Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
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STUDY PLAN
Do not leave your revision to the last minute. The more you revise and prepare, the easier it
will be for you to be successful in your exams. Spend 2 hrs each day on revision and
homework.
HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENTS
Practice writing your exam questions. Do all your homework questions and submit to
TWI/TWI tutor for checking and feedback. It pays to practice as much as you can. The more
you practice, the more confident you become.
EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES
TIME MANAGEMENT
You have 2 hrs to write each unit paper. Non native English speakers are given special
consideration of extra time to write each paper.
When you are given the unit paper, read through quickly and answer the questions where
you know the answer first. Your answer book is not numbered, which means you can answer
any questions first and in any order. Example, you may choose to answer question 5 first
and then question 2, and then question 7. You need to write the question number on the top
page (left / right) side of the page.
Answer each question on a fresh page. You should also leave blank space at the end of
each answer. This is to give you room to write more should you choose to do so at a later
stage.
Question (1) is a 20 mark question. The other 10 questions are worth 8 marks each. Time
yourself well to answer your questions.
When you are waiting for the exam papers to be handed out to you by the invigilator, it is
easy to become stressed with anticipation.
Just breathe deeply, keep calm, read the questions and start by answering a question that
you are confident in writing.
ACTION VERBS
Read the questions well. Take note of action verbs and write your answers accordingly. If
the question asks you to DESCRIBE, do not LIST.
Your answers must explain exactly what you mean, so think about not only the answer but
the words you use.
Make sure you read and understand the WHOLE question carefully. The clue is in the
question. Underline key words to help you focus.
Finally make sure you leave yourself time to check your answers.
GOOD LUCK
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Ms Clayton, is committed to operations and practices which prevent harm to people and
damage to environment and property. EHS is an essential and integral p art of each and
every activity at Ms Clayton. Therefore all work shall be carried out with utmost care without
compromising EHS under any circumstances
The objective of the policy is achieved at all company‟s locations by:
Complying with all applicable EHS laws, regulations, standards and procedures of the
respective country and apply more stringent standards and procedures where it is
considered to do so
Providing a safe and healthy work place for all its employees, including subcontractor’s
employees, through operational procedures, safe systems and method of work.
Identifying and eliminating /controlling hazards and pollution that could cause accidents,
illness or environmental harm.
Ensuring suppliers & sub contractors to follow the company’s EHS rules, procedures and
safe practices.
Ensuring appropriate and adequate resources are available to fully implement the EHS
policy.
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Responsibilities:
The Head of Ms Clayton is the overall and final responsibility for Environment, Health &
EHS.
The Country Heads and the Head of the Departments shall visibly uphold the principles of
this policy and integrate them throughout the company.
The management and supervisory personnel shall be responsible for implementing and
maintaining the EHS management systems necessary to sustain this policy.
All other employees have to:
Co-operate with supervisors and managers on EHS matters
Not interfere with anything provided to safeguard their health and EHS and environment
issues
Take reasonable care of their own health and EHS; and report all health and EHS
concerns to an appropriate person
The minimum EHS management procedures that shall be adopted across all locations of the
company:
Proactive Measures
EHS Budget:
A budget shall be evaluated at the tender stage itself for the EHS expense and allocated
once the job is bagged.
Organization:
The Company shall have adequate and competent EHS experts to carry out the EHS
function.
EHS Meeting:
At every level when the meetings are conducted, EHS shall be the first agenda for
discussion.
EHS Plan:
From the design stage till the commissioning stage at every level the EHS requirements
shall be planned and integrated in the work method. The concerned department heads are
responsible in ensuring this.
It‟s the responsibility of the site in charge to ensure that before the commencement of his
site the approved EHS Plan is made available.
Risk Assessment:
The appropriate risk assessment technique shall be adopted at all stages to identify the risk
and implement the control measures.
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EHS Committee:
The site shall constitute a EHS committee which shall conduct EHS walk down and
troubleshoot any EHS problems.
Work permits:
Necessary work permits for hazardous activities shall be implemented.
Motivation:
Rewards shall be given to good performers as per the EHS reward scheme and procedures
shall be established for reprimanding the defaulters on EHS.
Monitoring Measures:
Inspection:
The necessary inspection procedures shall be established to ensure safe work conditions.
Auditing:
Periodical audits at every level shall be planned and conducted.
Accident Analysis:
EHS department shall analyze the accidents and recommend the measures to be taken to
all concerned.
_________-----Sd-----___________
President
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Mnemonics
What are Mnemonics?
Mnemonics are memory aids. They usually are a simple phrase or series of letters that
makes it easier to remember certain things.
The key to mnemonics is to build a strong association between the mnemonic and for what
they stand. Mnemonics take a little bit of practice, but become easier the more you use
them.
When candidates prepare to undertake examinations the use of mnemonics can be a useful
skill to master, this skill is quite useful in the field of health and safety examinations where
candidates do tend to have a lot that they have to remember.
The mnemonics that follow cover a number, but not all of the key areas of NEBOSH
International General Certificate study, and they are no substitute to actually first reading
through and understanding the study material.
KATE is competent IT IS
Knowledge Information
Ability Training
Training Instruction
Experience Supervision
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Civil Claims
Accident and Absence
Enforcement authority and Equipment
damage (property)
Incident and Near miss
Occupational Ill health
U You workers complain
Causes of Accidents –
Contact,
CENTIPEDE Entanglement,
Nips
Traps,
Impact
Projections,
Ejections,
Discharge &
Environmental
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Drawing In,
Entanglement,
Cutting,
Crushing,
Stabbing
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3. Gives message to staff that management cares about the welfare and safety of
employees
Explain the purpose and benefits of collecting near miss data (8 marks)
It is generally accepted that near misses greatly outnumber accidents and they can therefore
produce more data from which a greater understanding of the deficiencies in management
systems can be identified and rectified.
The collection of near miss data helps to identify underlying causes which may allow
preventative actions to be taken before something more serious occurs. It also gives the
message to the workforce that all failures are taken seriously and not just those leading to
injury. It also sends the message that the management cares about the welfare and safety of
employees.
Collecting and analyzing near miss data is important because as it is generally accepted that
there are more near misses than accidents, they provide more data. From this, an
understanding of any deficiencies in management systems can be identified so that actions
may be put in place to prevent accidents from occurring. Collecting near miss data also
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means that workforce will be made aware that management take all failures seriously, not
just those leading to injury, and that the welfare of employees is of concern to management.
Deficiencies in management systems can be identified from the collected data and actions to
prevent incidents can be put in place. Employees will be made aware that management
takes all incidents seriously and that employee welfare and safety is important to
management.
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Systems check: deficiencies in management systems can be identified from the collected
data and actions to prevent incidents can be put in place.
Employee morale: employees will be made aware that their welfare and safety is important
to management.
H&S rules: employees will be made aware that management takes all incidents seriously,
encouraging them to do likewise.
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2. Question
a. Identify the types of hazard that may cause slips or trips at work. (4)
b. Outline on how slip and trip hazards in the workplace might be controlled. (4)
There are many reasons why people slip or trip, including the floor being poorly maintained,
changes in level (with ramps, slopes or curves), slippery surfaces caused by oil, water or ice,
inappropriate footwear, and general obstructions in walkways such as trailing cables, pipes
and air hoses. Some candidates struggled to find a full range of hazards for part (a) and
sometimes gave examples that were very similar in nature. Those who, for example merely
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gave four different types of obstruction in a walkway had only addressed one type of hazard,
which reduced the number of marks that could be awarded.
In answering part (b), candidates should have outlined control measures such as highlighting
changes in level with hazard warning strips, providing good lighting, introducing procedures
for reporting defects and for spillages, gritting oily and icy surfaces, using non slip flooring,
and ensuring high standards to keep floors free of obstruction. Many answers were restricted
to housekeeping issues.
3. The water main supplying a school is to be repaired. The work will be carried out in
a 1.5 meter deep excavation, which will be supported in order to ensure the safety of
those working in the excavation.
b) State the information that should be recorded in the excavation inspection report.
(5)
c) Other than the provision of supports for the excavation, outline additional
precautions to be taken during the repair work in order to reduce the risk of injury to
those and others who may be affected by the work. (12)
For part (i), candidates seemed unaware of the specific occasions when inspections must be
carried out. These are at the start of every shift before work commences, after any event
likely to affect the strength or stability of the excavation, and after any accidental fall of rock
or earth or other material. Candidates generally referred to the inspection of the excavation
at the start of every shift but not to the other two main inspections.
Part (ii), should have provided candidates with the opportunity to gain marks simply by
stating the information that should be contained in an inspection report. The opportunity was
not taken by many. What was needed was reference to information such as the name and
address of the person for whom the inspection was carried out, the location of the place of
work, a description of the place of work inspected, details of ay matters identified that could
lead to risks to the health or safety of any person, the action taken to reduce the risk, any
further action that might be needed, the name of the person making the report, and the date
and time of the inspection.
