwU©RwU‡K h_vh_
¯’v‡b ¯’vcb K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e|
6. wcª›Uvi Pvjy Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ hw` jvj wKsev weøswKs njy` evwZ
R¡j‡Z _v‡K Zvn‡j wcÖ›Uv‡ii wi‡mU evU‡b Pvc w`‡Z n‡e|
7. hw` mgm¨v mgvavb bv nq Zvn‡j bZzb K‡i wcÖ›Uv‡ii mv‡_
mieivnK…Z WªvBfvi md&UIq¨viwU Bb÷j Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. nvW©Iq¨v‡i AwfÁ †Kv‡bv e¨w³i mv‡_ civgk© Ki‡Z n‡e|
`jMZ KvR
Dc‡iv³ mgm¨vmg~n QvovI Kw¤úDUv‡i Avi Kx Kx
ai‡Yi mgm¨v n‡Z cv‡i Zv Av‡jvPbv K‡i mgvav‡bi
Dcvq wPwýZ Ki|
Abykxjbx
1. †U‡¤úvivwi dvBj †ewk n‡j Kx N‡U?
K. Kw¤úDUvi †¯øv n‡q hvq L. Kw¤úDUv‡ii MwZ †e‡o hvq
M. Gw›UfvBivm KvR K‡i bv N. B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖ‡ek Kiv hvq bv
2. wmwW, wWwfwW ev †cb WªvBf †_‡K mdUIq¨vi Bb÷j Ki‡Z †M‡j †Kvb †cÖvMÖvgwU cÖ_‡g Pvjy nq?
K. Setup L. Autorun
M. Read me N. Restart
3. †KvbwU AvaywbK c„w_exi m¤ú`?
K. Z_¨ L. DcvË
M. Kw¤úDUvi N. B›Uvi‡bU
4. mdUIq¨vi Bb÷j Ki‡Z n‡j Aek¨B †`L‡Z n‡eÑ
i. nvW©Iq¨vi †mwU‡K mv‡cvU© K‡i wKbv
ii. Gw›UfvBivm mdUIq¨viwU eÜ Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv
iii. GWwgwb‡÷ªU‡ii AbygwZ Av‡Q wKbv
wb‡Pi Aby‡ Q`wU c‡o 5 I 6 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
BKivg mv‡ne †`L‡Qb K‡qKw`b a‡i Zvi Kw¤úDUvi nVvr eÜ n‡q hvq Avevi Pvjy nq| AviI jÿ
Ki‡jb Kw¤úDUviwUi Kv‡Ri MwZI K‡g †M‡Q| Zvi g‡b co‡jv eÜzi †cbWªvBf †_‡K GKwU Mvb
Kwc Kivi ci †_‡K GUv ïiy n‡q‡Q|
5. Kw¤úDUv‡ii G Ae¯’vi Rb¨ †KvbwU `vqx n‡Z cv‡i?
K. Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi L. fvBivm mdUIq¨vi
M. BDwUwjwU mdUIq¨vi N. Gw›UfvBivm mdUIq¨vi
6. Gi d‡j BKivg mv‡n‡ei Kw¤úDUv‡iÑ
i. AcÖZ¨vwkZ †Kv‡bv evZ©v cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡i
ii. ivLv dvBj¸‡jvi AvKvi †e‡o †h‡Z cv‡i
ii. †g‡gvwi Kg †`Lv‡Z cv‡i
7. †Zvgvi GK eÜy cÖvqB Kw¤úDUv‡i †Mgm †L‡j| G‡Z Zvi Kx Kx ÿwZ n‡Z cv‡i? eY©bv Ki|
8. ÔKw¤úDUv‡ii mvaviY Uªvejï¨wUs †R‡b ivLv AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©Õ - Dw³wU hyw³mn e¨vL¨v Ki|
Z…Zxq Aa¨vq
Avgvi wkÿvq B›Uvi‡bU
G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l Avgiv-

wWwRUvj Kb‡U‡›Ui aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;
wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î B›Uvi‡b‡Ui ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;
cvV¨wel‡q B›Uvi‡bU eënv‡ii †ÿÎ wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvie;
K¨vwiqvi Dbœq‡b AvBwmwUi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie; Ges
B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i cvVmswkøó wel‡qi GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvie|
Avgvi wk¶vq B›Uvi‡bU 45
wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U
†Kv‡bv Kb‡U›U hw` wWwRUvj DcvË AvKv‡i weivR K‡i, cÖKvwkZ nq wKsev †cÖwiZ-M…nxZ nq Zvn‡j
†mwUB wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U| Z‡e †mwU wWwRUvj ev GbvjM †h‡Kv‡bv c×wZ‡ZB msiw¶Z n‡Z cv‡i|
wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U Kw¤úDUv‡ii dvBj AvKv‡i A_ev wWwRUvj c×wZ‡Z m¤cÖPvwiZ n‡Z cv‡i| wjwLZ
Z_¨, Qwe, kã wKsev wfwWI wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U n‡Z cv‡i| wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U eënv‡ii d‡j Z_¨
Dc¯’vcb I ¯’vbvšÍi mnRZi nq|
wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U-Gi cÖKvi‡f`
wWwRUvj gva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ †h‡Kv‡bv Z_¨, Qwe, kã wKsev meB wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U| Kv‡RB bvbvfv‡e
wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U‡K †kÖwYKiY Kiv hvq| Z‡e, wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U‡K cÖavb PviwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
• †UK÷ ev wjwLZ Kb‡U›U
• Qwe
• kã ev AwWI Ges
• wfwWI I Gwb‡gkb|
†UK÷ ev wjwLZ Kb‡U›U : wWwRUvj gva¨‡g GL‡bv wjwLZ Z‡_ï cwigvYB †ewk| me ai‡bi wjwLZ
Z_¨ GB avivi Kb‡U›U| Gi ga¨ i‡q‡Q wbeÜ, eøM †cv÷, cY¨ ev †mevi ZvwjKv I eY©bv, c‡Yï
g~j¨vqb, B-eyK msev`cÎ, †k¦ZcÎ BZ¨vw`|
Qwe : me ai‡bi Qwe, K¨v‡givq †Zvjv ev nv‡Z AvuKv ev Kw¤úDUv‡i m„ó mKj ai‡bi Qwe GB avivi
Kb‡U›U| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q d‡Uv, nv‡Z AvuKv Qwe, A¼bKiY, KvUz©b, Bb‡dv-MÖvwd·, Gwb‡g‡UW Qwe
BZ¨vw`|
kã ev AwWI : kã ev AwWI AvKv‡ii mKj Kb‡U›U GB cÖKv‡i AšÍf©z³| †h‡Kv‡bv wel‡qi AwWI
dvBjB AwWI Kb‡U›U-Gi cvkvcvwk B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖPvwiZ eªWKv÷ AwWI Kb‡U‡›Ui AšÍf©z³|
wfwWI I Gwb‡gkb : eZ©gv‡b †gvevBj †dv‡bI wfwWI eë¯’v _vKvq wfwWI Kb‡U‡›Ui cwigvY
evo‡Q| BDwUDe ev GB ai‡bi wfwWI †kqvwis mvB‡Ui Kvi‡Y B›Uvi‡b‡U wfwWI Kb‡U‡›Ui cwigvY
w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q| GQvov eZ©gv‡b B›Uvi‡b‡U †Kv‡bv NUbvi wfwWI mivmwi cÖPvwiZ n‡q _v‡K|
GwU‡K ejv nq wfwWI w÷ªwgs| Ggb Kb‡U›UI wfwWI Kb‡U‡›Ui AvIZvfz³|
B-eyK
B-eyK ev B‡jKU«wbK eyK ev B-eB n‡jv gyw`ªZ eB‡qi B‡jKU«wbK iƒc| †h‡nZy, GwU B‡jKU«wbK
gva¨‡g cÖKvwkZ nq †m Kvi‡Y G‡Z kã, A¨vwb‡gkb BZ¨vwÌ Ry‡o †Ìqv hvq| Aek¨ GLb A‡bK B-
eyK †Kej B-eyK AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq| G¸‡jvi gyw`ªZ iƒc _v‡K bv| d‡j A‡b‡KB GLb Avi B-eyK‡K
gyw`ªZ eB‡qi B‡jKU«wbK ms¯‹iY ej‡Z bvivR| G ai‡bi eB †Kej Kw¤úDUvi, ¯§vU©‡dvb ev we‡kl
ai‡bi wiWvi (B-eyK wiWvi) eënvi K‡i cov hvq| cÖPwjZ wiWv‡ii g‡a¨ A¨vgvRb WUK‡gi
(amazon.com) wKÛj (kindle) me‡P‡q RbwcÖq|
B-eyK eënv‡ii myweav

• B-eyK WvDb‡jv‡Wi gva¨‡g Zvr¶wbKfv‡e Z_¨ cvIqv m¤¢e|
• eënvwiKfv‡e B-eyK msi¶‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb jvB‡eªwi ev K‡¶i cÖ‡qvRb †bB, Kw¤úDUvi ev wiwWs
wWfvB‡m B-eyK mn‡R msi¶b Kiv hvq|
• B-eyK mn‡R ¯’vbvšÍi‡hvM¨|
• B-ey‡K Z_¨ AbymÜvb mnRZi|
• B-eyK B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g mieivn Kiv nq e‡j †Kvb ai‡bi wkwcs ev c¨vwKs LiP †bB|
• B-eyK mn‡R weZiY I weµq‡hvM¨|
• B-eyK gy`ªY‡hvM¨ e‡j Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wcÖ›U Kiv m¤¢e, d‡j Avw_©K mvkªq nq|
wewfbœ cÖKvi B-eyK
eZ©gv‡b B-ey‡Ki wewfbœ cÖKvi‡f` †`Lv hvq| wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖKvkbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi B-eyK
i‡q‡Q| Z‡e, mvaviYfv‡e B-eyK‡K wb‡gœv³ cvuPwU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:
• gyw`ªZ eB‡qi ûeû cÖwZwjwc| GB ai‡bi B-eyK¸‡jv g~jZ gyw`ªZ eB‡qi gZB n‡q _v‡K| mPivPi
G¸‡jv wcwWGd (†cv‡U©ej WKz‡g›U dig¨vU) dig¨v‡U cÖKvwkZ n‡q _v‡K| m¤ú~Y© eB GKm‡½
A_ev Aa¨vq wnmv‡e cvIqv hvq|
• †h B-eyK¸‡jv †Kej AbjvB‡b Z_v B›Uvi‡b‡U cov hvq, G¸‡jv mPivPi GBPwUGgGj-G cÖKvwkZ
nq| G¸‡jv‡K eB-Gi I‡qemvBU ejv hvq|
• gyw`ªZ eB-Gi g‡Zv wKš‘ wKQzUv evowZ myweavmn B-eyK| G¸‡jv eB-Gi Kb‡U›U QvovI cvV‡Ki
wb‡Ri †bvU †jLv, k‡ãi A_© Rvbv BZ¨vw` myweav _v‡K| G¸‡jvi †ewkifvMB B-cve (EPUB)
dig¨v‡U cÖKvwkZ nq| Gme B-ey‡Ki †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwU †Kej we‡kl wWfvB‡m cov hvq| †hgb
wdìm ev AvBeyK wiWv‡i covi Dc‡hvMx B-eyK| Z‡e, wdì ev AvBey‡Ki †ÿ‡Î wbR¯^ dig¨vU
i‡q‡Q|
• †PŠKm B-eyK| GB eB¸‡jv‡Z wjwLZ Ask QvovI AwWI/wfwWI/Gwb‡gkb BZ¨vw` mshy³ _v‡K|
GB eB¸‡jv‡K ¯§vU© B-eyK ejv nq| G¸‡jvi Kb‡U›U gvwëwgwWqv mg„×| †hgb G‡Z KzBR
_v‡K| KzB‡Ri DËi Kivi eë¯’vI _v‡K Ges DËi mwVK n‡q‡Q wKbv ZvI B-eyK †_‡KB Rvbv
hvq| GgbwK Gme B-ey‡K wÎgvwÎK QweI hy³ _v‡K| Z‡e, A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Gi Drcv`bKvix ev
wbgv©Zviv G mKj B-eyK Ggb dig¨v‡U ˆZwi K‡ib hv †Kej wbw`©ó nvW©Iq¨v‡i P‡j| †hgb
I‡cb Kw¤úDUv‡m©i ˆZwi AvBeyK †Kej AvBc¨vW ev g¨vK Kw¤úDUv‡i fv‡jvfv‡e cov hvq|
• B-ey‡Ki A¨vcm| G‡ÿ‡Î B-eyKwU wb‡RB GKwU A¨vcm AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq| A¨vcm WvDb‡jvW
K‡i Kw¤úDUvi ev †gvevBj †dv‡b cov hvq| gyw`ªZ eB-Gi g‡Zv B-eyKI KwcivB‡Ui AvIZvq
cÖKvwkZ n‡q _v‡K|
wk¶vq B›Uvi‡bU
Avgiv B-jvwb©s‡qi welqwU c~‡e© Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| †mLv‡b †R‡bwQ †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, wmwW ig,
e¨w³MZ †bUIqvK©, B›Uvi‡bU-BZ¨vw` bvbv iKg gva¨g eënvi K‡i Kxfv‡e wk¶v ev cÖwk¶Y †Ìqv
hvq| G Aa¨v‡q Avgiv Avjv`vfv‡e wk¶vi e¨vcv‡i B›Uvi‡b‡Ui f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kie, hvi A‡bK
wKQzB B‡Zvg‡a¨ †Zvgv‡ì Rvbv n‡q †M‡Q|
†Zvgiv mevB GLb B›Uvi‡bU kãwUi mv‡_ cwiwPZ, A‡b‡K B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡iQ| G cÖhyw³wU mviv
c„w_ex‡Z Lye eo GKwU cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| G cÖhyw³wU eënvi Kivi R‡b¨ Avgv‡ì wKQz AeKvVv‡gv
Ges Avw_©K m”QjZv _vK‡Z nq| B›Uvi‡bU eënvi Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g GKwU Kw¤úDUvi wKsev ¯§vU©
wWfvBm ìKvi| B`vbxs †gvevBj †Uwj‡dvb cÖhyw³‡Z A‡bK DbœwZ n‡q‡Q Ges gvby‡li µqmxgvi
†fZ‡iB Ô¯§vU©‡dvbÕ e‡j we‡ewPZ †Uwj‡dvb P‡j G‡m‡Q| ¯§vU©‡dv‡b B›Uvi‡bU myweav cvIqv hvq|
†h‡nZz G¸‡jv †Uwj‡dvb, ZvB Gi w¯Œb †QvU ZvB wk¶vi R‡b¨ GwU eënvi Kiv GKUz KwVb| Z‡e
Avkvi K_vn‡” Q †h, j¨vcUc Ges ¯§vU©‡dv‡bi gvSvgvwS GKwU m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q †hwU U¨ve‡jU bv‡g
cwiwPZ Ges †mwU wk¶vi Kv‡R Lyye mn‡RB eënvi Kiv hvq| mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z wK A‡bK †Kv¤úvwb GB
U¨ve‡jU‡K gv_vq †i‡L wk¶vi Kv‡R eënvi Kiv m¤¢e †miKg A¨vwcø‡Kkb ˆZwi Ki‡Z ïiy K‡i‡Q|
B›Uvi‡bU eënvi Kivi Dc‡hvMx Kw¤úDUvi, j¨vcUc, U¨ve‡jU wKsev ¯§vU©‡dvb nv‡Z P‡j G‡jB
Avgiv wKš‘ B›Uvi‡bU myweav †fvM Ki‡Z cvwi bv| cÖ‡qvRb nq B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi| †`‡ki me
RvqMvq mgvbfv‡e B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM †bB, ZvB mevB mgvbfv‡e B›Uvi‡b‡U w¯úW cvq bv Ges
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui w¯úW Kg n‡j †mwU eënvi Kiv A‡bK mg‡qB A_©nxb n‡q hvq| Avevi fv‡jv w¯ú‡Wi
B›Uvi‡bU †c‡Z n‡j †h cwigvY UvKv LiP Ki‡Z nq †mwU Avgv‡ì †`‡ki mvaviY gvbyy‡li mvg‡_©ï
evB‡i| Kv‡RB wk¶vq B›Uvi‡bU eënvi Ki‡Z n‡j Avgv‡ì‡K GB B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvMwU A‡bK
mvkÖqx Li‡P QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì nv‡Z Zy‡j w`‡Z n‡e| m¤¢e n‡j webvg~‡j¨ B›Uvi‡bU eënv‡ii eë¯’v
Ki‡Z n‡e|
hw` GB †`‡ki mKj QvÎ-QvÎxi j¨vcUc wKsev U¨ve‡jU eënv‡ii my‡hvM _v‡K Ges `ªyZ MwZi †ewk
e¨vÛ DBW‡_i (Bandwidth) B›Uvi‡bU eënv‡ii my‡hvM _v‡K Zvn‡jB wKš‘ cy‡ivUv †kl n‡q hv‡e
bv| Gic‡ii cÖkœ B›Uvi‡b‡U Avgv‡ì †`‡ki QvÎ-QvÎxiv Kx eënvi Ki‡e? Zv‡ì Dc‡hvMx
contents Kx i‡q‡Q? mwZ¨ K_v ej‡Z wK evsjv fvlvq †m¸‡jv GL‡bv †mfv‡e †bB| †m¸‡jv miKvwi
D‡`¨v‡M wKsev e¨w³MZ ev cÖvwZôvwbK D‡`¨v‡M M‡o DV‡Z ïiy K‡i‡Q| Avgiv Lye `ªyZ †m¸‡jv
B›Uvi‡b‡U †c‡Z ïiy Kie e‡j Avkv KiwQ|
G gyn‚‡Z© wk¶Yxq A‡bK welq B›Uvi‡b‡U cvIqv hvq| †Kv‡bv QvÎ ev QvÎx cov‡jLv Ki‡Z Ki‡Z
†Kv‡bv GKUv welq eyS‡Z bv cvi‡j †m hw` B›Uvi‡b‡U †mwU AbymÜvb K‡iÑ †gvUvgywU wbwðZfv‡e ejv
hvq †m Zvi DËiwU †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bvfv‡e †c‡q hv‡e| GKRb QvÎ ev QvÎx hw` †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó welq
wkL‡Z Pvq wKsev Rvb‡Z Pvq †m B›Uvi‡b‡U Zv Lyu‡R †ei K‡i wb‡Z cvi‡eÑ GR‡b¨ wewfbœ mvP©
BwÄ‡bi cvkvcvwk AZ¨šÍ `¶ mvP© BwÄbI Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Z_¨cÖhyw³we`MY ˆZwi K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e G
mvP© BwÄb¸‡jv eënvi Kivi Rb¨ Bs‡iwR fvlvq `¶Zv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
MwY‡Zi AZ¨šÍ PgrKvi wKQz mvBU i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b MwY‡Zi †h‡Kv‡bv cÖ‡kœi DËi Luy‡R cvIqv hvq|
weÁv‡bi cix¶v-wbix¶v nv‡Z-Kj‡g †`Lvi R‡bÏ mvBU i‡q‡Q| Drmvnx gvby‡liv bvbv wel‡q MÖyc
ˆZwi K‡i †i‡L‡Qb, Zv‡ì Kv‡Q †h‡Kv‡bv cÖkœ †Ìqv n‡j Zviv DËi w`‡Z cv‡ib| evsjvq wk¶v
†`qvi R‡bÏ B›Uvi‡b‡U AZ¨šÍ PgrKvi wKQz mvBU i‡q‡Q|
B›Uvi‡b‡U wk¶vi GKUv wekvj RMr GL‡bv Abvwe®‹…Z i‡q †M‡Q| hLb Avgiv †mwU Avwe®‹vi Ki‡Z
ïiy Kie ZLb m¤ú~Y© bZzb GKwU RMr Avgv‡ì mvg‡b nvwRi n‡e|
B›Uvi‡bU I Avgvi cvV¨ welq¸‡jv
GKRb wk¶K Avm‡j GKUv Av‡jvK wkLvi g‡Zv| wZwb AÜKv‡i Av‡jv †R¡‡j †`b, †mB Av‡jv‡Z
Pviw`K Av‡jvwKZ nq| wkÿv_©xiv †mB Av‡jv‡Z me wKQz †`L‡Z cvq Ges wb‡R‡ì †hUzKz cÖ‡qvRb
wKsev †hUzKz wkL‡Z Pvq †mUzKz wk‡L †bq| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq c„w_exi me©‡kÖô wk¶KI Avm‡j KvD‡K
wKQz †kLv‡Z cv‡ib bvÑ Zviv ïay mvnvh¨ K‡ib, wk¶v_©x‡K wb‡RiB me wKQz wkL‡Z nq|
wk¶vi mv‡_ B›Uvi‡bU kãwU Ry‡o w`‡qI GKwU e¨vcvi g‡b Kwi‡q w`‡Z n‡e, †KD †hb g‡b bv K‡i
fv‡jv B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM wKsev B›Uvi‡b‡U Lye fv‡jv content _vK‡jB ivZvivwZ QvÎQvÎxiv †jLvcovq
Lye fv‡jv n‡q hv‡e| cÖK…Zc‡¶ QvÎQvÎx‡ì GB my‡hvMUv w`‡q bZzb GKwU RMr D‡b¥vPb K‡i †Ìqv
n‡q‡Q gvÎ, †mB RMr †_‡K KZUzKz MÖnY Ki‡e †mUv cy‡ivczwi GKRb wk¶v_©xi e¨vcvi| †Zvgiv
wbðqB j¶ K‡iQ †Zvgv‡ì cwiwPZ †Kv‡bv QvÎ ev QvÎx Kw¤úDUvi Ges B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i kyay
Kw¤úDUvi †Mg †L‡j wKsev mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM mvB‡U mgq bó Ki‡Q| Avevi †mB my‡hvM MÖnY K‡i
Ab¨ †KD Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs wkL‡Q|
†Zvgiv Rv‡bv B›Uvi‡b‡U †Zvgv‡ì mKj cvVëB¸‡jv cvIqv hvq| eQ‡ii ïiy‡Z †Zvgv‡ì nv‡Z
cvVëB¸‡jv †cuŠ‡Q hvq| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y †mB eB hw` †KD nvwi‡q †dj, wKsev bó n‡q hvq †Zvgiv wKš‘
ZLb B‡”Q Ki‡j B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K eB WvDb‡jvW K‡i wb‡Z cvi‡e| †Zvgiv ï‡b Lywk n‡e evsjv‡`‡ki
wk¶v wb‡q AvMÖnx gvby‡liv wg‡j GB eB¸‡jvi md&U Kwc ˆZwi K‡i †m¸‡jv‡Z KÉ w`‡q eB¸‡jv
msi¶Y Ki‡Z ïiy K‡i‡Q †hb `„wócÖwZewÜivI GB eB¸‡jv †_‡K DcK…Z n‡Z cv‡i|
RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW© †_‡K †Zvgv‡ì KvR
R‡b¨ me¸‡jv eB cÖKvk Kiv nq Ges webvg~‡j¨
†Zvgiv Kxfv‡e wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U eënvi
†Zvgv‡ì nv‡Z †cuŠ‡Q †Ìqv nq| Zvi evB‡iI
K‡i DcK…Z n‡Z cvi? B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mnvqZv
†Zvgv‡ì †jLvcovi Kv‡R jvM‡Z cv‡i GiKg wb‡q G wel‡q AbwaK 1000 k‡ãi g‡a¨
A‡bK eB †jLv nq| (GLv‡b wKš‘ †gv‡UI MvBW GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b iPbv Ki|
eB‡qi K_v ejv n‡”Q bvÑ †m¸‡jv KL‡bvB KvD‡K
wkL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i bv|) hviv †mB eB †j‡Lb Zv‡ì A‡b‡KB G eB¸‡jv †Zvgv‡ì eënv‡ii
R‡b¨ B›Uvi‡b‡U w`‡q †`b| evRvi †_‡K UvKv w`‡q eB bv wK‡b †h‡KD G eB¸‡jv B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K
mivmwi bvwg‡q wb‡Z cv‡i| c„w_exi A‡bK †jLKB AvRKvj Zv‡ì eB¸‡jv B›Uvi‡b‡U mevi R‡b¨
Db¥y³ K‡i w`‡Z ïiy K‡i‡Qb| †Zvgiv GKUz †LuvR Ki‡jB †Zvgvi cQ‡›ì A‡bK eB G‡Kev‡i
webvg~‡j¨ B›Uvi‡b‡U †c‡q hv‡e| Z‡e †Zvgv‡K Aek¨B mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e †hb Zzwg KwcivBU AvBb
f½ K‡i Kv‡iv ivLv eB †eAvBwb fv‡e bvwg‡q bv †d‡jv|
Avgiv mevB Rvwb Avgv‡ì cvV¨cy¯Í‡K †hUzKz _v‡K †mUzKz‡Z QvÎQvÎxiv mš‘ó _v‡K bv, Zviv Av‡iv
†ewk Rvb‡Z Pvq| †mR‡b¨ me ¯‹zj-K‡j‡Ri QvÎQvÎxiv Zv‡ì m‡Li welq weÁvb, MwYZ wKsev
mvwn‡Zï K¬ve ˆZwi K‡i| GK mgq Gai‡bi K¬v‡e ïay kvixwiKfv‡e Dcw¯’Z †Q‡j‡g‡qivB Ask wb‡Z
cviZ| B›Uvi‡bU nIqvi Kvi‡Y welqUv GLb cy‡ivcywi Db¥y³ n‡q †M‡Q| GLb mviv †`‡ki GgbwK
mviv c„w_exi †Q‡j‡g‡qiv GB K¬ve¸‡jv‡Z Ask wb‡Z cv‡i| Zviv mevB wg‡j cvVRM‡Zi welq¸‡jv‡K
Ab¨ GKUv ch©v‡q wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
Avgvi fwel¨r K¨vwiqvi I AvBwmwU
fwel¨‡Z AvBwmwUwenxb GKwU w`bI Kíbv Kiv m¤¢e bq| AvBwmwUi me©gyLx eënv‡ii Kvi‡Y †Kv‡bv
cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©x wn‡m‡e †hvM †Ìqv wKsev wb‡RB GKUv cÖwZôvb ˆZwi Dfq †¶‡Î AvBwmwU‡K Gwo‡q
hvIqv m¤¢e n‡e bv|
wb‡Ri K¨vwiqv‡ii †¶‡Î ZvB AvBwmwU‡Z `¶Zv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wb‡R‡K h‡_ó m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e|
mvaviY Awdm mdUIq¨v‡ii eënvi, B›Uvi‡bU, B-†gBj, mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨gmn cÖvq me
wKQy‡ZB cÖv_wgK `¶Zv bv _vK‡j AvMvgx‡Z †Kv_vI PvKwi cvIqv KwVb n‡e| Ab¨w`‡K †cÖvMÖvwgs,
I‡qemvBU wewbg©vY, Kw¤úDUvi wbivcËv BZ¨vw` we‡klvwqZ Kv‡Ri Pvwn`vI wecyj cwigv‡Y e…w×
cv‡”Q| wek¦e¨vcx Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ K¨vwiqvi MV‡bi GKwU eo †ÿÎ| Z_¨ cÖhyw³i cÖavb
DcKiYwU ejv P‡j Kw¤úDUvi| G Kw¤úDUv‡i †h KZkZ KvR Av‡Q Zv KíbvZxZ| Kw¤úDUvi,
B›Uvi‡bU, †gvevBj, Kj †m›Uvi BZ¨vw` meB Gi AšÍfy©³|
Kw¤úDUvi mv‡qÝ, Kw¤úDUvi BwÄwbqvwis, Awdm A‡Uv‡gkb wm‡÷g wWRvBb, AvwU©wdwkqvj
Bw›Uwj‡RÝ, †iv‡evwUK BwÄwbqvwis, †gvevBj KwgDwb‡Kkb, †WUv KwgDwb‡Kkb Ggb nvRviwU
K¨vwiqv‡ii bvg ejv hvq|
we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡Zv evsjv‡`‡kI †cÖvMÖvwgs‡q m¤¢vebvi Øvi w`b w`b D‡b¥vwPZ n‡” Q|
†cÖvMÖvwgs‡qi Pvwn`v eZ©gv‡b A‡bK †ewk| mewKQzB GLb Kw¤úDUvivBRW n‡” Q, wewfbœ mdUIq¨vi
w`‡qB G †cÖvMÖvg ˆZwi Kiv nq| ¯§vU©‡dv‡bi wewfbœ A¨vcm †cÖvMÖvwgs‡qi gva¨‡gB Kiv| cÖhyw³ †hfv‡e
GwM‡q hv‡” Q Zv‡Z GK mgq Awd‡m e‡mB N‡ii wUwf, †iwd«Rv‡iUi, GqviKwÛkb BZ¨vw` wbqš¿Y Kiv
hv‡e| †gvevBj wWfvB‡mi gva¨‡g gvby‡li †ivM wbY©q Kiv hv‡e| w`b w`b B‡jKUªwbK wWfvB‡mi
AvK…wZ †QvU n‡q Avm‡Q Ges G‡ì Kvh©ÿgZv e„w× cv‡” Q| GwU AviI e„w× cv‡e| ivbœv †_‡K
m¨v‡UjvBU cwiPvjbv ch©šÍ mewKQzB gvby‡li nv‡Zi wbqš¿‡Yi g‡a¨ P‡j Avm‡e| Gi me wKQzB
cwiPvwjZ n‡e Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvwgs‡qi gva¨‡g|
eZ©gv‡b wd«j¨vwÝs mvB‡U Avgv‡ì †`‡ki fv‡jv †cÖvMÖvgviiv †`‡k e‡mB ¸Mj, gvB‡µvmdU, Bb‡Uj,
†dmey‡Ki g‡Zv wek¦L¨vZ †Kv¤úvwb¸‡jvi KvR Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb| ZvQvov fv‡jv †cÖvMÖvgviiv B”Qv Ki‡j
wb‡RivB mdUIqvi dvg© Lyj‡Z cv‡ib|
†ckv wn‡m‡e †cÖvMÖvwgs‡qi Avjv`v GKwU ¸iyZ¡ Av‡Q| KviY wewfbœ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡K cÖgvY
Kivi A‡bK my‡hvM GLv‡b i‡q‡Q| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki wek¦we`¨vj‡q cov‡kvbv K‡i mivmwi we‡k¦i
bvgKiv A‡bK mdUIq¨vi wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb †hgb gvB‡µvmdU, ¸Mj, †dmeyK †Kv¤úvwb‡Z KvR Kivi
my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q| cÖwZeQiB evsjv‡`k †_‡K A‡b‡KB wb‡Ri †gavkw³‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q wb‡Ri k³
Ae¯’vb K‡i wb‡” Q GB me weL¨vZ †Kv¤úvwb‡Z| Avi GKwU gRvi e¨vcvi n‡jv AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB Gme
eo †Kv¤úvwb‡Z Av‡e`b Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| Zviv wb‡RivB wewfbœ †`k †_‡K fv‡jv fv‡jv
†cÖvMÖvgvi‡K Luy‡R †ei K‡i †bq|
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡Z KvR Kivi i‡q‡Q AviI myweav| G‡Z †Kvb Awd‡m bv wM‡qB KvR Kivi
my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi fv‡jv fv‡jv †Kv¤úvwb Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì †`‡ki Kg©x‡ì `y®úÖvc¨Zvi
Kvi‡Y Avgv‡ì g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki Kg©x‡ì KvR Kivi my‡hvM †`q| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Kg©xiv
wek¦gv‡bi| eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †cÖvMÖvgvimn A‡bK AvBwmwU Kg©x N‡i e‡mB BÈvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g
KvR Ki‡Q Av‡gwiKv, KvbvWv, weª‡U‡bi g‡Zv †`k¸‡jvi eo eo †Kv¤úvwb‡Z|
wdªj¨v‡Ýi KvR Kivi Rb¨ â‡h©i cÖ‡qvRb nq| G‡ÿ‡Î †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ Bs‡iwR fvlvq fv‡jv `ÿZv
_vK‡jB P‡j| GQvovI AvBwmwU‡Z i‡q‡Q Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© G KvR Kivi my‡hvM| †hme †Kv¤úvwb
wb‡Riv mvfv©i eënvi K‡i Zv‡ì Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© ˆZwi I iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi Rb¨ `ÿ †jv‡Ki
cÖ‡qvRb nq| ZvB PvKwii evRv‡i Gi Ae¯’vbI A‡bK fv‡jv| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡Z `ÿ
†jv‡Ki Pvwn`v w`b w`b †e‡oB P‡j‡Q| cieZx© 2-3 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Gi Pvwn`v wØ¸Y n‡e e‡j A‡b‡KB
g‡b Ki‡Qb|
evsjv‡`‡kI B‡Zvg‡a¨ †ek wKQz mdUIq¨vi †Kv¤úvwb ˆZwi n‡q‡Q hviv evsjv‡`‡k ˆZwi wewfbœ
mdUIq¨vi, †gvevBj A¨vcm c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k ißvwb Ki‡Q| GwU Avgv‡ì Rb¨ Aek¨B M‡e©i|
eZ©gvb ZiyY cÖR‡b¥i A‡bK wkÿv_x© GB †ckvi m‡½ RwoZ n‡q co‡Q| fwel¨‡Z GB †m±‡i AviI
A‡bK `ÿ Kgx©i cÖ‡qvRb n‡e| Kv‡RB K¨vwiqvi wn‡m‡e AvBwmwUi m¤¢vebv A‡bK D¾¡j| Gme
we‡ePbv K‡i wb‡Ri AvBwmwU `¶Zv evwo‡q wb‡Z GLb †_‡KB m‡Pó nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
Abykxjbx
1. I‡qe mvB‡U cÖ‡ek Kivi Rb¨ Aek¨B †KvbwUi cÖ‡qvRb?
K. †W¯‹Uc wcwm L. U¨ve‡jU wcwm
M. ¯§vU©‡dvb N. B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM
2. Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i cÖavb DcKiY †KvbwU?
K. Kw¤úDUvi L. †Uwjwfkb
M. B›Uvi‡bU N. ¯§vU©‡dvb
3. wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U n‡jvÑ
i. B-eyK, eøM‡cv÷ I B wbeÜ
ii. Bb‡dv MÖvwdKm I G¨vwb‡g‡UW Qwe
iii. AwWI I wfwWI w÷ªwgs
1.
wb‡Pi †jLvwU c‡o 4 I 5 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
wiwb I iwbi evev Zv‡ì Rb¨ GKwU U¨ve‡jU wcwm wK‡b w`‡jb| wiwb beg †kÖwY‡Z I iwb Øv`k
†kÖwY‡Z c‡o|
4. wiwb I iwbi U¨ve‡jU wcwmwUi m‡e©vËg eënvi n‡e-
K. †Mgm †Ljvq L. Mvb †kvbvq
M. wnmve wbKv‡k N. †jLvcovi Kv‡R
5. wiwb I iwbi Rb¨ U¨ve‡jU wcwmUvi m‡e©v”P eënvi Ki‡Z-
i. `ªyZMwZi B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM cÖ‡qvRb
ii. KgLi‡P B›Uvi‡bU eënv‡ii my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e
ii. Bs‡iwR fvlvi `ÿZv evov‡Z n‡e
6. AvBwmwU wKfv‡e Avgv‡ì K¨vwiqvi MV‡b mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i? e¨vL¨v Ki|
7. ÔeZ©gv‡b B›Uvi‡b‡Ui eënvi Qvov †jLvcov Kiv KwVbÕ- hyw³mn Dc¯’vcb Ki|
PZz_© Aa¨vq
Avgvi †jLv‡jwL I wnmve
G Aa¨vq †k‡l Avgiv-

IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡ii ¸iyZ¡c~Y© êwkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;
IqvW© cÖ‡mmi eënv‡ii †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;
†¯úªWwk‡Ui ¸iyZ¡c~Y© êwkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;
†¯úªWwk‡Ui eënv‡ii †ÿÎ¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvie;
†¯úªWwk‡Ui eënv‡ii †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;
IqvW© cÖ‡mmi eënvi K‡i m¤úv`bv Ki‡Z cvie; Ges
†¯úªWwkU eënvi K‡i wnmve-wbKvk Ki‡Z cvie|
Avgvi †jLv‡jwL I wnmve 53
IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡i Avgvi †jLvi KvR

gvby‡li g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kivi GKUv gva¨g n‡jv †jLv‡jwL Kiv| Avgv‡ì cÖ‡qvR‡b Avgv‡ì‡K
bvbviK‡gi †jLv‡jwL Ki‡Z nq| n‡Z cv‡i †mUv KweZv, Mí, Dcb¨vm ev w`bcwÄ †jLv| †jLv‡jwL
QvovI Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡b wewfbœ iK‡gi †QvU-eo wnmve Ki‡Z nq| evRv‡ii wnmve, evmvfvovi
wnmve, cixÿvi djvdj cÖ¯‘Z BZ¨vw`| Avgv‡ì †jLv‡jwL I wnmv‡ei G KvR¸‡jv Kiv GK mgq
Kómva¨ wQj| wKš‘ Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i weKv‡ki d‡j G KvR¸‡jv Kivi Rb¨ GLb Avgv‡ì
nv‡Zi bvMv‡j i‡q‡Q A‡bK ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi| Gme mdUIq¨vi‡K ejv nq Awdm mdUIq¨vi|
Avgv‡ì †W¯‹Uc, j¨vcUc ev ¯§vU©‡dv‡b G mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv eënvi Kiv hvq| †jLv‡jwLi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q
IqvW© cÖ‡mmi Avi wnmv‡ei Rb¨ i‡q‡Q †¯úªWwkU GbvjvBwmm mdUIq¨vi| G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© †Zvgiv
c~e©eZ©x †kÖwY¸‡jv‡Z cÖv_wgK aviYv †c‡qQ| G †kÖwY‡Z †Zvgiv G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© wKQz AMÖmi aviYv cv‡e|
†Kv‡bvwKQz †jLvi KvR n‡jv Kíbvi RMr‡K ev¯Í‡e wb‡q Avmv| gvbyl Zvi Kíbv‡K A‡bï Kv‡Q Zz‡j
ai‡Z gva¨g wn‡m‡e †jLvi KvR ïiy K‡i| G BwZnvm Avgiv A‡b‡KB Rvwb| eZ©gv‡b G Kv‡R Z_¨ I
†hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ eëüZ n‡”Q| Avi G‡ÿ‡Î IqvW© cÖ‡mwms-Gi ¸iyZ¡ A‡bK| †Uwjwfkb, †gvevBj †dvb
ev Kw¤úDUvi BZ¨vw` h‡š¿ Z_¨ MÖnY I Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ †ewkifvM mgq wjwLZ †Kv‡bvwKQzi cÖ‡qvRb
nq| Av‡M †hfv‡eB Kiv †nvK bv †Kb GLb G KvRwU Kiv n‡”Q IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡ii mvnv‡h¨| IqvW©
cÖ‡mm‡i KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q Avgiv A‡bK myweav †c‡q _vwK| †hgb:
• wbfz©jfv‡e †jLv‡jwLi KvR Kiv hvq Ges fzj n‡j mv‡_ mv‡_ ms‡kva‡bi my‡hvM cvIqv
• m¤úv`bvi my‡hvM _vKvq †jLvi KvR bv›`wbKfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq
• bvbvfv‡e †jLv‡K Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| †hgb, †jLvi AvKvi †QvU-eo Kiv, iwOb Kiv, e· AvKv‡i
Dc¯’vcb Kiv BZ¨vw`
• cy‡iv †jLv cÖ_g †_‡K ïiy bv K‡i bZzb †jLv cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv, †jLv gy‡Q †djv ev †jLv‡K cybwe©b¨vm
Kivi my‡hvM cvIqv hvq
• Qwe, MÖvd, †Uwej, PvU© BZ¨vw` ms‡hvRb K‡i WKz‡g›U‡K Av‡iv AvKl©Yxq Kiv hvq
• WKz‡g›U msiÿY K‡i Zv †h‡Kv‡bv mgq eënvi Kiv hvq| d‡j GKB KvR evievi Kivi cÖ‡qvRb bv nqbv
• cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a ìKvwi Z_¨ GK WKz‡g›U n‡Z Ab¨ WKz‡g‡›U Kwc Kiv hvq
• GKB mv‡_ GKvwaK WKz‡g›U wb‡q KvR Kiv hvq
• dvBÛ-wi‡cøm KgvÛ eënvi K‡i eo †Kv‡bv WKz‡g‡›U Aí mg‡q kã †LuvRv hvq Ges cÖwZ¯’vcb
Kiv hvq
• hLb †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U evievi eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq ZLb †mwU‡K †Ug‡cøU AvKv‡i msiÿY K‡i
ivLv hv‡Z mgq mvkÖq nq| †hgb- cÖwZ mßv‡n j¨ve wi‡cvU© cÖ¯‘ Z Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j †mwU
†Ug‡cøU AvKv‡i msiÿY K‡i ivL‡j Zv evievi eënvi Kiv hvq
• eo AvKv‡ii WKz‡g‡›U †hgb M‡elYvc‡Î welqe¯‘ i mviwY, †idv‡iÝ, Qwei ZvwjKv, MÖš’cwÄ BZ¨vw`
A‡bK KvR LyeB ¯^í mg‡q m¤úv`b Kiv hvq
• evbvb †`Lvi mdUIq¨vi ev †¯új †PKvi-Gi mvnv‡h¨ mn‡RB evbvb ms‡kvab Kiv; ¯^qswµqfv‡e
evbvb ms‡kva‡bi eë¯’vI IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡i i‡q‡Q
• WKz‡g›U msiÿY K‡i Zv †h‡Kv‡bv mgq, hZevi B”Qv ZZevi wcÖ›U Kivi myweav i‡q‡Q
• B‡jKUªwbK †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi gva¨‡g †h‡Kv‡bv RvqMvq †h‡Kv‡bv mgq WKz‡g›U †cÖiY Kiv hvq
• KvM‡Ri bw_ ev dvB‡ji cwie‡Z© IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡i ˆZwi dvBj Lye mn‡RB msiÿY Kiv hvq
• dvB‡ji eë¯’vcbv mnR hv AvaywbK Awdm eë¯’vcbvq Acwinvh©|
GQvovI IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdU&Iq¨vi¸‡jv‡Z AviI bvbv myweav i‡q‡Q| Avgiv G¸‡jv eënvi Kivi mgq
A‡bK wKQz Rvb‡Z cvie| GZme myweavi Kvi‡Y cÖwZw`b Gi eënviKvixi msL¨v evo‡Q|
†Zvgiv c~e©eZ©x †kÖwY‡Z IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡i bZzb WKz‡g›U m„wó Ges cyiv‡bv WKz‡g›U †Lvjvi †KŠkj
wk‡LQ| Av‡iv wk‡LQ Kxfv‡e G mKj WKz‡g›U msiÿY Ki‡Z nq| Gevi Avgiv IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡ii
Av‡iv wKQz †KŠkj wkLe| wKš‘ GRb¨ †Zvgv‡ì c~‡e© AwR©Z Ávb I `ÿZv Kv‡R jvMv‡Z n‡e|
Avgiv Rvwb gvB‡µvmdU Awdm n‡jv c„w_exi me‡P‡q RbwcÖq I eûj eëüZ mdUIq¨vi| GQvovI
wewfbœ ai‡Yi Awdm mdUIq¨vi i‡q‡Q| hvi †h‡Kvb GKwU Avgiv eënvi Ki‡Z cvwi| eZ©gv‡b
A‡b‡KB G¸‡jvi me©‡kl ms¯‹iY eënvi Ki‡Q| Z‡e †h‡Kvb GKwU ms¯‹i‡Y AwfÁ n‡j Ab¨wU
eënvi Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv Amyweav nqbv| evsjv‡`‡k †h‡nZz gvB‡µvmdU Awdm mdUIq¨viwU †ewk eëüZ
nq ZvB GLv‡b Avgiv gvB‡µvmdU Awdm 2007 Gi gvB‡µvmdU IqvW© Ges gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j Gi
wfwË‡Z Av‡jvPbv Kie|
Awdm evUb Ges Gi Ackbmg~n
IqvW© 2007 Pvjy Kivi c‡i GKwU DBb‡Wv Lyj‡e| G DB‡Ûvi Dc‡ii evg w`‡Ki †Kvbvq
AvBKbwU n‡jv Awdm evUb| G evUbwU wK¬K Ki‡j †h Ackb¸‡jv cvIqv hvq †m¸‡jv wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv
n‡jv|
G Ackb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †ewk cÖ‡qvRbxq¸‡jv n‡jvÑ

wbD: bZzb WKz‡g›U Lyj‡Z GUv wK¬K Ki‡Z nq|
I‡cb: c~‡e© msiÿY Kiv †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U Lyj‡Z GUv wK¬K Ki‡Z nq|
†mBf: WKz‡g›U‡K msiÿY Ki‡Z GLv‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z nq|
†mBf GR: GKB WKz‡g›U‡K wfbœ bv‡g msiÿY Ki‡Z GLv‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z nq| Gi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv
WKz‡g›U‡K AcwiewZ©Z †i‡L bZzb bv‡g msiÿY K‡i Zvi Dci KvR Kiv hvq|
†KøvR: †Lvjv WKz‡g›U eÜ Kivi Rb¨ GLv‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z nq|
†jLv‡jwLi mvRm¾v : d›U ÷vBj wbe©vPb Ges Gi mvBR I iO wba©viY
†Zvgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ IqvW© cÖ‡mmi eënvi K‡i †jLv‡jwL Ki‡Z wk‡L †M‡Qv| G †jLv¸‡jv‡K GKUz
mvwR‡q-¸wQ‡q Dc¯’vcb Ki‡j †Kgb nq? wbðqB †Zvgv‡ì A‡bK fv‡jv jvM‡e| IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡ii
fvlvq G KvRwU‡K Òdi‡gwUs †U·UÓ ejv nq|
d›U ÷vBj d›U mvBR
IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡i †jLv‡jwL Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ ÷vB‡ji Aÿi i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv‡K ejv nq d›U|
†jLv‡jwLi mvRm¾vq cÖ_‡gB †`L‡Z nq †jLvwU †Kvb ai‡bi d‡›U n‡e| d›U wbe©vP‡bi KvRwU Ki‡Z
nq †nvg †gbyi d›U MÖy‡ci d‡›Ui bv‡gi WªcÑWvDb e· †_‡K| GLv‡b AmsL¨ d‡›Ui ga¨ †_‡K †Zvgvi
cQ›`g‡Zv GKUv d›U †e‡Q bvI| A‡bK mgq †jLvi gvSLv‡b wfbœ ÷vB‡ji I mvB‡Ri d›U eënv‡ii
cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| †m‡ÿ‡Î Kvw•ÿZ †jLvwU‡K wbe©vPb K‡i d›U MÖy‡ci d›U bv‡gi WªcÑWvDb e·
†_‡K d›U wbe©vPb K‡i w`‡j †jLvwU H d‡›U n‡e| d›U mvBR wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ d›U bv‡gi cv‡k
†jLv msL¨vi WªcÑWvDb e‡· wK¬K K‡i CwáZ msL¨v wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡ì B‡”Qg‡Zv
d‡›Ui iO wba©viY Ki‡Z cvi| GRb¨ d›U MÖy‡ci AvBK‡bi WªcÑWvDb e‡· wK¬K K‡i d‡›Ui iO
wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
†nvg U¨v‡ei d›U MÖy‡c d›U welqK Av‡iv A‡bK myweav Av‡Q| †Zvgiv †m¸‡jv eënvi K‡i †`L‡Z cv‡iv|
KvR
†Zvgvi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU cvVëB †_‡K GKwU c¨vivMÖvd IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡i wj‡L wewfbœ d›U
÷vBj, mvBR I i‡Oi eënvi Ki Ges WKz‡g›UwU GKwU bvg w`‡q msiÿY Ki|
†jLv‡jwLi mvRm¾v
ey‡jU, b¤î Ges jvB‡bi eëavb
Avgv‡ì dj Avgv‡ì b`x
• Avg 1. cÙv
• Rvg 2. †gNbv
3. hgybv
• wjPz 4. myigv
• KuvVvj 5. ˆfie
• bvi‡Kj 6. wZ¯Ív
Avgiv A‡bK mgq wewfbœ iK‡gi ZvwjKv K‡i _vwK| Gme ZvwjKvq avivevwnKZv ivLvi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv
wPý, eY© ev msL¨v eënvi K‡i _vwK| G¸‡jv‡K IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡ii fvlvq ey‡jU I b¤î ejv nq|
†nvg U¨v‡ei c¨vivMÖvd MÖy‡c ey‡jU I b¤^‡ii

AvBKb KgvÛ cvIqv hvq|
jvB‡bi eëavb: `ywU jvB‡bi gaëZ©x `~iZ¡ wba©viY

Kivi Rb¨ UzjwU eëüZ nq|
KvR
ey‡jU I b¤î eënvi K‡i †Zvgvi cQ‡›ì K‡qKRb wµ‡KU †L‡jvqv‡oi bvg wjL|
†jLv‡jwLi mvRm¾v: †Uwej I wewfbœ Bjvm‡÷ªkb

WKz‡g‡›U †Kv‡bv †Uwej, Qwe, wK¬c AvU©, wewfbœ AvKvi-AvK„wZ, PvU© †U·U e·, IqvW© AvU© †hvM Ki‡Z
wie‡bi BbmvU© U¨ve eënvi Ki‡Z nq|
†Uwej ev mviwY †hvM Kiv

†Uwej ev mviwY †hvM Kivi Rb¨ IqvW©
2007 Gi wie‡bi (1) BbmvU© U¨v‡e
wK¬K K‡i (2) †Uwe‡j wK¬K Ki‡Z
n‡e| Zvic‡i (3) BbmvU© †Uwej wK¬K
Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici GKUv WvqvjM
e· Avm‡e| †mLv‡b Kjvg I †iv
(mvwi) msL¨v wVK Ki‡Z n‡e|
KvR
10 R‡bi `‡j fvM n‡q mK‡ji bvg,
wcZvi bvg, eqm, †ivj b¤î †Uwe‡j ev
mviwY‡Z Dc¯’vcb Ki|
Qwe †hvM Kiv
WKz‡g‡›U Qwe †hvM K‡i WKz‡g›U‡K
A‡bK my›ìfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
†hgb G eB‡q †Zvgiv †jLvi cvkvcvwk
A‡bK Qwe †`L‡Z cv‡” Qv| G¸‡jv †hvM
Kivi RbÏ †Zvgv‡ì IqvW© 2007-Gi
wie‡bi BbmvU© U¨v‡e wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
Zvic‡i Bjv‡÷ªkb MÖy‡c wcKPvi
AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici GKUv WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| †mLv‡b †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡ì Qwei RvqMv
wba©viY K‡i Qwe wbw`©ó K‡i w`‡j WKz‡g‡›U Qwe hy³ n‡q hv‡e| GQvov Bjv‡÷ªkb MÖy‡c wK¬cAvU©,
†kBc (AvK„wZ), ¯§vU© AvU©, PvU© †hvM Kivi myweav i‡q‡Q|
KvR
wkÿ‡Ki mnvqZvq †Zvgvi ˆZwi Kiv GKwU WKz‡g‡›U Qwe †hvM Ki|
IqvW© AvU© †hvM Kiv

BbmvU© U¨ve †_‡K †Zvgiv B‡”Q Ki‡j wewfbœ
÷vB‡ji †jLv †hvM Ki‡Z cvi| GRb¨
†Zvgv‡ì BbmvU© U¨v‡ei †U·U MÖy‡c IqvW©
AvU©-G wK¬K K‡i †Zvgv‡ì cQ›`g‡Zv ÷vBj
wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvici †h WvqvjM e·
Avm‡e Zv‡Z d›U wVK K‡i †jLv w`‡j Zv
Kvw•ÿZ ÷vB‡j cÖ`k©b Ki‡e|
gvwR©b wVK Kiv

WKz‡g‡›Ui †jLvi gvwR©b wVK Ki‡Z n‡j
wie‡bi †cBR †jAvDU U¨v‡e wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
Zvic‡i gvwR©b AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡i gvwR©b wVK
K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| gvwR©b AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j
gvwR©b wba©vi‡Yi wewfbœ Ackb †`Lv‡e| †mLvb
†_‡K †Zvgv‡ì cQ›`g‡Zv gvwR©b wba©viY K‡i
w`‡Z cvi A_ev Kv÷g gvwR©‡b wK¬K K‡i
†Zvgiv wbR¯^ gvwR©b eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡iv|
KvR 1
†Zvgvi we`¨vj‡qi bvg IqvW© Av‡U©i wewfbœ ÷vB‡j Dc¯’vcb Ki|
KvR 2
GKwU WKz‡g›U cÖ¯‘Z K‡i gvwR©b wba©viY Ki|
c¨vivMÖv‡di jvBb eëavb wba©viY Kiv

WKz‡g‡›Ui cÖ‡Z¨KwU jvB‡bi g‡a¨ Kx
cwigvY eëavb n‡e Zv wbav©iY Ki‡Z
wie‡bi †cBR †jAvDU U¨v‡e wK¬K Ki‡Z
n‡e| GLv‡b c¨vivMÖvd MÖy‡c †¯úwms- G
jvB‡bi Av‡M I c‡i KZ c‡q›U RvqMv
_vK‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
WKz‡g›U UvBc Kivi c‡iI G KvRwU Kiv hvq| †m‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡g WKz‡g‡›Ui †h As‡ki jvBb eëavb wVK
Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvici Dc‡ii eY©bv Abyhvqx jvBb eëavb wVK K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
KvR
†Zvgvi evsjv A_ev Bs‡iwR cvV¨cy¯ÍK †_‡K GKwU Ask UvBc K‡i Zvi jvBb eëavb wba©viY Ki|
c„ôvi b¤î †Ìqv

WKz‡g›U cÖ¯‘ Z Kivi GKUv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© KvR n‡jv Gi cÖwZwU c„ôvq
b¤î †Ìqv| G KvRwU Kivi Rb¨ wie‡bi BbmvU© U¨v‡e †nWvi I
dzUvi MÖy‡c †cBR bv¤^vi wK¬K K‡i wbw`©ó Ackb †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e|
†Zvgiv †Zvgv‡ì cQ›`g‡Zv c„ôvi Dc‡i ev wb‡P c„ôvi b¤î †hvM
Ki‡Z cvi|
KvR
†Zvgvi ˆZwiK„Z GKwU WKz‡g‡›U c„ôv b¤î w`‡q msiÿY Ki|
evbvb cix¶Y I ms‡kvab

IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨v‡ii GKwU eo myweav
n‡”Q evbvb cixÿY| WKz‡g‡›Ui †Kv_vI †Kvb
evbvb fzj n‡j Zv cixÿY Ges ms‡kvab Kiv
hvq| e¨vKiYI ï× Kiv hvq A‡bK †ÿ‡Î|
evbvb cixÿ‡Yi †ÿ‡Î bZzb kã †cÖvMÖv‡gi
Awfav‡b ms‡hvRb Kiv hvq| evbvb cixÿ‡Yi
mgq fzj kã †ei K‡i m¤¢ve¨ wKQz ï× kã
Dc¯’vcb K‡i, hv‡Z eënviKvix mwVK kãwU
†e‡Q wb‡Z cv‡i| Gmgq Awfav‡bi wWdë
†¯‹j †PwKs WvqjM e·
fvlv wba©vib K‡i wb‡Z nq| ZvÕbv n‡j AvcvZ
ï× evbvb fzj †`Lv‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, hw` †Kvb IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡ii Awfav‡b Av‡gwiKvb Bs‡iwR fvlv
wbe©vPb Kiv _v‡K Ges WKz‡g›U Colour kãwU †jLv nq, Z‡e Zv fzj evbvb wnmv‡e mbv³ n‡e|
KviY, Colour evbvbwU weªwUk Bs‡iwRi, Av‡gwiKvb Bs‡iwR Abymv‡i GwU n‡e Color|
GQvov êÁvwbK bvg, e¨w³ we‡kl, msMVb ev RvqMvi bvg BZ¨vw`‡K †¯új‡PKvi fzj wn‡m‡e wPwýZ
K‡i| Gme kã fzj bv ï× Zv eënviKvix‡KB wbwðZ Ki‡Z nq|
†¯úªWwkU I Avgvi wnmve-wbKvk
†¯úªWwkU we‡kølY
†Zvgiv Aóg †kÖwY‡Z †¯úªWwkU we‡kølY mdUIq¨v‡ii mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡qQ| Gi êwkó¨¸‡jvi K_v g‡b
Av‡Q †Zv? P‡jv †`wL †¯úªWwkU we‡køl‡Yi êwkó¨¸‡jv:
†¯úªWwkU we‡køl‡Yi êwkó¨mg~n
♦ wewfbœ iK‡gi msL¨v ev AÿiwfwËK DcvË wb‡q KvR Kiv hvq

♦ †h‡Kv‡bv ai‡bi wnmv‡ei Rb¨ myweavRbK
♦ Kjvg I mvwi _vKvi Kvi‡Y DcvË †kÖwYKiY mnR
♦ m~Î eënv‡ii my‡hvM _vKvq A‡bK †ewk DcvË wb‡q KvR Kiv hvq
♦ wewfbœ dvskb m~Î vKv‡i eënvi K‡i mn‡R DcvË we‡kølY Kiv hvq
♦ AvKl©Yxq MÖvd, PvU© eënvi K‡i DcvË Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
†¯cÖWwkU eënv‡ii †¶Î :

†¯cÖWwkU n‡”Q GKai‡bi A¨vwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi hv ZvwjKve×fv‡e WvUv web¨vm, we‡kølY I
msi¶‡Y eëüZ nq|
wb‡gœ †¯cÖWwk‡Ui KwZcq eënvi D‡jøL Kiv nj:
• wk¶v‡¶‡Î djvdj we‡kølY,
• Avq-e¨q wnmv‡e;
• ev‡RU ˆZwi‡Z;
• Kg©KZ©v Kg©Pvix‡ì †eZb msµvšÍ wnmv‡e;
• GqvijvBÝ wiRv‡f©k‡b;
• AvqKi wnmve I we‡køl‡Y;
• wbe©vP‡bi †fvU MYbvq;
• †L‡jvqv‡oi cÖ`wk©Z µxov‡KŠkj g~j¨vq‡b|
†¯úªWwkU eënv‡ii †KŠkj

†Zvgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ †¯úªWwkU eënv‡ii wKQz †gŠwjK aviYv m¤ú‡K© wk‡LQ| G eB‡q †Zvgiv AviI wKQz
AMÖmi aviYv wkL‡Z cvi‡e|
¸Y Kiv
†¯úªWwk‡U ¸Y Kivi Rb¨ djvdj †m‡ji g‡a¨ m~Î w`‡Z nq| m~Î me mgq Ò=Ó mgvb wPý w`‡q ïiy
nq| ¸Y Kivi cÖwµqv `yÕai‡bi|
1. mvaviYfv‡e †m‡j m~Î wj‡L G›Uvi

w`‡j djvdj cIqv hvq|
2. djvdj †m‡j †¯úªWwkU dvskb = PRODUCT wj‡L †m‡ji †iÄ w`‡q G›Uvi w`‡j|
dvskb eënvi K‡i ¸Y Kivi myweav n‡jv GLv‡b cÖ‡qvRb n‡j A‡bK †ewk msL¨K †m‡ji ¸Ydj †iÄ
w`‡q m¤úbœ Kiv hvq| wb‡Pi wP‡Î wZbwU †m‡ji ¸Y Kivi cÖwµqv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
KvR
GKwU †¯úªWwkU dvBj Ly‡j KvíwbK wKQz Z‡_ï ¸Y Ki|
fvM Kiv
†¯úªWwk‡U fvM Kivi KvRwUI m~Î w`‡q Ki‡Z nq| fvM Kivi †ÿ‡Î A1 †mj‡K B1 †mj w`‡q fvM
Kivi Rb¨ djvdj †m‡j = A1/ B1 m~Î wjL‡Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î / wPýwU fvM wPý wnmv‡e eëüZ nq|
KvR
m~ÎwU eënvi K‡i
†Zvgiv djvdj
†ei Kivi †Póv
K‡i †`L|
kZKiv wbY©q Kiv

400 UvKvi 15% KZ UvKv? µqg~j¨ 1200 UvKv n‡j 16% jv‡f weµqg~j¨ KZ? ev¯Íe Rxe‡b Avgiv
G ai‡bi A‡bK wnmv‡ei gy‡LvgywL nB| †¯úªWwk‡Ui gva¨‡g mn‡RB Avgiv G wnmve¸‡jv Ki‡Z cvwi|
†¯úªWwk‡Ui gva¨‡g cÖ_g mgm¨vwU mgvav‡bi †ÿ‡Î
djvdj †m‡j =A3*B3% m~Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i mgvavb
Kiv hvq| m~Î wU Kx‡evW© eënvi K‡i djvdj †m‡j
wjLvi wbqg n‡jv cÖ_‡g = wPý w`‡q 400 wjLv
†m‡j wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvici Kx‡ev‡W© * Pvc‡Z
n‡e| Zvici 15 wjLv †m‡j wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
Gici Kx‡evW© †_‡K % (wkdU Kx †P‡c 5) wj‡L G›Uvi Ki‡Z n‡e| †c‡q hv‡e †Zvgv‡ì djvdj|
wØZxq mgm¨vwU mgvavb Kivi Rb¨ =A3*B3%+A3 m~Î eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| G m~Î wU wjLvi wbqgI
Dc‡ii wbq‡gi g‡Zv|
KvR
wkÿ‡Ki ZË¡veav‡b kZKiv msµvšÍ wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki|
†hgb, wg. †PŠayixi gvwmK g~j‡eZb 16500 UvKv| wZwb 55% nv‡i evwofvov fvZv
Ges 700 UvKv wPwKrmv fvZv cvb| Zuvi †gvU †eZb n‡Z 90 UvKv Kj¨vY Znwej
Ges †hŠ_exgv eve` Puv`v cÖ`vb K‡ib| Zuvi wbU †eZb KZ?
Abykxjbx
1. †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U †Ug‡cøU AvKv‡i msiÿY Kiv nq †Kb?
K. bv›`wbKZvi Rb¨ L. evievi eënv‡ii Rb¨
M. cybwe©b¨vm Kivi Rb¨ N. Kwc myweavi Rb¨
2. †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U cÖ_gevi msiÿY Ki‡Z †KvbwU eënvi Kiv nq?
K. wbD L. I‡cb
M. †mBf N. †mBf GR
3. †¯úªWwkU we‡kølY eënvi K‡i -
i. †jLv‡jwL Kiv mnR
ii. m~Î eënvi Kiv hvq
iii. DcvË web¨vm Kiv hvq
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU c‡o 4 I 5 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
†mŠwgÎ k‡Li e‡k cÖK…wZ wb‡q cwÎKvq †jLv‡jwL K‡i| gv‡S gv‡S Zvi †jLvi mv‡_ dzj, cvwL ev
b`xi Qwe w`‡Z nq| †m †ckvMZ Rxe‡b GKRb wnmveiÿY Kg©KZ©v| †mLv‡b Zv‡K Kg©Pvix‡ì
†eZ‡bi wnmve ivL‡Z nq Ges gvwmK cÖwZ‡e`b Rgv w`‡Z nq|
4. †mŠwgÎ‡K Zvi k‡Li Kv‡R †Kvb mdUIq¨vi eënvi Ki‡Z nq?
K. IqvW© cÖ‡mmi L. †¯úªWwkU
M. MÖvwd· N. WvUv‡eR
5. †mŠwgÎ‡K Zvi †ckvMZ Kv‡R Ñ
i. †Ug‡cøU eënvi Ki‡Z nq
ii. m~Î eënvi Ki‡Z nq
iii. DcvË web¨vm Ki‡Z nq
6. ZvwjKv ˆZwi Ki‡Z IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡i †Kvb ai‡bi mvRm¾v (di‡gwUs) eënvi Kiv nq? D`vniYmn
eY©bv Ki|
7. †¯úªWwkU we‡køl‡Yi 5wU myweav wjL|
cÂg Aa¨vq
gvwëwgwWqv I MÖvwd·

gvwëwgwWqvi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;
gvwëwgwWqvi gva¨gmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;
gvwëwgwWqvi eënv‡ii †ÿÎmg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvie;
†cÖ‡R‡›Ukb mdUIq¨v‡ii aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;
†cÖ‡R‡›Ukb mdUIq¨vi eënv‡ii ¸iyZ¡ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvie;
†cÖ‡R‡›Ukb mdUIq¨vi eënv‡ii †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;
MÖvwd·-Gi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie;
MÖvwd· mdUIq¨vi eënv‡ii †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;
†cª‡R‡›Ukb mdUIq¨vi eënvi K‡i welq mswkøó Slide ˆZwi I Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvie; Ges
MÖvwd· mdUIq¨vi eënvi K‡i m„Rbkxj wPÎ A¼b I Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cvie|
gvwëwgwWqv I MÖvwd· 65
gvwëwgwWqvi aviYv
Avw`Kvj †_‡KB gvbyl wb‡R‡K cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ gva¨g ev wgwWqv eënvi K‡i‡Q| †jLv GKwU
cÖKvk gva¨g, kã GKwU cÖKvk gva¨g Avevi wPÎI GKwU cÖKvk gva¨g| Avgiv hLb A‡bK¸‡jv cÖKvk
gva¨g‡K wb‡q K_v ewj ZLbB gvwëwgwWqv e‡j Zv‡K wPwýZ K‡i _vwK| mf¨Zvi weeZ©b I cÖhyw³i
Kvi‡Y GB gva¨g¸‡jvi eûwea eënvi n‡q Avm‡Q| we‡kl K‡i Avgiv hLb wWwRUvj hy‡M evm KiwQ
ZLb Avgv‡ì cÖKvk gva¨‡gi aib e`‡j †M‡Q|
Avgiv GLb Abyfe Kwi †h, GbvjM hy‡Mi wgwWqv¸‡jvB wWwRUvj hy‡Mi cÖavb cÖKvk gva¨g bq| eis
GbvjM hy‡Mi cyiv‡bv wgwWqv G hy‡M eëüZ n‡jI Gi eënv‡ii gvÎv e`‡j‡Q| GK mg‡q †hme
wgwWqv wfbœ wfbœ fv‡e eëüZ n‡Zv Zv GLb GKmv‡_ eëüZ n‡”Q| Avevi †mB me wgwWqvq hy³
n‡q‡Q wWwRUvj h‡š¿i †cÖvMÖvwgs Kivi ÿgZv| Avgiv GLb eû wgwWqv‡K Zvi eûgvwÎKZv I †cÖvMÖvwgs
ÿgZvi Rb¨ ejwQ B›UviA¨vKwUf gvwëwgwWqv| GB `ywU kã GLb e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPwjZ| GK K_vq
gvwëwgwWqv gv‡b eû gva¨g| B›UviA¨vKwUf gvwëwgwWqv gv‡b n‡”Q, †mB eû gva¨g hvi mv‡_
eënviKvix †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
gvwëwgwWqv n‡jv gvby‡li wewfbœ cÖKvk gva¨‡gi mgš^q| Avgiv AšÍZ wZbwU gva¨g ev wgwWqv eënvi K‡i
wb‡R‡ì‡K cÖKvk Kwi †m¸‡jv n‡jv eY©, wPÎ Ges kã (mvDÛ)| GB gva¨g¸‡jvi wewfbœ iƒcI i‡q‡Q|
GB wZbwU gva¨g Zv‡ì wewfbœ iƒc wb‡q KL‡bv Avjv`vfv‡e, KL‡bv GKmv‡_ Avgv‡ì mvg‡b Avwef©~Z
nq| Gme gva¨‡gi cÖKvk‡K Avgiv KvM‡Ri cÖKvkbv, †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, wfwWI, wm‡bgv, wfwWI †Mgm,
wkÿvg~jK mdUIq¨vi, I‡qe‡cR BZ¨vw` bvbv bv‡g wPwb| Z‡e Gi me¸‡jv‡KB ev GKvwaK gva¨g‡KB
Avgiv Avjv`vfv‡e gvwëwgwWqv ejebv| KvM‡Ri cÖKvkbv ev †iwWI‡K †KD gvwëwgwWqv ej‡Z PvB‡eb
bv| ejv wVKI n‡e bv| †Uwjwfkb-wfwWI-wm‡bgv‡K Avgiv gvwëwgwWqv ej‡Z cvwi| Avevi wfwWI
†Mgm, wkÿvg~jK mdUIq¨vi ev I‡qe †cR‡K Avgiv B›UviA¨vKwUf gvwëwgwWqv ej‡Z cvwi|
gvwëwgwWqv mPivPi wWwRUvj h‡š¿i mnvqZvq aviY ev cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq| GwU mivmwi g‡Â cÖ`wk©Z
n‡Z cv‡i ev Abïƒ‡c mivmwi m¤úªPvwiZI n‡Z cv‡i| gvwëwgwWqv welqe¯‘ aviY I cwiPvjbv Kivi
B‡jKUªwbK hš¿‡KI gvwëwgwWqv bv‡g wPwýZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †Kv‡bv GKwU Kg©Kv‡Ê wZbwU
gva¨g‡KB GKmv‡_ eënvi Kiv‡K gvwëwgwWqv e‡j| Dwbk kZ‡Ki †kl cÖv‡šÍ 1895 mv‡j wm‡bgv
ev PjwPÎ D™¢e nevi ci Zv‡Z eY© (Text), wPÎ (Graphics), kã (Sound) Ges PjgvbZv
(Animation) hy³ nIqvq wewfbœ gva¨‡gi ci¯úi msjMœ nevi e¨vcviwU NU‡Z _v‡K hv gvwëwgwWqvi
GKwU iƒc| AvR‡Ki w`‡bi gvwëwgwWqvi c~e©cyiyl ej‡Z ZvB wm‡bgv‡K ¯§iY Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e
cÖhyw³MZfv‡e wewfbœ gva¨‡gi hy³ nevi †mB m~PbvKvjwU A‡bK Av‡Mi n‡jI Gm‡ei mv‡_
Kw¤úDUv‡ii hy³ nIqv Lye †ewk w`‡bi e¨vcvi bq|
gvwëwgwWqvi gva¨gmg~n
Avgiv mevB Rvwb me‡P‡q RbwcÖq wWwRUvj hš¿ Kw¤úDUvi MYbv hš¿ ev wnmve-wbKvk Kivi hš¿
wn‡m‡eB mgwaK cwiwPZ n‡q Avm‡Q| Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY I †hvMv‡hvM Kw¤úDUv‡ii Av‡iv GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
KvR wQj| Gici †jLv‡jwL Kivi Rb¨ GB hš¿wUi e¨vcK eënvi ïiy nq|
wKš‘ GZme KvR Kivi Rb¨ ïiy‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU gvÎ wgwWqv h_v- eY© eënvi Ki‡Z n‡Zv| wKš‘
Kvjµ‡g Kw¤úDUv‡i wPÎ Ges kã mgwš^Z nq| ZvQvov Kw¤úDUv‡ii i‡q‡Q †cÖvMÖvwgs Kivi ÿgZv|
e¯‘ Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii gvwëwgwWqv gv‡b n‡jv eY©, wPÎ I k‡ãi mgš^‡q GKwU B›UviA¨vKwUf AwfÁZv|
AZx‡Zi PvB‡Z GLbKvi gvwëwgwWqvi AwfÁZv A‡bK mg„×| hš¿ wn‡m‡eI gvwëwgwWqvi eënvi
†Kej Kw¤úDUv‡iB mxgve× bq cvkvcvwk Avgv‡ì nv‡Zi Kv‡Qi †gvevBj †dvb, ¯§vU©‡dvb, U¨ve‡jU I
Ab¨vb¨ wWwRUvj hš¿ GLb gvwëwgwWqv aviY I cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ eëüZ nq|
gvwëwgwWqvi cÖavb gva¨gmg~n wb‡P eY©bv Kiv n‡jv-
mviv c„w_ex‡Z GLb me©cÖ_g †h cÖeYZvwU ¯úk© Ki‡Q †mwU n‡”
Q cÖPwjZ aviYv I cÖPwjZ hš¿cvwZ‡K
Kw¤úDUvi w`‡q ¯’jvwfwl³ Kiv|
†U·U ev eY© wPÎ I MÖvwd· kã (AwWI)
gvwëwgwWqv
wfwWI Gwb‡gkb B›Uvi A¨vKwUf

