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Other requests shall be referred to U.S.
Naval Ordnance Laboratory, White Oak, MD.
AUTHORITY
USNOL ltr, 25 Feb 1957; USNOL ltr, 29 Aug
1974
BY AUTHORITY OF A ST I A RECLASS.. :,
UNCLASSI Fl EICD
r 1
OF THE ESPIONAGE LAWS, TITLE 18, U.S.C., SECTIONS 793 and 794.
_ _ _ _ _ _ -
L ; "
I " "ii -i
--
I~j~ ~. NAVORD REPORT 3
Lw-
-A
Prepared by:
Arnold E. Seigel
I
sle velocity as a 'zction of chembrage are obtain"U.
y -'VT r!- -A
- ---
M..
---
ALI
26 January 1654
v ",oft 36Y.
l•RBe
the effect
results of at theoretical aty toOf b61teh
This report presents furtherti chamber diageter bore
of gunhambter) (the..a Ofpropele the effect of
Sonthel e velocityofIt considero
Report. 2691d, winch t t10
oetf
finite chambrage and Is a sequel to W-AR stwiy was made in order to
This
special case of infinite ehsabrsp. knovledge with the ultimate aim of obtain-
interior ballistics
augment our out under project fo.
0ing bi g v locitles. The work was o•s•d
iI
f
U
CONFIu.NTIAL
NAVORD Report 3635
CONTENTS
Page
i, Introduction . .............. . ..... .. P
II. Equations Describing the Behavior of the Prcpellant Gas
and the Projectile ............... ... 3
SIII, Obtainingof Hwaximu Projectil~e Velocity for the Chambered Gun.
Calculation of the Projectile Velocity for a
6
IV. Method
Chambered Gun . . . ....... . .. a 8
V. Calculated Projectile Behavior for' a uni vit'h*Ch'm'be'r-to-
Bore IMtamter Ratio Equal to 1.5 . .. ... ..... . 9
Caioule.ion Remarks
Vl, VII. Cr-.-,ludi.ng .. .. Imualsoe
of the First *.. ..Refleoted
.. .0.from . Broach
.. the ....
-. . 10
136
ILLUSTRATIONS
9 9T
'ii
001 .ETA
I. INTRODUCTION
A study will be made here of a gun with finite ohambrege in which the
propellant is initially all burned and which has a sufflciently long
chamber so that the breech has no etfect c- the proj~etile rtimn. In
this simplified gun the effects of the burning propellant and of the
breech, (b) and tc) above, ari absent; and the influence of ehaebrage on
the accelerating projectile, (a) &A' (d) above, can therefore be obtained
apart from those effects.
CONFiDt.NT IAL
CCNFIDENTIAL
HAVOIRD Report 3635
U + 4 o (2)
fOr the chamber section; consequently, no step-by-step prooodure is
required in thib case for the chamber section. (An effectively infi-
nite lng.th chamber is one suff/loatly long so that no impulses or dis-
turbancs reflected from the chember back *A reach the projectile. See
Section VI for a quantitative determination of this necessary length.)
4. Th, gas floV in the traosition .eotion, whick Joins the chamber to
t*re bors, ca-2 hw aesorlftnm b) 4" oae'"'l'us.4l ~abatie
w#y equation and the tw*-diumaoaa vnsts4 :o.t 4 .. ,
Sin" it is not f.e2.blo to use the"s equations, it Is assueM th.at tUe
rat at vtt, fm. gawpasoo#e throegh the transition section Is lsr[
relaetve to tno rate at which iooditioome o ge within the transition
sectiri~.
ditto.. in ".ff ths .4•voti0
a prticular gap lne i
layer atare theappl~icable
mtranoe toý.' rIlatO
th 4•W . aw-
setion to tlhoe I.n this ow gsa iasyr won iL is aL Ute dAlt of th
transition section are the steady equations of ooetini•ty and eierpy.
By steady equations Is meant that the equations
6. With the assvmptlUpns stated above and the additional assumption that
the prousdS is thermodynamically reversible, it is possible to study
quantitatively the influence of chamber diameter on the muSile velocity
of guns. The method of calculation and the results obtained are pro-
sented below.