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Part (iii), precautions that should be taken to reduce the risk of injury to workers include the
detection of underground services, safe digging, preferable by hand, near to the services
and the provision of adequate support for them once exposed; the isolation of the water
supply to reduce the risk of flooding the excavation; ensuring the stability of adjacent
buildings if this was through to be necessary; the provision of safe access in and out of the
excavation and placing stop blocks to prevent plant from approaching too close to its edge;
and using appropriate personal protective equipment such as head protection, ear defenders
and safety footwear, close to its edge, and using appropriate personal protective equipment
such as head protection, ear defenders and safety footwear. As for the possible risk of injury
to others who might be affected by the work, there would initially need to be close liaison
between the contractors and the school authorities to ensure, whenever possible, that work
in the excavation was carried out outside school hours. Additionally, barriers would need to
be erected to provide a safe walkway for teachers and children and other members of the
public and precautions would also have to be taken to ensure that materials and equipment
were stored in a safe compound and plant immobilized when not in actual use.
While the standard of response to this part of the question was marginally better than for the
first two parts, there were not many candidates who were able to outline a full range of
additional precautions for those who would possibly be at risk.
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SCAFFOLDING
Draw and label key parts of an independent Tied Scaffold
Inspection to check that the above are correct plus
Staggered joints
Not overloaded
Suitable access
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Flooding
Contamination
Type of soil
Removal of soil/type of soil and conditions
HAZARDS OF DEMOLITION
Falling debris, masonry
Premature collapse of building
Falls from a height or on the same level
Services (electricity, gas and water)
Explosion and fire
Chemical contamination e.g. splash, dust, fumes
Asbestos
Biological e.g. weils (stagnant water), hepatitis (syringes)
Manual handling e.g. strains fractures
The use of explosives
Collisions with heavy plant, plant toppling over
Noise e.g. heavy plant, pneumatic drills, power tools
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1. Outline the main precautions to be taken when carrying out excavation work. (8)
2. List EIGHT safe practices to be followed when using a skip for the collection
For ensuring safety in the use of skips the more obvious safe practices of:
Ensuring the integrity of the skip,
Locating the skip on firm, level ground away from excavations,
Ensuring clear access for filling & for removing from site by vehicle,
Filling by chute or by mechanical means unless items are to be placed in the skip by hand,
Introducing controls to prevent overfilling,
The tipping of incompatible wastes,
Netting or sheeting when the skip is full
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The probable need to site away from buildings & to protect against arson.
All construction waste is controlled waste & must be carried by a licensed waste carrier,
under a waste transfer note system, to a disposal site capable of accepting the waste.
3. Outline the main dangers associated with excavation work on construction sites.
(8)
Outline a hierarchy of measure beginning with attempts to prevent entry by the use of
fencing and signs, and monitoring by the use of security patrols or closed-circuit television.
This is followed by reference to the need, should entry be gained, to make the site itself safe
by isolating services, reducing heights of materials, covering or fencing excavations, as well
as removing ladders and denying access to scaffolding. Also consider further precautions
such as securing tools, chemicals, equipment and vehicles.
5. Outline the particular hazards that may be present during the demolition of a
building. (8)
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6. Outline EIGHT precautions that may be taken to ensure the safety of children who
might be tempted to gain unauthorized access to a construction site. (8)
Site Security
Fencing Hoardings Signs Security
Covering or Fencing excavations
Removing Ladders
Immobilising plant/machinery
Locking away chemicals/tools
Reducing height of materials
Isolating services
Clearing away rubbish and debris
7. What are the main hazards connected with construction activities. (8)
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8. Outline the precautions to be taken when carrying out repairs to the flat roof of a
building. (8)
9. (a) What are the main hazards connected with the use of ladders at work. (3)
(b) Explain how such hazards can be avoided. (5)
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11. Outline the particular hazards that may be present during the demolition of a
building. (8)
12. Outline the precautions to be taken when using a mobile elevating work platform
(MEWP) to reach a high point such as a streetlight. (8)
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(a) Outline the factors that should be considered in the selection process 8
June
for hiring the roofing contractor. (June 2010)
2010
b) Identify the main risks to the contractors from working. (June 2010) 4
c) Identify possible control measures for the erection of an independent tied 8
scaffold (June 2010)
7 a. Identify FOUR hazards that can cause slips or trips. (4) (Sep 2011) 4
b. Identify control measures that can be used to reduce the risk of slips or 4 Sep
trips. (4) (Sep 2011) 2011
8 Identify the control measures to prevent slip and trip hazards in an 8 Dec
Engineering workshop. (8)
2010
9 Identify welfare and work environment requirements that should be provided 8
Dec
in a workplace (8)
2010
10 Outline suitable control measures for the safe storage and use of highly 8
flammable liquids in the workplace (Mark 8) (June 2011)
June
2011
11 Identify safe working practice for the use of mobile elevated work platform 8 June
(MEWP) (Mark 8) (June 2011)
2011
12 Identify ways in which accidents may be prevented when using portable 8 June
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The factors that should be considered in the selection process for hiring the
roofing contractor are
1. The contractor’s previous experience with the type of work to be
carried out.
2. Reputation amongst previous or current clients and membership of a
trade organization.
3. The content and quality of the H&S policy and the systems in place
for its implementation including
i. Preparation of risk assessments,
ii. Monitoring and consultation with the workforce.
4. The Employee competence
5. Level of H&S training given to employees
6. Resources and the condition of equipment to be used on site
7. Procedures in place for its regular maintenance
8. Procedures for the selection and control of sub-contractors
9. Accident record and any action taken by the enforcing authorities 4
10. Access to competent advice on H&S
June
b. Identify the main risks to the contractors from working. (June 2010) 2010
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be carried out
4. Access should be restricted until the erection has been completed.
5. Measures should be taken to protect the scaffold from damage by
passing plant or vehicles
6. Thorough inspection to be carried out before being put into use and
provide barricade and signage
Control measure which could be put in place to help reduce the risk to
workers in and around the excavation is
1. The provision of shoring for the sides of the excavation and safe
access to it for the workers.
June
2. Precautions to prevent the fall of persons or vehicles into the exaction
with example of how this might be achieved
2012
3. The provision of pumps to deal with any flooding that might occur.
4. Positioning plant so that fumes from their exhausts don’t enter the
excavation.
5. The provision and use of PPE such as hard hats. Safety footwear and
gloves
6. The completion of a daily inspection of the excavation by a competent
person
The precautions that could minimize the risk to workers below from being
injured by falling materials or tools such as
1. Providing safe means of access to and edge protection for the roof
March
and if scaffolding was to be used enclosing it where possible
for example by the use of nets
2012
2. Covering any openings in the roof
3. Wherever possible excluding workers at ground level from area
directly beneath the work being carried out on the roof and ensuring
they were provided with and were wearing head protection at all
times.
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When repair work is to be carried out on the sloping roof of a building, the
following Precautions are to be taken
1) Assessment should be made to gauge the condition of the roof
and to check for the presence of fragile materials.
2) Provide safe means of access, normally by the erection of a
scaffold
3) Check the condition of the roof to use roof ladders or crawling
boards
4) Erect edge protection with guard rails and toe boards to prevent the
fall of persons and materials.
Sep
5) Provide barriers and signage around areas on the roof containing
fragile materials.
2011
6) Cover at the edge of the roof to prevent fragile material falling on
person.
Other precautions would include
1) Provision for transporting tools and materials to the roof and the
removal of waste
2) The use of appropriate personal protective equipment such as hard
hats and footwear
3) The employment of competent personnel together with a high level
of supervision
The erection of signs and/or barriers to prevent members of the public from
passing beneath the work area
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7 a. Identify FOUR hazards that can cause slips or trips. (4) (Sep 2011) 4
b. Identify control measures that can be used to reduce the risk of slips or
trips. (4) (Sep 2011)
Sep
Control measures that might be used to reduce the risk of slips or trips 2011
include
1) The initial design and layout of the workplace with designated
walkways and non-slip floors.
2) A system of maintenance which ensures the prompt repair of floor
defects such as holes and bumps.
3) Procedures for avoiding and dealing with spillages.
4) The provision of adequate lighting and highlight strips to warn of a
difference in levels.
5) The provision of hand rails and edge protection on stairways.
6) The replacement of damaged or worn carpet, linoleum and tiles.
7) A good standard of housekeeping including the proper management
of cables and hoses.
8) Procedures for reporting defects and the wearing of appropriate
footwear.
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10 Outline suitable control measures for the safe storage and use of highly 8
flammable liquids in the workplace (Mark 8) (June 2011)
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and providing training to the workers in the hazards involved and the
control measures to be taken.
11 Identify safe working practice for the use of mobile elevated work platform 8
(MEWP) (Mark 8) (June 2011)
Safe work practices which should be adopted for the use of a MEWP include
1. Involvement of competent persons both to operates and works from
the platform.
2. The completion of any statutory testing and inspection requirement.
3. Its use only on firm level ground with checks being made on the
presence of overhead obstruction such as power cables.