Kw¤úDwUs
1. eY© ev †U·U: mviv `ywbqv‡ZB †U·‡Ui hveZxq KvR GLb Kw¤úDUv‡i n‡q _v‡K| GKmgq
UvBcivBUvi w`‡q Gme KvR Kiv n‡Zv, GLb Awdm-Av`vjZ †_‡K †ckv`vwi gy`ªY ch©šÍ me©ÎB
Kw¤úDUvi eënvi n‡”
Q|
2. wPÎ ev MÖvwd·: `ywbqvi me©ÎB MÖvwd· ˆZwi, m¤úv`bv BZ¨vw` hveZxq KvR Kw¤úDUvi eënvi
K‡iB Kiv nq| Avgv‡ì †`‡k MÖvwd· wWRvBb, †cBw›Us, WªBs ev Kgvwk©qvj MÖvwd· bvgK
PviyKjvi †h AskwU i‡q‡Q Zv‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ| Z‡e GKwU e¨wZµgx
GjvKv n‡” Q gy`ªY I cÖKvkbv| gy`ªY cÖKvkbvq MÖvwd· wWRvB‡bi †ÿ‡Î Kw¤úDUv‡ii eënvi ïiy
nq beŸB `k‡K| cÖ_‡g d‡Uvkc w`‡q ¯‹¨vb Kiv Qwe m¤úv`bv w`‡q Gi m~Pbv nq| µgk
wWRvBb Ges MÖvwd‡· Kw¤úDUvi RvqMv K‡i wb‡Z _v‡K|
2.1 wfwWI: wfwWI Kvh©Z GK ai‡bi MÖvwd·| G‡K Pjgvb MÖvwd· ej‡j fv‡jv nq| wek¦Ry‡o wfwWI
GKwU mycÖwZwôZ wgwWqv| wUwf, †nvg wfwWI, gvwëwgwWqv mdUIq¨vi, I‡qe BZ¨vw` mKj †ÿ‡ÎB
wfwWIi eënvi e¨vcK|
2.2 Gwb‡gkb : Gwb‡gkbI GK ai‡bi MÖvwd· ev wPÎ, Z‡e †mwU Pjgvb ev w¯’i n‡Z cv‡i, GwU
wØgvwÎK ev wÎgvwÎK n‡Z cv‡i, Avgv‡ì †`‡k Gwb‡gk‡bi eënviI µgk e¨vcK n‡” Q|
we‡klZ weÁvcb wP‡Î Gwb‡gkb GKwU wcÖq welq, Z‡e Gwb‡gk‡b KvR Kivi †jv‡Ki Afve
i‡q‡Q| Avm‡j Gwb‡gkb KL‡bvB †Kej GKK wgwWqv wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq bv| Gi mv‡_ AwWI,
wfwWI, †U·U, MÖvwd· BZ¨vwì m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|
3. kã ev AwWI: kã ev AwWI †iKW©, m¤úv`bv BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î mviv `ywbqv GLb Kw¤úDUv‡ii Dci
wbf©i K‡i| mvDÛ BwÄwbqvwis-G GbvjM c×wZ GLb Kvh©Z m¤ú~Y© APj n‡q c‡o‡Q| Kw¤úDUvi
w`‡q DbœZgv‡bi mvDÛ †iKwW©s Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡Z gvwëwgwWqvi eënvi
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡Z gvwëwgwWqvi eënvi w`b w`b †e‡oB Pj‡Q| eZ©gv‡b gvwëwgwWqvi
eënv‡ii †ÿÎmg~‡ni bvbvb w`K D‡b¥vwPZ n‡”
Q|
1. wk¶vi DcKiY wn‡m‡e : wkÿvi DcKiY wn‡m‡e eZ©gv‡b gvwëwgwWqvi eënvi e¨vcK|
†kªwYKÿ¸‡jv gvwëwgwWqvi eënvi n‡j wkÿv_©x mn‡R welqwU eyS‡Z cvi‡e| wkÿK wkÿbxq
welqwU gvwëwgwWqvi gva¨‡g mn‡R Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GQvov i‡q‡Q gvwëwgwWqvi
mdUIq¨vi|
1.1 gvwëwgwWqv mdUIq¨vi: evsjv‡`‡k gvwëwgwWqv mdUIq¨vi cÖ¯‘ Z nIqv †Kej ïiy n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`k-71, Aemi, wek¦‡Kvl, bvgvR wkÿv, weRq wkï wkÿv- Ggb K‡qKwU wmwW‡Z
gvwëwgwWqv cÖhyw³ cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q| GLv‡b cÖK…Z B›UviA¨vKwUwfwU GL‡bv †bB ej‡jB P‡j|
Aek¨ Avkv Kiv n‡” Q GKzk kZ‡K evsjv‡`‡k e¨vcKfv‡e gvwëwgwWqv mdUIq¨vi ˆZwi n‡eB|
1.2 wWwRUvj cÖKvkbv: Avgv‡ì cÖKvkbv GL‡bv KvMRwbf©i| Z‡e GKzk kZK Aek¨B wWwRUvj
cÖKvkbvi kZK n‡e evsjv‡`‡kI|
2. we‡bv`b : we‡bv`‡bi AwaKvsk GjvKvq gvwëwgwWqv Ry‡o i‡q‡Q| wm‡bgv ev bvU‡Ki †ÿ‡Î
gvwëwgwWqvi mvnv‡h¨ †¯úkvj B‡d± eënvi K‡i Av‡iv cÖvYešÍ Kiv n‡”
Q|
3. weÁvcb : weÁvc‡b gvwëwgwWqv eënv‡ii d‡j AZ¨šÍ AvKl©bxqfv‡e Zv Dc¯’vcb Kiv m¤¢e
n‡”Q| m¤¢e-Am¤¢e A‡bK wKQzB †`Lv‡bv hv‡”
Q|
4. †Mgm : Kw¤úDUvi †Mgm ev wfwWI †Mg¸‡jv‡Z gvwëwgwWqvi eënvi e¨vcK| †Mgm¸‡jv‡Z
gvwëwgwWqv eënv‡ii d‡j cÖK…Z A‡_© ev¯ÍeZv (Reality) †Qvqv †c‡Z ïiy K‡i‡Q|
5. Gwb‡gkb: Gwb‡gkbI GK ai‡bi MÖvwd· ev wPÎ| Z‡e †mwU Pjgvb ev w¯’i n‡Z cv‡i| GwU
wØgvwÎK ev wÎgvwÎK n‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡ì †`‡k Gwb‡gk‡bi eënviI µgk e¨vcK n‡” Q|
we‡klZ weÁvcb wP‡Î Gwb‡gkb GKwU wcÖq welq| Z‡e Gwb‡gk‡b KvR Kivi †jv‡Ki Afve
i‡q‡Q| Avm‡j A¨vwb‡gkb KL‡bvB †Kej GKK wgwWqv wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq bv| Gi mv‡_ AwWI,
wfwWI, †U·U, MÖvwd· BZ¨vwì m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|
whwb †U·U, MÖvwd·, AwWI, wfwWI, Gwb‡gkb BZ¨vw` wb‡q KvR K‡ib wZwbB gvwëwgwWqv Kb‡U›Um
†W‡fjcvi| GB KvRwU Kivi Rb¨ G‡Wvwe d‡Uvkc †_‡K w_ªwW ÷zwWI g¨v· ev gvqv BZ¨vw` A‡bK
mdUIq¨vi eënvi Kiv nq| wewfbœ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wewfbœ mdUIq¨vi eëüZ nq| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡bi †cÖwÿZ
we‡ePbv K‡i Avgiv Zv‡ì‡KB gvwëwgwWqv †cÖvMÖvgvi A_ev gvwëwgwWqv A_i ej‡ev hviv Gme wgwWqv
eënvi K‡i GKwU B›UviA¨vKwUf A¨vwcø‡Kkb ˆZwi Ki‡eb| e¯‘ Z Kb‡U›Um †W‡fjc Kiv I
B›UviA¨vKwUwfwU †hvM Kivi g‡a¨ wekvj cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| G‡Wvwe wcÖwgqvi ev G‡Wvwe d‡Uvkc Ggb
mdUIq¨vi, hv w`‡q GKwU PgrKvi Kb‡U›Um ˆZwi Kiv hvq| wKš‘ Avgiv gvwëwgwWqv mdUIq¨vi
ˆZwii †cÖvMÖvg ej‡ev wW‡i±i‡K, hvi mvnv‡h¨ wcÖwgqvi ev d‡Uvk‡c ˆZwi Kiv wgwWqv¸‡jv‡K wgwj‡q
GKwU B›UviA¨vKwUf A¨vwcø‡Kkb ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
GLv‡b B›UviA¨vKwUwfwU m¤ú‡K© GKwU K_v Rvbv Avgv‡ì cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb| gvB‡µvmdU Iqv‡W©
GKwU ÷vBj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j hw` Aÿi¸‡jv my›ì K‡i ¯Œj ev d¬vm K‡i ev hw` wfwWI dvB‡j GKwU
G‡d± †hvM Kiv nq wKsev Gwb‡gkb Ki‡j hw` wKQz GKUv cwieZ©b nq Zv‡K B›UviA¨vKwUf ejv wVK
n‡e bv| d¬vk, wW‡i±i ev A_iIq¨vi-Gi g‡Zv kw³kvjx A_wis mdUIq¨vi w`‡q ˆZwi eënviKvixi
mv‡_ Kw¤úDUv‡ii wg_w¯Œqv m¤¢e Ggb wKQz‡KB Avgiv B›UviA¨vKwUwfwU eje|
AvMvgx w`b¸‡jv‡Z gvwëwgwWqv †cÖvMÖvgv‡ii Pvwn`v Ges msL¨v †Kv‡bvUvB Kg n‡e bv| GKwU welq
GLb mKj‡KB eyS‡Z n‡e †h, weR‡bm mdUIq¨vi I mvwf©‡mm-Gi cvkvcvwk gvwëwgwWqv Kb‡U›Um
†W‡fjc Kiv I †cÖvMÖvwgs Ki‡Z cviv †jv‡Ki Pvwn`v e¨vcKfv‡e evo‡Q|
†cÖ‡R‡›Ukb mdUIq¨vi
†cÖ‡R‡›Ukb ˆZwi Kiv
eZ©gvb mgq n‡” Q Z_¨ wewbgq Ges Z‡_ï cÖevn AevwiZ K‡i gvbeZvi Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kivi hyM|
GLb RvZxq Ges AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡qi M‡elK, wkÿvwe`, mgvRKgx© Ges †ckvRxex‡ì g‡a¨ Z_¨
wewbgq ev Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv me©vwaK ¸iyZ¡ jvf Ki‡Q| mKj cÖKvi Z‡_ï fvÊvi
mK‡ji Rb¨ mnRjf¨ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwZwbqZ mfv, †mwgbvi- wm‡¤úvwRqvg, Kg©kvjv BZ¨vwì
Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡” Q| G‡Z mswkøó mevB Zuv‡ì wbR wbR Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î nvjbvMv` Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© AewnZ
_vKvi my‡hvM cv‡”
Qb|
mfv, †mwgbvi-wm‡¤úvwRqvg, Kg©kvjv BZ¨vw`‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ AvKl©Yxq Ges Kvh©Kifv‡e Z_¨
Dc¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ cÖavbZ †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb mdUIq¨vi eënvi Kiv nq †hgb cvIqvi c‡q›U, wcKvmv,
Bg‡cÖm BZ¨vw`| cvIqvi c‡q›U n‡” Q gvB‡µvmdU Awd‡mi AšÍf©y³ GKwU RbwcÖq mdUIq¨vi ev
A¨vwcø‡Kkb| G mdUIq¨viwU‡K †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb mdUIq¨viI ejv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶K-wk¶v_©xmn
cÖvq mK‡ji myweavi Rb¨ gvB‡µvmdU cvIqvi c‡q›U mdUIq¨viwU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
cvIqvi c‡q‡›Ui mvnv‡h¨ †jLv, Qwe, AwWI, wfwWI, MÖvd BZ¨vwì mgš^‡q AvKl©Yxqfv‡e Z_¨vw`
Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ mfv, †mwgbvi- wm‡¤úvwRqvg, Kg©kvjv BZ¨vw`‡Z Kvh©Kifv‡e Z_¨
Dc¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ cvIqvi c‡q›U mdUIq¨viwU Lye mn‡R Ges PgrKvifv‡e eënvi Kiv hvq| G
w`K †_‡K cvIqvi c‡q›U mdUIq¨viwUi weKí †bB ej‡jB P‡j| GRb¨B mfv, †mwgbvi-
wm‡¤úvwRqvg, Kg©kvjv BZ¨vw`‡Z Z_¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ me©vwaK ¸iyZ¡ †c‡q _v‡K| cvIqvi c‡q‡›U
dvBj‡K ejv nq †cª‡R‡›Ukb|
†cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡bi GK GKwU Ask‡K ¯øvBW (Slide) ejv nq| gvB‡µvmdU IqvW© †cÖvMÖv‡g †hgb GKwU
dvB‡ji g‡a¨ A‡bK c„ôv _v‡K, †Zgwb GKwU †cª‡R‡›Uk‡b GKvwaK ¯øvBW _v‡K| GKvwaK ¯øvBW
wewkó GKwU c„ôv‡K n¨vÛ AvDUm (Hand outs) ejv nq| cwiKwíZfv‡e GKwU cvIqvi c‡q‡›U
†cÖ‡R‡›Ukb ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ Lmov K‡i wb‡Z nq| GB Lmov‡K ejv nq Slide Layout|
cvIqvi c‡q›U †cÖvMÖvg †Lvjv Ges møvBW ˆZwi Kiv

cvIqvi c‡q›U †cÖvMÖvg †Lvjvi Rb¨ Ñ
1. c`©vi wb‡Pi w`‡K evg †Kv‡Y Start †jLv i‡q‡Q| GwU n‡”
Q ÷vU© †evZvg|
2. Start †evZv‡gi Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi w`‡q wK¬K Ki‡j GKwU †gby ev ZvwjKv Avm‡e|
3. G †gbyi All Programs Kgv‡Ûi Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi ¯’vcb Ki‡j GKwU d¬vBAvDU †gby cvIqv
hv‡e|
4. G d¬vBAvDU †gby ZvwjKv †_‡K Microsoft Office †gby‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j cv‡kB Avi GKwU d¬vBAvDU
†gby‡Z gvB‡µvmdU Awdm- Gi †cÖvMÖvgMy‡jvi ZvwjKv cvIqv hv‡e|
5. G ZvwjKv †_‡K Microsoft Office Power Point KgvÛ wm‡j± Ki‡j gvB‡µvmdU Awdm
cvIqvi c‡q›U-Gi cÖ_g møvB‡Wi c`©v Dc¯’vwcZ n‡e| G c`©vi g~j As‡k-
- e‡·i g‡a¨ Click to add title Ges Click to add subtitle †jLv _vK‡e| †jLv `ywUi Dci wK¬K
Ki‡j †U·U e· `„k¨gvb n‡e Ges †U·U e‡·i g‡a¨ Bbmvm©b c‡q›Uvi _vK‡e| Bbmvm©b
c‡q›Uvi _vKv Ae¯’vq wk‡ivbvg Ges Dc-wk‡ivbvg UvBc Kiv hv‡e| wKQz UvBc bv K‡i e‡·i
evB‡i wK¬K Ki‡j Avevi IB `ywU †jLv `„k¨gvb n‡e|
- †U·U e‡·i eW©v‡i wK¬K K‡i wm‡j± Kivi ci wWwjU †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j †jLvmn †U·U e·
evwZj n‡q hv‡e|
- Home †gbyi wieb †_‡K †U·U e· AvBKb
wm‡j± K‡i Bbmvm©b c‡q›Uvi c`©vi †fZ‡i wb‡q
G‡j c‡q›UviwU †U·U c‡q›Uv‡ii iƒc aviY
Ki‡e| G Ae¯’vq Dci †_‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K
†KvYvKzwY †U‡b e· ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
- e‡·i †fZi Bbmvm©b c‡q›Uvi _vK‡e|
- evsjvq UvBc Kivi Rb¨ Kx‡evW©©‡K evsjvq
iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
- Uzj evi I wieb †_‡K d›U, d‡›Ui AvKvi-AvK…wZ, is BZ¨vw` wm‡j± K‡i UvB‡ci KvR Ki‡Z
n‡e|
- myZš^xGg‡R d›U, mvBR 150, iO bxj wm‡j± K‡i UvBc Kiv n‡jv ÔAvgv‡ì †`kÕ|
- UvBc Kivi ci †U·U e·wU wm‡j‡±W _vK‡e|
wm‡j‡±W †U·U e‡·i Pvi evû‡Z PviwU Ges
Pvi †Kv‡Y PviwU †QvU †MvjvKvi duvcv wm‡jKkb
c‡q›U _vK‡e| G me wm‡jKkb c‡q›U Wª¨vM
K‡i e‡·i AvKvi †QvU-eo Kiv hv‡e| †jLv
msKzjv‡bi Rb¨ e·wU cvkvcvwk ev Dci-wb‡P
†QvU-eo Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| e‡·i evB‡i wK¬K
Ki‡j e‡·i wm‡jKkb P‡j hv‡e|
- e‡·i †h‡Kv‡bv evûi †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i e·wU c`©vi †h‡Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡b mwi‡q
¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e|
- møvBW ˆZwii DB‡Ûvi evg cv‡k _v¤^‡bBj wfD‡q møvB‡Wi †QvU ms¯‹iY †`Lv hv‡e|
†cÖ‡R‡›Ukb †mf ev msiÿY Kiv
- dvBj †gby †_‡K Save KgvÛ w`‡j Save As WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
- Save As WvqvjM e‡·i dvBj †bg N‡i dvB‡ji bvg UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e, aiv hvK, My Country.
- WvqjM e‡·i OK †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z †cÖ‡R‡›UkbwU My Country bv‡g msiw¶Z n‡q hv‡e|
- Amgvß KvR m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ cieZx©‡Z My Country bv‡gi †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb dvBjwU Ly‡j wb‡Z n‡e|
bZzb møvBW †hvM Kiv

GKwU †cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡b mvaviYZ A‡bK møvBW _vK‡Z cv‡i| bZzb møvBW hy³ Kivi Rb¨-
1. Home †gbyi wieb †_‡K New Slide KgvÛ wm‡j± Ki‡j ev Kx‡ev‡W©i Ctrl †evZvg †P‡c †i‡L
M †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j GKwU bZzb møvBW hy³ n‡e|
- bZzb hy³ nIqv møvB‡W Click to add title Ges Click to add text †jLv _vK‡e| c~e©- ewY©Z
wbq‡g †jLv `ywU wWwjU K‡i w`‡Z n‡e ev evwZj K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| evg cv‡ki _v¤^‡bBj DB‡Ûv‡Z
bZzb hy³ nIqv møvB‡Wi †QvU ms¯‹iY †`Lv hv‡e|
2. c~e©- ewY©Z wbq‡g GKwU †U·U e‡· bZzb møvB‡Wi wk‡ivbvg UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e ÒGKyk †_‡K
GKvËiÓ|
3. GKB wbq‡g wZbwU †U·U e‡· wfbœ wfbœfv‡e UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e
1952 mv‡ji 21 G †deªyqvwi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi †fZi w`‡q ¯^vaxbZvi AvKv•¶v ¯úó n‡q I‡V
1971 mv‡ji 26 G gvP© Avgv‡ì ¯^vaxbZv wèm| G w`b †_‡K gyw³hy× ïiy nq| 1971 mv‡ji
16 B wW‡m¤î Avgv‡ì weRq wèm| G w`b gyw³hy‡× weRq jv‡fi †fZi w`‡q Avgv‡ì ¯^vaxbZv
AwR©Z nq|
- e· wZbwU Dci †_‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K
cici ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| mevi
Dc‡i _vK‡e wk‡ivbvg| wØZxq
møvBWwU hy³ Kivi wbq‡g AviI
GKwU møvBW †hvM Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i| GwU n‡e wZb b¤î møvBW|
wZb b¤î møvBW †hvM Kivi Rb¨-
4. c~e©- ewY©Z wbq‡g GKwU †U·U
e‡· bZzb møvB‡Wi wk‡ivbvg
UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e Òabëv`Ó|
- Gfv‡e A‡bK¸‡jv møvBW hy³ K‡i
cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb
ˆZwii KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
- cÖv_wgKfv‡e †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb ˆZwii
ci wewfbœ êwkó¨ Av‡ivc K‡i
mgMÖ Dc¯’vcbv‡K AvKl©Yxq
K‡i Zzj‡Z nq|
†cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡b møvBW cÖ`k©b

†cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡bi Rb¨ `y GKwU møvBW ˆZwi Kivi ci †`‡L †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i ˆZwi møvBW¸‡jv h_vh_
n‡q‡Q wK-bv| G Rb¨-
- Kx‡ev‡W©i F5 †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j A_ev View †gbyi wieb †_‡K Slide Show wm‡j± Ki‡j A_ev
÷¨vUvm evi-G Slide Show AvBKb wK¬K Ki‡j †cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡bi cÖ_g møvBWwU Dc¯’vwcZ n‡e|
- †cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡bi GKwU møvBW †_‡K cieZx© møvB‡W hvIqvi Rb¨ Kx‡ev‡W©i WvbgyLx Zxi †evZv‡g Pvc
w`‡Z n‡e| c~e©eZx© møvB‡W †divi Rb¨ evggyLx Zxi †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡Z n‡e|
- †cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡bi gvSvgvwS †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡b _vKv Ae¯’vq IB møvBW †_‡K cieZx© cÖ`k©b ïiy Kivi
Rb¨ Kx‡ev‡W©i wkdU †evZvg †P‡c †i‡L F5 †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡Z n‡e|
- møvBW †kv DB‡Ûv †_‡K m¤úv`bvi DB‡Ûv‡Z wd‡i hvIqvi Rb¨ Kx‡ev‡W©i Esc †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡Z
n‡e|
KvR¸‡jv cÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e n‡” Q wK-bv †`‡L †bIqvi Rb¨ †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb ˆZwii †h‡Kv‡bv ch©v‡q møvBW
cÖ`k©b K‡i wbwðZ nIqv †h‡Z cv‡i|
møvB‡Wi e¨vKMÖvDÛ cwieZ©b Kiv
†Kv‡bv møvBW ˆZwi Kivi mgq Ges møvBW ˆZwii c‡iI e¨vKMÖvD‡Ûi is cwieZ©b Kiv hvq, bZzb K‡i
e¨vKMÖvDÛ ˆZwi Kiv hvq| †h‡Kv‡bv Qwe‡KI e¨vKMÖvDÛ wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv hvq|
¯øvB‡W e¨vKMÖvDÛ hy³ Kivi Rb¨ ev e¨vKMÖvDÛ cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨-
1. †h møvB‡W e¨vKMÖvDÛ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e †mB møvBWwU †Lvjv ivL‡Z n‡e ev mwµq ivL‡Z n‡e|
eZ©gvb †cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡b cÖ_g møvBWwU †Lvjv ivLv n‡jv|
2. Design †gbyi wie‡b G‡Kev‡i Wvb w`‡K
Background Style Wªc-WvDb evi-G
wK¬K Ki‡j †MÖwW‡q›U Ges mwjW i‡Oi
GKwU c¨v‡jU Avm‡e| G c¨v‡j‡Ui †h
†Kv‡bv is ev †MÖwW‡q‡›Ui Dci gvDm
c‡q›Uvi ¯’vcb Kiv n‡j g~j ¯øvB‡W †mB
iO ev †MÖwW‡q‡›Ui e¨vKMÖvDÛ †`Lv hv‡e|
e¨vKMÖvDÛ wn‡m‡e AviI is, †U·vi Ges
Qwe eënvi Kivi Rb¨-
1. c¨v‡j‡Ui wb‡Pi w`‡K Format
Background wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z
Format Background WvqvjM e·
Avm‡e|
2. Format Background WvqvjM e‡·i Dc‡ii evg cv‡k Solid fill †iwWI †evZv‡g wK¬K K‡i mwµq
K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| Gici Color Wªc-WvDb Zx‡i wK¬K Ki‡j i‡Oi c¨v‡jU Avm‡e| G i‡Oi c¨v‡jU
†_‡K †h i‡Oi †mvqv‡Pi Dci wK¬K Kiv n‡e ¯øvB‡Wi e¨vKMÖvDÛ wn‡m‡e †mB is Av‡ivwcZ n‡e|
3. Picture or Texure fill †iwWI †evZv‡g wK¬K K‡i mwµq K‡i w`‡j Color -Gi RvqMvq Texure
Wªc-WvDb Avm‡e| G Wªc-WvDb Zx‡i wK¬K Ki‡j wewfbœ cÖKvi †U·vi cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Gi †fZi
†_‡K †h †U·v‡ii m‡m wK¬K Kiv n‡e, g~j ¯øvB‡W †mB †U·vi Av‡ivwcZ n‡e|
4. Picture or Texure fill †iwWI †evZvg wm‡j‡±W _vKv Ae¯’vq Insert from-Gi wb‡P File
†evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j Insert Picture WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
WvqvjM e‡·i †h †dvìv‡i Qwe Av‡Q †mB †dvìvi Ly‡j Qwe wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. WvqjM e‡·i Insert †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j WvqvjM e· P‡j hv‡e Ges IB Qwe ¯øvB‡Wi e¨vKMÖvDÛ
wn‡m‡e Av‡ivwcZ n‡e|
Av‡ivwcZ e¨vKMÖvDÛ Zz‡j †dj‡Z Format Background WvqjM e‡·i Solid fill †iwWI
†evZv‡g wK¬K K‡i mwµq K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| Gici Color Wªc-WvDb Zx‡i wK¬K Ki‡j i‡Oi
c¨v‡jU Avm‡e| G i‡Oi c¨v‡jU †_‡K mv`v is wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. WvqvjM e‡·i Close †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
møvB‡W Qwe hy³ Kiv
A‡bK mgq møvB‡W Qwe hy³ Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| møvB‡W Qwe hy³ Kivi Rb¨-
1. Insert †gbyi wie‡b Picture AvBK‡bi
Dci wK¬K Ki‡j Insert Picture WvqvjM
e· Avm‡e|
2. Insert Picture WvqvjM e‡·i †h †dvìv‡i
cÖ‡qvRbxq QwewU i‡q‡Q, †mB †dvìvi
Lyj‡Z n‡e Ges QwewU wm‡j± K‡i WvqvjM
e‡·i Insert †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
wm‡j± Kiv QwewU ¯øvB‡W P‡j Avm‡e|
3. QwewUi wimvBR e‡· wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i Qwei
AvKvi †QvU-eo Kiv hv‡e Ges QwewU Wª¨vM
K‡i †h Ae¯’v‡b cÖ‡qvRb mwi‡q ¯’vcb Kiv
hv‡e|
møvB‡W UªvbwRkb hy³ Kiv
mvaviYZ GKwUi ci GKwU K‡i møvBW cÖ`k©b Kiv nq| A‡bK mgq GKwU møvBW †_‡K cieZx© møvB‡W
hvIqvi mgq B‡d± eënvi Kiv nq| GB B‡d±‡K ejv nq UªvbwRkb| †cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡bi †h møvBWwU †Lvjv
†i‡L UªvbwRkb cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq †mB møvBWwU‡ZB UªvbwRkb Kvh©Ki nq| cÖ_g møvB‡W UªvbwRkb hy³
Kivi Rb¨-
1. cÖ_g møvBWwU †Lvjv ivL‡Z n‡e|
2. Animations †gby‡Z wK¬K K‡i mwµq Ki‡Z n‡e|
Animations †gbyi wie‡b GK mvwi møvBW UªvbwRk‡bi bgybv cvIqv hv‡e|

†h bgybvi Dc‡i gvDm c‡q›Uvi ¯’vcb Kiv n‡e, møvB‡W †mB bgybvi UªvbwRkb †`Lv hv‡e| AviI
bgybv †_‡K evQvB Kivi Rb¨ bgybv¸‡jvi Wvb w`‡K wZbwU Zxi i‡q‡Q| gvSLv‡bi Zx‡i wK¬K
Ki‡Z _vK‡j bgybvi bZzb GKwU K‡i mvwi Avm‡Z _vK‡e| Dc‡ii Zx‡i wK¬K Ki‡j Dci †_‡K
wb‡Pi w`‡K GKwU mvwi †b‡g Avm‡e| wb‡Pi Zx‡i wK¬K Ki‡j me¸‡jv bgybv GKm‡½ †`Lv
hv‡e| Gfv‡e UªvbwRk‡bi bgybv¸‡jv †`‡L †bIqv hv‡e| cQ›` n‡j bgybvwUi Dci wK¬K Ki‡Z
n‡e| wK¬K Kiv n‡j IB UªvbwRkbwU møvB‡W Av‡ivwcZ n‡e|
3. me¸‡jv møvB‡W GKB UªvbwRkb Av‡ivc Ki‡Z n‡j, cÖ_g møvB‡W UªvbwRkb Av‡ivc Kivi ci
bgybvi mvwii Wvb w`‡K Apply To All †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. cÖwZwU møvB‡W wfbœ wfbœ UªvbwRkb cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡j GKwU GKwU K‡i cÖwZwU møvB‡W UªvbwRkb
Av‡ivc Ki‡Z n‡e|
†jLvq ¯^Zš¿fv‡e UªvbwRkb cÖ‡qvM Kiv
GKwU møvB‡W GKvwaK †U·U e‡· †jLv _vK‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gvb †cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡bi wØZxq møvB‡W wZbwU
†U·U e‡· †jLv i‡q‡Q| wZbwU †U·U e‡· wfbœ wfbœ UªvbwRkb cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j †U·U e·¸‡jv wfbœ wfbœ
cÖwµqvq møvB‡Wi †fZ‡i Avm‡e| †U·U e‡· UªvbwRkb cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨-
1. wØZxq møvBWwU †Lvjv ivL‡Z n‡e|
2. cÖ_g †U·U e·wU wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. Animations †gby‡Z wK¬K K‡i mwµq Ki‡Z n‡e|
Animations-Gi wb‡P Custom Animation bv‡g GKwU KgvÛ hy³ n‡e| Custom
Animation-Gi Dci wK¬K Ki‡j Custom Animation-Gi GKwU c¨v‡jU Avm‡e|
4. Custom Animation c¨v‡j‡Ui Add Effect Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKv †_‡K Entrance wm‡j± Ki‡j
Kv÷g UªvbwRk‡bi GKwU ZvwjKv Avm‡e| G ZvwjKv †_‡K-
- cÖ_g †U·U e‡·i Rb¨ Blinds wm‡j± Kiv n‡jv|
- wØZxq †U·U e·wU wm‡j± K‡i Fly in wm‡j± Kiv n‡jv|
- Z…Zxq †U·U e·wU wm‡j± K‡i Diamond wm‡j± Kiv n‡jv|
- G ZvwjKv †_‡K More Effects wm‡j± Ki‡j UªvbwRk‡bi AviI GKwU ZvwjKv cvIqv hv‡e| G
ZvwjKv †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv UªvbwRkb wm‡j± Ki‡j GKB iKg KvR n‡e|
5. Av‡ivwcZ †Kv‡bv UªvbwRkb ev` †Ìqvi Rb¨ wbw`©ó †U·U e·wU wm‡j± K‡i Remove †evZv‡g
wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
UªvbwRk‡b kã cÖ‡qvM Kiv
møvBW UªvbwRk‡bi m‡½ kã hy³ Kivi Rb¨ møvBWwU †Lvjv †i‡L Transition Sound Wªc-WvDb
ZvwjKv †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU k‡ãi bvg wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ_g møvB‡Wi Rb¨ Camera wm‡j± Kiv
n‡jv| me¸‡jv møvB‡W GKB kã cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ Apply To All †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
wfbœ wfbœ møvB‡W wfbœ wfbœ kã cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZwU møvB‡W wfbœ wfbœ K‡i GKB wbq‡g kã cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡Z n‡e|
møvB‡W wfwWI hy³ Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx †h‡Kv‡bv møvB‡W wfwWI hy³ Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ ïiyi møvB‡W wfwWI hy³ Kiv
nq| aiv hvK, ÔAvgv‡ì †`kÕ Dc¯’vcbvi ïiyi møvB‡W GKwU wfwWI hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| G Rb¨-
- ÔAvgv‡ì †`kÕ Dc¯’vcbvwUi cÖ_g møvBW †Lvjv ivL‡Z n‡e
- Insert †gbyi wie‡b Movie Wªc-WvD‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Movie from file KgvÛ cvIqv hv‡e|
Movie from file KgvÛ wm‡j± Ki‡j Insert Movie WvqvjM e· Avm‡e
- Insert Movie WvqvjM e‡·i wfwWI †dvìvi †_‡K GKwU gywf dvBj wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e
- WvqvjM e‡·i OK †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e
- GKwU wRÁvmvm~PK evZ©v e· Avm‡e "How do you want the movie to start in the slide show?"
- evZ©v e‡· `ywU †evZvg _vK‡e- Automatically Ges When Clicked
- cÖ‡qvRbxq †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j evZ©v e· P‡j hv‡e Ges møvB‡W wfwWI dvBj ¯’vwcZ n‡e|
dvBjwU Wª¨vM K‡i †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b mwi‡q ¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e Ges dvB‡ji wimvBR e· Wª¨vM K‡i
dvBjwUi AvKvi †QvU-eo Kiv hv‡e
- Kx‡ev‡W©i F5 †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j cÖ_g møvBWwU cÖ`wk©Z n‡e
- møvB‡W wfwWI dvB‡ji _v¤^‡bBj `„k¨gvb _vK‡e
- wfwWI dvB‡ji _v¤^‡bB‡j wK¬K Ki‡j wfwWIwU Pvjy n‡q hv‡e| gywf dvBjwU ms‡hvRb Kivi mgq
Automatically wm‡j± Kiv _vK‡j møvBW cÖ`k©b ïiy nIqvi m‡½ m‡½B gywfwUI Pvjy n‡q
hv‡e|
KvR
†Zvgvi we`¨vjq wb‡q GKwU cvIqvi c‡q›U †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb ˆZwi K‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki|
MÖvwd·
MÖvwd‡·i ¸iyZ¡
Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Qwe m¤úv`bv Kivi Rb¨ K¨v‡givq †Zvjv Qwe, nv‡Z AuvKv Qwe ev wPÎKg©, bKkv
BZ¨vw` ¯‹¨vb K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡i eënvi Ki‡Z nq| eZ©gv‡b wWwRUvj K¨v‡givi mvnv‡h¨ †Zvjv Qwe
mivmwi Kw¤úDUv‡i Kwc K‡i †bIqv hvq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ Qwe m¤úv`bvi ci G¸‡jv wWwRUvj
gva¨‡g Ges KvM‡R Qvcvi Rb¨ Avgš¿YcÎ, †cv÷vi, e¨vbvi, weÁvcb BZ¨vwì m‡½ eënvi Kiv hvq|
Kw¤úDUv‡i Qwe m¤úv`bvi Rb¨ A‡bK iKg †cÖvMÖvg i‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ G‡Wvwe d‡Uvkc †cÖvMÖvgwU
eZ©gv‡b wek¦e¨vcx RbwcÖq| evsjv‡`kI Gi e¨wZµg bq| myweav I AwfÁZvi we‡ePbvq ZvB GLv‡b
G‡Wvwe d‡Uvkc Ges G‡Wvwe Gjv‡UªUi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv| Qwe ev Qwei †Kv‡bv As‡ki J¾¡j¨
evov‡bv-Kgv‡bv, GKvwaK Qwei mgš^‡q eB‡qi cÖ” Q`, †cv÷vi BZ¨vw` ˆZwi Kiv, Qwei AcÖ‡qvRbxq
Ask †K‡U †djv, Qwei `vM ev ÎywU gy‡Q †djv BZ¨vw` AviI bvbv iKg KvR G‡Wvwe d‡Uvkc w`‡q Kiv
hvq|
d‡Uvk‡c KvR Kivi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì Kw¤úDUv‡i d‡Uvkc †cÖvMÖvg BÝUj Kiv _vK‡Z n‡e A_ev Zv
BÝUj K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Av‡M †kLv Ab¨vb¨ †cÖvMÖv‡gi g‡Zv GKB c×wZ‡Z d‡Uvkc †cÖvMÖvg Lyj‡Z nq|
bZzb dvBj ˆZwi K‡i A_ev Av‡M ˆZwi Kiv dvBj Ly‡j KvR ïiy Ki‡Z nq|
d‡Uvkc †cÖvMÖvg †Lvjvi Rb¨ Ñ
1. Start ev Windows Logo Button G Click K‡i Aj †cÖvMÖvgm (All Programs) Kgv‡Ûi Dci
gvDm c‡q›Uvi ¯’vcb Ki‡j GKwU d¬vBAvDU †gby cvIqv hv‡e|
2. G g¨vby †_‡K G‡Wvwe d‡Uvkc †cÖvMÖv‡gi bv‡gi Dci wK¬K Ki‡j G‡Wvwe d‡Uvkc (Adobe
Photoshop) †cÖvMÖvg Ly‡j hv‡e|
d‡Uvkc †cÖvMÖv‡g bZzb dvBj ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨-
- d‡Uvkc †cÖvMÖvg †Lvjvi ci File †gby †_‡K New KgvÛ w`‡j New WvqvjM e· cvIqv hv‡e|
- wbD WvqvjM e‡·i Name N‡i Untitled-1 †jLvwU wm‡j‡±W Ae¯’vq _vK‡e| Kx‡ev‡W©i
e¨vK‡¯úm †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡q †jLvwU gy‡Q †dj‡Z n‡e Ges GKwU bvg UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e| GwUB
n‡e dvB‡ji bvg| aiv hvK, Name N‡i Practice UvBc Kiv n‡jv|
G ch©v‡q dvB‡ji bvg UvBc K‡i wb‡j cieZx©‡Z dvBjwU eÜ Kivi mgq Avi bZzb K‡i bvg
UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e bv| Ab¨_vq, dvBj eÜ Kivi mgq bvg UvBc Kivi Rb¨ WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
- wbD WvqvjM e‡· cÖk¯ÍZv ev Width Ges D”PZv ev Height N‡i BwÂi gv‡c msL¨v UvBc Ki‡Z
n‡e| †hgb- cÖk¯ÍZv 7 BwÂ Ges D” PZv 8 BwÂ UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e| G `ywU N‡ii Wvb cv‡k
gv‡ci GKK wba©vi‡Yi Wªc-WvDb †gby i‡q‡Q| G †gbyi wbgœgyLx Zx‡i wK¬K Ki‡j gv‡ci
GKK¸‡jv †`Lv hv‡e| †hgb - Inches, Pixels, Piacas, Points, cm Ges mm. G Wªc-WvDb
†gby †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq GKK wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| ïiy‡Z nq‡Zv wc‡·j _vK‡Z cv‡i| †m †ÿ‡Î
ewY©Z wbq‡g BwÂi gvc wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| aiv hvK, eZ©gvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ GKK wn‡m‡e Inches
wba©viY K‡i cÖk¯ÍZv N‡i 7 BwÂ Ges D”PZv N‡i 8 BwÂ UvBc Kiv n‡jv|
- AvcvZZ †iRywjDkb 72 wc‡·j AcwiewZ©Z ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i|
d‡Uvk‡c B‡gR ev Qwe ˆZwi nq wc‡·‡ji mvnv‡h¨| wc‡·j n‡” Q GKwU B‡gR ev Qwei eM©vKvi
ÿz`ªZg GKK| BwÂ cÖwZ 72 wc‡·j K_vwUi A_© n‡” Q GK BwÂ‡Z AvovAvwo Ges Dj¤^fv‡e 72wU
wc‡·‡ji 72wU K‡i jvBb| G‡Z GK eM© BwÂ‡Z †gvU wc‡·‡ji cwigvY ùvov‡e 72x72=5184
wc‡·j| cÖwZ eM© BwÂ‡Z ev wbw`©ó GK‡K wc‡·‡ji cwigvY‡KB †iRywjDkb ejv nq| wc‡·‡ji N‡i
130 UvBc Ki‡j †iRywjDkb n‡e 130x130=16,900 wc‡·j| GKwU Qwe eo Ki‡j wc‡·j¸‡jv
†`Lv hv‡e| G Ae¯’v‡K ejv nq wc‡·‡j‡UW n‡q hvIqv| mvaviY fvlvq ejv nq Qwe †d‡U hvIqv|
- WvqvjM e‡·i Color Mode Wªc-WvDb †gby †_‡K RGB, CMYK, Bitmap, Grayscale), Lab
Color-Gi †fZi †_‡K RGB wm‡j± Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| KviY, Kw¤úDUvi, †Uwjwfkb Ges Ab¨vb¨
B‡j±ªwbK wgwWqvi gwbU‡i Dc¯’vwcZ welq cÖ`wk©Z nq RGB †gv‡W| RGB n‡”Q Red Green
Blue ev jvj meyR Ges bxj GB wZbwU i‡Oi Bs‡iwR bv‡gi cÖ_g eY©wewkó mswÿß iƒc|
- WvqvjM e‡·i Background Contents As‡k e¨vKMÖvD‡Ûi 3wU Ackb i‡q‡Q| Ackb 3wU
n‡”Q mv`v ev White, Background Color Ges ¯^” Q ev Transparent.
- Wªc-WvDb †gby †_‡K mv`v ev White wm‡j± Ki‡j K¨vbfvm ev Background-Gi is n‡e mv`v,
Background Color wm‡j± Ki‡j K¨vbfvm ev Background-Gi is n‡e Uzj e‡·
e¨vKMÖD‡Ûi is wn‡m‡e we`¨gvb is wewkó Ges ¯^” Q ev Transparent wm‡j± Ki‡j K¨vbfvm ev
Background ¯^” Q _vK‡e| ¯^”Q Background-Gi cy‡ivUvB n‡e iswenxb †PKwewkó| cQ›` ev
cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx e¨vKMÖvD‡Ûi Ackb wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| G †ÿ‡Î mv`v ev White wm‡j± Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i|
- Dc‡i ewY©Z avcmg~n m¤úbœ bv K‡i mivmwi Preset Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKv †_‡K Default Photoshop
Size wm‡j± Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z d‡Uvk‡ci wbR¯^ gvc Abyhvqx me¸‡jv GKK wba©vwiZ n‡q
hv‡e| KvR †kLvi cÖ_g ch©v‡q Default Photoshop Size wm‡j± Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
- WvqvjM e‡·i gvc‡RvK wba©vi‡Yi KvR m¤úbœ K‡i OK †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
- WvqvjM e‡· cÖ`Ë gvc Abyhvqx GKwU DB‡Ûv ev c`©v Avm‡e| c`©vi Dc‡ii evg w`‡K Practice
@ 100% (RGB/8) †jLv _vK‡e| G eviwU‡K ejv nq UvB‡Uj evi| wbD WvqjM e‡·i Name
N‡i dvBjwUi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv bvg eënvi bv Kiv n‡j UvB‡Uj evi-Gi G RvqMvwU‡Z dvB‡ji bvg
wn‡m‡e Untitled-1@ 100% (RGB/8) cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
- UvB‡Uj evi-Gi Dci WejwK¬K Ki‡j UvB‡Uj eviwU c`©vi Dc‡i ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡q hv‡e|
- UvB‡Uj evi-Gi wb‡P †gby evi Ges †gby evi-Gi wb‡P i‡q‡Q Ackb evi|
- Ackb evi-Gi wb‡P i‡q‡Q iyjvi|
- iyjv‡ii wb‡Pi c`©vq d‡Uvk‡ci KvR Ki‡Z nq|

