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1. Literature includes all creative written works, especially those with enduring value. It encompasses both fiction and non-fiction works across genres like poetry, novels, plays, essays and histories.
2. Literature is studied to gain insights from others, explore different cultures and beliefs, exercise our minds, and appreciate language and storytelling techniques. It can help us understand ourselves and history better.
3. There are many genres and forms of literature including novels, short stories, poems, plays, biographies and more. Within these broad categories are also more specific types like epic poems, sonnets, tragedies and comedies.
1. Literature includes all creative written works, especially those with enduring value. It encompasses both fiction and non-fiction works across genres like poetry, novels, plays, essays and histories.
2. Literature is studied to gain insights from others, explore different cultures and beliefs, exercise our minds, and appreciate language and storytelling techniques. It can help us understand ourselves and history better.
3. There are many genres and forms of literature including novels, short stories, poems, plays, biographies and more. Within these broad categories are also more specific types like epic poems, sonnets, tragedies and comedies.
1. Literature includes all creative written works, especially those with enduring value. It encompasses both fiction and non-fiction works across genres like poetry, novels, plays, essays and histories.
2. Literature is studied to gain insights from others, explore different cultures and beliefs, exercise our minds, and appreciate language and storytelling techniques. It can help us understand ourselves and history better.
3. There are many genres and forms of literature including novels, short stories, poems, plays, biographies and more. Within these broad categories are also more specific types like epic poems, sonnets, tragedies and comedies.
LITERATURE - Characters & incidents – wholly or partly
• Greek litera (letter) imaginary
• Total of creative, imaginative, durable writings belonging ▪ Non-fiction to a given language or people of the past & present - Composed of works of narrative prose dealing • Faithfully expresses & reproduces life in an artistic manner with or offering opinions or conjectures upon facts by focusing on the significant human experience and reality • “All the best that has been thought or said in this world.” - Primary purpose is to disseminate information or – Matthew Arnold (English poet) express an idea in a direct manner • Writings which expression & form, in connection with • Poetry ideas of permanent and universal interest, are - Unit of thought expressed in a verse & a group of characteristic or essential features, as poetry, romance, thoughts expressed in a stanza history, biography, essays, etc. - Presents regular rhythm (rhyme & meter) - Appeals more to our emotions & passions ABOUT VS. OF o Types of poetry: • Knowledge about literature ▪ Narrative o Accumulating facts about: - Tells a story following a sequence of events - Literary contexts ▪ Lyric - Dates - Expresses the emotions & feelings of a poet - Authors - Has the form & quality of a song - Titles of texts ▪ Dramatic - Names of conventions - Presents in dialogue or pantomime a story - Literary terms involving conflicts or contrasts of character • Knowledge of literature - Intended to be acted on the stage o Better expressed in terms of pleasure & enjoyment rather than of accumulation of facts, however valuable KINDS OF FICTION those facts may sometimes be • Short story - A prose narrative of limited length, usually shorter than a QUESTIONS IN LITERATURE CLASSES novel • Low-order questions • Novel - retrieve factual information, literal meanings, or the - A fictitious prose narrative of considerable length & basic propositions or content of a text complexity • High-order questions • Fable - involve learner’s own responses, inferences, knowledge, - A short tale conveying a moral or a principle of behavior, & experience of the world often with animals or inanimate objects as characters • Open questions • Legend - open to exploration & probing investigation - A non-historical or unverifiable story handed down by • Closed questions tradition from earlier times & popularly accepted as - require above all an accurate, information-based historical response • Parable *closed, low-order questions focus on the factual content - A short allegorical story designed to convey some truth, of a text; open, high-order questions focus on the religious principle, or moral lesson imaginative or symbolic content of a text or the content of • Mythology meaning which it generates - A body of myths that belong to a particular people or culture & tell about their ancestors, heroes, gods, & GENERAL DIVISIONS OF LITERATURE other supernatural beings & history • Prose • Fairy tale - Unit of thought expressed in a sentence & a group of - A prose narrative with supernatural & magical events in thoughts expressed in a paragraph which there is always a happy ending - Does not consider use of rhythm - Appeals more to our reason & intellect o Types of prose: ▪ Fiction - Composed of works of imaginative narration in prose form KINDS OF NON-FICTION • Elegy • History - A mournful, melancholy, or plaintive poem, especially a - A recorded narrative of past events as relating to a funeral song or a lament for the dead particular people, country, period, person, etc. KINDS OF DRAMATIC POETRY • Diary • Comedy - A daily record of the writer’s own experiences, activities, - A dramatic poem of light & humorous character with a observations, attitudes, and feelings happy/cheerful ending; the central motif is the triumph • Letters over adverse circumstance, resulting in a successful or - Written or printed communication usually sent by mail happy conclusion • Essay • Tragedy - A short, analytic, descriptive or interpretative piece of - A dramatic composition dealing with a serious/somber literary/journalistic prose dealing with a specific theme theme, typically that of a noble person whose character • Biography is flawed by a single weakness, as pride, envy, etc., which - A written account of another person’s life causes him to break a divine law or moral precept & • Autobiography which leads inevitably to his downfall or destruction - An account of a person’s life written by himself • Travelogue WHY WE STUDY LITERATURE - A lecture or piece of writing describing travels, usually • To benefit from the insights o others illustrated by photographs, exhibited items, etc. • To open our minds to ambiguities of meaning • To explore other culture & beliefs KINDS OF NARRATIVE POETRY • To appreciate why individuals are the way they are • Epic • To expand our grasp of the machinations of history - A majestic poem centered upon a hero, in which a series of great achievements or events is narrated continuously • To exercise our brains & at length in elevated style • To teach us to see individual bias • Ballad • To encourage us to question “accepted” knowledge - A simple narrative poem of popular origin or traditional • To help us see ourselves as others do style that tells a story in a number of short regular • To appreciate the contributions it made to history stanzas • To see the tragedy • Metric tale • To further our mastery of language - Relates real or imaginary events about ordinary people • To explore ethical complexities • Metrical romance • To recognize language devices & appreciate their - Centered on adventure which often shows the ideal emotional power virtues & the fight between good & evil • To see the admirable in everyday life • To learn better ways to behave KINDS OF LYRIC POETRY • To know we are not alone • Simple lyric • To refine our judgement - Includes all those lyric poems which do not properly • To develop empathy for those who are unlike us belong to any other types of lyric poetry • To expand our vocabularies • Sonnet • To learn to support our points of view & trust our own - Lyric poem of fourteen lines with formal rhyme scheme interpretations o Shakespearean/ English sonnet - Divided into 3 quatrains & a couplet & has a rhyme scheme of ABAB, CDCD, EFEF, GG o Petrarchan/ Italian sonnet - Consists of an octave & a sestet & has a rhyme scheme of ABBAABBA, CDECDE or CDCDCD • Song - A short metrical composition intended or adapted for singing; has a particular melodious quality • Ode - A lyric poem typically of elaborate/ irregular metrical form & expressive of exalted or enthusiastic emotion
Semiotica Volume 2002 Issue 142 2002 (Doi 10.1515/semi.2002.076) Hirschman, Elizabeth C. - Metaphors, Archetypes, and The Biological Origins of Semiotics