4. The use of outriggers which should be locked in position.
June
5. The correct inflation of the tyres with the wheels immobilized during
elevation of the platform.
2011
6. The prohibition on moving the platform when elevated or in use.
7. The use of harness by workers on the platform.
8. The erection of barriers round the area where the platform is to be
used.
9. Ensuring the platform is not overloaded and securing all the tools and
equipment before the platform is moved.
10. Introducing emergency procedures in the case of failure of the
platform.
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conditions.
5) Many candidates suggested that the main reason why a scaffold
might collapse was that it had not been inspected and then provided
a wealth of information on how the inspection might be carried out.
14 Identify control measure that an employer could taken to reduce the risk of 8
violence between workers.(8) (March 2011)
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2. Outline the means by which the risk of accidents from reversing vehicles within a
workplace can be reduced. (8)
Present a hierarchical range, from avoiding the need for vehicles to reverse (one –way and
„drive-through‟ systems, turning circles, etc) through the separation of vehicles and
pedestrians (barriers, signs, etc) and aspects of vehicle and workplace design (audible
alarms, mirrors on vehicles and at blind corners, refuges, lighting, etc) to procedural
measures (use of banks men, site rules, driver training, etc).
3. Identify EIGHT rules to follow when a fork-lift truck is left unattended during a
Driver’s work break. (8)
Examiners expected candidates to identify rules such as the return of the fork-lift truck to a
designated area on firm level ground with the mast tilted forward and the forks resting on the
floor; the isolation of the power with the ignition key removed and returned to a responsible
person; and the need to park the truck away from other vehicles and in a position that did not
block emergency exits.
Most candidates achieved a good / reasonable mark for this question even though on
occasions Examiners were required to interpret some answers where forks were referred to
as “spikes” or “bars” and the mast as a “boom” or “stack:.
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c) This was well answered with most candidates Outlining rules such as
1) Parking the truck away from other vehicles
2) Park in a position that does not obstruct emergency exits, walkways and fire
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points.
3) Leaving it on a firm level surface in a designated area with the mast tilted
slightly forward and the forks resting on the floor
4) Switching the power off
5) Applying the brake
6) Removing the key
7) Returning it to a responsible person to prevent unauthorized use.
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REVERSING OF VEHICLES
One-way systems
Drive-through systems
Turning circles
Separation of vehicles and pedestrians
Suitable workplace design
Audible reversing alarms
Mirrors on blind corners
Adequate lighting
Use of banksmen (men guiding the vehicle when reversing)
High-visibility clothing
Site rules
Training
DRIVER SELECTION
Subject to Pre-employment medical check
Routine medicals e.g. every 5 years or if suffering from limited limb movement, heart
problems, vision difficulties, hearing problems
Trained and competent
Supervised and monitored
Given refresher training
Physically fit
Reliable and mature
Licensed
TRAINING PROGRAMMES FOR DRIVERS OF VEHICLES IN A WORKPLACE:
Personal responsibilities
Safe working load estimation
Pre-use vehicle inspection and maintenance
Safe parking and security of vehicle
Speed restrictions
Safety rules and signs – sounding horn/no passengers etc.
Floor conditions – pot holes/housekeeping etc.
Vehicle reversing – audible warning/banksmen etc.
Nebosh International General Certificate Workbook Page 45
Your Right Choice
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Avoiding the need for vehicles to reverse (one-way & “drive-through” systems,
turning
circles etc)
Through the separation of vehicles & pedestrians (barriers, signs, etc)
Aspects of vehicles & workplace design (audible alarms, mirrors on vehicles & at
blind
corners, refuges, lighting, etc)
To procedural measures (use of banks men, site rules, driver training, etc).
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Load:
Insecure
Excessive – beyond the capacity of the truck
Uneven – on the fork
Incorrect elevation of forks (when travelling)
Environment:
Uneven ground
Unconsolidated ground –movement (sand)
Sloping ground – incorrect procedure for dealing with obstructions overhead or low level.
Vehicle:
Driver:
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3 Outline how the misuse of drugs or alcohol could affect the safety of a 8 June
worker and those around them. (8) (June’12) 12
1.
4 The manager of a large taxi company is concerned that his rivers 8 Mar
a r e suffering from stress. 2012
a) Identify behaviors that could indicate high stress levels. (4)
(March’12)
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The checks that should be carried out before using a mobile crane for a
lifting operation such as
1) The availability of current inspection certificates for the crane
2) The weather conditions
3) The condition of the ground on which the crane was to be sited
and the proper positioning of outriggers
4) The availability and condition of the lifting accessories and
June
ensuring that the load to be lifted was within the safe working load 2012
of the crane
5) That adequate communication systems were in place between
the driver and other workers involved in the operation
6) That the landing position was clear and that there were
no obstructions in the lifting path
7) Before lifting, that the hook was not attached to a fixed or
anchored load.
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3 Outline how the misuse of drugs or alcohol could affect the safety of a 8
worker and those around them. (8) (June’12)
The control measures that could be implemented to reduce the risks to June
pedestrians in areas where vehicles are maneuvering such as 2011
1) The management of traffic movement
The introduction of one way systems
The designation of specific traffic routes which should be
Nebosh International General Certificate Workbook Page 53
Your Right Choice
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clearly marked
2) Segregation of pedestrians from transport with
demarcation of walkways and the provision of barriers and refuges
3) Introducing safe systems of work for loading, unloading
and stacking using banks men when necessary
4) Maintaining good visibility by means of mirrors,
transparent doors and the provision of lighting
5) The enforcement of site rules covering speed restrictions
and limited areas of access for vehicles
6) The fitting of visual and audible alarm devices to vehicles
7) Ensuring that workers wore high visibility clothing
8) Ensuring that floors were regularly cleaned and kept free
from spillages
9) Ensuring that workers were fully trained in the
precautionary measures that should be taken
10) That an effective level of supervision was in place to
ensure the controls were followed
6 Identify EIGHT rules to be followed to minimize the risk of forklift trucks 8
overturning. (8) (March’11)
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To precautions such as
1. The delineation of traffic routes, segregation of pedestrians
from transport
2. The introduction of one way systems
3. The provision of barriers and refuges
4. The erection of warning signs and the use of the truck's
warning device by drivers when personnel are being
approached.
5. The enforcement of site rules on speed restrictions and
access
6. Visibility issues requiring the provision of adequate lighting,
mirrors and transparent doors
7. The introduction of safe systems of work for activities such
as loading, unloading and stacking
8. Ensuring that floor surfaces are well maintained
9. Providing high visibility clothing for pedestrians
10. Ensuring that all workers are fully briefed on the hazards
associated with the use of forklift trucks and the precautions
that they should observe.
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a) List FOUR specific types of injury that may be caused by the incorrect manual
handling of loads. (4)
b) Outline the factors in relation to the load that will affect the risk of injury. (4)
Part (a) of the question asked for a list of specific injuries that might be caused by the
incorrect manual handling of loads. These would include spinal disc compression or slipped
discs, torn ligaments or strained or sprained tendons, hernias, dislocations and fractures,
muscular strains, cuts and abrasions, and crushing and impact injuries. While there were
some good answers to this part of the question, too many candidates referred in vague and
general terms to back, muscular and hand injuries when a more specific answer was
required.
Part (b) tested candidates‟ knowledge of how the nature of a loan can affect the risk of injury
during manual handling activities. They should have identified matters such as the size and
weight of the load, the possibility that the contents might move and the load become
unbalance, the weight distribution (the centre of gravity not being in the centre of the load),
difficulty in securing a firm grasp of the load, and the presence of sharp edges or very hot or
cold surfaces. Again, better candidates were able to provide a focused answer with sufficient
detail to demonstrate a clear understanding of the issues. Other answers, however, were
extremely brief (sometimes no more that four words) and a few identified controls instead of
risk factors.
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INDIVIDUAL
Sex
Stature
Individual capability
Training
Persons assessment of own capability
TASK
Holding away from trunk
Twisting
Stooping
Reaching upwards
Large vertical movement
Long carrying distances
Strenuous pushing or pulling
Unpredictable movement of loads
Repetitive handling
Insufficient rest or recovery
Work rate imposed by the process
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ENVIRONMENT
Constraints on posture
Hot / Cold / humid conditions
Poor lighting
Poor floors - variations in levels
TYPES OF CRANES
Mobile
Tower
Gantry
Overhead
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CONVEYORS
Hazards Precaution
Trapping in drive mechanisms Guards, no loose clothing
Traps, Nips, drawing in Pop out rollers, nip guards
Sharp edges Edge protection, eliminate edges
Items jamming conveyor Adequate design
Falling objects Edge guards, barriers
Riding or crossing conveyor Bridges, complete enclosure
Impact with objects Helmets, padding
Noise Hearing protection
Manual handling Mechanical handling
Electrical hazards Suitable electrical equipment
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2. Outline the precautions that should be taken in order to ensure the safety of
employees carrying out maintenance work on process equipment (8)
Permit to Work
Pre-task assessment/method statement
Isolation/Lock off Procedure
Pre-clean/purging/ventilating
Atmosphere testing
Safe access/egress
Suitable tools (non spark)
PPE –Harness/eye pr0tection/RPE/Bump cap
Suitable lighting
Competent/trained persons
Above ground support/supervision
Communication (signals/radio)
Emergency Procedure
3 (a) List TWO types of injury that may be caused by the incorrect manual handling of
loads (2)
(b) Outline a good handling technique that could be adopted by a person required
to lift a load from the ground (6)
3. a)
Slipped disc, torn ligaments, tendon sprain or hernia.