- G c`©vwU‡K wkíxi Qwe AvuKvi K¨vbfv‡mi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GB K¨vbfv‡mi evg cv‡k
i‡q‡Q Zzwj ev eªvk Ges is I Qwe m¤úv`bv Kivi wewfbœ cÖKvi Uzj Ges Wvb cv‡k i‡q‡Q c¨v‡jU|
d‡Uvk‡ci Uzje· Ges c¨v‡jU cwiwPwZ
d‡Uvk‡c KvR Kivi Rb¨ Kg‡ewk 69 cÖKvi
Uzj i‡q‡Q| G QvovI i‡q‡Q AmsL¨ Ackb
c¨v‡jU, WvqvjM e· BZ¨vw`| wewfbœ iKg
Uz‡ji m‡½ Avevi wewfbœ iKg Ackb c¨v‡jU
Ges WvqvjM e‡·i m¤úK© i‡qQ|
d‡Uvk‡ci Uzj e‡· G QvovI i‡q‡Q Zzwj ev
eªv‡ki is ev Foreground Ges K¨vbfvm ev
Background-Gi is wbqš¿‡Yi AvBKb,
gwbU‡ii c`©vq cÖ`k©b GjvKv wba©vi‡Yi
AvBKb, gv¯‹ AvBKb BZ¨vw`| †cwÝj ev eªvk
Uzj w`‡q †iLv A¼b Ki‡j Foreground-
Gi is Zzwji is wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
- c`©vi Wvb cv‡k i‡q‡Q wewfbœ cÖKvi
c¨v‡jU| c¨v‡j‡Ui Dc‡ii Wvb w`‡K
we‡qvM wPý ev minimize AvBKb
i‡q‡Q| G we‡qvM wPý ev minimize
AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j c¨v‡jUwU ¸wU‡q hv‡e Ges AvBKbwU PZz‡®‹vY ev maximize AvBK‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ
n‡q hv‡e| ¸wU‡q _vKv c¨v‡j‡Ui PZz‡®‹vY ev maximize AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j c¨v‡jUwU Avevi
m¤úªmvwiZ n‡e| cieZ©x‡Z cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Avevi we‡qvM wPý ev minimize AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j
c¨v‡jUwU ¸wU‡q hv‡e|
- c¨v‡j‡Ui Uc evi-G WvejwK¬K Ki‡jI m¤úªmvwiZ c¨v‡jU ¸wU‡q hv‡e Ges ¸wU‡q _vKv c¨v‡jU
m¤úªmvwiZ n‡e|
- c¨v‡j‡Ui Uc evi-G wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i c¨v‡jU‡K †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b mwi‡q ¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
- c`©vi evg w`‡K i‡q‡Q Uzj e·| G‡Z wewfbœ cÖKvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ Uzj i‡q‡Q| Kv‡Ri Rb¨
†h Uz‡ji Dci hLb wK¬K Kiv nq ZLb †mB UzjwU mwµq nq| Uzj e‡· †Kv‡bv Uzj wm‡j± K‡i
gvDm c‡q›Uvi c`©vi †fZ‡i wb‡q G‡j KL‡bv IB Uz‡ji wbR¯^ AvK…wZ‡Z †`Lv hvq, Avevi KL‡bv
†hvM wPý iƒ‡c †`Lv hvq Ges m¤úv`bv Uzj¸‡jv e„Ë ev †Mvj AvK…wZ wn‡m‡e cÖ`wk©Z nq|
wm‡jKkb Uzj Ges gyf Uzj cwiwPwZ
- Uzj e‡·i G‡Kev‡i Dc‡ii As‡k i‡q‡Q 3wU wm‡jKkb Uzj Ges GKwU gyf Uzj| wKQz Uz‡ji
wb‡Pi Wvb w`‡K †QvU Zxi wP‡ýi Z i‡q‡Q| G‡Z †evSv hv‡e IB mKj Uz‡ji GKB Ae¯’v‡b
GKB †Mv‡Îi AviI Uzj i‡q‡Q| †hgb- GKB Ae¯’v‡b i‡q‡Q PviwU gvwK© Uzj Ges Ab¨ Ae¯’v‡b
i‡q‡Q wZbwU jv‡mv Uzj|
- Uz‡ji Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi ¯’vcb Ki‡j Uz‡ji bvg cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| gvDm c‡q›Uvi w`‡q IB Uz‡ji
Dci wK¬K Ki‡j UzjwU mwµq n‡e| G Ae¯’vq gvDm c‡q›Uvi c`©vi †fZ‡i wb‡q G‡j wm‡j‡±W
Uz‡ji wbR¯^ AvK…wZ‡Z ev †hvMwPý iƒ‡c †`Lv hv‡e|
- wm‡jKkb Uz‡ji g‡a¨ gvwK© Uzj w`‡q PZz‡®‹vY I e„ËvKvi wm‡jKkb Ges Ae‡R± ˆZwii KvR Kiv hvq|
- Shift †evZvg †P‡c †i‡L Rectangular Marquee Tool Wª¨vM Ki‡j wbLuyZ eM© Ges Shift †evZvg
†P‡c †i‡L Elliptical Marquee Tool Wª¨vM Ki‡j wbLuyZ e„Ë wm‡jKkb ˆZwi n‡e| Alt †evZvg
†P‡c Wª¨vM Ki‡j †K›`ªwe›`y †_‡K ïiy n‡q PZzw`©‡K we¯Í…Z n‡q eM©/ e„Ë wm‡jKkb ˆZwi n‡e|
wm‡jKkb ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv
- Rectangular Marquee Tool-Gi mvnv‡h¨ PZz‡®‹vY wewkó wm‡jKkb †iLv ˆZwi Kivi ci gvDm
†_‡K AvOyj Zz‡j wb‡j c`©vq PZz‡®‹vY wewkó wm‡jKkb †iLv fvmgvb Ae¯’vq _vK‡e|
- gvDm c‡q›Uvi wm‡jKk‡bi †fZ‡i wb‡q †M‡j gvDm c‡q›Uv‡ii wb‡Pi w`‡K †QvU GKwU AvqZKvi
AvBKb †`Lv hv‡e| G Ae¯’vq gvD‡m AvOy‡ji Pvc †i‡L fvmgvb wm‡jKkb‡K Wª¨vM K‡i †h †Kvb
¯’v‡b mwi‡q †bIqv hv‡e|
- wm‡jKkb fvmgvb _vKv Ae¯’vq Select †gbyi Deselect KgvÛ wm‡j± Ki‡j A_ev wm‡jKk‡bi
evB‡i gvDm c‡q›Uvi wK¬K Ki‡j wm‡jKkb P‡j hv‡e|
fvmgvb wm‡jKkbwU iO w`‡q c~iY Kiv

- Uzj e‡·i wb‡Pi As‡k Foreground Ges Background Kvjvi AvBKb i‡q‡Q| Dc‡ii AvBKbwU
n‡”Q Foreground-Gi Ges wb‡Pi AvBKbwU n‡” Q Background- Gi| †Kv‡bv wm‡jKkb
fvmgvb _vKv Ae¯’vq is w`‡q c~iY Kivi Rb¨Ñ
- Kx‡ev‡W©i Alt †evZvg †P‡c †i‡L Backspace †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j wm‡jKkbwU
Zzwji is ev Foreground-Gi i‡O c~iY n‡q hv‡e Ges Ctrl †evZvg †P‡c
†i‡L Backspace †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j ev ïay Backspace †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j
K¨vbfv‡mi is ev Background-Gi i‡O c~iY n‡q hv‡e|
- i‡O c‚iY nIqv wm‡jKkbwU fvmgvb _vK‡e| cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Wª¨vM K‡i Ab¨
¯’v‡b mwi‡q ¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e|
- wm‡jKkb mwi‡q †bIqvi mgq is w`‡q c~iY Kiv Ae‡R± c~e©eZx© ¯’v‡bB
†_‡K hv‡e|
- Ctrl †evZvg †P‡c †i‡L ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Ki‡j Ae‡R±wU KvU n‡q ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡e|
- Ctrl I Alt †evZvg GKm‡½ †P‡c †i‡L ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Ki‡j Ae‡R±wU Kwc n‡q ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡e|
- fvmgvb wm‡jKk‡bi evB‡i gvDm c‡q›Uvi wK¬K Ki‡j wm‡jKkbwU P‡j hv‡e|
wd`vi-Gi eënvi
- Ackb evi-G Feather †d`vi N‡i 0 †_‡K 250 ch©šÍ wewfbœ cwigvYm~PK msL¨v UvBc K‡i
Ae‡R‡±i cÖvšÍ bgbxq Kiv hvq| †d`v‡ii cwigvY Ae‡R‡±i cÖvšÍ †_‡K †fZi I evB‡ii w`‡K
mgvbfv‡e we¯Í…Z nq| †d`vi N‡i 10 UvBc Ki‡j cÖv‡šÍi bgbxqZv n‡e 20|
- wd`vi N‡i wewfbœ cwigvYm~PK msL¨v UvBc Kivi ci Kx‡ev‡W©i G›Uvi †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡q †d`vi
êwkó¨‡K Kvh©Ki K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Gici gvwK© Uzj ev Ab¨ Uzj w`‡q ˆZwi Kiv is w`‡q c~iY Ki‡j
†d`vi êwkó¨ `„k¨gvb n‡e| Kwc ev KvU Kiv Ae‡R± †c÷ Kivi ciI †d`vi êwkó¨ `„k¨gvb n‡e|
j¨v‡mv Uzj I cwj‡Mvbvj j¨v‡mv Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ wm‡j± Kiv
Uzj e‡·i j¨v‡mv Uzj wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| j¨v‡mv
Uzj w`‡q K‡qK cÖKvi wm‡jKkb ˆZwi Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i| †hgb Ñ
- gy³ wm‡jKkb ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ Lasso Tool
wm‡j± Kivi ci K¨vbfv‡m wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i
Ae„ËvKvi Ges AvuKveuvKv mxgvbv ev cÖvšÍwewkó
wm‡jKkb ˆZwii KvR Kiv hvq| Wª¨vM Kiv
Ae¯’vq gvD‡mi Dci †_‡K AvOz‡ji Pvc †Q‡o
w`‡j H Ae¯’vb †_‡K ïiyi wK¬‡Ki we›`yi m‡½
†iLv ˆZwi n‡q e× wm‡jKkb ˆZwi n‡e|
- wm‡jKkb fvmgvb (Floating) _vKv Ae¯’vq wm‡jKk‡bi g‡a¨ wK¬K K‡i Wª¨vM K‡i Ab¨Î mwi‡q
¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e| wm‡jKkb †Kv‡bv is w`‡q c‚iY (Fill) Kivi ciI fvmgvb wm‡jKkb Wª¨vM K‡i
Ab¨Î mwi‡q ¯’vcb K‡i GKB is ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv is w`‡q c~iY Kiv hv‡e|
- i‡Oi Mvp‡Z¡i cwigvY wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ IcvwmwU (opacity) eënvi Kiv nq|
- Edit †gbyi Fill KgvÛ w`‡j c`©vq wdj WvqvjM e· cvIqv hvq|
- wdj WvqvjM e‡·i Kb‡U›Um As‡k BDR N‡i †dviMÖvDÛ wm‡j‡±W _v‡K| cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Wªc-
WvDb ZvwjKv †_‡K cwieZ©b K‡i †bIqv hvq|
- WvqvjM e‡·i IcvwmwU N‡i i‡Oi MvpZ¡ wba©viYx msL¨v UvBc Ki‡Z nq| i‡Oi c~Y© MvpZ¡ n‡”
Q
100%| kZKiv nvi (%) hZ Kg n‡e is ZZB nvjKv n‡e| IcvwmwU N‡i 50 UvBc K‡i OK
†evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j wm‡jKkbwU †dviMÖvDÛ i‡Oi 50% MvpZvq c~iY n‡e|
- wm‡jKk‡bi Ackb c¨v‡j‡UI IcvwmwU Av‡Q| G c¨v‡j‡Ui IcvwmwU Kg‡ewk K‡iI c~iY Kiv
i‡Oi MvpZv Kg‡ewk Kiv hvq|
†÷ªvK
- †÷ªvK Kgv‡Ûi mvnv‡h¨ wm‡jKk‡bi eW©vi ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
- wm‡jKkb fvmgvb _vKv Ae¯’vq Edit †gbyi Stroke KgvÛ wm‡j± Ki‡j Stroke WvqvjM e·
cvIqv hvq|
- WvqvjM e‡·i Stroke Width N‡i 1-16 ch©šÍ †h‡Kv‡bv msL¨v UvBc Kiv hvq| G msL¨v Abyhvqx
eW©v‡ii cÖk¯ÍZv wba©vwiZ nq| eW©viwU wm‡jKk‡bi evB‡ii w`‡K, †fZ‡ii w`‡K ev gvSvgvwS
¯’v‡b ˆZwii Rb¨- WvqvjM e‡·i Outside, Inside ev Center mshy³ †MvjK ev Radio
button-Gi gvSLv‡b wK¬K K‡i mwµq K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
- WvqvjM e‡·i OK †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
- †÷ªvK c×wZ‡Z ïay Zzwji is ev †dviMÖvD‡Ûi is w`‡qB eW©vi ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
dvBj †mf ev msiÿY eÜ Kiv
- dvBj †gby †_‡K Save KgvÛ w`‡j Save As WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
- †mf G¨vR (Save As) WvqvjM e‡·i dvBj †bg N‡i dvB‡ji bvg UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e, aiv hvK,
Practice.
- WvqvjM e‡·i OK †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z dvBjwU Practice bv‡g msiw¶Z n‡q hv‡e|
- Amgvß KvR m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ cieZx©‡Z Practice dvBjwU Ly‡j wb‡Z n‡e|
†jqvi
Ae‡R± ˆZwi Kiv Ges Qwe m¤úv`bvi KvR ïiy Kivi Av‡M Layer m¤ú‡K© †R‡b †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb| Qwe
m¤úv`bvi cÖvq cÖwZwU ch©v‡q Layer-Gi gva¨‡g KvR Ki‡Z nq|
Layer n‡”
Q, Qwe m¤úv`bvi c`©v ev K¨vbfv‡mi G‡KKwU ¯Íi| †jqvi c×wZ‡Z GKvwaK ¯^”
Q K¨vbfvm
GKwUi Dc‡i GKwU †i‡L KvR Kiv hvq| K¨vbfvm ¯^” Q n‡j cÖwZ ¯Í‡i we`¨gvb Qwe †`‡L †`‡L KvR
Kiv hvq| wKš‘, Dc‡ii ¯Í‡ii K¨vbfvmwU ¯^” Q bv n‡j wb‡Pi K¨vbfv‡mi KvR †`Lv hv‡e bv| iwOb
e¨vKMÖvDÛ wewkó †Kv‡bv Qwe †Lvjv n‡j IB Qwei †jqvi c¨v‡j‡U Background †jLv _vK‡e|
e¨vKMÖvDÛ mv`v i‡Oi n‡jI ¯^”
Q e¨vKMÖvDÛ n‡e bv| KviY, mv`v GKwU is| D`vniY wn‡m‡e-
- GKwU dz‡ji Qwe wewkó GKwU
dvBj †Lvjv n‡jv| Qwei †jqvi
c¨v‡j‡U Background †jLv
i‡q‡Q| †jqvi evi-Gi Wvb w`‡K
GKwU Zvjvi AvBKb i‡q‡Q| Gi
A_© n‡” Q †jqviwU jK Kiv Av‡Q|
jK Kiv †jqv‡ii Ae‡R± gyf Uz‡ji
mvnv‡h¨ wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i
¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv hvq bv|
- bZzb dvBj †Lvjvi mgq Background Content wn‡m‡e †nvqvBU ev mv`v Ges e¨vKMÖvDÛ ivLv
n‡j †jqvi c¨v‡j‡U Background cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
- eZ©gvb D`vni‡Yi dz‡ji QwewU
Gw`K-†mw`K mwi‡q ¯’vcb Kivi
Rb¨ Background-†K †jqv‡i
cwiYZ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| G Rb¨Ñ
- †jqvi c¨v‡j‡U Background-Gi Dci
WvejwK¬K Ki‡j New Layer bv‡g
GKwU WvqjM e· Avm‡e| WvqvjM
e‡·i Name N‡i Layer 0 _vK‡e|
WvqjM e‡·i OK †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j WvqvjM e· P‡j hv‡e Ges Background †jqvi Layer
0-G cwiYZ n‡e| WvqvjM e‡·i Name N‡i Layer 0 gy‡Q Layer 1 UvBc Ki‡j
Background †jqviwU Layer 1-G cwiYZ n‡e|
- Background Eraser Uzj w`‡q Qwei †h‡Kv‡bv As‡k wK¬K Ki‡j Qwei IB Ask gy‡Q hv‡e Ges
c¨v‡j‡Ui †jqviwU AvcbvAvcwb Layer 0-G cwiYZ n‡e|
- Eraser Uzj w`‡q Qwei †Kv‡bv Ask †gvQv n‡j †jqviwU Layer 0-G cwiYZ n‡e bv|
bZzb †jqvi hy³ Kiv
d‡Uvk‡c GKvwaK Qwei dvBj wb‡q KvR Kivi Rb¨ GKvwaK †jqvi eënvi Ki‡Z nq| wfbœ wfbœ Qwe
wfbœ wfbœ †jqv‡i †i‡L Zv‡ì Ae¯’vb web¨vmmn Ab¨vb¨ m¤úv`bvi KvR Ki‡Z nq|
c¨v‡j‡U bZzb †jqvi hy³ Kivi Rb¨-

- c¨v‡j‡Ui wb‡P Create a new layer AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j we`¨gvb †jqvi ev wm‡j± Kiv †jqviwUi
Dc‡i GKwU bZzb †jqvi hy³ n‡e| G †jqviwU n‡e ¯^” Q †jqvi| bZzb hy³ Kiv †jqv‡i †Kv‡bv
Ae‡R± ˆZwi K‡i cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx mwi‡q ¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e| Gfv‡e cuvPwU †jqvi ˆZwi Ki‡j 1
b¤î †jqv‡ii Dc‡i 2 b¤î †jqvi, 2 b¤î †jqv‡ii Dci 3 b¤î †jqvi, 3 b¤î †jqv‡ii Dci 4
b¤î †jqvi web¨¯Í n‡e| Av‡iv †jqvi hy³ Kiv n‡j ch©vqµ‡g web¨¯Í n‡e|
- cÖ‡qvRb n‡j †jqv‡ii ¯Íi web¨vm cwieZ©b K‡i †bIqv hvq| 2 b¤î †jqv‡i wK¬K K‡i gvD‡m Pvc
†i‡L Dc‡ii w`‡K Wª¨vM K‡i 3 b¤î †jqv‡ii Dci †Q‡o w`‡j †jqviwU 3 b¤î Ges 4 b¤î
†jqv‡ii gvSLv‡b ¯’vwcZ n‡e| `ywU †jqv‡ii gvSLv‡bi wefvRb †iLv wm‡j‡±W nIqvi ci
gvD‡mi Pvc †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e|
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, e¨vKMÖvDÛ †jqvi Gfv‡e ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv hv‡e bv| e¨vKMÖvDÛ †jqvi Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
¯Í‡i ¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ e¨vKMÖvDÛ‡K †jqv‡i cwiYZ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
†jqv‡i Qwe `„k¨gvb Kiv I A`„k¨ Kiv
cÖwZwU †jqv‡ii G‡Kev‡i evg w`‡K i‡q‡Q †Pv‡Li AvBKb| G AvBKb‡K ejv nq †jqvi wfwRwewjwU
AvBKb| †Pv‡Li AvBKbwUi Dci wK¬K Ki‡j †PvLwU A`„k¨ n‡q hv‡e Ges †mBm‡½ IB †jqv‡ii
QwewUI c`©v †_‡K A`„k¨ n‡q hv‡e| A`„k¨ †Pv‡Li RvqMvwU‡Z Avevi wK¬K Ki‡j †Pv‡Li AvBKbwU
`„k¨gvb n‡e Ges †mBm‡½ IB †jqv‡ii QweI c`©vq `„k¨gvb n‡e| dz‡ji Qwei †jqvi‡K `„k¨gvb I
A`„k¨ K‡i †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i|
_v¤^‡bBj AvBKb
- †PvL AvBK‡bi Wvb cv‡ki mvwi‡Z i‡q‡Q _v¤^‡bBj AvBKb| _v¤^‡bB‡ji A_© n‡” Q eo Qwei ÿz`ª
ms¯‹iY| c`©vi Qwei m‡½ mswkøó †jqv‡i IB Qwei ÿz`ª ms¯‹iY cÖ`wk©Z nq GB _v¤^‡bBj
AvB‡Kv‡b| G‡Z †Kvb †jqv‡i †Kvb Qwe i‡q‡Q †`‡L †`‡L KvR Ki‡Z myweav nq|
¸ Q c¨v‡jU Ges c¨v‡jU hy³ I wehy³ Kiv
GKB m‡½ GKvwaK c¨v‡jU GK mv‡_ _vK‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- Layer, Path Ges Channel GKB m‡½
_vK‡Z cv‡i| c¨v‡jU¸‡jvi bvg U¨ve AvKv‡i _vK‡e| hLb †h U¨v‡e wK¬K Kiv n‡e ZLb †mB
c¨v‡jUwU mwµq n‡e| Gfv‡e GKm‡½ GKvwaK c¨v‡j‡Ui hy³ Ae¯’v‡K ejv nq ¸”
Q c¨v‡jU|
- eZ©gv‡b c¨v‡jUwU Layer c¨v‡jU wn‡m‡e mwµq i‡q‡Q| Layer U¨v‡e wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i c¨v‡j‡Ui
evB‡i G‡b †Q‡o w`‡j Layer c¨v‡jUwU ¯^Zš¿ c¨v‡jU ev GKK c¨v‡jU wn‡m‡e we`¨gvb _vK‡e|
- Avevi ¯^Zš¿ Layer c¨v‡jUwUi U¨v‡e wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i Ab¨ c¨v‡j‡Ui †fZ‡i wb‡q †M‡j hLb
c¨v‡j‡Ui Pviw`‡K †gvUv †iLv `„k¨gvb n‡e ZLb gvDm †_‡K Pvc †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e| G‡Z Wª¨vM
K‡i †bIqv †jqviwU IB ¸” Q c¨v‡j‡Ui AšÍf©y³ n‡q hv‡e|
- c`©vq Layer c¨v‡jU we`¨gvb bv _vK‡j Window †gby †_‡K Layers KgvÛ wm‡j± Ki‡j c`©vq
†jqvi c¨v‡jU cvIqv hv‡e|
†jqv‡i Ae‡R± ˆZwi Kiv

wm‡jKkb ˆZwi Ges is w`‡q c~iY Kivi c×wZ †kLv‡bv n‡q‡Q| G ch©v‡q AvqZKvi wm‡jKkb Uzj
Ges e„ËvKvi wm‡jKkb Uzj w`‡q Lye mvaviY `ywU Ae‡R± ˆZwi Kiv Ges †mB m‡½ †U·U Uz‡ji
mvnv‡h¨ †jLvi c×wZ wkLe|
K. 1 b¤î †jqv‡i AvqZKvi Ae‡R± ˆZwi Kiv
- New WvqvjM e‡·i Background Contents Ackb †_‡K mv`v ev White wm‡j± Ki‡j †jqvi
c¨v‡j‡U wfwË †jqvi wn‡m‡e Background _vK‡e| mv`v e¨vKMÖvDÛ †jqv‡ii Dci GKwU ¯^” Q
†jqvi ˆZwi K‡i †bIqvi Rb¨-
- c¨v‡j‡Ui wb‡P Create a new layer AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j wm‡j± Kiv †jqviwUi Dc‡i GKwU bZzb
†jqvi hy³ n‡e| GwU n‡e 1 b¤î †jqvi Ges †jqviwU n‡e ¯^”
Q †jqvi|
- Layer 1 ev 1 b¤î †jqv‡i PZzfz©R gvwK© Uzj ev Rectangular Marquee tool-Gi mvnv‡h¨
AvqZKvi wm‡jKkb ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wm‡jKkbwU meyR is w`‡q c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e|
- ˆZwi Kiv AvqZKvi Ae‡R±wU gyf Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ K¨vbfv‡mi †h‡Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b mwi‡q ¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e|
L. 2 b¤î †jqvi †hvM Kiv Ges e„ËvKvi Ae‡R± ˆZwi Kiv
- 1 b¤î †jqv‡ii Dci wK¬K Ki‡j †jqviwU wm‡j‡±W n‡q hv‡e|
- c¨v‡j‡Ui wb‡P Create a new layer AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j wm‡j± Kiv †jqviwUi Dc‡i GKwU
bZzb †jqvi hy³ n‡e| GwU n‡e 2 b¤î †jqvi Ges †jqviwU n‡e ¯^”
Q †jqvi|
A_ev
- †jqvi c¨v‡j‡Ui Wªc-WvDb †gby †_‡K New Layer KgvÛ wm‡j± Ki‡j New Layer WvqvjM
e· cvIqv hv‡e| WvqvjM e‡·i Name N‡i Layer-2 cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Name N‡i bZzb bvg
wn‡m‡e Circle UvBc K‡i OK †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j WvqvjM e· P‡j hv‡e Ges †jqvi c¨v‡j‡U 1
b¤î †jqv‡ii Dc‡i Circle bv‡g bZzb †jqvi hy³ n‡e|
- Gevi e„ËvKvi gvwK© Uzj w`‡q Ggbfv‡e †MvjvKvi wm‡jKkb ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e †hb e„‡Ëi A‡a©KUv
meyR Rwg‡bi Dc‡i Ges A‡a©KUv evB‡i mv`v As‡k _v‡K|
- wm‡jKkb‡K jvj is w`‡q wdj ev c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e| GLb Circle †jqv‡ii _v¤^‡bB‡j jvj e„Ë
†`Lv hv‡e|
M. †U·U †jqvi ˆZwi Kiv
- g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, Type Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨
UvB‡ci KvR ïiy Ki‡j IB †jLv
AvcbvAvcwb bZzb Text †jqv‡i
ˆZwi n‡e| bZzb Text †jqviwU n‡e
Q †jqvi| Text †jqv‡i †jLvi
¯^”
KvR Kivi Rb¨-
- Uzj e· †_‡K Type Uzj wm‡j± K‡i

K¨vbfv‡mi Dci wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| wK¬K Kivi m‡½ m‡½ †jqvi c¨v‡j‡U bZzb †jqvi hy³ n‡e|
- Text Uzj wm‡j± K‡i gvDm c‡q›Uvi K¨vbfv‡mi Dci wK¬K Ki‡j †jLvi d›U, d‡›Ui AvKvi
BZ¨vw` wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ Ackb evi-G cÖ‡qvRbxq Wªc-WvDb Ackb ZvwjKv cvIqv hv‡e|
- d›U Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKv †_‡K myZš^x Gg‡R d›U wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
- d›U mvBR d›U Wªc- WvDb ZvwjKv †_‡K A¶‡ii AvKvi AvcvZZ 72 c‡q›U wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e|
- d‡›U iO AvcvZZ Kv‡jv ivLv hvq|
- Gevi Ô†mvbvi evsjvÕ UvBc Kiv n‡jv| †jLvwU bZzb †jqvi wn‡m‡e hy³ n‡e| †jqvi c¨v‡j‡U Text
†jqviwU _v¤^‡bBj wn‡m‡e T eY© _vK‡e|
- UvB‡ci KvR †kl Kivi ci gyf Uzj ev gvDm c‡q›Uv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †jLv‡K †h‡Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡b mwi‡q
emv‡bv hv‡e|
- Gevi gyf Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ PZzf©yR, e„Ë Ges †jLv wewfbœ ¯’v‡b mwi‡q ¯’vcb K‡i †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i|
- Ae‡R± wZbwUi mgwš^Z Ae¯’vb m‡šÍvlRbK n‡j dvBjwU cieZx© eënv‡ii Rb¨ †mf ev msiÿY
K‡i ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i|
GK dvB‡ji Qwe Ab¨ dvB‡j ¯’vbvšÍwiZ Kiv
GKm‡½ GKvwaK Qwe wb‡q KvR Kivi Rb¨ GKwU dvB‡j me¸‡jv Qwe ¯’vbvšÍwiZ K‡i wb‡Z nq| G
Rb¨ aiv hvK, Default Photoshop Size -Gi GKwU k~b¨ dvBj ˆZwi Kiv n‡jv| Gici Banana
bv‡gi Kjvi Qwe wewkó dvBj †Lvjv n‡jv| Gevi
gyf Uzj w`‡q Kjvi Qwei Dci wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i
k~b¨ dvB‡ji DB‡Ûvi †fZ‡i wb‡q †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e|
G‡Z Kjvi QwewU Kwc n‡q k~b¨ dvB‡j P‡j hv‡e|
Kjvi dvBjwU eÜ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
GKB c×wZ‡Z cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Avg, Avbvim
BZ¨vw` AviI Qwe bZzb ˆZwi Kiv dvB‡j ¯’vbvšÍwiZ
K‡i †bIqv hv‡e|
Uv‡M©U †jqvi wba©viY Kiv
- †h †jqv‡ii Qwe m¤úv`bvi KvR Kiv nq †mB †jqviwU‡K ejv nq Target Layer.
- †h †Kv‡bv mgq †h‡Kv‡bv †jqv‡ii Qwe m¤úv`bvi KvR Kiv hvq Z‡e GKm‡½ GKwUgvÎ †jqv‡ii
QweB m¤úv`bv Kiv hvq|
†Kv‡bv †jqvi‡K Uv‡M©U †jqv‡i cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨Ñ
- †jqviwUi Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi wK¬K Ki‡jB H †jqviwU Uv‡M©U †jqv‡i cwiYZ nq| †jqviwU‡K
ZLb wm‡j‡±W †`Lv hvq|-
†jqv‡ii IcvwmwU cwieZ©b Kiv

- Opacity n‡” Q i‡Oi MvpZ¡| †jqvi c¨v‡j‡Ui Dc‡ii Wvb w`‡K Opacity †U·U e‡· 100%
we`¨gvb _v‡K| Opacity †jLvi Dc‡i gvDm c‡q›Uvi ¯’vcb Ki‡j gvDm c‡q›Uvi wØgyLx Zx‡i
cwiYZ n‡e| wØgyLx ZxiwU evg w`‡K Wª¨vM Ki‡j Opacity ev i‡Oi MvpZ¡ Kg‡e Ges Wv‡b
mwi‡q wb‡j Opacity ev i‡Oi MvpZ¡ evo‡e|
- G Qvov, Opacity †U·U e‡· mivmwi cwigvYm~PK msL¨v UvBc K‡iI Opacity Kg-†ewk Kiv hvq|
†jqvi evwZj K‡i †Ìqv
†h †jqviwU evwZj Ki‡Z n‡e ev †d‡j w`‡Z n‡e †mB †jqviwU Aek¨B wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici-
- †jqvi c¨v‡j‡Ui cc-Avc †gby †_‡K Delete Layer KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e|
A_ev
- †jqviwU wm‡j± K‡i c¨v‡j‡Ui wb‡Pi mvwi‡Z Delete Layer AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j GKwU
wRÁvmvm~PK WvqvjM e· Avm‡e ÔAvcwb H †jqviwU gy‡Q †dj‡Z Pvb wK-bv?Õ n¨vu ev Yes †evZv‡g
wK¬K Ki‡j †jqviwU evwZj n‡q hv‡e| ÔbvÕ ev No †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j evwZj cÖwµqv eÜ n‡q
hv‡e|
GKvwaK †jqvi GKxf~Z Kiv
d‡Uvk‡c KvR Kivi Rb¨ A‡bK mgq A‡bK¸‡jv †jqvi wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z nq| KvR †kl Kivi ci
Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kw¤úDUv‡i ev wcÖw›Us †gwk‡b wcÖ›U †bIqvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j m¤úvw`Z KvRwU wmwW ev †cb
WªvB‡f Kwc K‡i wb‡Z nq| G Rb¨ dvB‡ji AvKvi †QvU ivLvi †Póv Kiv nq| †jqvi¸‡jv GKxf~Z
K‡i wb‡j dvB‡ji AvKvi A‡cÿvK…Z †QvU nq|
GKvwaK †jqvi GKxf~Z Kivi Rb¨-
- †jqvim c¨v‡j‡Ui cc-Avc †gby‡Z Merge Visible, Flatten Image Ges Merge Down bv‡g
wZbwU KgvÛ i‡q‡Q|
- †Kv‡bv †jqvi hw` A`„k¨ _v‡K Zvn‡j Merge Visible KgvÛ w`‡j ïay `„k¨gvb †jqvi¸‡jv GKxf‚Z
n‡e| A`„k¨ †jqviwU GKxf~Z n‡e bv|
- Merge Down KgvÛ w`‡j wm‡j± Kiv †jqvi Ges wVK Zvi wb‡Pi †jqvi GKxf‚Z n‡e|
- Flatten Image KgvÛ w`‡j me¸‡jv †jqvi GKxf~Z n‡q hv‡e|
- †Kv‡bv †jqvi A`„k¨ _vK‡j IB †jqviwU evwZj Kiv n‡e wK-bv, G g‡g© wRÁvmvm‚PK evZ©v Avm‡e|
Yes †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j A`„k¨ †jqvi evwZj n‡q hv‡e Ges `„k¨gvb †jqvi¸‡jv GKxf‚Z n‡q
hv‡e|
KvU, Kwc, †c÷ I †c÷ BbUz

†Kv‡bv Ae‡R± ev B‡gR m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wm‡j± K‡i ev wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv Ask wm‡j± K‡i KvU, Kwc I †c÷
KgvÛ Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z nq|
KvU ev Kwc Kiv †Kv‡bv welq †c÷ Ki‡j AvcbvAvcwb bZzb †jqvi ˆZwi nq Ges †c÷ Kiv Ae‡R±
bZzb †jqv‡i †c÷ nq| Z‡e, †c÷ Kivi Av‡MB hw` ¯^”Q †jqvi ˆZwi K‡i †bIqv nq, Zvn‡j KvU ev
Kwc Kiv †Kv‡bv welq IB †jqv‡iB †c÷ nq|
µc Uz‡ji eënvi
wewfbœ Drm †_‡K M„nxZ Qwei eW©vi ev
cÖvšÍ wbLuyZ Ges gm„Y bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
cÖvšÍfvM †_‡K wKQzUv Ask †Qu‡U
†djvi cÖ ‡ qvRb n‡Z cv‡i|
AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ask ev` †Ìqvi
cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i|
G Qvov, QwewU mgvšÍivj bv n‡q, †h‡Kv‡bv w`K euvKv n‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i ev †n‡j _vK‡Z cv‡i|
Qwe m¤úv`bvi ïiy‡Z G ai‡bi mgm¨v ev ÎywU¸‡jv ms‡kvab K‡i †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| Qwe †Qu‡U †djvi
KvR Ki‡Z nq Crop Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨| Crop k‡ãi A_© n‡” Q †Qu‡U †djv|
- cy‡iv‡bv GB QwewUi Pviw`‡Ki cÖvšÍ ev eW©vi Ge‡ov‡_e‡ov n‡q †M‡Q| G Ae¯’vq Qwe m¤úv`bvi
cÖ_g KvRwUB n‡e Gi Ge‡ov‡_e‡ov cÖvšÍ ev eW©vi †Qu‡U †djv| G Rb¨-
- Uzj e· †_‡K Crop Tool wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
- AvqZKvi gvwK© Uz‡ji g‡Zv wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i Qwei Ge‡ov‡_e‡ov cÖvšÍ ev eW©vi AskUzKz evB‡i
†i‡L †fZ‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq Ask wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
- wm‡jKk‡bi Pvi evû‡Z PviwU Ges Pvi †Kv‡Y PviwU †gvU AvUwU duvcv PZz‡®‹vY e· †`Lv hv‡e|
GB PZz‡®‹vY e·¸‡jv‡Z wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i wm‡jKk‡bi GjvKv evov‡bv-Kgv‡bv hv‡e|
- wm‡jKkb GjvKv P‚ovšÍ Kivi ci Kx‡ev‡W©i Enter †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j wm‡jKk‡bi evB‡ii AskUzKz
ev` c‡o hv‡e|
- wm‡j± Kivi ci hw` g‡b nq µc Kivi KvR †_‡K weiZ _vKvi cÖ‡qvRb, Zvn‡j Kx‡ev‡W©i Esc
†evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j wm‡jKkb P‡j hv‡e| cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Avevi bZzb K‡i wm‡j± Kiv hv‡e|
†njv‡bv Qwe µc Kiv
- †Kvb †njv‡bv Qwe µc Kivi †¶‡Î QwewU d‡Uvk‡c cÖ`wk©Z Ae¯’vq dvBj †gby †_‡K Automate
Kgv‡Ûi mve-†gby †_‡K Crop and Straighten Photos KgvÛ wm‡j± Ki‡j K‡qK †m‡K‡Ûi
g‡a¨B QwewU µc n‡q †mvRvfv‡e ¯’vwcZ n‡e| G c×wZ ïay GK i‡Oi mwjW e¨vKMÖvD‡Ûi †ÿ‡Î
cÖ‡hvR¨| e¨vKMÖvDÛ GKvwaK iswewkó n‡j G c×wZ‡Z µwcs‡qi KvR Kiv hv‡e bv| †m †ÿ‡Î-
- µc Uzj w`‡q wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|