•. p. Ax p. Ax
X z 5 q! M
p.At p.At
T-
M[Z /(6 -1)] C.o 5 CL.M
------------------------------------
"*Smh experimectal results ere deenribed in reference (b).
.. . .. .. . ..----...
CONFIDENTIAL
NAVORD Report 3635
a5 C•
CL CL dv (
Ee - I-O -, CO
ro
7)arpy t boh he
Roqatine hamer ndbarrel sections. Since the
chamberIn
effetivelyds. lengh (and ootein the back
part of the propellnt gas rimaiso at reot in it initial state in the
ohnaber), th eqution with ptlte sips of equaton (7) boce
Thus, for the at-pber section the am of the gas veloeity, and
CONFIIDUTIAL
CONFIDM'IAL
NWVORD Report 3635
p, U, A, = 9 2U Az
and h I+ 2,a
/ hz+ LL./ a
In dimasior'less form equations (9) become, with the uae of equations
(5)and (6), _ a A _ !-
A,. (i.)
+t (+)
z
where t..e thjlle h has beow repleced y it. equi•alnit for the ideal
dt P (13))
7C-+
From oquatins() (10),U), and (13) the entire behaviorofthe pe
CONFIDETIAL
NAVORD Report 3635
11. By the use of the equations presented in Section II, the maxium
projectile velocity can be obtained easily as a function of the ratio of
k
is attained II
chamber diameter to beaTel diameter. The maxism projeoctile velocity
by an unopposod
klthe,,.• ~length.
projectile in a gmn of infinite barrel
this velocity Is an idealizedI .Wmt, It to instruc-
tue to see the efrect of chambrage on this limit.
U'; Az zr (10)
_-. --
II 4a
wbere all the quantitleom are fro Ci.;k tiv% t..nurj.-c i'.-.c
Is a aMaximu.
13. As the cember to effeetvely ialeite in length, equation (6) Gan
be applied to the gas in the hmab at "t mtrt.e to thi trt-slt.s o
eeetics at this time
•,+ •, = I(12)
Lion
To detersie the axi proje.tleo velocity, the Ilgtoes traveling
4oanItream froi the t-ramitlm motio tom l4 the prvjecule wy be
13) examined. For each of them impalse the qv&*Utty * iin a emstantt
6b yequap i (7)), a diterit *.tut for ea.. imW .e, equal to
Ws , a&nee th" travel fM Um exit of the tranaition sectlon.
Wa •Projeetile
W Is trwatlm at Unzim evd, th PreI we y 'be
ps idreetly behlM. to is oft, an bwame the Ndmen function Ctr of
9 TIM swin velocity with *•tab Sa cam ise L ftaro the cin sber into the
barrel is the looal velocity of sov; t.e is trone u*Atbir the nlow Is
steady or unstea.9y.
6
COW.INITIAL •
=~PR4(U ,+(15)
vhere U. is the dimensionless maxima projectile veloclity, and the
quezstitiA In the equation refer to the time when the Projectile veloc-
"ityin a wuxizmum. With equation (14) the mawdxam projoe+tle velocity
becomes
3 +1~
14. Ims equations (10), (11)•, (12), (14), and (16) the relation
ettw"ý tWa max2z a •rojectile velocity and the ratio of the chamber-
tt-.bore ar-7ý*s~seotional area f or ohamber-to-bore diameter) aw hs
obtained for the Infinite-chamber-length gm. ,/. = (Di/D =
L_T + T(VL)('-0)]J I
it in evident from equation (17) that, as expcte, the uuximm Pro-
jectile velooity for aen Ininite-chasiber-length, constant-dimtter gml
(Dj./• -1) is . .,/(s -1) (I.e., . is equal to 1). ah=tber, it to
amr that as Dj 'L12 ap1,e.cOi'f9 *n 'tnAaits, valv. - this would beVt.'the
caeo f th ptla e4N ~ U horalM
(or mJ.. apzruadacs rC+II I,; this(Vr,#*&L&A -, .,uw a
.. , uLman -,locity result obtained In reference (a) for the optinmi
KU-
Thus Pezofttapg hasCe calaulateod as a ftectio't of chauber-to-bore
dissister (PL/T 2 )tfor both a Itequllto1.4 propellent gas WAda I
as a single marrbecause, quit*# sworlsi~ngly, the percentage was
7 II
_ I•
cOwr11AJTIAL II_ I In' l II n I
'aP._,
COMALETUT .l
NAVORD Rsporm 3635
011
with equation (19A,. .qiustia (10) and (Aconveniently yiel the 4
rel.tione betwee • , @ 1, %,Lad
•t for use in the oalculatior.