Cuts, abrasions & fractures if load falls
3. b)
Consider the size & weight of the load
Correct positioning of the feet
Take firm grip
Keeping the back straight
Bending only the knees
Use strength of thigh muscles
Lifting smoothly keeping the load close to the body.
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ELEMENT- 3
Musculoskeletal Hazards and Risk Control
S.Nr Questions Mark Year
1 A worker is manually loading boxes of components onto metal shelves. 4
c) Identify FOUR types of injury that the worker could suffer
while carrying out this activity. (4) Dec’10
d) Identify factors in relation to the task that will increase the
risk of injury. (4) Dec’10 4
a) Identified potential injuries such as
Spinal disc compression or a prolapsed disc
Strains to tendons, muscles or ligaments
Hernia
Dislocation or fracture of bones Dec
Cuts and abrasions 2010
Crushing or impact injuries and work related upper limb
disorders (WRULDs).
1. u
sing lifting equipment such as hoists, cranes or pulley
blocks; transportation equipment such as conveyors, air pallets
Nebosh International General Certificate Workbook Page 65
Your Right Choice
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or chutes and
2. m
echanical means such as fork lift trucks, trolleys or barrows.
3 Outline the precautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes. (8) 8
June’10
The precautions that should be taken when using mobile cranes such as
ensuring
1. The crane and its attached lifting gear were suitable for the task and
that their test certificates and examination reports were up to date
2. That the ground on which the crane was to be sited was flat and firm
and that the outriggers of the crane were always correctly positioned
3. That the driver and slinger to be used in the operation were competent
and that good means of communication were provided between the
June
driver and the other workers involved in the operation
2010
4. That there were no obstructions such as overhead power lines or
buildings in the vicinity of the lift
5. That warning signs and barriers were erected to ensure that the area
where the lifting operations were to take place was kept clear of
personnel not directly involved in the operation
7. That the load was carried near to ground level and that the
operations were ideally carried out to an arranged lifting plan.
4 c) The team leader in a warehouse is giving training to his team about 12 Sep
manual handling. 2011
Identify SIX factors in relation to the load which he could include in his talk
AND, for EACH, give a practical example that could be present in the
warehouse. (12) Sep’11
Factors relating to the load which could be included in the team leader's talk
include
Its weight which might be too heavy for one individual to lift and carry
Its bulk which could be a large box or a number of items tied together
The temperature of the load especially in relation to cold storage
items such as frozen food
The difficulty in gripping the load for example if it was a parcel
wrapped in plastic or if no handles were provided on a bulky
package
A centre of gravity which might be off-set such as the presence of a
live animal in the load; a shifting centre of gravity which could occur
with sacks of granules or powders
Nebosh International General Certificate Workbook Page 66
Your Right Choice
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Identify FOUR environmental conditions that the manager could consider AND
Sep
identify risk control measures which he could introduce (8) Sep’11 2011
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Space constraints resulting in workers being forced to adopt fixed and Marc
static positions h
2012
Over reaching often during the handling of bulky and heavy articles
The age of the workers with some having pre-existing conditions and a
lack of appropriate training and supervision.
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a) Describe the possible hazards faced by the worker in carrying out his task. (10)
b) List FIVE items of personal protective equipment that should be provided to, and
used by the worker. (5)
c) Outline measures other than the use of personal protective equipment that might
be necessary to ensure the health and safety of the worker. (5)
This question is designed to test the ability of candidates to apply basic principles of health
and safety to a practical situation. Part (i) requires candidates to describe the possible
hazards faced by workers using a petrol-driven strimmer on grass verges on the roadside.
These would include:
Slips/trips/falls.
The danger posed by moving traffic, noise and vibration, dust and fumes.
Candidates who provide only a bare list of hazards without further amplification should not
expect to be awarded all the marks available since the question clearly asks for a
description. For instance, identification of extreme weather conditions as a hazard requires
some mention of ultra-violet radiation and the effect on the skin. Other hazards are perhaps
a little more obvious and require rather less by way of description. Nevertheless, some
indication should be provided of how each particular hazard presents itself in the situation
given. Part (ii), on the other hand, does require candidates to provide a list. This should
include reference to:
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Ear defenders.
Eye protection.
Gloves.
Safety footwear.
Gaiters.
High visibility clothing that also afforded protection against the weather.
The selection and maintenance of equipment to reduce to a minimum the levels of noise
and vibration.
The provision of information, instruction, training and supervision, and health surveillance.
Completion of a risk assessment is undoubtedly a useful starting point, but the assessment
alone without the further possible action that should follow is not sufficient to ensure the
health and safety of workers.
The key expression in this question is „non –mechanical‟. Candidates should be able to
outline hazards such as:
Dust from sawing and sanding operation (leading to lung disorders and possible Cancers).
Chemical hazards from varnishes, glues etc (leading to a range of ill-health effects).
Noise from machinery (causing noise-induced hearing loss and other auditory and non-
auditory effects).
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Vibration
Biological
Hazardous chemicals
Radiation
Access and egress
Obstructions and projections
Manual
handling
Noise
OTHER HAZARDS
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OTHER HAZARDS
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2. Identify FOUR hazards when cutting grass on roadside verges with a rider operated
mower and outline the precautions to be taken (8)
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2 Identify hazards associated with the use of a cement mixer. (4) Sep’10 4 Sep
For the hazards identified above outline control measures that can be 2010
used to reduce the risks. (4) Sep’10
4 March
2012
3 a) Identify FOUR hazards associated with the use of a bench top 4 Dec
grinder. (4) Dec’10 2010
b) Other than a guard, outline FOUR control measures that could be
introduced to reduce risk to a worker using a bench top grinder. (4) 4
c) Outline the basic requirements that you would consider when
selecting a guard or safety device for piece of work equipment. (4)
4
d) Outline the merits (advantages) AND limitations (disadvantages) of
BOTH:
i. an interlocking guard; (4) Dec’10 8
(ii) A trip device (4) Dec’10
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ELEMENT- 4
Work Equipment Hazards & Risk Control
S.Nr Questions Mark Year
1 Identify EIGHT types of non-mechanical hazards associated with the use 8
of machinery (8) June’10
The hazards a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e u s e o f c e m e n t m i x t u r e a r e
Sep
Manual handling 2010
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Interlocking guard
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Identify the factors that would determine the frequency of the inspection.
(8) March’11
The factors that determine the frequency of the inspection of the portable
electrical drill are
1.The nature of the work and the environmental conditions in which
the drill is to be used March
2.The frequency and duration of use 2011
3.The age of the equipment
4.The intrinsic safety features of the equipment such as double
insulation and the use of low voltage
5.User checks and the number of problems reported
6.The number and competency of the users
7.Manufacturers' recommendations and best practice guidance; and
the results of previous tests and inspections.
5 Outline the safety precautions a worker should take while using a wood 8
chisel (8) March’11
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2. Individual:
Factors associated with the individual would be
1. their stature,
2 . fitness levels,
3. training and experience and
4. their vulnerability, particularly if they are still young.
3. Load:
With respect to the load,
1 . Reference could have been made to the variable weights of
items of baggage which would not carry weight markings,
bulky and unwieldy baggage such as golf clubs or skis,
2. The possibility of movement of a bag's contents because of
unsatisfactory packing,
3. he slippery nature of some of the packaging material used
which would prevent the handlers from obtaining a good grip
on the load.
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1 . Physical barrier which was not linked to the machine operation and
required a special tool for its removal. This kind of guard is often
used on belt and pulley drives to machines.
2. The interlocked guard, which is linked to the machine operation
and prevents access when the machine is in a dangerous
condition while also preventing operation of the machine until the March
guard is in position. An appropriate application of this type of guard 2012
would be on the door of a washing machine.
3. The trip device, which stops movement of the machine when
approach is detected and is often found as a means of protection on
drilling machines
4. Automatic guard such as a push away guard on a guillotine, is
linked to the machine mechanism and physically moves the operator
away from the danger zone.
The identified the hazards experienced little difficulty in outlining the June
appropriate control measures referring for example to 2012
1. The need to ensure that the stop/start controls and emergency
stop device were in good working order
2. Providing guarding for the drill bit and chuck whether fixed or
adjustable
3. Ensuring that the work-piece was securely clamped to the
machine and removing the chuck key before putting the drill in
motion
4. Tying back and covering long hair and refraining from wearing
jeweler and loose clothing.