- wm‡jKk‡bi n¨v‡Ûj¸‡jvi †h‡Kv‡bv †Kv‡Y gvDm c‡q›Uvi euvKv‡bv c‡q›Uv‡i ev †iv‡UU Uz‡j cwiYZ
n‡e| G Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ wm‡jKkb‡K Nywi‡q Qwei †njv‡bv Ae¯’vi m‡½ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
Ab¨vb¨ n¨v‡Û‡ji mvnv‡h¨ µwcs‡qi GjvKv P~ovšÍ Ki‡Z n‡e|
- Kx‡ev‡W©i Enter †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j QwewUi QuvUvB Kivi KvR m¤úbœ n‡e Ges QwewU †mvRvfv‡e
¯’vwcZ n‡e|
B‡iRvi Uzj-Gi eënvi
- B‡iRvi Uzj w`‡q hLb †Kvb is gy‡Q †djv nq ZLb H iswU Avm‡j K¨vbfv‡mi is w`‡q †X‡K
†Ìqv nq| K¨vbfv‡mi is mv`v n‡j g‡b n‡e isUv gy‡Q hv‡”
Q| K¨vbfv‡mi is mv`v Qvov Ab¨
Q (Transparent) †jqv‡ii Qwe B‡iRvi Uzj w`‡q
†Kv‡bv is n‡j welqwU †evSv hv‡e| Z‡e, ¯^”
¯^vfvweK wbq‡g gy‡Q †djv hv‡e|
- m~² Ask †gvQvi Rb¨ Kx‡ev‡W©i CAPS LOCK †P‡c w`‡j B‡iRvi Uzj †hvM wP‡ýi (+) AvKvi
aviY K‡i| ZLb m~² Ask †gvQvi KvR Kiv hvq|
- B‡iRvi Uz‡ji Ackb evi-Gi †gvW Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKv †_‡K eªvk, †cwÝj ev eøK wm‡j± K‡i †gvQvi
KvR Kiv hvq| eøK wm‡j± Ki‡j ivevi B‡iRvi B‡j±ªwbK ms¯‹i‡Yi g‡Zv KvR K‡i| Ab¨
Uzj¸‡jv wm‡j± Ki‡j IB me Uz‡ji Opacity Ackb eënvi Kiv hvq|
†MÖwW‡q›U Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ †eøÛ ˆZwi Kiv
Gradient Tool-Gi GKB Ae¯’v‡b †cB›U
ev‡KU Uzj i‡q‡Q| †MÖwW‡q›U Uzj wm‡j±
Ki‡j Ackb evi-G 5 cÖKvi †MÖwW‡q›U
ˆZwii AvBKb cvIqv hv‡e| †hgb- Linear
Gradient, Radial Gradient, Angle Gradient, Reflected Gradient Ges Diamond Gradient.
GKwU is ïiy †_‡K †k‡li w`‡K µ‡g wgwj‡q hvIqv‡KB †eøÛ ejv nq| wjwbqvi †eø‡Û is GK cÖvšÍ
†_‡K Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ †cuŠQv‡Z †cŠuQv‡Z µgvš^‡q wgwj‡q hvq| c¶všÍ‡i, †iwWqvj †eø‡Û is ïiyi ¯’vb †_‡K
PZzw`©‡K we¯Í…Z n‡q µgvš^‡q wgwj‡q hvq ev PZzw`©‡Ki Mvp is †K‡›`ªi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡Z n‡Z µgvš^‡q
wgwj‡q hvq|
†MÖwW‡q›U Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ wjwbqvi †eøÛ ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨-
- AvqZKvi gvwK© Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ wZb BwÂ cÖ¯’ I `yB BwÂ D”
PZvwewkó GKwU wm‡jKkb ˆZwi K‡i
†bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i|
- †MÖwW‡q›U Uzj wm‡j± K‡i gvDm K¨vbfv‡m wb‡q G‡j †hvM wP‡ý cwiYZ n‡e| †hvMwPý c‡q›UviwU
wm‡jKk‡bi evg cÖv‡šÍi gvSvgvwS Ae¯’v‡b wK¬K K‡i Wvb cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ †U‡b †bIqvi ci gvDm
c‡q›Uvi †_‡K AvOy‡ji Pvc Zz‡j wb‡Z n‡e| †`Lv hv‡e wm‡jKkbwU Kv‡jv is †_‡K ïiy n‡q
†k‡li w`‡K µgvš^‡q wgwj‡q †M‡Q|
- Wvb †_‡K ev‡g, evg †_‡K Wv‡b, Dci wb‡P Ges wbP †_‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K Ges †KvYvKywY †U‡bI †eøÛ
ˆZwi Kiv hvq| c`©vq †Kv‡bv wKQy wm‡j± Kiv bv _vK‡j m¤ú~Y© c`©v Ry‡o †eøÛ ˆZwi n‡q hv‡e|
- †iwWqvj †MÖwW‡q›U ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ Ackb evi-G †iwWqvj †MÖwW‡q›U AvBK‡b wK¬K K‡i mwµq K‡i
wb‡Z n‡e|
- gvDm K¨vbfv‡m wb‡q G‡j †hvM wP‡ý cwiYZ n‡e| †hvM wPý c‡q›UviwU wm‡jKk‡bi gvSvgvwS
Ae¯’v‡b wK¬K K‡i Ab¨ cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ †U‡b †bIqvi ci gvDm c‡q›Uvi †_‡K AvOy‡ji Pvc Zz‡j wb‡Z
n‡e|
†MÖwW‡q›U m¤úv`bv
Gradient Editor WvqvjM e‡·
ïiy, †kl Ges gaëZx© is
cwieZ©b/mgš^q K‡i †MÖwW‡q›U
m¤úv`bvi KvR Ki‡Z nq| G
Rb¨-
- †MÖwW‡q›U evi-G wK¬K Ki‡j
†MÖwW‡q›U GwWUi WvqvjM e·
cvIqv hv‡e|
- †MÖwW‡q›U GwWUi WvqvjM e‡·i
†MÖwW‡q›U møvBWv‡ii evg cÖv‡šÍ
wb‡P Ges Wvb cÖv‡šÍi wb‡P Color Stop wÎ‡KvY Ges evg cÖv‡šÍi Dc‡i I Wvb cÖv‡šÍi Dc‡i i‡q‡Q
Opacity Stop wÎ‡KvY| aiv hvK, GKwU wjwbqvi †MÖwW‡q‡›Ui ïiyi is n‡”
Q jvj Ges †k‡li is n‡” Q
njy`| G †ÿ‡Î jvj i‡Oi cwie‡Z© bxj is eënvi Kivi Rb¨-
- †MÖwW‡q›U møvBWv‡ii evg cªv‡šÍi Color Stop wÎ‡Kv‡Y wK¬K Ki‡j wb‡P Stops GjvKvq Color
†mvqvP mwµq n‡e| Kvjvi †mvqv‡P wK¬K Ki‡j Select stop color WvqjM e· Avm‡e| G WvqjM
e‡· bxj is wm‡j± K‡i OK †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j WvqvjM e· P‡j hv‡e Ges †MÖwW‡q›U evi-Gi
evg cÖv‡šÍi ÷c Kvjvi ev is wn‡m‡e bxj hy³ n‡e| Gevi, †MÖwW‡q›U Uzj w`‡q GK cÖvšÍ †_‡K
Aci cÖvšÍ ch©šÍ Wª¨vM Ki‡j bxj Ges njy` i‡Oi mgš^‡q †MÖwW‡q›U ˆZwi n‡e|
- Kvjvi ÷c wm‡j± Ki‡j †MÖwW‡q›U møvBWv‡ii wb‡Pi w`‡K Ges IcvwmwU ÷c wm‡j± Ki‡j
†MÖwW‡q›U møvBWv‡ii Dc‡ii w`‡K gvSLv‡b GKwU WvqgÛ AvK…wZi AvBKb †`Lv hv‡e| GB
AvBKbwU †MÖwW‡q‡›Ui ga¨we›`yi Ae¯’vb wb‡`©k K‡i| ga¨we›`y †_‡K iO wgwj‡q hvIqv ïiy nq|
ga¨we›`y AvBKb wm‡j± Kivi ci Ae¯’vb ev †jv‡Kkb N‡i Ae¯’v‡bi ¯’ vb- wba©viYxm~PK msL¨v
UvBc K‡i ga¨we›`yi Ae¯’vb wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| AvBKbwU Wv‡b-euv‡q Wª¨vM K‡iI ga¨we›`yi
Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b Kiv hvq|
bZzb iO I Kvjvi ÷cm hy³ Kiv I evwZj Kiv

†MÖwW‡q‡›Ui Rb¨ `ywUi †ewk is eënvi Ki‡Z n‡j møvBWv‡i bZzb Kvjvi ÷c †hvM Ki‡Z n‡e| G
Rb¨ Ñ
- møvBWv‡ii wb‡P †h‡Kv‡bv RvqMvq wK¬K Ki‡j cv‡ki Kvjv‡ii m‡½ iOwgkª‡Yi ga¨we›`y wba©viK
WvqgÛmn wK¬K Kiv Ae¯’v‡b bZzb Kvjvi ÷c hy³ n‡e| GKB wbq‡g †MÖwW‡q›U møvBWv‡i
cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K Kvjvi ÷c †hvM Kiv hv‡e|
- AwZwi³ Kvjvi ÷c evwZj Kiv ev †d‡j †Ìqvi Rb¨ mswkøó Kvjvi ÷c AvBK‡b wK¬K I Wª¨vM
K‡i møvBWv‡ii evB‡i G‡b †Q‡o w`‡j Kvjvi ÷cwU evwZj n‡q hv‡e|
Qwei J¾¡j¨ I KbUªv÷ mgš^q Kiv
¯‹¨vb Kiv Qwe A_ev K¨v‡givq †Zvjv Qwe
Aby¾¡j n‡Z cv‡i| mv`v-Kv‡jv ev i‡Oi
`„k¨gvbZv Avkvbyiƒc bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc
†ÿ‡Î Qwei J¾¡j¨ kvwbZ Kiv Ges KbUªv÷
mgš^q Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Qwei J¾¡j¨ ev
KbUªv÷ evov‡bvi Rb¨-
- Image †gbyi Adjustments KgvÛ wm‡j±
K‡i cÖ v ß mve-†gby †_‡K
Brightne's/Contrast wm‡j± Ki‡j
mswkøó WvqvjM e· cvIqv hv‡e|
- WvqjM e‡·i eªvBU‡bm/KbUªv÷ møvBWv‡ii wÎ‡KvY Wv‡b/euv‡q mwi‡q Qwei J¾¡j¨ Ges KbUªv÷
evov‡bv/ Kgv‡bvi KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|
- WvqjM e‡· Avmvi Av‡M Qwe †Kv‡bv Ask wm‡j± K‡i wb‡j ïay IB As‡ki J¾¡j¨ Ges KbUªv÷
evov‡bv/ Kgv‡bvi KvR Kiv hv‡e|
WvqvjM e‡·i Preview †PK e‡· wK¬K K‡i mwµq K‡i ivL‡j Qwei iO cwieZ©‡bi KvR
ZvrÿwYKfv‡e jÿ¨ Kiv hv‡e| cwiewZ©Z iƒc m‡šÍvlRbK g‡b bv n‡j Kx‡ev‡W©i Alt †evZvg †P‡c
ivL‡j WvqvjM e‡·i Cancel †evZvgwU Reset †evZv‡g cwiYZ n‡e| Alt †evZvg †P‡c ivLv
Ae¯’v‡ZB Reset †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j G-hver Kiv KvR evwZj n‡q hv‡e| G wbqg Adjustments
Kgv‡Ûi †gbyi Aaxb me¸‡jv WvqvjM e‡·i Rb¨B cÖ‡hvR¨|
Bjv‡÷ªUi
G‡Wvwe Bjv‡÷ªUi n‡” Q g~jZ Qwe AuvKv, bKkv cÖYqb Kiv, †jv‡Mv ˆZwi Kiv Ges Ab¨vb¨ wWRvBb ˆZwi
Kivi †cÖvMÖvg| G‡Wvwe d‡Uvkc †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ †hgb wWRvB‡bi KvR Kivi my‡hvM LyeB mxwgZ,
†Zgwb G‡Wvwe Bjv‡÷ªU‡i Qwe m¤úv`bvi my‡hvM cÖvq †bB ej‡jB P‡j| Bjv‡÷ªU‡ii cÖavb KvRB n‡” Q
A¼b wk‡íi KvR|
Avgv‡ì †`‡k Mí, KweZv, Dcb¨vm, cÖeÜ BZ¨vw` cÖKvkbvi cÖ” Q` ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ wkíxiv GLb iO-
Zzwji eënvi †Q‡o w`‡q‡Qb ej‡jB P‡j| G‡Wvwe Bjv‡÷ªUi eënvi K‡iB GLb Zuviv cÖ” Q` ˆZwii
KvR K‡i _v‡Kb| Avgš¿YcÎ, weÁvcb BZ¨vw` †QvU-eo KvRmn wewfbœ AvKv‡ii †cv÷vi, wekvj
AvKv‡ii e¨vbvi, wej‡evW© BZ¨vw` ˆZwii KvR GLb Bjv‡÷ªUi Qvov fvevB hvq bv|
Kw¤úDUvi eënvi K‡i wWRvB‡bi KvR Kivi Rb¨ AviI A‡bK †cÖvMÖvg i‡q‡Q| wKš‘, Kv‡Ri myweav Ges
êwP‡Îï Rb¨ Bjv‡÷ªU‡ii Pvwn`v †ewk| Gme Kvi‡Y, Bjv‡÷ªUi †cÖvMÖvgwU eZ©gv‡b wek¦e¨vcx RbwcÖq|
Bjv‡÷ªUi †cÖvMÖv‡g Bs‡iwR I evsjv †jLv‡jwLi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kx‡evW© eënvi Kiv QvovI wkíxi
Zzwj w`‡q †jLvi g‡Zv K‡iI †jLv‡jwLi KvR Kiv hvq| †jLvi c‡i Aÿi ev Aÿimg~‡ni AvKvi Ges
AvK…wZ †hfv‡e B” Qv ev cÖ‡qvRb †m fv‡eB cwieZ©b K‡i †bIqv hvq|
Ab¨vb¨ †cÖvMÖv‡gi g‡ZvB Bjv‡÷ªU‡i KvR Kivi Rb¨ Bjv‡÷ªUi †cÖvMÖvgwU Ly‡j wb‡Z nq Ges bZzb
dvBj ˆZwi K‡i KvR ïiy Ki‡Z nq|
Bjv‡÷ªUi †cÖvMÖvg †Lvjv
Bjv‡÷ªUi †cÖvMÖvg †Lvjvi Rb¨-
1. c`©vi wb‡Pi w`‡K evg †Kv‡Y ÷vU© (Start) †evZv‡gi Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi w`‡q wK¬K Ki‡j GKwU
†gby ev ZvwjKv Avm‡e|
2. G †gbyi Aj †cÖvMÖvgm (All Programs) Kgv‡Ûi Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi ¯’vcb Ki‡j GKwU d¬vBAvDU
†gby cvIqv hv‡e|
3. G d¬vBAvDU †gby ZvwjKv †_‡K G‡Wvwe gv÷vi Kv‡jKkb (Adobe Master Collection) †gby‡Z
wK¬K Ki‡j Avi GKwU d¬vBAvDU †gby Avm‡e| G †gby‡Z G‡Wvwei †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jvi ZvwjKv cvIqv hv‡e|
4. G ZvwjKv †_‡K G‡Wvwe Bjv‡÷ªUi †cÖvMÖv‡gi bv‡gi Dci wK¬K Ki‡j G‡Wvwe Bjv‡÷ªUi (Adobe
Illustrator) †cÖvMÖvg Ly‡j hv‡e|
Bjv‡÷ªU‡i bZzb dvBj †Lvjvi Rb¨Ñ
- File †gby †_‡K New KgvÛ w`‡j A_ev Kx‡ev‡W©i
Ctrl †evZvg †P‡c †i‡L N †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j New
WvqvjM e· cvIqv hv‡e| New WvqvjM e‡·i Ñ
- Name N‡i dvB‡ji Rb¨ GKwU bvg UvBc Ki‡Z
n‡e, aiv hvK, Ankon-1. G †ÿ‡Î Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv
bvg eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †h ai‡bi bvg g‡b
ivL‡Z myweav nq ev welqe¯‘ i m‡½ mvgÄm¨c~Y© †m ai‡bi †h‡Kv‡bv bvg ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z
cieZx© ch©v‡q dvBjwU mn‡R Luy‡R cvIqv hvq|
- Size N‡ii Wªc-WvDb Zx‡i wK¬K Ki‡j we¯Í…Z Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKv cvIqv hv‡e| G ZvwjKvq
KvM‡Ri wewfbœ gvcm~PK cwiwPwZ cvIqv hv‡e| Gi †fZi †_‡K †h gv‡ci KvM‡R KvR Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb †mB gv‡ci bv‡g wm‡j± Ki‡j ˆ`N©¨ (Height) I cÖ¯’ (Width) N‡i IB KvM‡Ri cÖK…Z
gvc †`Lv hv‡e|
- Units N‡i wewfbœ gv‡ci GKK i‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki eënviKvixiv BwÂi (Inches) gv‡c KvR
K‡i Af¨¯Í| Z‡e, we‡kl †ÿ‡Î m~² gv‡c KvR Kivi Rb¨ c‡q›U (Points), cvBKv (Picas),
wgwjwgUvi (Millimeters), †mw›UwgUvi (Centimeters), wc‡·j (Pixel) BZ¨vw` gvc eënvi
Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| BDwbU (Units) N‡ii Wªc-WvDb Zx‡i wK¬K Ki‡j we¯Í…Z Wªc-WvDb
ZvwjKv cvIqv hv‡e| G ZvwjKv †_‡K cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx gv‡ci GKK wba©viY K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
- Orientation-Gi Wvb w`‡K `ywU gvby‡li wPÎ i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gwU‡Z wK¬K K‡i mwµq K‡i w`‡j KvMR
LvovLvwo (Potrait) Ae¯’vq _vK‡e| wØZxqwU‡Z wK¬K K‡i mwµq K‡i w`‡j KvMR AvovAvwo
(Landscape) Ae¯’vq _vK‡e|
- Color Mode As‡k RGB Ges CMYK bv‡g `ywU Ackb cvIqv hv‡e| gy`ª‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ KvR
Kivi Rb¨ CMYK †gv‡W KvR KivB fv‡jv| B‡j±ªwbK gva¨‡g eënv‡ii Rb¨ RGB †gvW eënvi
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Kw¤úDUv‡ii c`©vq G `ywU †gv‡Wi cv_©K¨ Aek¨ †Zgbfv‡e cwijwÿZ nq bv|
- G me gvc‡RvK wVK K‡i WvqjM e‡·i OK †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j WvqvjM e·wU P‡j hv‡e Ges
KvR Kivi Rb¨ bZzb GKwU DB‡Ûv cvIqv hv‡e|
New WvqvjM e‡·i †bg Name N‡i dvB‡ji Rb¨ †Kv‡bv bvg UvBc Kiv n‡j †gby evi-Gi Dc‡i
UvB‡Uj evi-G G‡Wvwe Bjv‡÷ªUi (Adobe Illustrator)-Gi Wvb w`‡K IB bvg †`Lv hv‡e| New
WvqvjM e‡·i Name N‡i †Kv‡bv bvg UvBc Kiv bv n‡j UvB‡Uj evi-G G‡Wvwe Bjv‡÷ªUi (Adobe
Illustrator)-Gi Wvb w`‡K AvbUvB‡Uj (Untitled .........) †jLv _vK‡e|
Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek cwiwPwZ
bZzb dvBj ˆZwii Kivi ci c`©vq bZzb k~b¨
dvBj cvIqv hv‡e| dvBj †Lvjvi ci KvR
ïiy Kivi Rb¨ c`©vq wewfbœ cÖKvi DcKiY
we`¨gvb _v‡K| †hgb- †gby evi, Uzje·,
fvmgvb c¨v‡jU (Floating Palette)
¯ª‹jevi BZ¨vw`|
UvB‡Uj evi
Bjv‡÷ªUi †cÖvMÖvg †Lvjvi ci c`©vi G‡Kev‡i
Dc‡i evg cv‡k UvB‡Uj evi-G
A¨vwcø‡Kk‡bi bv‡gi m‡½ WKz‡g‡›Ui Ab¨vb¨
Z_¨ _vK‡Z cv‡i G iKgÑ Adobe
Illustrator-[Ankon-1 @ 70 (RGB/Preview)]| GLv‡b Adobe Illustrator n‡”
Q A¨vwcø‡Kk‡bi
bvg, Ankon-1 n‡”Q dvB‡ji bvg, hw` dvBj ˆZwii mgq †Ìqv nq, @ 70 (CMYK/Preview)
n‡”Q c`©vi `„k¨gvb GjvKvi AvKvi Ges eëüZ Kvjvi †gv‡Wi cwiwPwZ| GB †jLv¸‡jvi eivei Wvb
w`‡K P‡j hvIqv cy‡iv AskwU n‡”
Q UvB‡Uj evi|
- bZzb dvBj †Lvjvi mgq †Kv‡bv bvg eënvi Kiv bv n‡j cieZx©‡Z Ab¨ †Kv‡bv bvg w`‡q dvBj
msiÿY Kiv hvq| dvBj¸‡jv‡K wewfbœ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kivi ci hLb †h bv‡gi dvBj wb‡q KvR
Kiv nq ZLb †mB dvBjwUi bvg UvB‡Uj evi-G A¨vwcø‡Kk‡bi bv‡gi Wvb w`‡K cÖ`wk©Z nq|
Toolbox & Pallate-G _v‡K wWRvBb-Wªwqs‡qi wewfbœ cÖKvi Uzj I Ackb| Gme Uzj I Ackb
eënvi I cÖ‡qvM K‡i wewfbœ cÖKvi wWRvBb Wªwqs‡qi KvR Kiv nq Ges KvR‡K cÖZ¨vwkZ iƒc †Ìqvi
Rb¨ bvbv iKg m¤úv`bvi KvR Ki‡Z nq|
Uzje‡·i cÖ‡qvRbxq Uzjmg~‡ni cwiwPwZ
Kv‡Ri ïiy‡Z Uzje‡·i cÖ‡qvRbxq wKQz Uz‡ji bvg †R‡b †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Uzje‡· Gwjcm, cwj‡Mvb, ÷vi Ges ¯úvBivj Uzj¸‡jv GKB Ae¯’v‡b _v‡K| G iKg GKB Ae¯’v‡b
GKvwaK Uz‡ji Ae¯’vb‡K ejv MÖyc Uzj| G me Uz‡ji m‡½ WvbgyLx wÎ‡KvY i‡q‡Q| Uz‡ji m‡½
wÎ‡KvY wPý _vK‡j eyS‡Z n‡e GKB Ae¯’v‡b AviI Uzj i‡q‡Q| Uzje‡· `„k¨gvb UzjwU‡Z wK¬K K‡i
gvDm †P‡c ivL‡j me¸‡jv Uzj GKm‡½ †`Lv hvq| †h UzjwU eënvi Kiv cÖ‡qvRb gvDm c‡q›Uvi Wª¨vM
K‡i †mB UzjwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j IB UzjwU Uzj e‡· `„k¨gvb _v‡K|
Uzje‡·i Uzj¸‡jvi wb‡Pi †mvqv‡P (Swatch) K‡qKwU AvBKb i‡q‡Q| G AvBKb¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨ Ae‡R±
Ges Ae‡R‡±i cÖv‡šÍ iO cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq, iO evwZj K‡i †Ìqv nq| AvBKb¸‡jvi eënvi †evSvi
myweav‡_© GKwU Ae‡R± ˆZwi K‡i †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc GKwU Ae‡R± ˆZwii Rb¨Ñ
- gvDm c‡q›Uvi w`‡q †i‡±‡½j Uz‡ji
Dci wK¬K Ki‡j UzjwU wm‡j‡±W n‡e|
- gvDm c‡q›Uvi c`©vi †fZ‡i G‡b †h‡Kv‡bv
RvqMvq wK¬K K‡i wb‡Pi w`‡K Wvb
†KvYvKzwY GK BwÂi g‡Zv Wª¨vM Kivi
ci gvD‡mi Pvc †Q‡o w`‡j GKwU
AvqZvKvi ev PZzf©yR Ae‡R± ˆZwi n‡e|
- Ae‡R±wU wm‡j±W _vK‡e Ges †Kv‡bv
GKwU iO Øviv c~iY (Fill) Kiv Ae¯’vq
_vK‡Z cv‡i|
- wm‡j‡±W Ae‡R‡±i Pvi †Kv‡Y PviwU ÿz`ª
duvcv e· _vK‡e| G Ae¯’vq Pvi †Kv‡Y
PviwU ÿz`ª fivU e· `„k¨gvb n‡e|
- †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y Ae‡R±wU wm‡jKkbgy³ n‡q †M‡j gvDm c‡q›Uvi w`‡q Uzje‡· WvB‡i± wm‡jKkb
Uz‡j wK¬K Ki‡j WvB‡i± wm‡jKkb UzjwU wm‡j± n‡e| Gevi gvDm c‡q›Uvi c`©vi †fZ‡i G‡b
WvB‡i± wm‡jKkb Uzj w`‡q Ae‡R‡±i Dci wK¬K Ki‡j Ae‡R±wU wm‡j‡±W n‡e| G Ae¯’vq
Avevi wm‡jKkb Uz‡j wK¬K Ki‡j Pvi †Kv‡Y PviwU ÿz`ª fivU e·mn Pvi evû‡Z Av‡iv PviwU ÿz`ª
fivU e· `„k¨gvb n‡e|
Ae‡R‡± iO cÖ‡qvM Kiv

wdj I †÷ªvK
- GKwU Ae‡R‡±i cÖvšÍ ev eW©vi‡K ejv nq
†÷ªvK Ges †fZ‡ii Ask‡K ejv nq wdj|
wdj I †÷ªvK †mvqv‡Pi eënvi Kvjvi
c¨v‡j‡Ui m‡½ m¤úK©hy³| Kvjvi c¨v‡jUwU
c`©vq we`¨gvb bv _vK‡j DB‡Ûv (Window)
†gby †_‡K Kvjvi (Color) KgvÛ w`‡j ev
Kx‡ev‡W©i F6 †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j Kvjvi
c¨v‡jUwU c`©vq Dc¯’vwcZ n‡e| wdj
†mvqv‡P wK¬K Ki‡j wdj †mvqvPwU mwµq n‡e
Ges Dc‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| G Ae¯’vq ïay
wdj (Fill)-Gi KvR Kiv hv‡e| †Kv‡bv
Ae‡R±‡K is w`‡q c~iY Kiv hv‡e| †÷ªv‡K
iO cÖ‡qvM Kiv hv‡e bv| GKB iKgfv‡e
†÷ªvK †mvqv‡P wK¬K Ki‡j †÷ªvK †mvqvPwU mwµq n‡e Ges wdj m‡mi Dc‡i Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| G
Ae¯’vq Ae‡R‡±i †÷ªv‡K is cÖ‡qvM Kiv hv‡e| Ae‡R±‡K is w`‡q c~iY Kiv ev wdj (Fill)-Gi
KvR Kiv hv‡e bv|
- wdj (Fill) †mvqvPwU mwµq _vKv Ae¯’vq Kvjvi c¨v‡j‡Ui Kvjvi †¯úKUªvg evi (Color Spectrum
Bar)-G †h i‡Oi Dci wK¬K Kiv n‡e wm‡j‡±W Ae‡R±wUi †fZ‡ii Ask †mB i‡O c~iY n‡q
hv‡e| Avevi †÷ªvK (Stroke) †mvqvPwU‡Z wK¬K K‡i mwµq Kivi ci Kvjvi †¯úKUªvg evi (Color
Spectrum Bar)-G †h i‡Oi Dci wK¬K Kiv n‡e Ae‡R‡±i †÷ªvK ev cÖvšÍ‡iLv †mB i‡O c~iY
n‡q hv‡e| G‡Z Ae‡R‡±i †fZ‡ii is cwiewZ©Z n‡e bv|
- †÷ªv‡Ki is ¯úófv‡e †`Lv ev †evSvi Rb¨ †÷ªvK‡K †gvUv K‡i †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| G Rb¨ DB‡Ûv
(Window) †gby †_‡K †÷ªvK (Stroke) KgvÛ wm‡j± Ki‡j c`©vq †÷ªvK c¨v‡jU Dc¯’vwcZ
n‡e| †÷ªvK c¨v‡j‡Ui I‡qU Wªc-WvDb †gby †_‡K AvcvZZ Kgc‡ÿ 10 wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z
Ae‡R‡±i eW©vi ev †÷ªvK Av‡Mi †P‡q †gvUv n‡e| G ch©v‡q is cÖ‡qvM I cwieZ©b Ki‡j ¯úó
†`Lv hv‡e ev †evSv hv‡e|
Kvjvi, †MÖwW‡q›U I bvb (Color (,) Gradient (.) None (/)
wdj I †÷ªvK †mvqv‡Pi wb‡Pi mvwii 3wU AvBKb n‡” Q h_vµ‡g Kvjvi,
†MÖwW‡q›U I bvb| Kvjvi AvBKb wK¬K Ki‡j i‡Oi c¨v‡jU Ges
†MÖwW‡q›U AvBKb wK¬K Ki‡j †MÖwW‡q›U c¨v‡jU mwµq nq| bvb AvBKb
wK¬K Ki‡j wm‡j‡±W Ae‡R‡±i wdj ev †÷ªv‡Ki is wbw®Œq ev evwZj n‡q
hvq| Ae‡R±wU †Kv‡bv is ev †MÖwW‡q›U w`‡q c~iY Kiv n‡q _vK‡j
c¨v‡j‡U †mB isI cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Ae‡R±wU wm‡j‡±W _vK‡j Ae‡R‡±i
isI cwiewZ©Z n‡e|
Ae‡R± †QvU/eo K‡i †`Lv