21. To aegin the nuserleAl solution, az initial point along the pro-
jectile path' (poiant A in rigure 3) am be obtained by asesalag that the
wessur*-velcoity r•i.stionahip behind the projectile up to that point
O
ITLL
-!- -,
1 ~CONP'IDEMAL
NAVORD Report 3635
4,
portion of the %-Auml characteristice the
&.~3 Pr%.jectile path of
tar 4.~ acultedvalues for fiints aloi,. 1
4 s en
*l'1 in-ted 1.5).
the ta'JD2 .- . g1wr Are" .Ve'r i. Ta'AeA ar
(re_____db___n___,2__,__e__)
2A. plate of Wojeotile velocity ii. versus travel 5 !'re given in Fig-
with chamber-to..bors disameter
U"r 5 for guns using a 4 v 1.4 Wa,
~equal to 1 (see reference W)". t..511 (the 6 Is Gase versus herm), aWd
the calculated
UAL.
(optima chambrage CI).(•igure
.) It is apparte trfm
nt teo o cuves that U16
nthe le veloaity region.
halfway between the
a Velocity of the iJ/D2 = 1.511 gun is aPPjtozitely
6 v*locitiss. Thus, the D1/D2 - 1.5
VIID2 a 1 a:W the D1/D2 = 00 optiana
the
gvn, iiiieh yiels "0 of s944 cabmbrege velocc ~y leorease at
is to Yield ApOairately " of the optiam
4 maioh velocito,
2,
increase for %U velocities. The ourve of Figure
~mhravevlocity
h
Aio applies to the mulmad velocity Increase at Infinite travel.
of a obasberid gm
theruoreo,ade be opplied to the velocity Increase
pTojectile travel. This ctve ise frPlottedIn Figure Is with the
a tg velocity increase',
oibeled the Opercent of the optimn. chmabrege
or4tnas
Lk)J'-;4- %/~ --
CONFIDENTIaL
NAVC•WD Report 3635
/U
25. Figures r, , (or 8), and 7 can no,# be employed to obtain the pro-
jectile velocity for any chambered gun with effeatively inf.nite length
chamber, For example, to obtain the nuzzle velocity of an effectivel-
infinite chamber length gun of Dl/D2 x 2, and I a 1.4, whose diJn-
sionleis baz:el oencO' x suals .015l one would find from Figare 7
that ,U opt.uma chami'.ag velocity tncrecee is 70 percent. From ?,
,are 1". I-,b, ;.: .126, t.%,/D.J .149; therefore
~-.I26 - .70
.'49 .126
and the velocity of this gun would be
LL4 , o LL .71
;An error in the K - 1.25 case ocourr'ng iu rere . (a) has osen
corrected in Fitgws S.
XKrFIDUT AL
- . #. ~- -
COLFIDENTIAL
NA7ORD Report 3635
0 .. +I)/" C.S I
inctihe vaelocit when the first reflected impls rache the pE*section.le
refmeacivn c l nst nt at n'be obtaina dl asue. thus, the 1 ie ii •
chabe" b t.irrel
length) and projeitile velocity. These relations are
for the tigtres 9 and 10 as the D/romt = ploti. i
ermquatio n(0)o (19)
28. L
or &iaplueitimen ealgulati.in eohstrates
tha, fortwwL~
the path o hs lenths.
w)
first JOO t-jg'e
reflected be
impulse
between the ehagben, and barrel is taken to be sero. An exoamnation of
equation (1o) or (1t) dtocstratesp& t the optim qirdfo
re.