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For part (ii) an outline of relevant precautions for the examples identified are required:
Earthing
Calculate correct rating for a fuse.
Residual current device (RCD).
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Reduce voltage.
Battery powered.
Double insulation.
a) ‘Isolation’. (2)
b) ‘earthing’ (2)
c) ‘reduced low voltage’ (2)
d) ‘over current protection’ (2)
The question aimed to test candidates‟ knowledge of some key electrical terms. ”Isolation‟
refers to shutting off the electrical supply to an item of equipment or part of an electrical
system and preventing inadvertent reconnection in order, for instance, to carry out
maintenance work. “Earthing‟ on the other had, is a means whereby electrical equipment
and conductive items are connected to earth by a cable or metal pipe work such that the
route to earth provides the path of least resistance to a current flowing under fault conditions.
„Reduced low voltage‟, commonly used on construction sites, involves the reduction of local
supply voltage by a transformer to a lower, safer voltage – typically 110 or 55 volts; while
„over current protection‟ is a method of preventing the flow of excess current by cutting the
supply under fault conditions by means of a fuse or circuit breaker.
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FUSE: a weak link designed to melt, breaking the circuit at excessive currents
EARTHING: electricity will always try reach earth and earthing means providing a path to
earth lower than the human body
ISOLATION: the disconnection and separation of the electrical equipment from every
source of electrical equipment in such a way that the disconnection and separation is secure
REDUCED VOLTAGE SYSTEMS: by reducing the voltage present in the system the
consequences of electrical shock can be greatly reduced
RESIDUAL CURRENT DEVICES (RCD): it compares the current flowing into the system
with the current flowing out. When the level differs by a preset value the RCD will open
rapidly and interrupt the supply
The Lead:
Ensure not run over by vehicles
Dragged over rough services
Trapped in machinery
Exposed to hot surfaces or corrosive chemicals
Continuous flexing
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1. a)
Interference with nerve/muscle action tissue burns the entry & exit points & to the
possibility of damage to internal organs.
Cardio-respiratory effects,
The risk of fatal injury due to disruption of heart rhythm.
1. b)
Voltage the route taken through the body,
The length of contact time,
The general health & age of the person involved, dryness of the skin,
Natural body resistance,
Ground conditions,
Type of footwear.
2. Outline the practical measures to reduce the risk of injury from electricity when using a
portable electrical appliance on a construction site (8)
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02 Outline precautions to reduce the risk of fires being caused by electricity in 8 March
the workplace 2012
Precautions to reduce the risk of electrical fires in the workplace include
1. the initial procurement of equipment to a national or international
standard,
2. carrying out periodic testing of the fixed installation and of
portable appliances and
3. carrying out regular inspections to check for damaged insulation
and cables and defective wiring.
Remember DR ABC
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Danger : Look for any danger surrounding the person & remove
If the current cannot be switched off stand on some dry insulating material
and use a wooden or plastic implement to remove the injured person from
the electrical source or remove the sourse.
Response: Check for any response from person
Airways: If not check airway for blockage
Breathing: If everything clear check breathing
Circulation: If no breathing, check for blood circulation
• If breathing has stopped give mouth to mouth resuscitation
• Ensure professional help has been called for
04 Identify pre-use checks for electrical safety that should be carried out on a 8 June
portable drill. (8) June’11 2011
Features of a portable electrical drill that should be checked by the user
before use include
The effects on the human body from a severe electric shock such as
Interference with nerve/muscle action leading to involuntary grip
Fibrillation of the cardiac muscle producing an irregular heart rhythm
Respiratory failure
Cardiac arrest
Tissue burns with the main sites of damage being the entry and exit
points with the possibility of damage to internal organs.
The factor that could affect the severity of injury resulting from contact with
electricity such as
1. The voltage and the type and size of the current involved
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06 Outline a range of checks that should be made for electrical safety in 8 June
a workplace. 2010
To checks that should be made for electrical safety in a workplace
reference to visual inspections for damage to cables, plugs and
sockets
the need to ensure that all fuses are of the correct rating
to checking that outlets are not overloaded
Cables are not coiled or in vulnerable positions where they might
suffer damage.
The equipment itself should be checked to ensure that it is
suitable and conforms with recognized standards such as CE marking
and European standards, that it is properly sited to avoid damage, that it
has been subject to appropriate and regular fixed installation and portable
appliance testing, that it is provided with means of isolation after use and
that records are kept of the maintenance that has been carried out.
Checks should also be made to ensure there is an effective
procedure for reporting defects or damage.
07 Outline control measures to reduce the risk of injury from electricity when 8 Sep
using a portable electrical appliance on a construction site. (8) Sep’10 2010
Control measures to reduce the risk of injury from electricity when using
portable electric appliance are
The use of reduced low voltage through a transformer centre-
tapped to earth with increased protection provided by means of a residual
current device.
The protection and safe positioning of undamaged supply cables.
Using double-insulated or cordless (battery operated) equipment.
Ensuring the correct rating of fuses.
Training operators to use the equipment in accordance with
manufacturer’s instructions
Emphasizing the need to check the equipment before use.
Avoiding the use of the equipment in wet weather.
Introducing a system for the routine visual inspection and testing
of cables and equipment.
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Control measures that could be used to reduce the risk from the use of
electrical equipment in a workplace included as
1. Visual inspections for damage to cables, plugs and sockets
2. The need to ensure that all fuses are of the correct rating
3. The use of double insulated or battery operated equipment,
4. Equipment connected to a reduced voltage system
5. Equipped with residual current device (RCD) or ELCB
6. Ensuring that means of isolation are provided and
7. Equipment is switched off after use
8. checking that equipment is sited such that outlets are not overloaded
9. cables are not in vulnerable positions
10. Extension cables are fully uncoiled
11. Checking the equipment to ensure its suitability and conformity with
recognized standards, for example CE or BS marking
12. Introducing a specific testing procedure for portable appliances
13. procedure for reporting defects or damage.
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2. a. Explain, using a suitable sketch the significance of the ‘fire triangle’. (4)
b. Identify TWO methods of heat transfer and explain how EACH method can
contribute to the spread of fire in work premises. (4)
Part (a) of this question required candidates to explain, with a clearly labeled diagram, that
each side of the fire triangle represents one of the three elements – namely, fuel, oxygen
and a source of ignition – that must be present for combustion to occur. This part of the
question was generally well answered.
For part (b) candidates could have chosen two methods of heat transfer from the following:
conduction (where, for example, heat can travel through metal beams between separate
compartments); radiation (where heat is radiated through the air and affects material at a
distance); convection (the upward transfer o heat by gases such as air) and contact or direct
burning (where a heat source comes into direct contact with combustible material causing
ignition).
Whilst many candidates where able to identify two methods of heat transfer, explanations of
how each of the two examples quoted spread fire within a work premise varied considerably
in quality especially amongst those candidates who had chosen direct burning and
conduction. Again, some candidates did not read the question and wasted valuable time by
outlining four methods of heat transfer. It is important that candidates read the question
properly to prevent them from answering previously set questions.
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SOURCES OF IGNITION
Naked flames
Electricity (overheating/arcing)
Smoking materials
Hot work (welding, burning)
Chemical reactions (giving off heat)
Heating appliances (hot surfaces)
Friction (inadequate lubrication)
Static electricity
Lightning
Improper storage of flammable materials
Lack of inspection and supervision
WAYS IN WHICH PERSONS CAN BE HARMED IN FIRES ARE:
Being burnt
Inhaling toxic fumes
Affects of smoke
Depletion of oxygen supply
Collapse of the building
Being crushed or suffering some other type of injury in attempting to escape.
FLASH POINT: The temperature at which a vapour given off by substance will ignite when
brought to a source of ignition
PRINCIPLE CAUSES OF THE SPREAD OF FIRE
Conduction: heat travels within a solid material from hotter to cooler parts
Convection: hot air rises in currents causing the build up of hot and unburnt gases under
ceilings etc. and allows fire to spread from one room to another.
Direct Contact: the flame and a combustible fuel are in direct contact, the fuel heats up
and eventually ignite.
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CAUSES OF FIRE
Deliberate (arson)
Electrical faults
Misuse of electrical equipment
Smokers materials
Smoking in prohibited areas
Loss of control over the firing of rubbish
Oil/gas heating equipment and portable heaters
Unsafe storage of materials
Use of flammable liquids or gases in unsuitable areas
Welding/hot work
Mechanical heat (sparks/friction)
CLASSES OF FIRE
A Combustible solids (coal, paper etc.)
B Flammable liquids (alcohol, Petrol)
C Flammable gases (butane, hydrogen,propane)
D Metals
E Cooking media (vegetable oil or animal fats)
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Identify who could be harmed and how: who are the persons at risk and consider
especially vulnerable people such as the disabled
Evaluate the risks and the adequacy of the control measures: this should consider the
prevention, protection and precautions measures
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Familiarising employees (particularly those new to the undertaking) with the alarms,
evacuation procedures, escape routes & assembly points so that, in the case of a real
emergency, they would know the actions to be taken
Providing an opportunity for fire wardens & others with specific functions to practice their
designated roles
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1. Identify the FOUR methods of heat transfer & explain how EACH can cause
the spread of fire. (8)
The four methods of heat transfer are:
Conduction.