Ae‡R± ˆZwii Rb¨ A‡bK mgq A‡bK m~² KvR Ki‡Z nq| Ae‡R‡±i ¯^vfvweK gv‡c ev Ae¯’vq m~²
KvR Ki‡Z Amyweav n‡Z cv‡i| G Rb¨ Ae‡R‡±i wbw`©ó GKwU Ask‡K eo K‡i †`Lv †M‡j Kv‡Ri myweav
nq| Bjv‡÷ªU‡i KvR Kivi mgq c„ôv eo K‡i †`Lv‡K ejv nq Ryg Bb (Zoom In) Ges c„ôv †QvU K‡i
†`Lv‡K ejv nq Ryg AvDU (Zoom Out)| c„ôv †QvU/eo Kivi m‡½ m‡½ Ae‡R±I †QvU/eo †`Lv hvq|
Ae‡R± †QvU-eo K‡i †`Lvi Rb¨ Ryg Uzj (Zoom Tool)-Gi mvnv‡h¨ c„ôvi `„k¨gvb iƒc †QvU/eo K‡i
†`L‡Z n‡e| G Rb¨ Ñ
- Uzje‡· Ryg Uz‡j wK¬K Ki‡j Ryg UzjwU wm‡j‡±W n‡e|
- Ryg Uzj wm‡j± K‡i gvDm c‡q›Uvi c`©vi Dc‡i wb‡q
G‡j gvDm c‡q›Uvi AvZwk Kuv‡Pi g‡Zv †`Lv‡e Ges
Kuv‡Pi †fZ‡i GKwU †hvM wPý _vK‡e|
- Ryg Uzj w`‡q c`©vi Dci wK¬K Ki‡j c`©vi AvKvi eo n‡e| c`©vi AvKvi eo nIqvi m‡½ m‡½
Ae‡R±I †ewk eo bv nIqv ch©šÍ ewa©Z iƒ‡c c`©vi g‡a¨B Ae¯’vb Ki‡e| †ewk eo n‡q †M‡j
Ae‡R‡±i †Kv‡bv Ask bvI †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i| G Ae¯’vq n¨vÛ Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ c`©vi Dci wK¬K I
Wª¨vM K‡i IB Ask c`©vi g‡a¨ wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|
- Ryg Uzj mwµq _vKv Ae¯’vq Kx‡ev‡W©i Aëvi Alt †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j Ryg UzjwU Ryg AvDU (Zoom
Out) Uz‡j cwiYZ n‡e| Kx‡ev‡W©i Aëvi Alt †evZv‡g †P‡c †i‡L Ryg AvDU (Zoom Out) Uzj
w`‡q wK¬K Ki‡Z _vK‡j c`©vi AvKvi †QvU n‡q Avm‡Z _vK‡e|
- Kx‡ev‡W©i K‡›Uªvj Ctrl †evZvg †P‡c †i‡L nvB‡db (-) †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j Ryg AvDU Ges mgvb-
(=) wP‡ýi †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j Ryg Bb-Gi KvR m¤úbœ n‡e|
n¨vÛ Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ c„ôv/Ae‡R‡±i Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b
c„ôvi `„k¨gvb iƒc †QvU/eo Kiv n‡j Ae‡R‡±i cÖ‡qvRbxq †Kv‡bv Ask `„k¨‡hvM¨ GjvKvi evB‡i P‡j
†h‡Z cv‡i| GgZve¯’vq Ae‡R±wU c`©vi †h‡Kv‡bv myweavRbK ¯’v‡b mwi‡q ¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ Ñ
- Uzj e‡·i n¨vÛ Uz‡j wK¬K K‡i n¨vÛ Uzj wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
- n¨vÛ Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Ae‡R‡±i Dci wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i myweavRbK ¯’v‡b †bIqvi ci
gvD‡mi Pvc †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e|
G‡Z Avm‡j m¤ú~Y© c„ôvi Ae¯’vbB cwiewZ©Z n‡e| wK¬K Kiv Ae‡R±wU wfbœfv‡e ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡e bv|
Ae‡R± Ae‡jvK‡bi cwi‡ek
Bjv‡÷ªU‡i Ae‡R± Ae‡jvK‡bi K‡qKwU †gvW i‡q‡Q| View †gby †_‡K Gi †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU cÖ‡qvRb
Abyhvqx wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
- Outline †gv‡W ev cwi‡e‡k Ae‡R±‡K ïay AvDUjvBb ev †iLv KvVv‡gv wn‡m‡e †`Lv hvq| G
cwi‡e‡k Ae‡R‡±i AvKvi-AvK…wZ ev KvVv‡gv m¤úv`bvi KvR, we‡kl K‡i †iLv ev cv_ m¤úv`bvi
m~² KvR Ki‡Z myweav nq|
- Pixel Preview ev Preview †gv‡W ev cwi‡e‡k Ae‡R± cÖK…Ziƒ‡c cÖ`wk©Z nq|
- Overprint Preview †gv‡W cÖ`wk©Z iƒc gyw`ªZ nq|
Ae‡R± ˆZwi Kiv
Ae‡R± ˆZwii cÖ¯‘wZ ch©v‡q wewfbœ ai‡bi AvK…wZ ˆZwii cÖv_wgK KvR Kivi cÖwµqv I c×wZ AvqË
K‡i †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb| †hgb- eM©vKvi I AvqZKvi AvK…wZ ˆZwi Kiv, e„ËvKvi I wW¤^vKvi AvK…wZ ˆZwi
Kiv, eû‡KvY wewkó AvK…wZ, ZviKvi AvK…wZ, †cuPv‡bv AvK…wZ BZ¨vw` ˆZwi Kiv| GKwU Ae‡R± ˆZwii
Rb¨Ñ
- gvDm c‡q›Uvi w`‡q, †i‡±‡½j Uz‡ji Dci wK¬K Ki‡j UzjwU wm‡j‡±W n‡e|
- gvDm c‡q›Uvi c`©vi †fZ‡i G‡b †h‡Kv‡bv RvqMvq wK¬K K‡i wb‡Pi w`‡K Wvb †KvYvKzwY GK BwÂi
g‡Zv Wª¨vM Kivi ci gvD‡mi Pvc †Q‡o w`‡j GKwU AvqZKvi ev PZzf©yR Ae‡R± ˆZwi n‡e|
GKB cÖwµqvq Uzj e· †_‡K Ab¨ †h †Kv‡bv Ae‡R± Uzj wm‡j± K‡i Ab¨vb¨ Ae‡R± ˆZwii KvR Ki‡Z
n‡e| †Kv‡bv Ae‡R±B mvaviYZ GKev‡i ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| evievi Ask we‡kl gy‡Q ev cy‡ivUv
gy‡Q Avevi bZzb K‡i ïiy Ki‡Z nq| G Rb¨ Ae‡R± wm‡j± Kiv Ges cy‡iv Ae‡R± ev Ae‡R‡±i
Ask we‡kl gy‡Q †djvi KvR wk‡L †bIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
Ae‡R± wm‡j± Kiv Ges Ae‡R‡±i cÖvšÍ‡iLv ev cv_ gy‡Q †djv
- Ae‡R±wU hw` iO w`‡q c~iY Kiv _v‡K, Zvn‡j wm‡jKkb Uzj ev WvB‡i± wm‡jKkb Uzj w`‡q
Ae‡R‡± wK¬K Ki‡j Ae‡R± wm‡j± n‡e| Kx‡ev‡W©i Alt †evZvg †P‡c †i‡L WvB‡i± wm‡jKkb
Uzj w`‡q cÖvšÍ‡iLvi (Path) Dci ev Ae‡R‡±i cÖvšÍ‡iLvi Dci wK¬K Ki‡j m¤ú~Y© Ae‡R± wm‡j±
n‡e|
- Ae‡R‡±i cÖvšÍ‡iLv (Path) ev †iLvsk wm‡j± Kiv I gy‡Q †djvi Rb¨ wm‡jKkb Uzj ev WvB‡i±
wm‡jKkb Uzj w`‡q Ae‡R‡±i cÖvšÍ‡iLv ev †iLvsk wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici, Kx‡ev‡W©i e¨vK‡¯úm
(Backspace) ev wWwjU (Delete) †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j Ae‡R‡±i cÖvšÍ‡iLv ev †iLvsk gy‡Q hv‡e|
e¨vK‡¯úm (Backspace) ev wWwjU (Delete) †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j Ae‡R±wU G‡Kev‡i gy‡Q hvq| GwWU
(Edit) †gby †_‡K KvU (Cut) KgvÛ wm‡j± Ki‡j Ae‡R±wU wK¬c‡evW© bvgK A¯’vqx ¯§„wZ‡Z P‡j hvq
Ges Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Ae‡R± KvU ev Kwc bv Kiv ch©šÍ wK¬c‡ev‡W© Ae¯’vb K‡i| †Kv‡bv Ae‡R± wK¬c‡ev‡W©
_vKv Ae¯’vq GwWU (Edit) †gby †_‡K †c÷ (Paste) KgvÛ wm‡j± Ki‡j Ae‡R±wU Avevi WKz‡g‡›U
wd‡i cvIqv hvq|
cv_ ev cÖvšÍ‡iLv
Ae‡R‡±i cÖvšÍ‡iLv g~jZ GKvwaK †iLvsk ev †mM‡g›U (Segment)-Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ nq| we‡kl
cÖ‡qvR‡b GKwUgvÎ †iLvsk ev †mM‡g›U wewkó †iLvI eënvi Ki‡Z nq| Ae‡R‡±i cÖvšÍ‡iLv ev eW©vi
†iLv‡K ejv nq cv_ (Path)| GKwUgvÎ mij †iLv‡KI cv_ (Path) ejv nq|
wm‡jKkb Uzj
- m¤ú~Y© Ae‡R± ev Ae‡R‡±i Askwe‡kl wm‡j± Kivi Rb¨ wm‡jKkb Uzj, WvB‡i± wm‡jKkb Uzj
ev MÖyc wm‡jKkb Uzj eënvi Ki‡Z nq|
- wm‡jKkb Uzj‡K Kv‡jv Zxi (Black Arrow) e‡jI D‡jøL Kiv nq| wm‡jKkb Uzj eënvi Kivi
Rb¨ gvDm c‡q›Uvi w`‡q wm‡jKkb Uz‡ji Dci wK¬K Ki‡j UzjwU wm‡j‡±W nq| UzjwU wm‡j±
K‡i gvDm c‡q›Uvi c`©vi Dc‡i wb‡q G‡j gvDm c‡q›UviwU Kv‡jv Zxi ev wm‡jKkb Uz‡ji iƒc
aviY K‡i| G Ae¯’vq wm‡jKkb Uzj (Selection Tool) w`‡q Ae‡R‡±i Dci wK¬K Ki‡j
m¤ú~Y© Ae‡R± wm‡j± nq| wm‡jKkb Uzj eënvi Kiv nq m¤ú~Y© Ae‡R± wm‡j± Kivi Rb¨|
- wm‡jKkb Uzj w`‡q †Kv‡bv Ae‡R± wm‡j± Ki‡j Ae‡R‡±i Pviw`‡K AvqZKvi ev e„ËvKvi e· ev
evDwÛs e· ˆZwi nq| e‡·i Pvi †Kv‡Y PviwU Ges Pvi evû‡Z PviwU ÿz`ª duvcv e· †`Lv hvq| G
e·¸‡jv‡K ejv nq wimvBR e· (Resize Box)| wimvBR e·¸‡jv‡Z wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i
Ae‡R‡±i AvKvi †h‡Kv‡bv w`K †_‡K †QvU-eo Kiv hvq| Kx‡ev‡W©i wkdU (Shift) †evZvg †P‡c
†i‡L Wª¨vM Ki‡j Ae‡R± AvbycvwZK nv‡i †QvU-eo n‡e|
- wm‡jKkb Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ wm‡j± Kiv Ae‡R‡±i †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z ev †h †Kv‡bv evû‡Z ev Ae‡R‡±i †h
†Kv‡bv As‡k wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i Ae‡R±‡K GK ¯’vb †_‡K mwi‡q Ab¨ ¯’v‡b ¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e|
GKm‡½ GKvwaK Ae‡R± wm‡j± Kivi Rb¨ Ñ
- cÖ_g Ae‡R± wm‡j± Kivi ci Kx‡ev‡W©i wkdU (Shift) †evZvg †P‡c †i‡L cieZ©x Ae‡R± wm‡j±
Ki‡Z nq| Gfv‡e hZ¸‡jv Ae‡R± cÖ‡qvRb wm‡j± Kiv hv‡e| me¸‡jv Ae‡R± wm‡j‡±W _vKv
Ae¯’vq Ae‡R±¸‡jvi Pviw`K w`‡q GKwUgvÎ evDwÛs e· _vK‡e|
- evDwÛs e‡·i wimvBR e·¸‡jv‡Z wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i me¸‡jv Ae‡R± GKm‡½ †QvU-eo Kiv
hv‡e|
- Ae‡R±‡K wm‡jKkbgy³ Kivi Rb¨ c`©vi †h‡Kv‡bv duvKv RvqMvq gvDm c‡q›Uvi wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
GKvwaK wm‡j± Ae‡R± †_‡K wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv Ae‡R± wm‡jKkbgy³ Kivi Rb¨ wkdU (Shift) †evZvg
†P‡c †i‡L IB Ae‡R‡± wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
WvB‡i± wm‡jKkb Uzj
Q WvB‡i± wm‡jKkb Uzj (Direct Selection Tool)| G
wm‡jKkb Uz‡ji Wvb cv‡ki mv`v UzjwU n‡”
UzjwU‡K A‡b‡K mv`v Zxi (White Arrow) e‡jI AwfwnZ K‡i _v‡Kb|
WvB‡i± wm‡jKkb Uzj ev mv`v Zxi eënvi Kiv nq Ae‡R‡±i cv‡_i Ask we‡kl (Segment) Ges
m¤ú~Y© Ae‡R± wm‡j± Kivi Rb¨|
WvB‡i± wm‡jKkb Uzj w`‡q Ae‡R‡±i †h‡Kv‡bv A¨vsKi c‡q›U wm‡j± K‡i Ae‡R‡±i Ask we‡kl
¯^Zš¿fv‡e †QvU-eo Kiv hvq|
Ae‡R± MÖyc Kiv

A‡bK¸‡jv e„ËvKvi, wW¤^vKvi, eM©vKvi I AvqZKvi Ae‡R± ˆZwi Kivi ci Ae‡R±¸‡jvi MÖyc ˆZwii
Rb¨ Ñ
K. mKj Ae‡R± ev cÖ‡qvRbxq Ae‡R±¸‡jv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
L. Ae‡R± (Object) †gby †_‡K MÖyc (Group) KgvÛ w`‡j wm‡j‡±W Ae‡R±¸‡jv MÖyce× n‡q hv‡e|
cixÿv K‡i †`Lvi Rb¨ duvKv RvqMvq wK¬K K‡i me Ae‡R± wm‡jKkbgy³ Kivi ci Kv‡jv Zxi ev
wm‡jKkb Uzj w`‡q †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU Ae‡R‡±i Dci wK¬K Ki‡j MÖyce× me¸‡jv Ae‡R‡±i Pvicvk
wN‡i GKwU AvqZvKvi evDwÛs e· ˆZwi n‡e| G‡Z †evSv hv‡e wm‡jKkb e‡·i †fZ‡ii Ae‡R±¸‡jv
GKB m‡½ wm‡j‡± n‡q‡Q|
MÖyce× Ae‡R±¸‡jv MÖycgy³ Kivi Rb¨ Ñ
K. †h †Kv‡bv Ae‡R‡±i Dci wK¬K Ki‡j MÖyce× Ae‡R±¸‡jv wm‡j± n‡e|
L. Ae‡R± (Object) †gby †_‡K AvbMÖyc (Ungroup) KgvÛ w`‡j MÖyce× Ae‡R±¸‡jv MÖycgy³ n‡q
hv‡e|
Ae‡R± jK Kiv
GKvwaK Ae‡R± wb‡q KvR Kivi †ÿ‡Î A‡bK mgq †Kv‡bv GKwU ev GKvwaK Ae‡R± jK (Lock)
K‡i ivL‡Z nq| jK Kiv Ae‡R± wm‡j± Kiv hvq bv| Kv‡RB, IB Ae‡R± m¤úv`bv Kiv hvq bv|
d‡j, jK Kiv Ae‡R± AmZK©Zvi Kvi‡Y cwiewZ©Z n‡q hvIqvi Avk¼v _v‡K bv|
Ae‡R± jK Kivi Rb¨ Ñ
K. wbw`©ó Ae‡R±wU wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
L. Ae‡R± (Object) †gby †_‡K jK (Lock) KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e|
KvR Kivi †Kv‡bv ch©v‡q jK Kiv Ae‡R± cybivq m¤úv`bv ev cwieZ©b Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Ae‡R±wU
jKgy³ ev AvbjK (Unlock) K‡i wb‡Z nq| Ae‡R± AvbjK Kivi Rb¨ Ñ
Ae‡R± (Object) †gby †_‡K AvbjK Aj (Unlock All) KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e| G‡Z jK Kiv mKj
Ae‡R± jKgy³ ev AvbjK n‡q hv‡e| jKgy³ ev AvbjK Kiv Ae‡R± ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g m¤úv`bv Kiv
hv‡e|
KvU, Kwc, †c÷ Kgv‡Ûi eënvi
wm‡jKkb Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ †Kv‡bv Ae‡R± wm‡j± Kivi ci GwWU †gbyi KvU (Cut) KgvÛ w`‡j
Ae‡R±wU KvU n‡q A`„k¨ n‡q hvq Ges Kwc (Copy) KgvÛ w`‡j Ae‡R±wU Kwc nq| KvU I Kwc
Kiv †Kv‡bv Ae‡R± Kw¤cDUv‡ii wK¬c‡ev‡W© Rgv _v‡K| AZtci GwWU †gby †_‡K †c÷ (Paste) KgvÛ
cÖ`vb Ki‡j G Ae‡R± c`©vq †c÷ nq ev ¯’vwcZ nq| AZtci wm‡jKkb Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Wª¨vM K‡i
†c÷ Kiv Ae‡R± cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯’v‡b mwi‡q ¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
Kx‡ev‡W©i Alt †evZvg †P‡c †i‡L †Kv‡bv Ae‡R± Wª¨vM Ki‡j IB Ae‡R‡±i ûeû Kwc ˆZwi n‡q
¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq|
GwWU †gbyi Paste In Front KgvÛ w`‡j Kwc Kiv Ae‡R± D³ Ae‡R‡±i wVK Dci ¯’vwcZ nq|
GwWU †gbyi Paste In Back KgvÛ w`‡j Kwc Kiv †Kv‡bv Ae‡R± D³ Ae‡R‡±i wVK wcQ‡b ¯’vwcZ
nq|
†jqvi
Layer k‡ãi evsjv n‡Z cv‡i ¯Íi| †jqvi c×wZ‡Z KvR Kivi †ÿ‡Î wfbœ wfbœ Ae‡R± wfbœ wfbœ ¯Í‡i
†i‡L KvR Kiv hvq| GB ¯Íi ev †jqvi‡K ¯^” Q KuvP, cwjw_b BZ¨vwì m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
wZbwU Kuv‡Pi Dci ev Ab¨vb¨ ¯^”
Q gva¨‡g wZbwU Ae‡R± ev Qwe ˆZwi K‡i GKwUi Dci GKwU ¯’vcb
Ki‡j 3wU Ae‡R± ev QweB †`Lv hv‡e| GB 3wU KuvP ev gva¨g‡K 3wU †jqvi wn‡m‡e aiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
†jqvi c×wZ‡Z KvR Kivi myweav¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡” QÑ †jqvimg~‡ni g‡a¨ ¯Íi web¨vm
cwieZ©b Kiv, Kv‡Ri myweav‡_© cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx GK ev GKvwaK Ae‡R± A`„k¨ K‡i ivLv, Kv‡Ri
myweav‡_© †jqvi jK K‡i ivLv, bZzb †jqvi †hvM Kiv Ges AcÖ‡qvRbxq †jqvi evwZj Kiv BZ¨vw`|
bZzb †jqvi ˆZwi Kiv
c`©vq †jqvi c¨v‡jU †`Lv bv †M‡j Window †gby †_‡K Layers KgvÛ w`‡j c`©vq †jqvi c¨v‡jU
Dc¯’vwcZ n‡e| ïiy‡Z †jqvi c¨v‡j‡U GKwUgvÎ †jqvi _vK‡e| GKwU †jqv‡ii KvR †k‡l Ab¨
†jqv‡i bZzb Ae‡R± ˆZwii Rb¨ †jqvi c¨v‡j‡U bZzb †jqvi †hvM K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| bZzb †jqvi †hvM
Kivi Rb¨ Ñ
K. †jqvi c¨v‡j‡Ui wb‡Pi mvwi‡Z Create New layer AvBKb wK¬K Ki‡j †jqvi c¨v‡j‡U GKwU
bZzb †jqvi AšÍfz©³ n‡e|
L. µwgK msL¨vhy³ †jqvi‡K wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv bv‡g wPwýZ Kivi Rb¨ †jqviwUi Dci Wej wK¬K Ki‡j
†jqvi Ackbm (Layer Options) bv‡g GKwU WvqvjM e· cvIqv hv‡e| WvqvjM e‡·i †bg
(Name) N‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq bvg UvBc K‡i OK †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j mswkøó †jqviwUi µwgK msL¨v
ev bvg (hw` c~‡e© †Ìqv n‡q _v‡K) WvqvjM e‡· UvBc Kiv bv‡g cwiewZ©Z n‡q hv‡e|
†jqvi evwZj Kiv
K. †jqviwU wm‡j± K‡i †jqvi c¨v‡j‡Ui cc-Avc †gby †_‡K wWwjU (Delete) KgvÛ wm‡j± Ki‡j
wm‡j± Kiv †jqviwU evwZj n‡q hv‡e|
- AvU©IqvK© ev Ae‡R± wewkó †jqvi evwZj Kivi cÖwµqvq GKwU mZK©Zvm~PK evZ©v cÖ`wk©Z n‡e
Ò†jqviwU evwZj Ki‡Z Pvb wK-bv|Ó OK †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j †jqviwU evwZj n‡q hv‡e Ges NO
†evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j evwZj cÖwµqv i` n‡q hv‡e| Z‡e, †jqviwU‡Z wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i wWwjU
(Delete) AvBK‡bi Dci †Q‡o w`‡j Giƒc evZ©v Avm‡e bv|
†jqvi GKxf‚Z Kiv
`ywU ev Av‡iv †ewk msL¨K †jqv‡ii Ae‡R± ˆZwi I m¤úv`bvi KvR P‚ovšÍ n‡q †M‡j IB †jqvi¸‡jv
GKxf‚Z K‡i †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| †jqvi GKxf‚Z Kivi Rb¨ Ñ
K. mswkøó †jqvi¸‡jv wm‡j± K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|

L. †jqvi c¨v‡j‡Ui cc-Avc †gby †_‡K Merge Selected KgvÛ wm‡j± Ki‡j †jqvi¸‡jv GKxf‚Z
(Merge) n‡q hv‡e|
Ae‡R‡± i‡Oi eënvi
Ae‡R± ˆZwii ci cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx is cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| Ae‡R‡± is cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ Kvjvi
c¨v‡jU, Kvjvi evi ev Kvjvi †¯úKUªvg evi, †MÖwW‡q›U BZ¨vw` eënvi Ki‡Z nq|
Kvjvi c¨v‡jU
c`©vq Kvjvi c¨v‡jU †`Lv bv †M‡j DB‡Ûv (Window) †gbyi Kvjvi (Color) KgvÛ w`‡j c`©vq Kvjvi
c¨v‡jU Dc¯’vwcZ n‡e|
- Kvjvi c¨v‡j‡Ui evg cv‡ki Dc‡ii w`‡K i‡q‡Q
wdj I †÷ªvK wb‡`©kK indicator e· ev
Swatch| Gi wb‡PB i‡q‡Q Kvjvi møvBWvi
(Color Slider) Ges Zvi wb‡P Kvjvi †¯úKUªvg
evi (Color Spectrum Bar)| Grayscale i‡Oi
g‡W‡j KvR Ki‡j Kvjvi møvBWvi _v‡K 1wU,
RGB = Red Green Blue †gv‡W KvR Ki‡j
Kvjvi møvBWvi _v‡K 3wU Ges CMYK= Cyan
Magenta Yellow Black †gv‡W KvR Ki‡j
Kvjvi møvBWvi _v‡K 4wU|
is cÖ‡qvM Kiv
†Kv‡bv Ae‡R‡± is cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ Ñ
K. Ae‡R±wU wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
L. Kvjvi c¨v‡j‡Ui wdj (Fill) wb‡`©kK
e‡· wK¬K K‡i mwµq Ki‡j wdj
†mvqvPwU mwµq n‡e| mwµq wdj
†mvqvPwU †÷ªvK AvBK‡bi Dc‡i
Ae¯’vb Ki‡e|
M. Kvjvi †¯úKUªvg evi (Color Spectrum Bar)-G cÖ‡qvRbxq i‡Oi Dci wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
- wm‡j±W Ae‡R±wU Kvjvi †¯úKUªvg evi (Color Spectrum Bar)-G wK¬K Kiv i‡O c~iY (Fill)
n‡e| Kvjvi †¯úKUªvg evi (Color Spectrum Bar)-Gi G‡Kev‡i Wvb cÖv‡šÍ i‡q‡Q m¤ú~Y© mv`v
Ges m¤ú~Y© Kv‡jv i‡Oi †mvqvP| Kv‡jv †mvqv‡P wK¬K Ki‡j Ae‡R± m¤ú~Y© Kv‡jv i‡O Ges mv`v
†mvqv‡P wK¬K Ki‡j Ae‡R± m¤ú~Y© mv`v i‡O c~iY (Fill) n‡e|
†÷ªv‡Ki eënvi
Ae‡R‡±i cÖvšÍ‡iLv ev jvBb ev eW©vi‡K ejv nq cv_| cv_ ev †iLv †gvUv-wPKb Kivi cwigvc‡K
†÷ªvK (Stroke) wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv nq| e×cv_ wewkó Ae‡R± Ges gy³ cv_ wewkó Ae‡R±, mij
Ges AuvKveuvKv jvBb BZ¨vw` me ai‡bi †iLv‡ZB †÷ªvK wbqš¿‡Yi KvR Kiv hvq| †÷ªvK wbqš¿Y Kivi
A_© n‡”Q †iLv‡K †gvUv-wPKb Kiv Ges iO cÖ‡qvM Kiv|
†÷ªvK †gvUv-wPKb Kivi KvR Ki‡Z nq †÷ªvK (Stroke) c¨v‡j‡Ui mvnv‡h¨| G Rb¨-
K. Ae‡R± ev cv_ wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| c`©vq hw`
†÷ªvK c¨v‡jU bv _v‡K Zvn‡j DB‡Ûv
(Window) †gby †_‡K †÷ªvK (Stroke)
KgvÛ w`‡j c`©vq †÷ªvK c¨v‡jU cvIqv hv‡e|
L. Ae‡R± ev †iLv wm‡j± _vKv Ae¯’vq †÷ªvK
c¨v‡j‡Ui I‡qU (Weight) N‡ii Wªc-WvDb
†gbyi wbgœgyLx Zx‡i wK¬K K‡i gvDm †P‡c ivL‡j Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKvq A‡bK gvcm~PK msL¨v cvIqv
hv‡e| G ZvwjKv †_‡K cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx †h‡Kv‡bv msL¨v wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| †QvU msL¨v wm‡j±
Ki‡j †iLv wPKb n‡e, eo msL¨v wm‡j± Ki‡j †iLv †gvUv n‡e|
N. cÖ‡qvRb n‡j I‡qU (Weight) N‡i mivmwi gvcm~PK msL¨v UvBc Kiv hvq| `kwgKhy³ msL¨vI
eënvi Kiv hvq| †iLvi miy ev †gvUvi cwigvY wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ k~b¨ (0) †_‡K 1000 c‡q›U ch©šÍ
eënvi Kiv hvq|
†cb I †cwÝj Uzj
Bjv‡÷ªUi RbwcÖq nIqvi Ab¨Zg KviY n‡” Q †cb Uzj (PenTool)-Gi eënvi| †cb Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨
m~² I RwUj wWRvBb ˆZwi Kiv hvq Ges m¤úv`bvi KvR Kiv hvq|
GKwU mij cv_ ev †iLvi `yB cÖv‡šÍ `ywU A¨vsKi
c‡q›U _v‡K| cÖ_g A¨vsKi c‡q›U‡K m~Pbv c‡q›U
(Starting Point) Ges wØZxq A¨vsKi c‡q›U‡K
mgvwß c‡q›U (End Point) ejv nq|
eµcv_ ev eµ‡iLv (Curve Path)-Gi A¨vsKi
c‡q›U¸‡jvi m‡½ K‡›Uªvj n¨v‡Ûj (Control
Handle) Ges K‡›Uªvj n¨v‡Û‡ji evB‡ii cÖv‡šÍ
K‡›Uªvj c‡q›U _v‡K (Control Point) _v‡K|
K‡›Uªvj n¨vÛ‡ji evB‡ii cÖv‡šÍ ev gv_vq Aew¯’Z
K‡›Uªvj c‡q›U (Control Point)-G wK¬K I Wª¨vM
K‡i †iLvi eµZv wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| A¨vsKi c‡q›U,
K‡›Uªvj n¨vÛj Ges K‡›Uªvj c‡q›U †Kv‡bvwUB gy`ª‡Y Av‡m bv|
†cwÝj Uzj Avm‡j †cb Uz‡jiB Avi GK iƒc| †cwÝj Uzj (Pencil Tool)-Gi mvnv‡h¨ GKev‡i †U‡b
AuvKveuvKv jvBb ev cv_ ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
†cb Uzj n‡”Q †f±i Ae‡R± ˆZwii cÖavbZg Uzj| †cb Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ †h‡Kv‡bv AvK…wZi m~²vwZm~²
cv‡_i mvnv‡h¨ wbLyuZ Ae‡R± ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
e× cv_ I †Lvjv ev gy³ cv_
e× cv‡_i ïiy I †kl e‡j wKQz _v‡K bv| †hgb- e„Ë, eM© BZ¨vw`| e× cv_ (Close Path) AuvKveuvKv cÖvšÍ
wewkóI n‡Z cv‡i| cÿvšÍ‡i, †Lvjv ev gy³ cv_ (Open Path)-Gi ïiyi cÖvšÍ Ges †k‡li cÖvšÍ _v‡K|
†cwÝj Uzj I †cb Uzj
†cwÝj Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ me‡P‡q mnR Dcv‡q cv_ ˆZwi Kiv hvq| Uzje· †_‡K †cwÝj Uzj wm‡j± Kivi
ci c`©vq wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i GKUvbv AuvKveuvKv `vM †U‡b jvBb ˆZwii c×wZ‡Z cv_ ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
†cwÝj Uz‡ji KvR n‡” Q KvM‡Ri Dci †cwÝj w`‡q †iLv †U‡b Qwe AuvKvi g‡Zv|
cÿvšÍ‡i, †cb Uzj w`‡q cv_ ˆZwi Kiv nq wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i| †cb Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ cv_ ˆZwii Rb¨Ñ
K. Uzje· †_‡K †cb Uzj wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| †cb
Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ c`©vi †h‡Kv‡bv RvqMvq wK¬K
Kivi ci gvD‡mi Pvc †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e|
L. wKQzUv Dc‡ii w`‡K wØZxq wK¬K K‡i gvD‡mi
Pvc †Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e|
M. wØZxq wK¬‡Ki Ae¯’vb †_‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K GKUz Wv‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
N. Dc‡ii w`‡K GKUz Wv‡b m‡i wK¬K Kivi ci gvD‡m Pvc †i‡L Wvb w`‡K Wª¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e|
O. wb‡Pi w`‡K GKUz Wv‡b m‡i wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| G wK¬‡Ki Ae¯’vb †_‡K GKUz Wvb w`‡K cieZx©
wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
P. Dc‡ii w`‡K GKUz Wv‡b m‡i wK¬K Kivi ci gvD‡m Pvc †i‡L Wvb w`‡K Wª¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Q. wb‡Pi w`‡K GKUz Wv‡b m‡i wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
Gfv‡e wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i †XD‡qi g‡Zv gy³ cv_ wewkó Ae‡R± ˆZwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
cv_ m¤úv`bvi KvR
cÖ_gev‡iB GKwU cv_ cÖZ¨vwkZ AvKv‡i ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| cÖ_gev‡i cv_wU ˆZwi Kivi ci bvbv
cÖKvi m¤úv`bvi gva¨‡g cv_wU cÖZ¨vwkZ AvKv‡i wb‡q Avm‡Z nq| cv_ m¤úv`bvi Rb¨ cv‡_i †h‡Kvb
¯’v‡b bZzb A¨vsKi c‡q›U †hvM Kiv hvq, cv‡_ we`¨gvb A¨vsKi c‡q›U evwZj K‡i †Ìqv hvq ev
†d‡j †Ìqv hvq, cv‡_i Ask we‡kl †K‡U ev` †Ìqv hvq, cv‡_i `ywU wew”
Qbœ cÖvšÍ mshy³ Kiv hvq|
Gfv‡e †h‡Kvbv cwieZ©b hZevi cÖ‡qvRb Kiv hvq|
A¨vsKi c‡q›U †hvM Kiv

cv‡_i †Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡b A¨vsKi c‡q›U †hvM Kivi Rb¨ Ñ
K. Uzje· †_‡K G¨vW A¨vsKi c‡q›U Uzj (Add Anchor Point Tool) wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| A¨vW
A¨vsKi c‡q›U Uzj wm‡j± Kivi ci gvDm c‡q›Uvi c`©vi †fZ‡i wb‡q G‡j †cb Uz‡ji wb‡Pi Wvb
w`‡K GKwU †hvMwPý (+) †`Lv hv‡e|
L. A¨vW A¨vsKi c‡q›U Uzj w`‡q cv‡_i †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b wK¬K Ki‡j H ¯’v‡b bZzb A¨vsKi c‡q›U e‡m
hv‡e|
- †mvRv cv‡_i Dci †hvM Kiv bZzb A¨vsKi c‡q›U n‡e †÷ªBU Kb©vi A¨vsKi c‡q›U Ges eµ cv‡_i
Dci‡hvM Kiv A¨vsKi c‡q›U n‡e ¯§y_ A¨vsKi c‡q›U|
G¨vsKi c‡q›U ev` †Ìqv
cv‡_ we`¨gvb †Kv‡bv A¨vsKi c‡q›U ev` †Ìqvi Rb¨ Ñ
K. wWwjU A¨vsKi c‡q›U Uzj (Delete Anchor Point Tool) wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| wWwjU A¨vsKi
c‡q›U Uzj wm‡j± Kivi ci gvDm c‡q›Uvi c`©vi †fZ‡i wb‡q G‡j †cb Uz‡ji wb‡Pi Wvb w`‡K
we‡qvM wPý (-) †`Lv hv‡e|
L. wWwjU A¨vsKi c‡q›U Uzj w`‡q †Kv‡bv G¨vsKi c‡q‡›Ui Dci wK¬K Ki‡j H A¨vsKi c‡q›UwU
evwZj n‡q hv‡e|
cv‡_i eµZv m¤úv`bv
cv_ m¤úv`bvi KvR Kivi Rb¨ GKwU e„Ë/AvqZKvi Ae‡R± ev †cb/†cwÝj Uzj w`‡q bKkv ˆZwi K‡i
wb‡Z n‡e| Gici eµZv m¤úv`bvi Rb¨ Ñ
K. WvB‡i± wm‡jKkb Uzj wm‡j± K‡i A¨vsKi c‡q‡›Ui Dci wK¬K Kivi ci Wª¨vM K‡i A¨vsKi
c‡q‡›Ui Ae¯’vb cwieZ©b Ki‡j cv‡_i eµZv I AvKvi-AvK…wZ cwiewZ©Z n‡e|
L. A¨vsKi c‡q‡›Ui Dci wK¬K Ki‡j H A¨vsKi c‡q‡›Ui n¨vÛj `„k¨gvb n‡e| n¨vÛ‡ji †h‡Kv‡bv
cÖv‡šÍi K‡›Uªvj c‡q‡›U wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i A¨vsKi c‡q‡›Ui m‡½ m¤úK©hy³ cv‡_i Ask ev
†iLvs‡ki eµZv evov‡Z ev Kgv‡Z n‡e, eµZvi cwigvY Kg-†ewk Ki‡Z n‡e ev eµZvi w`K
cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
†cwÝj Uzj Ges †cb Uzj w`‡q gy³ cv_ ˆZwi Kivi ci †÷ªvK wn‡m‡e †gvUv-wPKb Kiv hv‡e Ges is
Av‡ivc Kiv hv‡e| †cwÝj Uzj Ges †cb Uzj w`‡q e× cv_ ˆZwi Kivi ci wdj Kvjvi w`‡q †h‡Kv‡bv
i‡O c~iY Kiv hv‡e|
†jLv‡jwLi KvR
eB I g¨vMvwR‡bi cÖ”
Q`, †cv÷vi, weÁvcb, KvW© BZ¨vw` me wKQz‡ZB †jLvi KvR _v‡K| Bjv‡÷ªU‡i
†jLv‡jwL ev UvB‡ci KvR Kivi Rb¨ UvBc Uzj (Type Tool) eënvi Kiv nq| Bjv‡÷ªU‡i 6 cÖKvi
UvBc Uzj i‡q‡Q| Gme UvBc Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ wZbfv‡e †jLv web¨v‡mi KvR Ki‡Z nq| †hgb- c‡q›U
†U·U (Point Text), Gwiqv †U·U (Area Text) Ges cv_ †U·U (Path Text)|
c‡q›U †U·U
c‡q›U †U·U (Point Text) c×wZ‡Z UvBc Kivi wbqg LyeB mnR| G c×wZ‡Z UvBc Kivi Rb¨Ñ
K. Uzje· †_‡K UvBc Uzj (Type Tool) wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
L. c`©vi †h‡Kv‡bv duvKv RvqMvq wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
M. evsjvq UvBc Kivi Rb¨ Kx‡evW©‡K evsjv Kx‡ev‡W© iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
N. c`©vi Dc‡i wie‡b K¨v‡i±vi (Character) †jLvi Dci wK¬K Ki‡j K¨v‡i±vi (Character)
c¨v‡jU cvIqv hv‡e| K¨v‡i±vi (Character) c¨v‡j‡Ui d›U (Font) cc-Avc †gby †_‡K wm‡j±
Ki‡Z n‡e|
O. IqvW© cÖ‡mwms‡qi wbq‡g UvBc Kivi KvR ïiy Ki‡Z n‡e| wm‡jKkb Uzj w`‡q †h‡Kv‡bv Aÿ‡ii
Dci wK¬K Ki‡j †jLv¸‡jvi wb‡P GKwU †iLv †`Lv hv‡e| GB †iLv‡K ejv nq †eRjvBb
(Baseline)|
†jLv m¤úv`bv
†jLv m¤úv`bvi cÖ‡qvRbxq KgvÛ¸‡jv cvIqv hvq UvBc
(Type) †gby‡Z Ges K¨v‡i±vi (Character) c¨v‡j‡U|
DB‡Ûv †gbyi UvBc (Type) KgvÛ †_‡K K¨v‡i±vi
(Character) wm‡j± Ki‡j A_ev Kx‡ev‡W©i K‡›Uªvj (Ctrl)
†evZvg †P‡c †i‡L H †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j c`©vq K¨v‡i±vi
(Character) c¨v‡jUwU fvmgvb Ae¯’vq we`¨gvb _vK‡e|
K¨v‡i±vi (Character) c¨v‡jU fvmgvb _vKv Ae¯’vq hLb
cÖ‡qvRb ZLbB eënvi Kiv hv‡e|
Aÿi wm‡j± Kiv
UvBc Uzj wm‡j‡±W _vKv Ae¯’vq IqvW© cÖ‡mwms‡qi wbq‡g
Aÿi, kã wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| WvB‡i± wm‡jKkb Uzj w`‡q
†jLvi g‡a¨ wK¬K Ki‡j GKev‡i UvBc Kiv meUzKz Ask,
A_©vr GKB †eRjvBb wewkó cy‡iv †jLv wm‡j‡±W n‡e| G †ÿ‡Î Aÿi¸‡jv nvBjvB‡UW n‡e bv|
Aÿ‡ii wbP w`‡q †eRjvBb †`Lv hv‡e|
Aÿ‡ii is cwieZ©b Kiv