• tWe
(Di/D =s O0 ), the v elo
q)ty
of the in the tmssectin is zero,
eober
and the pressure,
a oound ilct , y, ondtetar prsjoesdi..en in the
fir mberstb
reai constant at their Initial values. Thus, the Impulses ir, LAW
chamsber seatces travelat the initial sound vlocity;
tamthe tipe re *e rad
for
equal to 2byX,,,/,!.o
ft Alo nor,
e e .di'.ansionles.•y,
traval f mthe4 transition
"•Ce4/{-11point
. a back is
.29. s~ac: , lua of time (egP In the 4-,,t~h benlow) along the 7 aso
the (the. ginnin of the barrel) obtailed Orm the optimum chsbe
"eaoulation can be taken to correspond to the time required for theare
: •~irst impulise to reflect frov the breooh to the transition se•atonj Umei~
: brech ditarate 7reo is equal to (-1),/4 of this time, and the voloo- .e
itt, osiior
y, ad o the projeostile when the first
imulerochsitatQca bst naisd from the optimum tharg cal- ,l
oulat.'on by frolloving the do~merats-a impiulse f'rum P. In this manner
the patba of the first reflected iny-As~s for the Dj/D2 =00 case ar"
CONFIt.4TIAL
ii
CONFIDENTIAL
NAVORD Peport 3635
PRO JECTILF..
I I
I.1
ZIP tJ
CHAMBER
)
•---4 Yea/W-,)
F
30. For the D1/D2 - -. 1 case the characteristic equation* ,.a :.4
,.n the. mh'rior mection (where U- + .1) to obtain the path ;f the
lie first reflected enulse. From pointa R sad S used previously in the
)/I2 a 1.10 cic1amWi'nn, ou the T a 0 line (see sketch belov) pint T
valcuit.d: etc.
can be calculated, from T and U the pe'!nt V can '-e
Oer -
X PATH -
L CHA R IR
T t
IxI
12
COWFIDENTIAL
Si*
i-t '- .. A
l - i
CONFIDENTIAL
NAVORD Report 3635
Y•. The curves of Figures 9 and 10 illustrate that vhe DI/;:. = 1.5 case
is approximately midwa., between the DI/D2 = I r'nd D1i/2 = CO cases; there- rt-
fore, tie plot of Figure 2 (or 7) can be used to obtain the chamber lengths gthi
noceear~y to se etfectively infinite for diameter ratios other than 1,
13
* ~~COMAKL~*IAL
CONFIDENTIAL
NAVORD Report 3635
TABLE I
Point t U. 00
0 0 0 1.0 1.0 .2r,
14
COWPIDITXIAL
its. _ .. . .
'AVC2Fi Report 3635
LIST OF SYMBOLS
C. - Velocity of sound
h - Enthalpy
I M - Mass of projectile
-Pressure
t -Ti
W Gae or projectile velocity
- Specific heat -
- Gas density
"15
cONFIDIWTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL 1%
NAVORD Report 3635
R&FERENCES
(a) NAVORD Report 2691, The Effect of the Optimum Chambrage on the
Huztle Velocity of Guns with a Qualitative Description of the
Fundamental Phe.omena Occurring During Gun Firing, by A. E. Seigel.
16
CONFIDENTIAL
].
CONFIDENTIAL
NAVORD REPORT 3635
I0-
_____
____ __ _ _ __ ____
biM
W!IL
1'~ 0
ISOI 0
I sw
U-.U
<_
'In
LAJ U0.
-~4
"Wil AOO'13A
U'3V -011103I'OU fnlNixv
CONFIDENTIAL
I CONFIDENTIAL
- NAVORD REPORT 3635
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K'W W
in LW
L
ii~~ - cr
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1W I Z
-z Ic
R ' r
0
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CONFIDENTIAL
NAVORD REPORT 3635
(r~
'II
VV
w
Cf
-U
9w
(;ON~iENTIA
CONFIDENTIAL
3635
NAVORD REPCRT
i
•" ~Di
62 I
7 1.4
I N 0.015-
C10
-
/ N
.44
/7
p.9
41
I 'a
0 0
I i
0
1 0
0 0U s'.u6
CONFIDE NTIA L
l l l li I 'I
; ; l ll; ; = l== I
GONFIDENTIAL
NMA/ORD REPORT 3635
K
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w i
II ~LL.
X:
0
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F-i
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tr~> 1 oW
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(.)_
w)
w
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0 W
CONFh TIAL
p NAVORD REPORT 3635
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A
CONFID. a
AJ 61
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CONFIENTIAL
NAVORD REPORT 3635
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J CONFIDENTIAL
NAVORD REPORT 3635
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CONFIDENTIAL
NAVORD REPORT 3635
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