Convection.
Radiation.
Direct burning.
Heat can be carried by rising air currents (convection) to cause a build-up of hot gases
under ceilings.
Heat can be radiated through the air causing heating of material at a distance from a
fire.
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3. Outline the reasons for undertaking regular fire drills in the workplace (8)
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02 a) Identify FOUR classes of fire AND the associated fuel sources (4) 8
June’11 June
b) Identify FOUR types of portable fire extinguisher AND, in EACH 2011
case, identify the class of fire on which they should be used. (4) June’11
The four classes of fire are
1. Class A fires involving solids such as wood, paper, coal and plastics
2. Class B fires involving liquids or liquefied solids such as petrol, oil,
paint or wax
3. Class C fires involving gases such as liquefied petroleum gas, natural
gas or acetylene
4. Class D fires involving metals such as sodium, magnesium,
aluminum or potassium
5. Class F fires involving cooking oils or fats.
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03 Outline the requirements to ensure the safe evacuation of persons from a 8 March
building in the event of fire 2011
The safe evacuation of persons from a building in the event of fire
1. The provision of means for detecting the fire and for raising the alarm.
2. An acceptable distance to the nearest available exit with alternative
routes available.
3. Escape routes of sufficient width and fire protected.
4. Clear signing of escape routes.
5. The provision of emergency lighting.
6. Escape routes kept clear of obstructions with exit doors unlocked and
fire doors closed to prevent the spread of smoke.
7. The provision of firefighting equipment.
8. The appointment and use of fire marshals.
9. Procedures for the evacuation of the disabled, children and visitors.
10. The identification of a safe assembly point.
11. The need to practice the evacuation plan at regular intervals.
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05 Outline the factors to consider when carrying out a fire risk assessment of a 8 June
workplace. (8) June’10 Sep 2011 2010 /
Sep
2011
When carrying out fire risk assessment of a workplace initially have refer to
1. legal requirements and
2. then gone on to identify structural, physical and procedural factors
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ELEMENT 7
a. Identify possible routes of entry of biological organisms into the body. (4)
b. Outline control measures that could be used to reduce the risk of infection from
biological organisms. (4)
For part (a), candidates can choose from a list including:
Inhalation.
Injection.
Entry through broken skin.
Exchange of body fluids and ingestion.
In answering part (b), candidates should bring to mind hospital or laboratory situations. This
should include an outline of measures such as:
Cleaning and disinfecting.
Personal protective equipment.
Engineering controls (such as containment and the use of microbiological safety cabinets).
Vermin control.
Good personal hygiene.
Immunization.
a) Identify FOUR specific types of hazard that the cleaner might face when
undertaking the cleaning. (4)
b) Outline the precautions that could to taken to minimize the risk of harm from these
hazards. (4)
In answering part (ii), Examiners are looking to candidates to outline precautions such as:
The provision and use of personal protective equipment (including overalls and gloves).
The introduction of a procedure for the handling and disposal of sharps.
The need for animals to be kept in secure enclosures.
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The possible need for immunization against diseases known to be transmitted by animals.
Highlighting that the worker would need specific training in the precautions outlined will
gain an additional mark.
3. A company produces a range of solid and liquid wastes, both hazardous and non -
hazardous. Outline the arrangements that should be in place to ensure the safe
storage of the wastes prior to their collection and disposal. (8)
In answering this question, candidates can refer to arrangements such as:
The completion of risk assessments that address the nature, properties and quantities of
the wastes likely to be stored.
Minimizing the quantities stored by organizing regular collections.
Ensuring the separation of incompatible wastes.
Providing appropriate means for containing the wastes in secure storage facilities (e.g.
protected against unauthorized persons, weather, vehicles, etc).
Installing and maintaining fire protection and fire-fighting systems in the case of
Flammable or combustible wastes.
Installing bunds and drawing up procedures to deal with slippages that might preset
environmental risks.
Providing safe means of transport ad access to the storage site.
Ensuring that wastes are accurately identified ad that warning signs are in place where
appropriate.
Training employees in the precautions to be taken.
Ensuring that they are provided with, and use, appropriate personal protective equipment,
such as gloves, overalls and eye protection.
4. For each of the following agents, outline the principal health and safety effects AND
identify a typical workplace situation in which a person might be exposed:
a) Isocyanates (2)
b) Asbestos (2)
c) Leptospira bacteria (2)
d) Lead (2)
Iscoyanates are a respiratory sensitizer and may also cause dermatitis. Persons carrying out
work involving the use of Isocyanates based printing inks, adhesives or paints would be at
risk.
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Exposure to asbestos may cause asbestosis, lung cancer or Mesothelioma (a rare cancer
that is associated almost exclusively with asbestos). Carrying out maintenance work on, or
the demolition of, a building where asbestos is contained in the fabric of the structure could
lead to the inhalation of airborne Fibres.
An infection caused by exposure to the Leptospira bacterium is called Leptospirosis, with
symptoms that resemble influenza (fever, chills, muscular aches and pains, etc). In rare
cases, a severe form of the condition known as Weil‟s disease can develop and this is
characterized by symptoms that include bruising of the skin, anemia, sore eyes, nose bleeds
and jaundice. Serious damage to internal organs can result, which often proves fatal. The
bacterium is carried by animals, particularly rats and cattle, and exposure to the urine of
infected animals can put people such as sewer workers, farm workers and vets at particular
risk. While there were some good accounts given for this part of the question, Examiners
were disturbed to find that many candidates confused „Leptospira‟ with „Legionella‟.
The health effects of exposure to lead are many and varied but principally include anemia, fertility
problems and damage to the kidneys, the nervous and muscular systems and, particularly in
children, the brain. Signs and symptoms of lead poisoning include irritability, lethargy, memory and
concentration problems, muscle and joint pain, „wrist drop‟ and a blue line of the gums. Those
engaged in any activity that involves lead and produces fume, vapor or dust (such as in battery
manufacture, lead crystal glass making or the removal of lead paint) are at risk.
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REVIEW- ELEMENT 7
Chemical and Biological Health Hazards and Risk Control
CONTROL MEASURES FOR BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Cleaning and disinfecting
Water treatment
Vermin control
Containment of the biological agent
Avoidance of sharp implements
Proper disposal of contaminated waste
Immunisation
Personal hygiene
PPE
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ACUTE EFFECTS:
Adverse health effects resulting from single or short term exposure which is usually
reversible
ACUTE EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE
Headaches
Dizziness
Nausea
Inflammation
Eye irritation
Unconsciousness/death
CHRONIC EFFECTS:
Adverse health term effects resulting from prolonged or repeated exposure leading to a
gradual often irreversible effects e.g. liver disease caused by alcohol
DERMATITIS
Symptoms: blisters, inflammation, dryness, reddening, cracking of skin
PROTECTIVE MEASURES AGAINST DERMATITIS
Eliminate the substance
Substitution of the substance
Barrier creams,
Good hygiene practices
PPE
TARGET ORGANS: A part of the body which sustains an adverse effect when it is exposed
to or contaminated by a particular harmful agent.
Examples: mercury, lead the brain, asbestos, ammonia the lungs
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ASBESTOS
MAIN TYPES: blue, brown and white
DISEASES: asbestosis, lung cancer, mesothelioma
USES
Pipe lagging
Wall and roof panels
Ceiling tiles
Textured coatings
Insulation materials
Gaskets
Brake linings
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Environmental/disposal considerations
Physical and chemical properties
Stability and reactivity
Toxicological information
Ecological information
Disposal considerations
Transport information
Regulatory information
Other relevant information
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WASTE STORAGE
Storage area of a sufficient size
Storage area suitably located away from drains etc.
Storage area clearly labelled
Individual containers clearly labelled
Different types of waste stored separately
Incompatible wastes never stored together
Appropriate containers for type of waste
Storage of waste kept to a minimum
Protect waste from the elements if necessary
If necessary protect storage area with bunds etc.
Do not dispose of hazardous waste in general waste skips
Ensure storage area is secure
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1. a)
The possible routes of entry of toxic substances into the body refers to
inhalation, ingestion, absorption & injection
The operations in which the storeroom staff would typically be engaged & related
possible routes of entry to these – for instance:
Inhalation in relation to spillage & the build up of vapours
Ingestion due to poor personal hygiene practices
Absorption through the skin as a result of inadequate personal protective equipment
or uncovered wounds
Injection from the use of damaged, broken or unsuitable containers for handling the
toxic substance.
1. b)
The factors to consider when assessing the health risks to storeroom staff from
handling the chemicals are:
Degree of toxicity of the substances used
The methods of work adopted (which may determine the routes of entry)
The possible duration & frequency of exposures
An assessment of the effectiveness of existing control measures.