Aÿ‡ii is cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨ Ñ
K. cÖ‡qvRbxq Aÿi ev †h‡Kv‡bv cwigvY †jLv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
L. Kvjvi c¨v‡j‡Ui evi-G ev †mvqvP c¨v‡j‡Ui †h i‡Oi Dci wK¬K Kiv n‡e, wm‡j‡±W
Aÿi/kã/†jLvq †mB is Av‡ivwcZ n‡e|
Aÿi gy‡Q †djv
GK ev GKvwaK Aÿi ev kã, Aby‡”Q` ev †MvUv †jLv wm‡j‡±W _vKv Ae¯’vq Kx‡ev‡W©i e¨vK‡¯úm ev
wWwjU (Backspace/Delete) †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j wm‡j‡±W Aÿi ev kã ev Aby‡”Q` ev †MvUv †jLv
gy‡Q hv‡e|
Aÿi †QvU-eo Kiv
K. Aÿi ev Aÿi¸‡jv ev cy‡iv kã wm‡j‡±W _vKv Ae¯’vq K¨v‡i±vi c¨v‡j‡Ui d›U (Font Size)
mvBR N‡ii Wvb w`‡Ki wb¤œgyLx Zx‡i wK¬K K‡i gvDm †P‡c ivL‡j Aÿ‡ii AvKvi (Font Size)-
Gi gvcm~PK msL¨vi ZvwjKv †`Lv hv‡e| gvD‡m Pvc ivLv Ae¯’vq WªvM K‡i †Kv‡bv gvcm~PK
msL¨vi Dci wb‡q †M‡j IB gvcm~PK msL¨vwU wm‡j± n‡e| gvcm~PK msL¨vwU wm‡j± nIqvi ci
gvD‡mi Pvc †Q‡o w`‡j wm‡j± Kiv Aÿi ev Aÿi¸‡jv IB gvc Abyhvqx †QvU ev eo n‡e |
L. Wªc-WvDb †gby ZvwjKvq cÖ‡qvRbxq gvc m~PK msL¨v cvIqv bv †M‡j mivmwi d›U mvBR (Font
Size) N‡i wK¬K K‡i Bbmvm©b c‡q›Uvi emv‡Z n‡e|
- Kx‡ev‡W©i e¨vK‡¯úm (Backspace) †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡q we`¨gvb gvcm~PK msL¨v gy‡Q †d‡j bZzb
gvcm~PK msL¨v UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e|
- Kx‡ev‡W©i G›Uvi (Enter) †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j UvBc Kiv gvcm~PK msL¨v Abyhvqx wm‡j± Kiv Aÿi
ev Aÿi¸‡jv †QvU ev eo n‡q hv‡e|
Aÿi‡K LvovLvwo Ges cvkvcvwk †QvU-eo Kiv
†jLvi Aÿi¸‡jv‡K LvovLvwo †QvU-eo Kivi Rb¨-
K. fvwU©K¨vj †¯‹j (Vertical Scale) N‡ii Wvb w`‡Ki Wªc-WvDb Zx‡i wK¬K K‡i gvD‡m Pvc ivL‡j
msL¨vm~PK ZvwjKv cvIqv hv‡e| gvD‡m Pvc ivLv Ae¯’vq Wª¨vM K‡i 100%-Gi †P‡q e„nËi
msL¨v wm‡j± Ki‡j †jLv LvovLvwofv‡e eo n‡e Ges 100%-Gi †P‡q ÿz`ªZi msL¨v UvBc Ki‡j
†jLv LvovLvwofv‡e †QvU n‡e| 100% n‡” Q Aÿ‡ii ¯^vfvweK gvc|
†jLvi Aÿi¸‡jv‡K cvkvcvwk †QvU-eo Kivi Rb¨-
L. nivBR›Uvj †¯‹j (Horizontal Scale) N‡ii Wvb w`‡Ki Wªc-WvDb Zx‡i wK¬K K‡i gvD‡m Pvc
ivL‡j msL¨vm~PK ZvwjKv cvIqv hv‡e| gvD‡m Pvc ivLv Ae¯’vq Wª¨vM K‡i 100%-Gi †P‡q
e„nËi msL¨v wm‡j± Ki‡j †jLv cvkvcvwk eo n‡e Ges 100%-Gi †P‡q ÿz`ªZi msL¨v UvBc
Ki‡j †jLv cvkvcvwk †QvU n‡e| 100% n‡”Q Aÿ‡ii ¯^vfvweK gvc|
†eRjvBb wkdU
WvB‡i± wm‡jKkb Uzj w`‡q †jLv wm‡j± Ki‡j †jLvi wbP w`‡q †h jvBb †`Lv hvq †mB jvBb‡K ejv
nq †eRjvBb (Baseline)| †eRjvBb †_‡K †jLvi wb‡Pi cÖvšÍ Dc‡i Zz‡j †bIqv ev wb‡P bvwg‡q
Avbv‡KB ejv nq †eRjvBb wkdU (Baseline Shift)|
- K¨v‡i±vi (Character) c¨v‡j‡Ui †mU w` †eRjvBb wkdU (Set the Baseline Shift) N‡ii Wªc-
WvDb †gby ZvwjKv †_‡K gvcm~PK msL¨v wm‡j± K‡i A_ev †mU w` †eRjvBb wkdU (Set the
Baseline Shift) N‡i gvcm~PK msL¨v UvBc K‡i †eRjvBb wkdU (Baseline Shift)-Gi cwigvY
wba©viY Ki‡Z nq| FYvZ¥K msL¨v eënvi Ki‡j Aÿi †eRjvBb †_‡K wb‡Pi w`‡K †b‡g Av‡m
Ges abvZ¥K msL¨v eënvi Ki‡j †jLv †eRjvBb †_‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K D‡V hvq|
wjwWs
jvBb¸‡jvi gvSLv‡b duvKv RvqMv‡K ejv nq wjwWs (Leading)| GKvwaK jvBb wewkó †jLvi †ÿ‡Î
wjwWs Kg-†ewk Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i|
K. K¨v‡i±vi (Character) c¨v‡j‡Ui †mU w` wjwWs (Set the Leading) N‡ii Wªc-WvDb †gby ZvwjKv
†_‡K gvcm~PK msL¨v wm‡j± K‡i A_ev †mU w` wjwWs (Set the Leading) N‡i mivmwi gvcm~PK
msL¨v UvBc Kivi ci Kx‡ev‡W©i G›Uvi (Enter) †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j wjwWs (Leading) Kvh©Ki n‡e|
L. †mU w` wjwWs (Set the Leading) N‡ii EaŸ©©gyLx Zxi †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j wjwWs‡qi cwigvY evo‡e
Ges wb¤œgyLx Zxi †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j wjwWs‡qi cwigvY Kg‡e |
Gwiqv †U·U
eM©vKvi ev AvqZvKvi, e„ËvKvi ev wW¤^vKvi ev Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv
cÖKvi e× cv‡_i †fZ‡i UvBc Kiv ev ¯’vwcZ †jLv‡K
Gwiqv †U·U (Area Text) ejv nq| e× cv‡_i g‡a¨ †jLv
web¨¯Í Kivi Rb¨ ev UvBc Kivi Rb¨Ñ
K. eM©vKvi ev AvqZKvi, e„ËvKvi ev wW¤^vKvi e× cv_ ˆZwi
K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
L. UvBc Uzj wm‡j± K‡i gvDm c‡q›Uvi e× cv‡_i Dci
¯’vcb Ki‡j UvBc UzjwU Gwiqv UvBc Uz‡ji iƒc aviY
Ki‡e|
M. cv‡_i A¨vsKi c‡q‡›Ui Dci wK¬K Ki‡j e× cv‡_i †fZ‡i Bbmvm©b c‡q›Uvi e‡m hv‡e Ges e×
cv_wU †U·U e· (Text Box) ev †jLvi Avavi (Text Container) wn‡m‡e eëüZ n‡e|
N. UvB‡ci KvR ïiy Ki‡Z n‡e|
O. UvBc K‡i Wvb cv‡ki cÖv‡šÍ †cuŠ‡Q †M‡j Bbmvm©b c‡q›Uvi AvcbvAvcwbB wb‡Pi jvB‡b P‡j
Avm‡e| Gfv‡e UvBc K‡i †h‡Z _vK‡j GKwU jvBb †kl nIqvi ci AvcbvAvcwbB cieZ©x jvBb
ïiy n‡e|
cv‡_ UvBc Kiv

Bjv‡÷ªªU‡ii cv_ UvBc Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ e× cv‡_i evB‡ii w`‡K I †fZ‡i w`‡K Ges gy³ cv‡_i
Dc‡ii w`‡K I wb‡Pi w`‡K UvB‡ci KvR Kiv hvq| g‡bvMÖvg RvZxq Kv‡Ri Rb¨ e„Ë ev eM©vKvi
Ae‡R‡±i evB‡ii w`‡K ev †fZ‡ii w`‡K UvB‡ci KvR Ki‡Z nq|
e„ËvKvi Ae‡R‡±i evB‡ii w`‡K UvBc Kiv
K. e„ËvKvi Ae‡R± ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges e„ËwU is Øviv c~iY
(Fill) Kiv _vK‡j Kvjvi c¨v‡j‡Ui None AvBKb ev Uzj
e‡·i None AvBKb wK¬K K‡i e„ËwUi is ev` w`‡Z n‡e|
L. e„ËwU wm‡j‡±W _vKv Ae¯’vq Uzj e· †_‡K UvBc Ab-G cv_
Uzj (Type on a Path Tool) wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e Ges UvBc
Ab-G cv_ Uzj (Type on a Path Tool) w`‡q e„ËwUi
A¨vsKi c‡q‡›Ui Dci wK¬K Ki‡j e„ËwUi cv‡_i evB‡i Bbmvm©b c‡q›Uvi e‡m hv‡e|
- wK¬K Kivi mgq e„ËwU wm‡j‡±W _vK‡Z n‡e| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y wm‡j‡±W bv _vK‡j wm‡j± K‡i 1 I
2 b¤î av‡ci KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
M. UvB‡ci KvR ïiy Ki‡j ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g evg w`K †_‡K Wvb w`‡K UvBc Kiv †jLv e„‡Ëi cv_ a‡i
AMÖmi n‡q hv‡e| GKB wbq‡g, cÖ‡qvRb n‡j, AvqZKvi Ae‡R‡±i evB‡ii w`‡K †jLv web¨¯Í
Ki‡Z n‡e|
N. WvB‡i± wm‡jKkb Uzj (Direct Selection Tool) w`‡q †jLvq wK¬K Ki‡j e„‡Ëi cv_ I †jLvi
g‡a¨ AvB-weg wm‡j± n‡e|
O. AvB-we‡gi Dc‡ii ev wb‡Pi cÖv‡šÍ wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i †jLv‡K PµvKv‡i †U‡b †h‡Kv‡bv Ae¯’v‡b
mwi‡q ¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e|
gy³ cv‡_ †jLv web¨¯Í Kiv
K. †cwÝj Uzj A_ev †cb Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ gy³ cv_ ev
†iLv ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
L. wm‡j‡±W cv‡_i Dci cv_ Uzj w`‡q wK¬K Ki‡j
cv‡_i Dci Bbmvm©b c‡q›Uvi e‡m hv‡e|
M. ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e|
- WvB‡i± wm‡jKkb Uzj w`‡q †jLvq wK¬K Ki‡j cv_ I †jLv wm‡j‡±W n‡e Ges wm‡j‡±W Ae¯’vq
AvB-we‡g wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i †jLv †h‡Kv‡bv w`‡K mwi‡q ¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e|
- WvB‡i± wm‡jKkb Uzj w`‡q cv‡_i Dci wK¬K Ki‡j cv_ wm‡j‡±W n‡e Ges cv‡_i A¨vsKi
c‡q›U¸‡jv `„k¨gvb n‡e| G Ae¯’vq cv_ m¤úv`bvi wbq‡g cv_ AuvKveuvKv Ges †QvU-eo Kiv
hv‡e| cv_ AuvKveuvKv Ki‡j †jLvI cv‡_i Dci AuvKveuvKv c‡_ cÖevwnZ n‡e|
- †jLvi Zzjbvq cv_ †QvU n‡j evowZ †jLv †`Lv hv‡e bv| cv_ eo K‡i w`‡j Aewkó †jLv †`Lv hv‡e|
Aÿ‡ii AvDUjvBb ˆZwi Kiv
Aÿ‡ii AvDUjvBb ˆZwi Kiv n‡j Aÿ‡ii cÖvšÍ¸‡jv
cv‡_ cwiYZ nq| AvDUjvB‡b cwiYZ Aÿ‡ii cv‡_
Ges A¨vsKi c‡q‡›U wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i Aÿ‡ii
AvKvi-AvK…wZ cwieZ©b Kiv hvq|
Aÿ‡ii AvDUjvBb ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ Ñ
K. GK ev GKvwaK Aÿi ev kã wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
L. UvBc (Type) †gby †_‡K wµ‡qU AvDUjvBb (Create Outline) KgvÛ w`‡j A_ev Kx‡ev‡W©i
wkdU (Shift) I K‡›Uªvj (Ctrl) †evZvg GKm‡½ †P‡c †i‡L O †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j wm‡j± Kiv
†jLv AvDUjvBb (Outline)-G cwiYZ n‡e|
Aÿi AvDUjvB‡b cwiYZ nIqvi ci †jLv¸‡jv Avi d›U wn‡m‡e _vK‡e bv| MÖvwd‡· cwiYZ n‡e|
ZLb cv_ m¤úv`bvi wbq‡g Aÿ‡ii AvKvi-AvK…wZ cwieZ©b Kiv hv‡e Ges †h‡Kv‡bv is Av‡ivc Kiv
hv‡e, †MÖwW‡q›U cÖ‡qvM Kiv hv‡e| wKš‘ d›U wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv|
Bjv‡÷ªU‡i Qwe ev B‡gR ¯’vcb Kiv
Qwe ev B‡gR Bjv‡÷ªU‡i ¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨Ñ
K. dvBj (File) †gby †_‡K †cøm (Place) KgvÛ w`‡j †cøm (Place) WvqvjM e· cvIqv hv‡e|
L. †cøm (Place) WvqvjM e‡· cÖ‡qvRbxq dvBjwU Luy‡R †ei K‡i wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
- Av‡M †_‡K Rvbv _vK‡Z n‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq dvBjwU wK bv‡g †Kvb †dvìv‡i i‡q‡Q| wbw`©ó
†dvìviwU †Lvjvi ci cÖ‡qvRbxq dvBjwU wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
M. WvqvjM e‡·i †cøm (Place) †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j wm‡j± Kiv dvBjwUi Qwe ev B‡gR Bjv‡÷ªU‡ii
c`©vq ¯’vwcZ n‡e|
- d‡Uvk‡ci Qwe ev B‡gR Bjv‡÷ªU‡i ¯’vwcZ nIqvi ci †MvUv Qwe ev B‡gR Ry‡o GKwU µm wPý
_vK‡e| evB‡i duvKv RvqMvq wK¬K Ki‡j Qwe †_‡K µm wPý P‡j hv‡e| wm‡jKkb Uzj w`‡q Qwei
Dci wK¬K Ki‡j QwewU wm‡j‡±W n‡e, Pvi †Kv‡Y PviwU I Pvi evû‡Z PviwU wimvBR e· we`¨gvb
_vK‡e| wimvBR e·¸‡jv‡Z wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i Qwe †QvU-eo Kiv hv‡e|
`jMZ KvR
• d‡Uvkc eënvi K‡i †h‡Kvb GKwU Qwe m¤úv`bv K‡i †`LvI|
• †h‡Kvb GKwU we`¨vj‡qi Rb¨ GKwU g‡bvMÖvg Bjv‡÷ªU‡i A¼b Ki|
Abykxjbx
1. gvwëwgwWqv KqwU cÖKvk gva¨‡gi mgš^‡q MwVZ?
K. 1 L. 2
M. 3 N. 4
2. gvwëwgwWqvi eënvi Kiv nq †KvbwU‡Z?
K. we`¨vj‡qi djvdj cÖ¯‘ wZ‡Z L. evRv‡ii wnmve Ki‡Z
M. wµ‡KU †Ljvi ivb wnmve Ki‡Z N. A¨vwb‡gkb Pjw”PÎ ˆZwi‡Z
3. †KvbwU gvwëwgwWqv mdUIq¨vi?
K. gvB‡µvmdU IqvW© L. gvB‡µvmdU cvIqvic‡q›U
M. gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j N. gvB‡µvmdU A¨vK‡mm
4. gvwëwgwWqvi cÖ‡qvMÑ
i. eY© ev †U·U Gi cÖKvk‡K AvKl©Yxq K‡i Zz‡j‡Q
ii. gy`ªY I cÖKvkbvi KvR‡K mnR K‡i‡Q
iii. wnmv‡ei KvR‡K mnR K‡i‡Q
wb‡Pi Aby‡ Q`wU c‡o 5 I 6 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI|
iwKe GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi cÖavb Kg©KZ©v| AvMvgxKvj we‡`k †_‡K GK`j cwi`k©K Zvi †Kv¤úvwb
cwi`k©‡b Avm‡e| wZwb Zuvi j¨vcU‡c e‡m wVK Ki‡Qb AwZw_‡ì Zuvi †Kv¤úvwb m¤ú‡K© Kx Kx
†`Lv‡eb| GKv‡R wZwb GKwU mdUIq¨v‡ii mvnvh¨ wb‡jb|
5. we‡`wk AwZw_‡ì mvg‡b Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ iwKe mv‡n‡ei Rb¨ †Kvb mdUIq¨viwU eënvi
myweavRbK?
K. gvB‡µvmdU IqvW© L. gvB‡µvmdU cvIqvic‡q›U
M. gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j N. gvB‡µvmdU A¨vK‡mm
6. iwKe mv‡ne †h mdUIq¨vi eënvi Ki‡eb Zv‡ZÑ
i. A¨vwb‡gkb eënvi K‡i Dc¯’vcb‡K AvKl©Yxq Kiv hv‡e
ii. kã I wfwWI eënvi K‡i †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh©µg †`Lv‡bv hv‡e
iii. †Kv¤úvwbi Avq e¨‡qi wnmve Kiv hv‡e
7. †Kv‡bv wKQz Dc¯’vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb mdUIq¨v‡ii ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki|
8. ÔeZ©gv‡b cÖKvkbv wkí m¤ú~Y©fv‡e MÖvwd· mdUIq¨vi eënv‡ii Dci wbf©ikxjÕÑ Dw³wUi †hŠw³KZv
e¨vL¨v Ki|
lô Aa¨vq
†WUv‡eR -Gi eënvi

†WUv‡eR-Gi aviYv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvie;
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g (DBMS) eënv‡ii †KŠkj¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvie;
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g-Gi ¸iyZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvie; Ges
mdUIq¨vi eënvi K‡i GKwU †WUv‡eR ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvie|
†WUv‡eR -Gi eënvi 111
†WUv‡eR m¤ú‡K© aviYv

†WUv‡eR‡K ejv nq Z_¨fvÊvi| †WUv‡eR n‡jv Kw¤úDUviwfwËK GKwU c×wZ, hvi mvnv‡h¨ msM„nxZ
DcvË msiÿY K‡i cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx cybiy×vi Kiv hvq| Ab¨ K_vq, †WUv‡eR n‡” Q msM„nxZ Dcv‡Ëi
fvÊvi, hv †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ wewfbœ Dcv‡q Ges AvKv‡i Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv hvq| AviI
mnRfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j, †WUv‡eR n‡jv AmsL¨ Dcv‡Ëi GKwU mymw¾Z ZvwjKv, †hLvb †_‡K wbw`©ó
cÖ‡qvRbxq †Kv‡bv DcvË‡K `ªyZ Ges Lye mn‡RB kbv³ Kivi Dcvq ev cš’v Av‡Q| G Z_¨fvÊv‡i wewfbœ
cÖKvi Ges wecyj cwigvY Z_¨ msiÿY K‡i ivLv nq| GKRb eënviKvix Zuvi cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx †h‡Kv‡bv
gyn‚‡Z© †h‡Kv‡bv Z_¨ G Z_¨fvÊvi †_‡K AvniY ev msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
GKwU †WUv‡eR g~jZ Kjvg Ges mvwii mgš^‡q MwVZ| cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kjv‡gi GKwU K‡i †nwWs ev
wk‡ivbvg _v‡K| GB †nwWs ev wk‡ivbvg †_‡KB †evSv hvq †mB Kjv‡g Kx ai‡bi †WUv ev Z_¨ Av‡Q|
†nwWs ev wk‡ivbvgMy‡jv wdì bv‡g cwiwPZ| Avi cvkvcvwk K‡qKwU Kjv‡gi mgš^‡q MwVZ nq GKwU
mvwi| cÖwZwU mvwi‡K ejv nq †iKW©|
GLv‡b SL No, Name, Age, Date of Birth, Village, Union bv‡gi cÖwZwU Kjg n‡jv GK GKwU
wdì Ges Gme wd‡ìi Aax‡b i‡q‡Q h_vµ‡g Abul Kasem, 27,2/2/1960, Tepra, Kanihat
BZ¨vw` †WUv| GKB mvwii GiKg K‡qKwU wdì wg‡j nq GKwU †iKW©| Dc‡ii D`vni‡Yi
†WUv‡eRwU‡Z 6wU wdì Ges 6wU †iKW© i‡q‡Q|
lv‡Ui `kK †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i †WUv‡eR dvB‡j †WUv msiÿY ïiy nq| ZLb GKwU †WUv‡Uwe‡ji
mgš^‡q GKwU †WUv‡eR MwVZ n‡Zv| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b †WUv‡eR aviYv A‡bK e¨vcKZv jvf K‡i‡Q| GLb
†Kv‡bv †WUv‡e‡Ri AvIZvq GK ev GKvwaK †WUv‡Uwej, Ky‡qwi, dg©, wi‡cvU©, BZ¨vw` dvBj _vK‡Z
cv‡i| A_©vr †WUv‡eR n‡”
Q †WUv Z_¨mg„× GK ev GKvwaK dvB‡ji mgwó|
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU †WUv‡eR †cÖvMÖvg n‡jv gvB‡µvmdU G‡·m, d·‡cÖv, wW‡eR, d·‡eBR, IivKj,
†dv_© WvB‡gbkb, c¨vivW· cÖf…wZ|
†WUv‡eR †cÖvMÖv‡gi êwkó¨

• †WUv‡e‡R wewfbœ ai‡bi †Uwej ˆZwi K‡i Zv‡Z ARmª †WUv‡K mymsMwVZ K‡i ivLv hvq Ges
cieZx©‡Z Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wewfbœfv‡e eënvi Kiv hvq|
• †WUv‡e‡R msiwÿZ wecyj cwigvY Z_¨ †_‡K Kvw•ÿZ †h‡Kv‡bv Z_¨‡K `ªyZ Luy‡R †ei Kiv hvq|
• e„nr †WUv‡e‡Ri AmsL¨ †iKW© †_‡K ïay cÖ‡qvRbxq †iKW©mg~n wb‡q wi‡cvU© ˆZwi K‡i wcÖ›U Kiv
hvq| wi‡cv‡U© cQ›`g‡Zv MÖvd, PvU© Ges Qwe ms‡hvRb Kiv hvq|
• †WUv‡e‡Ri AmsL¨ †iKW© †_‡K ïay cÖ‡qvRbxq †iKW©mg~n wb‡q †gBwjs †j‡ej ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
• †WUv‡eR †cÖvMÖv‡g †WUv Gw›Uª Kivi mgq hv‡Z fzj bv nq †mRb¨ wd‡ì kZ© w`‡q †WUv Gw›Uªi mxgv
wba©viY Kiv hvq| G‡K BbcyU †fwj‡Wkb ejv nq| †hgb : †Kvb †WUv †Uwe‡ji Salary wd‡ìi
†eZb Gw›Uª Kiv n‡” Q| me©wb¤œ †eZb n‡jv 2000 Ges m‡ev©” P †eZb n‡jv 11500| G wd‡ì
BbcyU †fwj‡Wk‡b hw` >=2000 and <=11500 kZ© Ry‡o †Ìqv nq Zvn‡j 2000-Gi mgvb ev
Dc‡i Ges 11500-Gi wb‡P ev mgvb Gw›Uª Kiv bv n‡j Gw›Uª n‡e bv Ges fzj evZ©v cÖ`wk©Z
n‡e|
• Ky‡qwi‡Z wewfbœ kZ©v‡ivc K‡i †WUv‡eR †_‡K †iKW©mg~n‡K Avjv`v K‡i †WUv †Uwej ˆZwi Kiv
hvq|
• GKwU wbw`©ó wd‡ìi Dci wfwË K‡i `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ †WUv Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨
wi‡jkb ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
• †WUv‡eR †_‡K Z_¨ †LvuR Kivi Rb¨ B‡Û· eënvi Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv wd‡ìi Dci B‡Û· Kiv
n‡j D³ wd‡ìi †fjy¨ Ges †iKW© †idv‡iÝ GKwU AWv©i Abymv‡i mw¾Z nq| B‡Û· dvBj g~j
†WUv dvB‡ji †Kv‡bv i~c cwieZ©b bv K‡i †iKW©mg~n wewfbœfv‡e mvRv‡Z cv‡i| m~wP †`‡L †Kvb
eB †_‡K †hgb †Kv‡bv welq mn‡R Lyu‡R †ei Kiv hvq (†Zgwb †WUv‡eR †_‡KI mn‡R Z_¨ Luy‡R
cvIqv m¤¢e)|
• dvBjmg~‡ni g‡a¨ wjsK ˆZwi Kiv hvq| d‡j GKB Z_¨ †hwU wjsK Kiv Ab¨vb¨ dvB‡j Av‡Q †mwU
Avc‡WU Ki‡j ¯^qswKªqfv‡e me dvB‡jB Avc‡WU n‡e|
• cÖ‡qvRbxq †ÿ‡Î †WUv‡e‡R DcvË¸‡jvi †iKW© ÷ªvKPvi cwieZ©b Kiv hvq| GKB KvR evievi
Ki‡Z nq Ggb me Kv‡Ri mgwó‡K Macro ˆZwii gva¨‡g GKwU Single Action-G i~cvšÍi
K‡i cieZx©‡Z hZevi B” Qv eënvi Kiv hvq| G‡Z GKw`‡K †hgb mg‡qi mvkÖq nq, Ab¨w`‡K
†Zgwb GKB KvR evievi Kivi Sv‡gjv †_‡K †invB cvIqv hvq|
DBMS Gi eënv‡ii †KŠkj
GKwU wm‡÷g GKK fv‡e M‡o D‡Vbv| wm‡÷g n‡jv KZ¸‡jv wel‡qi mgwš^Z iƒc| †Zgwb KZ¸‡jv
Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖv‡gi mgš^‡q †WUv‡eR wm‡÷g MwVZ nq| g~jZ †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
(DBMS) eënviKvix Ges †WUv‡e‡Ri g‡a¨ GKwU B›Uvi‡dm (Dfqw`K ms‡hvM i¶vKvix) wn‡m‡e
KvR K‡i| eënviKvix A¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖv‡gi gva¨‡g wewfbœ ai‡bi Acv‡ikb (†hgb: †WUv gy‡Q †djv,
cÖ‡ek, D‡Ëvjb Kiv) m¤úbœ Ki‡Z Aby‡iva K‡i| eënviKvix KZ…©K cÖ`Ë Aby‡iva¸‡jv DBMS Gi
gva¨‡g †WUv‡e‡Ri Dci Kvh©Kix K‡i eënviKvix‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq †WUv cÖ`vb K‡i|
eënviKvix-1 eënviKvix-2 eënviKvix-3
A¨vwcø‡Kkb-1 A¨vwcø‡Kkb-2 A¨vwcø‡Kkb-3
DBMS
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g
DBMS Gi ¸iyZ¡ †WUv‡eR
†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷‡gi cÖavb Kvh©ejx wb‡gœ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv

1| bZzb †iKW© ms‡hvRb Kiv|
2| cÖ‡qvR‡b †iKW© Avc‡WU Kiv|
3| AcÖ‡qvRbxq †iKW© gy‡Q †djv|
4| †WUv msi¶Y Kiv|
5| †WUvi wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv|
6| †WUvi Abywjwc (Wzwcø‡Kkb) †iva Kiv|
7| wi‡cvU© ˆZwi Kiv|
8| wbw`©ó †WUv AbymÜvb Kiv|
wecyj cwigvb DcvË wb‡q ˆZwi †WUv‡e‡Ri eûgyLx eënviB n‡” Q †WUv‡eR eë¯’vcbvi KvR|
mvaviYZ A‡bK Rbej wewkó eëmvq cÖwZôvb, wkíKviLvbv, e¨vsK-wegv I Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©KZ©v
Kg©Pvix‡ì Kv‡Ri wnmve, †eZb-wej ˆZwi, e¨w³MZ bw_, gRy` gvjvgv‡ji wnmve BZ¨vw` bvbv Kv‡R
†WUv‡e‡Ri eënvi AZ¨všÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| ïay wnmve wbKvk, †jb‡`b Ges eëmvq evwY‡Rï †¶‡ÎB bq,
wk¶v, M‡elYv, mvgvwRK Dbœqb, eB, Rvb©vj I mvgwqKx‡Z mivmwi Ges LyR mn‡R msi¶Y K‡i
cÖ‡qvR‡b AbymÜvb I cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi‡Z †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g‡›Ui ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg|
RbmsL¨v, ¯^v¯’¨, K…wl BZ¨vw` welqwfwËK †¶‡ÎI ¯^Zš¿ †WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g M‡o †Zvjv †h‡Z cv‡i|
†WUv‡eR I G‡·m m¤c‡K© aviYv
Kw¤cDUv‡i †WUv‡e‡Ri KvR Kiv nq cÖavbZ gvB‡µvmdU G‡·m mdUIq¨v‡ii mvnv‡h¨| gvB‡µvmdU
G‡·m n‡”Q gvB‡µvmdU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi GKwU RbwcÖq †WUv‡eR mdUIq¨vi|
G‡·m †cÖvMÖv‡g KvR kyiyi cÖ¯‘wZ
G‡·m †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ †WUv‡e‡Ri KvR Kivi Rb¨ Kw¤cDUv‡i Aek¨B gvB‡µvmdU Awdm G‡·m
Bb÷j Kiv _vK‡Z n‡e| hw` bv _v‡K Zvn‡j Bb÷j K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
G‡·m †cÖvMÖvg †Lvjv
gvB‡µvmdU G‡·m †cÖvMÖvg †Lvjvi Rb¨Ñ
1. c`©vi wb‡Pi w`‡K evg †Kv‡Y ÷vU© (Start) †evZv‡gi

Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi w`‡q wK¬K Ki‡j GKwU †gby ev
ZvwjKv Avm‡e|
3. G †gbyi Aj †cÖvMÖvgm (All Programs) Kgv‡Ûi
Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi ¯’vcb Ki‡j Avi GKwU †gby
cvIqv hv‡e|
4. G †gby ZvwjKv †_‡K gvB‡µvmdU Awdm (Microsoft
Office) †gby‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j Avi GKwU †gby‡Z
gvB‡µvmdU Awdm (Microsoft Office)-Gi
†cÖvMÖvgMy‡jvi ZvwjKv cvIqv hv‡e|
5. G ZvwjKv †_‡K gvB‡µvmdU Awdm G‡·m
(Microsoft Office Access) KgvÛ wm‡j± Ki‡j
gvB‡µvmdU Awdm G‡·m (Microsoft Office
Access) Ly‡j hv‡e|
6. gvB‡µvmdU Awdm G‡·m DB‡Ûvi Dc‡ii evg w`‡K Aew¯’Z Blank Database AvBKb wK¬K
Kivi ci eøvsK †WUv‡eR dvB‡ji bvg †Ìqvi Rb¨ WvqvjM e‡·i File Name N‡i †WUv‡e‡Ri
Rb¨ GKwU bvg UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î Practice-1 UvBc Ki|
7. File Name GwWU evi-Gi Wvb w`‡K †dvìvi AvBKb wK¬K Ki‡j bZzb bv‡g ˆZwi Kiv dvBj
msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ WvqvjM e‡·i File Name N‡i Practice-1 we`¨gvb _vK‡e| G bv‡gi dvBjwU
†Kv‡bv †dvìv‡i msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡j †dvìviwU ˆZwi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
8. WvqvjM e‡·i OK †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j Av‡Mi WvqvjM e·wU wd‡i Avm‡e|
9. WvqvjM e‡·i Create †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j †Uwej ˆZwi Kivi Av‡Mi Ae¯’vq GKwU k~b¨ †WUv‡eR
DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| G DB‡Ûvi UvB‡Uj evi-G †jLv _vK‡e ÔPractice-1: Database ... Õ|
†WUv‡eR †Uwej ˆZwi
Practice-1 DB‡Ûv †_‡K †Uwej ˆZwii KvR kyiy Ki‡Z n‡e| G Rb¨Ñ
1. View Wªc-WvDb †_‡K Design View wm‡j± Ki‡j
†mf A¨vR WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| WvqvjM e‡·i
†Uwej †bg N‡i Table1 bvg _vK‡e| G bv‡gB
†WUv‡eR †UwejwU †mf n‡e| †mf Kivi Rb¨
WvqvjM e‡·i OK †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. †WUv‡eR †Uwe‡ji wdì wba©vi‡Yi DB‡Ûv Dc¯’vwcZ n‡e|

3. Field Name N‡i µwgK b¤Ÿi (Sl No) UvBc K‡i Kx‡ev‡W©i U¨ve †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j Kvm©i
Data Type N‡i P‡j hv‡e| G N‡ii Wªc-WvDb Zx‡i wK¬K Ki‡j †WUvi wewfbœ cÖKvi aiY ev
UvB‡ci ZvwjKv †`Lv hv‡e| †hgbÑText, Number, Currency, Date/Time BZ¨vw`|
- G ZvwjKv †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq †WUv UvBc
wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| b¤Ÿi wm‡j±
Ki‡j G wd‡ìi †WUv w`‡q AsK ev
wnmv‡ei KvR Kiv hv‡e| ZvwiL/mgq
wd‡ìi †WUv ev Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z eqm
†ei Kiv hv‡e Ges eqm msµvšÍ
Ab¨vb¨ KvR Kiv hv‡e| eY©wfwËK
wd‡ìi †WUvi mvnv‡h¨ MvwYwZK KvR,
†hgbÑ †hvM, we‡qvM, MyY, fvM BZ¨vw`
Kiv hv‡e bv|
Ñ †WUv UvBc wm‡j± Kivi m‡½ m‡½ wb‡Pi w`‡K wdìm †cÖvcvwU© As‡k †WUvi AviI wKQz welq
wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑ Field Size-Gi Wvb cv‡ki N‡i wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z n‡e †Kvb
wd‡ìi AvKvi KZ eo n‡e Ges Ab¨vb¨ êwkó¨ †Kgb n‡e| G wd‡ìi GKwU wbR¯^ gvb _v‡K|
cÖ‡qvR‡b GwU cwieZ©b Kiv hvq| wdì mvBR cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq GKUz eo nIqv fv‡jv| G‡Z
†WUv bó nIqvi Avk¼v _v‡K bv| Z‡e, AcÖ‡qvRbxqfv‡e †ewk eo KivI wVK bq|
4. wd‡ìi bvg UvBc Kiv †kl n‡j Dc‡ii evg †Kv‡Y wfD AvBKb wK¬K Ki‡j A_ev wfD Wªc-WvDb
†_‡K Datasheet View wm‡j± Ki‡j †UwejwU †mf Kivi Rb¨ GKwU WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
5. WvqjM e‡·i Yes †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j †WUv Gw›Uª Kivi Rb¨ †WUvwkU wfD ev Table1 wfD
DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| G DB‡Ûv‡Z †WUv Gw›Uª Ki‡Z n‡e|
†WUv Gw›Uª Kiv
†WUvwkU wfD‡q †Uwe‡ji cÖ_g wdìwU wm‡j‡±W _vK‡e| bv _vK‡j wm‡j± K‡i wb‡Z n‡e Ges IqvW©
cÖ‡mwms‡qi mvaviY wbq‡g UvBc K‡i †Uwe‡j †WUv Gw›Uª ev Z_¨ mwbœ‡ewkZ Kivi KvR m¤cbœ Ki‡Z
n‡e| †WUv Gw›Uªi kyiy‡ZB d›U, d‡›Ui AvKvi BZ¨vw` wba©viY K‡i †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| bv n‡j †WUv
Gw›Uªi †h‡Kv‡bv mgq d›U, d‡›Ui AvKvi BZ¨vw` wba©viY K‡i †bIqv hvq|
GK wd‡ìi †WUv UvBc Kiv n‡q †M‡j Kx‡ev‡W©i U¨ve †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j Kvm©i cieZx© wd‡ì P‡j
hv‡e| me©‡kl wd‡ìi †WUv UvBc K‡i Kx‡ev‡W©i U¨ve †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j Kvm©i cieZx© †iK‡W©i cÖ_g
wd‡ì P‡j Avm‡e| GKB wbq‡g GKwU †Uwej ev †WUv‡eR ˆZwii KvR m¤cbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, KvR Kivi mgq wKQzÿY ci ci msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| Save ev msiÿY Kivi Rb¨
Awdm †evZv‡gi Wªc-WvDb †gby †_‡K Save KgvÛ w`‡q ev Save AvBKb wK¬K K‡i ev Kx‡ev‡W©i
Ctrl †evZvg †P‡c †i‡L S †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡q msiÿ‡Yi KvR Ki‡Z n‡e|
ewY©Z wbq‡g Dc‡ii †WUv‡eR †Uwej ˆZwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
Aÿ‡ii AvKvi-AvK…wZ cwieZ©b
Aÿ‡ii AvKvi-AvK…wZ cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ †Uwe‡ji †h‡Kv‡bv N‡i Bbmvm©b c‡q›Uvi †i‡L d‡›Ui AvKvi-
AvK…wZ cwieZ©b Ki‡j m¤c~Y© †Uwe‡ji Aÿ‡ii AvKvi-AvK…wZ cwiewZ©Z n‡q hv‡e| wew”Qbœfv‡e
†Kv‡bv GKwU N‡ii Aÿ‡ii AvKvi-AvK…wZ cwieZ©b Kiv hv‡e bv|
evbvb ms‡kvab
evbvb ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ †h N‡ii †jLvi evbvb ms‡kvab Ki‡Z n‡e †mB N‡i wK¬K Ki‡j IB N‡i
Bbmvm©b c‡q›Uvi e‡m hv‡e| evbvb ms‡kva‡bi mvaviY wbq‡g UvBc K‡i evbvb ms‡kva‡bi KvR
Ki‡Z n‡e|
†WUv‡eR dvBj eÜ Kiv I †Lvjv
GKwU †WUv‡eR dvB‡j Z_¨ mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv, fzj ms‡kvab Kiv Ges Ab¨vb¨ m¤úv`bvi KvR GKev‡i
Kiv m¤¢e nq bv, we‡kl K‡i Z‡_ï cwigvY hw` †ewk nq| Kv‡RB, GKev‡i hZUzKz KvR Kiv hvq,
ZZUzKz KvR K‡i dvBjwU †mf K‡i eÜ K‡i ivL‡Z nq| c‡i Avevi IB dvBj Ly‡j evwK KvR ïiy
Ki‡Z nq|
eÜ K‡i ivLv dvBj †Lvjvi Rb¨-
1. IB dvBjwU †h †dvìv‡i Av‡Q †mB †dvìv‡i †h‡Z n‡e|

2. dvB‡ji Dci wK¬K K‡i wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. Dc‡ii †gby evi-G Open †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j WvUv‡eR
dvBjwU Ly‡j hv‡e|
4. evg w`‡K Table †jLvi Dci Wej wK¬K Ki‡j †WUv‡eR
wn‡m‡e ˆZwi Kiv Table Ly‡j hv‡e|
G Ae¯’vb †_‡K cieZx© ch©v‡qi KvR ïiy Ki‡Z n‡e|
†Uwe‡j bZzb wdì ev Kjvg †hvM Kiv
†WUv‡eR †Uwe‡j bZzb wdì †hvM Kivi Rb¨-
1. View AvBKb wK¬K K‡i ev wfD Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKv †_‡K Design View wm‡j± Ki‡j Design
View DB‡Ûv Avm‡e|
2. G DB‡Ûv‡Z eZ©gvb wdìMy‡jvi bvg †`Lv hv‡e| †h Ae¯’v‡b bZzb wdì ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi
wb‡Pi wd‡ì wK¬K K‡i Bbmvm©b c‡q›Uvi emv‡Z n‡e|
3. Design †gby‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j wWRvBb †gbyi wieb D‡b¥vwPZ n‡e| G wie‡b Insert Rows-G wK¬K
Ki‡j Bbmvm©b c‡q›Uvi wewkó N‡ii Dc‡i GKwU k~b¨ wdì hy³ n‡e|
4. bZzb wd‡ìi bvg, aiv hvK, cyiyl/gwnjv (Male/Female) UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e|
Ñ View AvBKb wK¬K Ki‡j ev wfD Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKv †_‡K Datasheet View KgvÛ wm‡j± Ki‡j
†mf Kivi Rb¨ evZ©v Avm‡e| evZ©v e‡·i Yes †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
†WUvwkU DB‡Ûv‡Z wd‡i wM‡q †`Lv hv‡e cyiyl/gwnjv (Male/Female) bv‡g GKwU bZzb k~b¨
wdì hy³ n‡q‡Q| wdìwU c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e|
wdì ev Kjvg evwZj Kiv
AcÖ‡qvRbxq wdì evwZj Kivi Rb¨-
1. wdìwU wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| wd‡ìi Dci Bbmvm©b c‡q›Uvi ¯’vcb Ki‡j Bbmvm©b c‡q›UviwU
wbgœgyLx Zx‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡e| G Ae¯’vq wK¬K Ki‡j cy‡iv Kjvg wm‡j‡±W n‡q hv‡e|
2. Home †gby ev †WUvwkU †gbyi wie‡b Delete AvBKb wK¬K Ki‡j wdìmn cy‡iv Kjvg evwZj n‡q
hv‡e|
evwZ‡ji KgvÛ Kvh©Ki nIqvi Av‡M mZK©Zvm~PK evZ©v Avm‡e| evZ©ve‡· ÔnüvÕ m~PK (Yes) †evZv‡g wK¬K
Ki‡j wm‡j± Kiv wdì ¯’vqxfv‡e evwZj n‡q hv‡e| GKevi evwZj n‡q †M‡j Avi Undo Kiv hvq bv|
†iKW© ev mvwi evwZj Kiv
†iKW© ev mvwi (Row) evwZj Kivi Rb¨-
1. IB †iKW© ev mvwi wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| mvwii evg cv‡k Bbmvm©b c‡q›Uv‡i wK¬K Ki‡j cy‡iv mvwi
wm‡j‡±W n‡e|
2. Home †gbyi wie‡b Delete AvBKb wK¬K Ki‡j KgvÛ Kvh©Ki nIqvi Av‡M mZK©Zvm~PK evZ©v
Avm‡e|
3. evZ©ve‡· ÔnüvÕ m~PK Yes †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j wm‡j± Kiv †iKW© ev mvwi ¯’vqxfv‡e evwZj n‡q
hv‡e| GKevi evwZj n‡q †M‡j Avi Undo Kiv hvq bv|
†WUvq eY©vbyµwgK I msL¨vbyµwgK web¨vm
GKwU †Uwej ˆZwi Kivi ci †h‡Kv‡bv wdì ev Kjv‡gi wfwË‡Z m¤c~Y© †WUv‡eR eY©vbyµwgK Ges
msL¨vbyµwgKfv‡e web¨¯Í (Sort) Kiv hvq| eY©vbyµwgK Ges msL¨vbyµwgK web¨vm Av‡ivnx
(Ascending) c×wZ Ges Ae‡ivnx (Descending) c×wZ, Dfqfv‡e Kiv hvq| Av‡ivnx c×wZ
n‡”Q †QvU µg †_‡K eo µ‡gi w`‡K hvIqv (A ...B ...C ...Z, 1 ...10 ...50 ...100) Ges Ae‡ivnx
n‡”Q eo µg †_‡K †QvU µ‡gi w`‡K hvIqv (Z ...C ...B ...A, 100 ...50 ...10 ...1)|
bvg, MÖvg Ges BDwbqb wd‡ìi †WUv eY©vbyµwgK Ges µwgK b¤Ÿi, eqm Ges Rb¥ ZvwiL wd‡ìi
†WUv msL¨vbyµwgK c×wZ‡Z web¨vm (Sort) Kiv hvq|
†Uwe‡ji †WUv eq‡mi wfwË‡Z web¨¯Í Kivi Rb¨ G wd‡ìi †h‡Kv‡bv N‡i wK¬K K‡i Bbmvm©b c‡q›Uvi
emv‡Z n‡e| Home †gbyi wie‡bi Av‡ivnx (Ascending) AvBKb wK¬K Ki‡j †Uwe‡ji mgMÖ †WUv
eq‡mi wfwË‡Z Av‡ivnx web¨v‡m web¨¯Í n‡q hv‡e Ges Ae‡ivnx (Descending) AvBKb wK¬K Ki‡j
†Uwe‡ji mgMÖ †WUv eq‡mi wfwË‡Z Av‡ivnx web¨v‡m web¨¯Í n‡q hv‡e|
†WUv web¨¯ÍKi‡Yi ci
†iK‡W©i Ae¯_vb cwiewZ©Z
n‡e| wKš‘, †iK‡W©i Ab¨vb¨
Z_¨ AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
†hgbÑ eq‡mi wfwË‡Z
Av‡ivnx c×wZi web¨v‡mi ci
11 b¤Ÿi †iKW©wU mevi Dc‡i
P‡j Avm‡e| KviY, 11 b¤Ÿi
†iK‡W©i eqm me‡P‡q Kg|
G †ÿ‡Î jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`Lv
hv‡e, 11 b¤Ÿi †iK‡W©i
Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨ AcwiewZ©Z
i‡q‡Q|
web¨v‡mi KvRwU hw` fzjµ‡g n‡q _v‡K, Zvn‡j m‡½ m‡½ AvbWzz KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e| G‡Z dvBjwUi
web¨vm- c~e© Ae¯’vq cvIqv hv‡e|
Z_¨ AbymÜvb Kiv
wecyj cwigvY Z_¨ ev †WUv msewjZ GKwU †WUv‡eR †_‡K †Kv‡bv we‡kl e¨w³i bvg Luy‡R †ei Kivi
Rb¨-
1. Home †gbyi wie‡bi Find AvBKb wK¬K Ki‡j Find and Replace WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
†WUv‡eR-Gi eënvi 119
2. †h e¨w³‡K LuyR‡Z n‡e WvqvjM e‡·i Find What GwWU evi-G †mB e¨w³i bvg ev bv‡gi Ask
UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e|
- bv‡gi Ask wn‡m‡e c`we UvBc Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i A_ev Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv Ask UvBc Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
3. WvqvjM e‡·i Look in: Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKv †_‡K Name wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
- Match Wªc-WvDb ZvwjKv †_‡K Any Part of Field wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. WvqvjM e‡·i Find Next †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
- wK¬K Kivi m‡½ m‡½ Find What N‡i UvBc Kiv bvg ev c`we ev bv‡gi Ask wn‡m‡e UvBc Kiv
kã wm‡j‡±W n‡q hv‡e| G kãwU hw` c`we nq ev GKB bv‡gi Ask nq, Zvn‡j Avevi Find
Next †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
G‡Z GKB bv‡gi Ask wewkó ev
c`we wewkó cieZx© bvg wm‡j‡±W
n‡e| Gfv‡e evievi dvBÛ †b·U
(Find Next) †evZv‡g wK¬K K‡i
K‡i mKj bvg Luy‡R †ei Kiv hv‡e
ev †`Lv hv‡e| me©‡kl bvg †`Lv n‡q
†M‡j c`©vq G g‡g© evZ©v cÖ`wk©Z n‡e
†h, meMy‡jv bvg †LuvRvi KvR m¤cbœ
n‡q‡Q| GgZve¯’vq, Ab¨
†Kv‡bv bvg †LuvRvi cÖ‡qvRb bv _vK‡j WvqvjM e‡·i Cancel †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
kZ©hy³ Z_¨ AbymÜvb
†MvUv †WUv‡eR †_‡K kyay b›`v MÖv‡gi gvby‡li Z_¨ †`Lv cÖ‡qvRb, kyay ivDLvwj BDwbq‡bi gvby‡li Z_¨
†`Lv cÖ‡qvRb, †MvUv †WUv‡e‡R hv‡ì eqm 30 eQi †_‡K 60 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ Zv‡ì Z_¨ †`Lv cÖ‡qvRb,
hv‡ì eqm 18 eQ‡ii Kg Zv‡ì Z_¨ †`Lv cÖ‡qvRb BZ¨vw` AviI bvbv k‡Z©i wfwË‡Z Z_¨ AbymÜvb
Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| k‡Z©i
wfwË‡Z Z_¨ AbymÜvb Kivi KvR
LyeB mnR| kZ©My‡jv hy³ Kivi ci
AbymÜv‡bi wb‡`©k †Ìqvi K‡qK
gyn‚‡Z©i g‡a¨ k‡Z©i AvIZvfz³ mKj
Z_¨ cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| kZ©hy³ Z_¨
AbymÜv‡bi c×wZ wb‡P ewY©Z n‡jv|
hv‡ì eqm 30 †_‡K 60 eQ‡ii
g‡a¨ Zv‡ì †iKW© AbymÜvb Kivi
Rb¨ Ñ
1. Age wd‡ìi †h‡Kv‡bv N‡i
wK¬K K‡i Bbmvm©b c‡q›Uvi
emv‡Z n‡e|
2. wie‡bi Filter AvBKb wK¬K Ki‡j wdëvi WvqjM e· Avm‡e|

3. Filter WvqvjM e‡·i Number Filters Wªc-WvDb †gby †_‡K Between wm‡j± Ki‡j
Between Numbers WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
4. Between Numbers WvqvjM e‡·i Smallest: N‡i 30 Ges Largest: N‡i 60 UvBc K‡i WvqvjM
e‡·i OK †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. hv‡ì eqm 30 †_‡K 60 eQ‡ii g‡a¨ kyay
Zv‡ì †iKW© cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
k‡Z©i wfwË‡Z cÖ`wk©Z †iKW© AvbWz ev evwZj Kivi
Rb¨ wie‡b Toggle Filter AvBKb gvDm c‡q›Uvi
¯’vcb Ki‡j AvBKbwU
Remove Filter wn‡m‡e
KvR Ki‡e| G‡Z k‡Z©i
wfwË‡Z web¨vm Kiv †iKW©
web¨vm- c~e© Ae¯’vq wd‡i
hv‡e Ges Toggle Filter
AvBKbwU Apply Filter
AvBK‡b cwiYZ n‡e|
web¨vmwU Kvh©Ki ivLvi Rb¨ Apply Filter AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
MÖv‡gi wfwË‡Z Z_¨ AbymÜvb
bgybv †WUv‡e‡R PviwU MÖv‡gi bvg Av‡Q| Gi †fZi †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU MÖv‡gi Z_¨ †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i|
†h‡Kv‡bv `ywU ev wZbwU MÖv‡gi Z_¨ †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i A_ev GKwU MÖvg ev‡` Ab¨ me MÖv‡gi Z_¨ †`Lv
†h‡Z cv‡i|
†h‡Kv‡bv GKwU MÖv‡gi Z_¨ †`Lvi Rb¨Ñ
1. †h MÖv‡gi Z_¨ †`Lvi cÖ‡qvRb †mB MÖv‡gi bv‡gi N‡i gvDm c‡q›Uvi wK¬K K‡i Bbmvm©b c‡q›Uvi
emv‡Z n‡e| aiv hvK, evmvBj (Basail) MÖv‡gi †h‡Kv‡bv N‡i Bbmvm©b c‡q›Uvi ivLv n‡jv|
2. wie‡bi Selection
AvBKb wK¬K Ki‡j
GKwU †gby Avm‡e| G
†gby †_‡K-
- Equals "Basail" Ges Contains "Basail" wm‡j± Ki‡j ïay evmvBj MÖv‡gi gvby‡li †iKW©
cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
- Does not Equal "Basail" Ges Does not Contains "Basail" wm‡j± Ki‡j evmvBj MÖv‡gi
†iKW© e¨ZxZ Ab¨ me MÖv‡gi gvby‡li †iKW© cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
k‡Z©i wfwË‡Z cÖ`wk©Z †iKW© AvbWz ev evwZj Kivi Rb¨ Dc‡i ewY©Z c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
GKvwaK MÖv‡gi Z_¨ †`Lv
GKB m‡½ GKvwaK MÖv‡gi Z_¨ †`Lvi Rb¨-
1. Village wd‡ìi †h‡Kv‡bv N‡i wK¬K K‡i Bbmvm©b
c‡q›Uvi emv‡Z n‡e| G‡Z Village wd‡ìi mv‡_
Wvb w`‡K Wªc-WvDb Zxi hy³ n‡e| G Wªc-WvDb
Zx‡i wK¬K Ki‡j GKwU kU© WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
WvqvjM e‡·i †fZ‡ii As‡k-
2. Select All Ges Blanks mshy³ †PKe‡· wK¬K K‡i
wUK wPý Zz‡j w`‡Z n‡e| Gici-
3. †hme MÖv‡gi Z_¨ †`Lvi cÖ‡qvRb †mB me MÖv‡gi bvg
mshy³ †PKe‡·i wUK wPý †i‡L w`‡Z n‡e Ges Ab¨
me MÖv‡gi bvg mshy³ †PKe‡· wK¬K K‡i wUK wPý
Zz‡j w`‡Z n‡e| G †ÿ‡Î XvKcvov Ges †Uciv
MÖv‡gi bvg mshy³ †PKe‡·i wUK wPý †i‡L Ab¨ me
†PKe‡·i wUK wPý Zy‡j †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| Gevi-
4. kU© e‡·i OK †evZv‡g
wK¬ K Ki‡j ïay
XvKcvov Ges †Uciv
MÖv‡gi gvby‡li Z_¨
cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
cÖ`wk©Z †iKW© AvbWz ev
evwZj Kivi Rb¨ c~‡ e©i
c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
cyiyl/gwnjvi wfwË‡Z Z_¨ AbymÜvb
Gev‡ii †WUv‡e‡R cyiyl/gwnjv (Male/Female) bv‡g GKwU wdì i‡q‡Q| G †WUv‡eR †_‡K ïay
gwnjv ev ïay cyiyl m`m¨‡ì Z_¨ AbymÜvb I cÖ`k©b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wd‡ì M w`‡q cyiyl Ges F
w`‡q gwnjv †evSv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
G †WUv‡eR †_‡K ïay gwnjv m`m¨‡ì Z_¨ AbymÜvb I cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨Ñ
1. †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU F wd‡ì gvDm c‡q›Uvi wK¬K K‡i Bbmvm©b c‡q›Uvi emv‡Z n‡e|
2. wie‡bi Selection AvBKb wK¬K
Ki‡j GKwU †gby Avm‡e| G
†gby †_‡K-
- Equals "F" Ges Contains "F"
wm‡j± Ki‡j ïay wewfbœ MÖv‡gi gwnjv
m`m¨‡ì †iKW© cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
Kz‡qwi Ges wi‡cvU©
G hver ewY©Z c×wZ‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ †`Lvi KvR Kiv QvovI Kz‡qwi c×wZ‡ZI kZ©hy³ Z_¨ AvniY
I cÖ`k©b Kiv hvq| Z‡e, kZ©hy³ Z_¨ msiÿY Ges gy`ªY †bIqvi Rb¨ cÖ`wk©Z Z_¨ Kz‡qwi AvKv‡i
msiÿY Ki‡Z nq| Kz‡qwi AvKv‡i msiwÿZ Z_¨ mivmwi gy`ªY †bIqv hvq| Z‡e, gy`ªY †bIqv ev
gyw`ªZ AvKv‡i Z_¨ mieiv‡ni Rb¨ wi‡cvU© AvKv‡i iƒcvšÍwiZ K‡i wb‡Z nq| G‡Z Z_¨ AvKl©Yxqfv‡e
Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
Kz‡qwi c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ AvniY Ges msiÿY
aiv hvK, cÖYxZ †Uwe‡ji wfwË‡Z Kz‡qwi c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ AvniY Ges msiÿY Ki‡Z n‡e| G Rb¨ Ñ
1. †WUv‡e‡Ri †Uwej 1 (Table 1) †Lvjv ivL‡Z n‡e| G †ÿ‡Î GKwU †UwejB Av‡Q|
2. Create †gbyi wie‡b Kz‡qwi Query Design AvBKb wK¬K Ki‡j Kz‡qwi c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ Avni‡Yi
QK Avm‡e| G Q‡Ki m‡½ Show Table WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
3. Show Table WvqvjM e‡· Table
1 wm‡j± K‡i Add †evZv‡g wK¬K
Ki‡j wdì avi‡K †Uwe‡ji
meMy‡jv wdì ev †nwWs AšÍf©y³
Ae¯’vq cvIqv hv‡e|
4. Show Table WvqvjM e‡·i Close
†evZv‡g wK¬K K‡i WvqvjM e·wU
eÜ K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
5. wdì e‡·i wd‡ìi bv‡gi Dci Wej wK¬K Ki‡j IB wdìwU Q‡Ki cÖ_g wdì N‡i P‡j Avm‡e|
Gfv‡e ch©vqµ‡g meMy‡jv wdì Q‡Ki wdì wn‡m‡e AšÍf©y³ K‡i †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i A_ev ïay
cÖ‡qvRbxq K‡qKwU wdì AšÍf©y³ K‡i †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gvb D`vni‡Y bvg, eqm, MÖvg Ges
BDwbqb wdì AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
6. †h wd‡ìi wfwË‡Z Z_¨ AvniY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †mB wd‡ìi eivei wb‡P µvB‡Uwiqv (Criteria)
mvwii N‡i kZ© hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgbÑ eq‡mi †ÿ‡Î K‡qK iKg kZ© Av‡ivc Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i Ñ
wbw`©ó eq‡mi †ewk eq‡mi e¨w³‡ì †iKW© AvniY, wbw`©ó eq‡mi Kg eq‡mi e¨w³‡ì †iKW© AvniY
ev wbw`©ó eqmmxgvi g‡a¨Kvi e¨w³‡ì †iKW© AvniY BZ¨vw`|
K. wbw`©ó eq‡mi †ewk eq‡mi e¨w³‡ì †iKW© AvniY Kivi Rb¨ hw` >30 UvBc Kiv nq Zvn‡j kyay
30 eQ‡ii †ewk eqmx e¨w³‡ì †iKW© cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| hw` >=30 UvBc Kiv nq Zvn‡j 30 eQi
eqmx e¨w³mn 30 eQ‡ii †ewk eqmx e¨w³‡ì †iKW© cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
L. wbw`©ó eq‡mi Kg eq‡mi e¨w³‡ì †iKW© AvniY Kivi Rb¨ hw` <30 UvBc Kiv nq Zvn‡j kyay
30 eQ‡ii Kg eqmx e¨w³‡ì †iKW© cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| hw` <=30 UvBc Kiv nq Zvn‡j 30 eQi
eqmx e¨w³mn 30 eQ‡ii Kg eqmx e¨w³‡ì †iKW© cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
M. wbw`©ó eqm mxgvi g‡a¨Kvi e¨w³‡ì †iKW© AvniY Kivi Rb¨ hw` >=30 Ges <=60 (>=30
and <=60) UvBc Kiv nq Zvn‡j 30 eQi eqmx e¨w³mn 30 eQ‡ii †ewk eqmx Ges 60 eQi
eqmx e¨w³mn 60 eQ‡ii Kg eqmx e¨w³‡ì †iKW© cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
7. kZ© UvBc Kivi ci wWRvBb (Design) †gbyi
wie‡b ivb (Run) AvBKb wK¬K Ki‡j cÖ`Ë
kZ© Abyhvqx †iKW© cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
- Kz‡qwi c×wZ‡Z kZ© Av‡ivc K‡i AvnwiZ
Z‡_ï †Uwe‡ji Dc‡i Query 1 wk‡ivbvg
we`¨gvb _vK‡e|
8. Save AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Save As WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
- WvqvjM e‡· Kz‡qwii GKwU bvg, aiv hvK, Age Query UvBc K‡i OK †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j
Kz‡qwi 1-Gi bvg Age Query bv‡g cwiYZ n‡e Ges †WUv‡eR DB‡Ûv‡Z Age Query
ZvwjKvfz³ n‡q hv‡e| Kz‡qwii bv‡gi m‡½ Kz‡qwi AvBKb _vK‡e|
Database DB‡Ûv‡Z Age Query dvBjwUi bv‡gi Dci Wej wK¬K Ki‡j Kz‡qwi dvBjwU mwµq
n‡e| Kz‡qwi dvBjwU mwµq _vKv Ae¯’vq gy`ªY wb‡q gyw`ªZ Kz‡qwi msiÿY K‡i ivLv hv‡e Ges
cÖ‡qvRb n‡j mieivn I weZiY Kiv hv‡e|
Kz‡qwi c×wZ‡Z MÖvg I BDwbq‡bi wfwË‡Z Z_¨ AvniY Kiv
MÖvg I BDwbq‡bi wfwË‡Z Z_¨ AvniY Kivi Rb¨ Ñ
1. Database DB‡Ûv †_‡K Table 1 wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. Create †gbyi wie‡b Query Design AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Kz‡qwi c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ Avni‡Yi QK
Avm‡e| G Q‡Ki m‡½ Show Table WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
3. Show Table WvqvjM e‡· Table 1 wm‡j±

K‡i Add †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j wdì avi‡K
†Uwe‡ji mKj wdì ev †nwWs AšÍf©y³
Ae¯’vq cvIqv hv‡e|
4. Show Table WvqvjM e‡·i Close †evZv‡g
wK¬K K‡i WvqvjM e·wU eÜ K‡i w`‡Z
n‡e|
5. wdì e‡·i wd‡ìi bv‡gi Dci Wej wK¬K
Ki‡j IB wdìwU Q‡Ki cÖ_g wdì N‡i
P‡j Avm‡e| Gfv‡e ch©vqµ‡g me wdì Q‡Ki wdì wn‡m‡e AšÍf©y³ K‡i †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i
A_ev ïay cÖ‡qvRbxq K‡qKwU wdì AšÍf©y³ K‡i †bIqv †h‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gvb D`vni‡Y bvg, eqm,
MÖvg Ges BDwbqb wdì AšÍf©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
6. †h wd‡ìi wfwË‡Z Z_¨ AvniY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †mB wd‡ìi eivei wb‡P Criteria mvwii N‡i kZ©
hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. MÖvg wd‡ìi eivei wb‡P Criteria mvwii N‡i wK¬K K‡i Bbmvm©b c‡q›Uvi emv‡Z n‡e|
8. aiv hvK, evmvBj, †Uciv Ges b›`v MÖv‡gi
†iKW© AvniY Ki‡Z n‡e| G Rb¨ Ñ
K. Criteria N‡i Basail UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e|
L. Basail-Gi wb‡Pi N‡i wK¬K K‡i Bbmvm©b
c‡q›Uvi ewm‡q Tepra UvBc Ki‡Z
n‡e|
M. Tepra-Gi wb‡Pi N‡i wK¬K K‡i Bbmvm©b
c‡q›Uvi ewm‡q Nanda UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e|
Ñ UvBc Kiv bvgMy‡jvi `yB cv‡k ¯^qswµqfv‡e
D×…wZ wPý hy³ n‡q hv‡e|
9. kZ© UvBc Kivi ci Design †gbyi wie‡b
Run AvBKb wK¬K Ki‡j cÖ`Ë kZ© Abyhvqx
†iKW© cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
10. Save AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Save As WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
- WvqvjM e‡· Kz‡qwii GKwU bvg, aiv hvK, Village Query UvBc K‡i OK †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡j
Kz‡qwi 1-Gi bvg Village Query bv‡g cwiYZ n‡e Ges †WUv‡eR DB‡Ûv‡Z Village Query
ZvwjKvfz³ n‡q hv‡e|
Database DB‡Ûv‡Z Village Query dvBjwUi bv‡gi Dci Wej wK¬K Ki‡j Kz‡qwi dvBjwU mwµq
n‡e| Kz‡qwi dvBjwU mwµq _vKv Ae¯’vq gy`ªY wb‡q gyw`ªZ Kz‡qwi msiÿY K‡i ivLv hv‡e Ges
cÖ‡qvRb n‡j mieivn I weZiY Kiv hv‡e|
wi‡cvU©
mvaviYZ wi‡cvU© AvKv‡i Z_¨ mieivn ev weZiY Kiv
nq| m¤ú~Y© †WUv‡eR A_ev Kz‡qwi dvB‡ji wfwË‡Z
wi‡cvU© ˆZwi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G †ÿ‡Î eq‡mi
wfwË‡Z ˆZwi Kiv Kz‡qwi dvB‡ji wfwË‡Z wi‡cvU©
cÖYqb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †h dvB‡ji wi‡cvU© cÖYqb
Ki‡Z n‡e †mB dvBjwU wm‡j± K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| G
†ÿ‡Î eq‡mi wfwË‡Z ˆZwi Kiv Kz‡qwi dvBj wm‡j±
Kivi ci-
1. Create †gbyi wie‡b Report AvBK‡b wK¬K
Ki‡j wi‡cvU© ˆZwii DB‡Ûv Avm‡e|
2. G DB‡Ûv‡Z Kz‡qwi dvB‡ji wdì¸‡jv
mwbœ‡ewkZ _vK‡e|
3. wdì¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk we¯Í…wZ cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq †ewk n‡Z cv‡i| cvkvcvwk gvc ¯evfvweK Ae¯’vq
wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨Ñ
K. wd‡ìi bv‡gi Dci wK¬K Ki‡j IB wdìwU

wm‡j‡±W n‡e| wm‡j‡±W wd‡ìi evg w`‡Ki
ev Wvb w`‡Ki evû‡Z wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i
wd‡ìi cvkvcvwk gvc Kgv‡Z ev evov‡Z n‡e|
GQvov, wi‡cv‡U©i wb‡P c„ôv msL¨v, Wvb w`‡K
ZvwiL I mgq BZ¨vwì Ni GKB wbq‡g †QvU-
eo Kiv hv‡e Ges Wª¨vM K‡i Ab¨ ¯’v‡b
mwi‡q ¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e|
wi‡cv‡U©i wk‡ivbv‡gi Dci Wej wK¬K K‡i wm‡j± Kivi ci Bs‡iwR Aÿi gy‡Q evsjvq UvBc Kiv hv‡e|
L. View AvBK‡bi Wªc-WvDb Zx‡i wK¬K Ki‡Z
n‡e Ges Wªc-WvDb †gby †_‡K Print
Preview KgvÛ wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z
wi‡cvU©wUi gyw`ªZ Ae¯’v cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
4. wi‡cv‡U© Dc¯’vcbv cÖZ¨vwkZ iƒ‡c web¨¯Í bv
n‡j wie‡bi Wvb w`‡K Close Print
Preview AvBKb wK¬K Ki‡j wi‡cvU© Avevi
†jAvDU wfD‡q wd‡i Avm‡e|
- wd‡ìi AvKvi I Ae¯’vb cybtweb¨¯Í Ki‡Z n‡e Ges GKev‡i bv n‡j evievi †Póv K‡i wdì
ev Kjv‡gi gvc wVK K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
5. gy`ªY †bIqvi Av‡M wie‡b we`¨gvb Size, Portrait, Landscape, Margins AvBKb¸‡jv‡Z wK¬K
K‡i KvMR, c„ôvi gvwR©b BZ¨vw` gvc wVK K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Gici Kw¤úDUviwU wcÖ›Uv‡i hy³ K‡i
Print AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j wi‡cvU©wUi gy`ªY ïiy n‡e|
6. m¤úv`bvi KvR m‡šÍvlRbK nIqvi ci Save AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Save As WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
7. Save As WvqvjM e‡· wi‡cvU©wUi GKwU bvg, aiv hvK, Age Report UvBc K‡i OK †evZv‡g
wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
- wi‡cvU© dvBjwU Age Report bv‡g †mf ev msiwÿZ n‡q hv‡e Ges †WUv‡eR (Database)
DB‡Ûv‡Z Age Report bv‡g ZvwjKvfz³ n‡q hv‡e|
wi‡cv‡U© wMÖWjvBb hy³ Kiv
wMÖWjvBb n‡”Q †iKW©My‡jvi Dci-wb‡Pi †iLv ev jvBb| wd‡ìi
wb‡P Ggwb‡ZB wMÖWjvBb _v‡K| cÖ‡qvRb g‡b Ki‡j †iKW©¸‡jvi
Dci-wb‡PI wMÖWjvBb hy³ Kiv hvq Ges hy³ Kiv wMÖWjvBb Zz‡j
†djv hvq| wMÖWjvBb hy³ Kiv Ges Zz‡j †djvi Rb¨-
1. gvD‡mi Wvb †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡q wi‡cvU© U¨v‡ei Dci wK¬K Ki‡j Wªc-WvDb †gby Avm‡e| G †gby
†_‡K Layout View wm‡j± Ki‡j wi‡cvU©wU †jAvDU wfD‡q iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q hv‡e|
2. wi‡cv‡U©i †fZi wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. wie‡b wMÖWjvBb hy³ Kivi Uzj¸‡jv mwµq n‡e|
4. Gridelines Q‡Ki wb‡P wb¤œgyLx Zx‡i wK¬K
Ki‡j wewfbœ cÖKvi wMÖWjvB‡bi bgybv cÖ`wk©Z
n‡e| wewfbœ cÖKvi wMÖWjvB‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
Both, Horizontal, Vertical, Cross Hatch,
Top, Bottom, Outline Ges None-Gi †fZi
†_‡K cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx ev cQ›` Abyhvqx wMÖWjvBb
wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
wMÖWjvB‡bi †h bgybvi Dci wK¬K Kiv n‡e
†iKW©¸‡jvi wbP w`‡q, Dci w`‡q ev Dci-wbP
w`‡q †mBiƒc †iLv ev wMÖWjvBb hy³ n‡e|
5. wMÖWjvBb Uzj e‡· Width Wªc-WvDb Zx‡i wK¬K
Ki‡j †iLv †gvUv-wPKb Kivi bgybv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
Gi †fZi †_‡K A‡cÿvK…Z †gvUv †iLvi bgybvq wK¬K Ki‡j wMÖWjvBb †gvUv n‡e Ges A‡cÿvK…Z
wPKb †iLvi bgybvq wK¬K Ki‡j wMÖWjvBb wPKb n‡e|
6. wMÖWjvB‡bi aiY cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨ Uzj e‡· Style Wªc-WvDb Zx‡i wK¬K Ki‡j wewfbœ cÖKvi
†iLvi bgybv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Gi †fZi †_‡K †h ai‡bi bgybvq wK¬K Kiv n‡e wMÖWjvBbwU †mB bgybv
Abyhvqx cwiewZ©Z n‡q hv‡e|
7. wMÖWjvB‡bi is cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨ Uzj e‡· Color Wªc-WvDb Zx‡i wK¬K Ki‡j GKwU i‡Oi
c¨v‡jU cvIqv hv‡e| c¨v‡j‡U †h i‡Oi Dci wK¬K Kiv n‡e wMÖWjvB‡b †mB is Av‡ivwcZ n‡e|
8. wi‡cvU© †_‡K wMÖWjvBb Zz‡j †djvi Rb¨ Uzj e‡· Gridelines Q‡Ki wb‡P wb¤œgyLx Zx‡i wK¬K
Ki‡j wewfbœ cÖKvi wMÖWjvB‡bi bgybv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| bgybv¸‡jvi G‡Kev‡i wb‡P None-Gi Dci
wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| wi‡cv‡U© Av‡ivwcZ wMÖWjvBb D‡V hv‡e|
wMÖWjvBb †gvUv-wPKb Kiv, wMÖWjvB‡b is Av‡ivc Kiv BZ¨vw` KvR Kivi ci wMÖWjvB‡bi Dc‡ii gvwR©b
†iLvi evB‡i wK¬K Ki‡j wMÖWjvB‡bi wm‡jKkb P‡j hv‡e|
`jxq KvR
†Zvgv‡ì †kªwYi wk¶v_©x‡ì †ivj, bvg, †kªwY, kvLv I eqm eënvi K‡i GKwU WvUv‡eR
ˆZwi Ki Ges eq‡mi wfwË‡Z GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki|
Abykxjbx
1. wecyj cwigvY Z_¨ †_‡K mn‡R Z_¨ LyuR‡Z †KvbwU eënvi Kiv nq?
K. †WUv‡eR mdUIq¨vi L. †¯úªWwkU mdUIq¨vi
M. †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb mdUIq¨vi N. IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨vi
2. Field Name Gi AvKvi wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ †KvbwU eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e?
K. Create L. Field name
M. Field Size N. Design View
3. †WUv‡eR †cÖvMÖvg eënvi K‡i Ñ
i. wkí cÖwZôv‡bi evwl©K wnmve I Drcv`‡bi Z_¨ mn‡R msiÿY Kiv hvq
ii. Kvw•ÿZ Z_¨ `ªyZ Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq
iii. cÖ‡qvRbxq †iKW©mg~n mn‡R cvIqv hvq
wb‡Pi †jLvwU c‡o 4 I 5 b¤î cÖ‡kœi DËi `vI
gv‡jKv †eMg evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU Mv‡g©›Um d¨v±wii gvwjK| wZwb Zuvi Mv‡g©›U‡mi myôy cwiPvjbvi Rb¨
Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Ki‡Z Pvb|
4. gv‡jKv †eM‡gi Rb¨ †Kvb mdUIq¨viwU me©v‡cÿv Dc‡hvMx?
K. †WUv‡eR mdUIq¨vi L. †¯úªWwkU mdUIq¨vi
M. †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb mdUIq¨vi N. IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨vi
5. D³ mdUIq¨vi eënvi K‡i gv‡jKv †eMg Ñ
i. Mv‡g©›U‡mi mKj Z_¨ nvjbvMv` ivL‡Z cvi‡e
ii. mn‡RB bZzb Z_¨ †hvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e
iii. Awdm eë¯’vcbv e¨q n«vm Ki‡Z cvi‡e
6. †WUv‡e‡R GKwU bZzb wdì †hvM Kivi †KŠkj eY©bv Ki|
7. Ô†WUv‡eR g¨v‡bR‡g›U GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi Kv‡R A‡bK MwZi mÂvi Ki‡Z cv‡iÕ Ñ we‡kølY Ki|
mgvß

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Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ I Avgv‡`i evsjv‡`k 9

evsjv‡`‡ki Kg©‡¶‡Î AvBwmwU

● †dmeyK (www.facebook.com) : †dmeyK mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi GKwU I‡qemvBU|

cÖ_‡gB Avgv‡`i Rvbv `iKvi GbvjM I wWwRUvj K_vwU

Kw¤úDUvi I Kw¤úDUvi e¨enviKvixi wbivcËv

G Aa¨vq †k‡l Avgiv-

Kw¤úDUvi iÿYv‡eÿ‡Y mdUIq¨v‡ii ¸iyZ¡

†Kv‡bv mdUIq¨vi Bb÷j Kivi c~‡e© wb‡Pi welq¸‡jv jÿ ivLv cÖ‡qvRb:

Dc‡ii avc¸‡jv cÖvq me ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi

Gici †h †cÖvMÖvgwU AvbBb÷j Ki‡Z PvI

4. Acv‡iwUs mdUIq¨vi †h WªvB‡f i‡q‡Q A_v©r C wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|

6. AZtci Edit -G cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e|

7. Find -G †h‡Z n‡e|

10. Gfv‡e wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|

12. me‡k‡l Kx‡ev‡W©i F3 †P‡c †iwRw÷ªi me RvqMv †_‡K H `jMZ KvR

wb‡Ri Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbivcËv Ñ Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm I Gw›UfvBivm

Avmw³ †_‡K gy³ _vKvi Dcvq

(a) cix¶vi cÖkœcÎ ev cix¶vq cÖ`Ë b¤^i m¤cwK©Z AvMvg Z_¨;

µwgK mgm¨v mvaviY mgvavb

2. wm‡÷g mwVKfv‡e 1. wm‡÷gwU eÜ Ki Ges †gBb wm‡÷g †_‡K cvIqvi K¨vejwU

3. wm‡÷g AZ¨šÍ Mig 1. †Kwms wU †Lvj|

µwgK mgm¨v mvaviY mgvavb

µwgK mgm¨v mvaviY mgvavb

µwgK mgm¨v mvaviY mgvavb

µwgK mgm¨v mvaviY mgvavb

Avgvi wkÿvq B›Uvi‡bU

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l Avgiv-

B-eyK e¨env‡ii myweav

Avgvi †jLv‡jwL I wnmve

G Aa¨vq †k‡l Avgiv-

IqvW© cÖ‡mm‡i Avgvi †jLvi KvR

G Ackb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †ewk cÖ‡qvRbxq¸‡jv n‡jvÑ

d›U ÷vBj d›U mvBR

†nvg U¨v‡ei c¨vivMÖvd MÖy‡c ey‡jU I b¤^‡ii

jvB‡bi e¨eavb: `ywU jvB‡bi ga¨eZ©x `~iZ¡ wba©viY

†jLv‡jwLi mvRm¾v: †Uwej I wewfbœ Bjvm‡÷ªkb

†Uwej ev mviwY †hvM Kiv

IqvW© AvU© †hvM Kiv

gvwR©b wVK Kiv

c¨vivMÖv‡di jvBb e¨eavb wba©viY Kiv

c„ôvi b¤^i †`Iqv

evbvb cix¶Y I ms‡kvab

♦ wewfbœ iK‡gi msL¨v ev AÿiwfwËK DcvË wb‡q KvR Kiv hvq

†¯cÖWwkU e¨env‡ii †¶Î :

†¯úªWwkU e¨env‡ii †KŠkj

1. mvaviYfv‡e †m‡j m~Î wj‡L G›Uvi

kZKiv wbY©q Kiv

G Aa¨vq cvV †k‡l Avgiv-

†U·U ev eY© wPÎ I MÖvwd· kã (AwWI)

wfwWI Gwb‡gkb B›Uvi A¨vKwUf

cvIqvi c‡q›U †cÖvMÖvg †Lvjv Ges møvBW ˆZwi Kiv

bZzb møvBW †hvM Kiv

†cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡b møvBW cÖ`k©b

2. Animations †gby‡Z wK¬K K‡i mwµq Ki‡Z n‡e|

Animations †gbyi wie‡b GK mvwi møvBW UªvbwRk‡bi bgybv cvIqv hv‡e|

- iyjv‡ii wb‡Pi c`©vq d‡Uvk‡ci KvR Ki‡Z nq|

fvmgvb wm‡jKkbwU iO w`‡q c~iY Kiv

c¨v‡j‡U bZzb †jqvi hy³ Kivi Rb¨-

†jqv‡i Ae‡R± ˆZwi Kiv

- Uzj e· †_‡K Type Uzj wm‡j± K‡i

†jqv‡ii IcvwmwU cwieZ©b Kiv

KvU, Kwc, †c÷ I †c÷ BbUz

- µc Uzj w`‡q wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|

bZzb iO I Kvjvi ÷cm hy³ Kiv I evwZj Kiv