1. c)
Specific control measures include:
The use of suitable containers for the chemicals & the methods for handling them
The provision of ventilation & appropriate personal protective equipment
Procedures for dealing with spillage
The introduction of site rules to ensure personal hygiene
The provision of information & training to the staff involved.
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2. Outline the precautions to ensure the health & safety of persons engaged
in paint-spraying in a motor vehicle repair shop. (8)
Precautions include:
Segregation of the activity, typically by means of a spray booth fitted with local
exhaust ventilation & protected electrical equipment
Suitable storage & fire precautions for flammable paints & solvents
The provision & use of personal protective equipment (clothing, respiratory protection etc)
Monitoring employee’s exposure to airborne substances
Ensuring the examination & maintenance of control measures
Providing appropriate training to employees
Maintaining welfare & hygiene facilities.
3. Outline the factors that may indicate a need for health surveillance of
employees in the workplace. (8)
Factors include:
Poor ill-health & absence records
Increased in first-aid treatments
Complaints from employees
The findings of risk assessments
The results of inspections or monitoring activities
Changes in methods of work
The relevant requirements of current legislation & approved codes of practice
4. A glassworks produces covers for streetlights & industrial lighting. The process
involves molten glass being blown by hand & shaped in moulds.
(a) Identify FOUR health effects that may be caused in working in the hot conditions
of the glass factory. (4)
(b) Describe measures that could be taken in order to minimise the health effects of
working in such hot environments. (6)
(c) Outline the factors relating to the task & the load that may affect the risk of injury
to an employee engaged in stacking the finished products onto racking. (10)
4. a)
Four health effects caused by working in a hot environment include.
Heat stress,
Heat cataracts,
Dehydration,
Exhaustion,
Respiratory distress
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4. b)
The control measures that could be taken to minimise the health effects of
working in a hot environment include:
The gradual acclimatisation of new personnel to the environment
The provision & consumption of adequate amounts of fluid
The provision of regular breaks away from the work
Ensuring adequate ventilation; the provision of screens to protect against radiant
heat
The wearing of appropriate personal protective equipment.
4. c)
The factors relating to the task & load that might affect the risk of injury to an
employee engaged in the manual handling activity are:
Holding or manipulating loads at a distance from the trunk
The need to twist the body
Excessive pushing or pulling of the load or excessive carrying distances
Unsatisfactory posture caused perhaps by space restriction
Excessive lifting distances (e.g. from the floor &/or on to high racking)
Frequent or prolonged physical effort coupled with insufficient rest or recovery
periods.
Weight & size or shape,
The ease with which the load can be held or gripped,
The presence of sharp edges,
The possibility that some components might still retain process heat.
5. a)
Factors such as:
The tasks to be undertaken & the equipment to be used
The availability of natural light
The adequacy of the existing lighting levels including that provided for specific
areas such as stairs & corridors
Significant contrasts in lighting levels between different areas
The layout of the office, including the position of screen dividers in relation to
overhead lighting & other areas that may be in shadow
The appropriateness & condition of the particular type of artificial lighting installed
(e.g. fluorescent & spot lighting)
Possible glare created on computer screens & workstations & the provision of
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5. b)
The possible health effects on health & safety from inadequate lighting:
Eye strain,
Headaches & increased levels of stress.
5. c)
Welfare facilities that should be provided include:
An adequate number of well ventilated & lit sanitary conveniences in relation to
the numbers of male & female employees
Washing facilities with hot & cold running water & means of drying
A suitable source of drinking water (clearly marked where appropriate)
Facilities for taking rest & refreshment away from working areas
Accommodation for clothing not worn during working hours
First-aid facilities
Rest facilities for pregnant women & nursing mothers
Protection for non-smokers from the effects of smoke
Prayer facilities
Load
Nature of load – information
Suitable containers / able to withstand the transportation
Clear labeling
Emergency contact points
Vehicle
Properly designed / constructed for the load
Maintain in an efficient state
Marked with the approved signs / symbols
Carry emergency equipment
Driver
Driver trained and competent for class of material
Safe system for loading / unloading
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Emergency arrangements
Trained and competent for class of vehicle
Route
Planning to avoid vulnerable areas
Risk of high jacking
Liaison with emergency services
Possible escort for high risk (explosives)
Electrical & mechanical hazards associated with machinery such as food mixers &
processors
Hot surfaces
Sharp implements
Wet or obstructed floors increasing the risk of slips, trips & falls
Boiling water & hot cooking oils causing burns
Manual handling hazards;
Health hazards (e.g. foodstuffs causing allergic reactions); & cleaning materials that
may be corrosive.
Hot, busy environment of a commercial kitchen
8. (a) Identify the possible indications of a dust problem in the workplace (4)
(b) Describe how the body may defend itself against the harmful effects of
airborne dust (4)
8. a)
Visible signs of dust (in the air or deposited on surfaces or clothes),
Complaints of discomfort by employees.
Impaired health linked to exposure (possibly detected by health or medical surveillance),
The results of workplace monitoring,
Problems associated with plant & equipment such as blocked filters
8. b)
Coughing & sneezing
Filtering effect of nasal hairs
Mucus in the respiratory tract & bronchi
Eyes watering
Blinking
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9. (a)
Dermatitis, headaches
Drowsiness through to unconsciousness & death.
Irritation of the mucous membranes of the eyes & respiratory tract, absorption into
the body may lead to kidney or liver damage.
9. b)
The removal of potential sources of ignition from the site of the operation
The provision of adequate ventilation
Limiting the quantity of solvent in use at any one time
Clear marking of containers
Ensuring that suitable fire-fighting equipment is in place
The provision of personal protective equipment such as gloves, eye & respiratory
protection
Ensuring that operatives are informed of, & trained in, the procedures for the safe use of
solvents, especially those concerned with the cleaning of brushes & disposal of rags.
10. An essential ingredient for a process is delivered in powdered form and poured by
hand from bags in to a mixing vessel. Outline the control measures that might be
considered in this situation in order to reduce employee exposure to the substance
(8)
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ELEMENT 7
Chemical and Biological Health Hazards and Risk Control
S.No Question & Answer Mark Year
01 Ammonia has been released into the atmosphere of a workplace. 8
a) Outline typical health effects resulting from exposure to Ammonia (4) June
b) Give the meaning of the term 'acute health effect'. (2) June’10 2010
c) Identify suitable air monitoring methods for ammonia (2) June’10
a) The typical health effects resulting from exposure to ammonia include
Irritation and possibly burning of the respiratory system
Pulmonary oedema
Coughing and sneezing
Eye irritation together with running eyes and nose and irritation and
burning of the skin.
b) An acute health effect is an immediate or rapidly produced adverse
effect following a single or short term exposure to a causative agent.
c) Identified suitable air monitoring methods for ammonia such as a stain
tube, a passive or active sampling device and an electrochemical
detection device such as a pulsed amplified detector.
Non-hazardous waste:
It is not harmful either to health or the environment and does not decompose
and result in the formation of harmful products.
The key design features of a permanent bund storage area would have
referred to
The necessity for it to be located on stable ground, at a distance from
a water course and without connections either to a drain or sewer.
It should be provided with a concrete slab base and walls with the
surfaces of both being impervious.
There should be adequate space between the containers and the
bund walls and the bund area should have a capacity of 110% of the
total capacity of the containers.
If externally sited, consideration may have to be given to
weatherproofing and the provision of emptying and monitoring
systems with measures taken to protect the walls of the bund against
damage from the possibility of them being struck by passing plant or
vehicles
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Possible routes of entry into the body for the agent include
Inhalation
Injection
Ingestion
Absorption through the skin or mucosal membranes.
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07 A recent increase in work-related ill health has been noticed amongst the 4
workers who use a solvent for which a workplace exposure limit (WEL)
March
has been set
2011
a)Explain the meaning of the term ‘workplace exposure limit' (2) M ‘11
b) Give possible reasons for the increase in work-related ill health
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Possible reasons for the increase in work-related ill health amongst the
workers included that
An important reason for the increase in work related ill-health might
have been the inadequacy of the original risk assessment
carried out for the operation or a subsequent increase in the
frequency and duration of the exposure of workers.
Additionally, the original solvent might have been replaced by a
new solvent for which no risk assessment had been carried out.
Other reasons would include a failure to carry out health
screening of new workers or to give them adequate training on
the precautions to be observed
An increase in the quantity or concentration of the solvent
used
An inadequate or poorly maintained local exhaust ventilation
system
A failure to carry out regular monitoring to ensure the work
exposure limit was not being exceeded
A failure to provide, or if provided, a failure to use personal
protective equipment
poor standard of personal hygiene on the part of the workers.
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measures and the requirements for safe disposal with due regard
to environmental considerations.
The factors that may reduce the effectiveness of a local exhaust ventilation
system (LEV)
Damage to the ducting
Blocked, damaged, unsuitable or incorrectly installed filters
Fan inefficiency perhaps through wear or corrosion of the blades
Inappropriate initial design which may be exacerbated by process
changes
Unauthorized alterations such as increasing the number of inlets
Incorrect use including a failure to position the hood close enough to
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The means for containing waste such as sharps boxes and bags
and its marking and labeling
-----------------------------------------------------________________________________
Possible routes of entry into the body for the agent include
Inhalation
Injection
Ingestion
Absorption through the skin or mucosal membranes.
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ELEMENT 8
SAMPLE QUESTIONS & ANSWERS WITH SOME
EXAMINER’S REPORTS
Physical & Psychological Health Hazards and Risk
Control
1. In relation to the ill-health effects from the use of vibrating hand-held tools:
a) Identify the typical symptoms that might be show by affected individuals. (4)
b) Outline the control measures that may be used to minimize the risk of such effects.
(4)
In answering part (i) of the question, Examiners expected candidates to identify symptoms
such as numbness and blanching of the fingers and swollen and painful joints in addition to
a reduction in dexterity, strength and sensory perception. Many candidates concentrated on
diseases and not symptoms and there appeared to be confusion between noise and
vibration which was demonstrated in part by references to deafness and ear/eye damage.
For part (ii), candidates should have outlined a hierarchy of control measures such as
elimination by mechanization or automation; substituting the tools with lower vibration
producing equipment; reducing the time of vibration exposure to the operatives; introducing
a planned maintenance programme for the tools and providing appropriate personal
protective equipment such as gloves to keep hands warm. Few candidates were able to
produce this hierarchy of control measures with most referring inaccurately to the use of
personal protective equipment to protect against vibration.
2. Question
a) For EACH of the following types of non-ionizing radiation, identify a source and
state the possible ill-health effects on exposed individuals:
b) Identify the general methods for protecting people against exposure to non-
ionizing radiation. (4)
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Part (i) of this question requires an outline of the factors to be considered when assessing
the suitability of lighting within an office building. With eight marks available, this should have
given a clear indication to candidates that reasonable outlines of a range of relevant factors
are needed. Examiners expect candidates to outline factors such as:
The type of work to be undertaken.
The type of equipment to be used.
The possibility of glare at work stations and on VDU screens.
The availability of natural light during both summer and winter.
The type of artificial light provided.
The requirement for local lighting for specific tasks.
The availability of emergency lighting.
The number of lighting units provided in relation both to the floor area and to the amount
of light emitted from each one.
Also important is the possibility of shadows being cast and contrasts in lighting levels
between one area and another.
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In part (ii) there are marks to be gained for descriptions of the possible effects on health from
inadequate lighting, such as eyestrain, headaches and increased levels of stress.
Additionally, candidates are expected to refer to other relevant health and safety effects,
such as trips and falls, and the possibility of errors in performing tasks that might then put
others at risk.
A comprehensive answer to part (iii) of the question includes reference to:
The provision of sanitary conveniences (adequate in number, separate male and female
etc).
Suitable and sufficient washing facilities.
A supply of drinking water, eating and rest areas.
Accommodation for clothing.
First aid facilities.
Protection for non smokers against passing smoking.
Rest facilities for expectant and nursing mothers.
4. Question
a. Explain the following terms in relation to noise exposure at work.
i. ‘noise-induced hearing loss’ (2)
ii. ‘tinnitus’ (2)
b. Identify FOUR limitations of personal hearing protection as a means of protecting
against the effects of noise. (4)
For part (a), a general understanding of the effects of noise on hearing is required. Noise-
induced hearing loss is normally caused by prolonged exposure to high noise levels causing
damage to the hair cells of the inner ear and leading to a permanent threshold shift at
particular frequencies, which worsens with continued exposure both in terms of the extent of
the threshold shift and of the frequencies affected.
Tinnitus, on the other hand is typified by the ringing or similar sound in the ears caused by
over stimulation of the hair cells. It can be acute of chronic, permanent or intermittent.
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REVIEW
Element 8: Physical and psychological health hazards & Risk control
FREQUENCY: the number of wave fronts assigns a point in one second measured in Hertz
“A” WEIGHTING: a filter in the noise meter that equates the noise to how the human ear
perceives the noise
HEARING DAMAGE
Acute Chronic
Stress Noise induced hearing loss
Temporary threshold shift Permanent threshold shift
Temporary tinnitus Permanent tinnitus
Blast deafness Prebyacusis
NOISE CONTROL
SOURCE
PATH
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Absorption
Damping
Use of rubber/cork, springs etc in noise path
Isolation
Sound proofed rooms
Lagging
Screens
PERSON/RECIEVER
RADIATION
NON-IONISING
TYPE USE IN INDUSTRY
Infrared Heating and brazing
Lasers Cutting, bar code readers
Microwaves Food preparation, signal transmission
Ultra-violet Welding
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HEALTH EFFECTS
Burns
Reddening of the skin
Cataracts
Arc eye
Temporary sterility
IONISING RADIATION
TYPE USE IN INDUSTRY
Alpha Smoke detectors
Beta Thickness testing
Gamma Non-destructive testing
X-Ray Medical
Neutron By-product nuclear fission
CONTROL MEASURES
Time
Distance
Shielding
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Health effects
Skin burns
Cataracts
Dehydration
Heat cramps
Headaches
Fainting
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Precautions
Medical pre-selection
Acclimatisation
Limit time of exposure
Cold drinks
PPE
Precautions
Medical pre-selection
Acclimatisation
Limit time of exposure
Hot drinks
Insulated clothing
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WELFARE
Sufficient toilets
Washing facilities
Eating and changing facilities
Clothing storage
Seating
Rest areas
Arrangements for non-smokers
SYMPTOMS OF WRULDs
Numbness in fingers
Pains in hands or arms
Restriction of joint movement
Soft tissue swelling
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WORKSTATION REQUIREMENTS
Good lighting
Adequate contrast, no glare or distracting reflections
Distracting noise minimised
Leg room and clearances to allow postural changes
-----------------------------------------------------________________________________
HAND-ARM VIBRATION
Health Effects
Tingling in the hands and extremities
Numbness and blanching of the fingers
Swollen painful joints
Reduction in manual dexterity
Reduction in the sensation of touch
Control Measures
Elimination
Reduce the degree of vibration
Select low vibration equipment
Select ergonomically designed equipment
Maintenance of equipment
Reduce grip and push force with work equipment
Reduce the time workers exposed
Introduce health surveillance
Gloves and heated pads
Information and training on the nature of risks
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STRESS
PHYSICAL EFFECTS PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Headaches Increased anxiety
Dizziness Reduced concentration
Aching neck and shoulders Irritability
Skin rashes Sudden mood changes
Prone to infections Inability to cope
Panic attacks Reduced work output
Raised heart rate Increased use of alcohol, etc
Increased blood pressure Poor sleep patterns
Heart disease
Stomach ulcers
Causes of Stress
Culture
Demands
Control
Relationships
Change
Role
Individual
Environment
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VIOLENCE AT WORK
Occupations at risk
Taxi drivers
Hospitals
Schools
Cash transactions
Delivery/collection of money
-----------------------------------------------------________________________________
2. Outline the factors that may lead to unacceptable levels of occupational stress
amongst worker. (8)
Shift work
Unsociable hours
Excessive overtime
Job insecurity
Fear of redundancy
Repetitive monotonous work
Lack of adequate breaks
Lack of control over the job
Work load too high or too low
Harassment, bullying, fear of violence, poor communication
Personal and social factors e.g. financial, illness, family
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3. In relation to the ill-health effects from the use of vibrating hand-held tools:
(a) Identify the typical symptoms that might be shown by affected individuals (4)
(b) Outline the control measures that may be used to minimise the
risk of such effects (4)
3. a)
Acute: Tingling in the hands and extremities
Chronic: Numbness and blanching of the fingers
Swollen painful joints
Reduction in manual dexterity
Reduction in the sensation of touch
3. b)
Alter the work processes
Select low vibration equipment
Suitable maintenance of equipment
Reduce the grip and push forces
Reduce the time of exposure
Health surveillance / health promotion
Warm weatherproof clothing
Gloves, heating pads
Information and training
4. a) Symptoms
Numbness in fingers
Pains in hands or arms
Restriction of joint movement
Soft tissue swelling
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4. b) Causes of WRULDs
Repetitive finger, hand or arm movements
Twisting movements
Squeezing
Hammering
Pushing, pulling or reaching movements
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6. (a) Identify the possible effects on health that may be caused by working
in a hot environment such as a foundry. (4)
(b) Outline the measures that may be taken to help prevent the health effects
identified in. (4)
6. a)
Skin burns from radiant heat,
Dehydration & heat cramps,
Heat cataracts,
Heat stress
6. b)
Shielding
Minimising the exposure time of employees,
Ensuring fluid intake,
Increasing ventilation,
The provision of suitable clothing.
Health surveillance
Allow workers to acclimatise gradually to the environment
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03 Identify the health effects that may be caused by ionizing radiation. (8) 8 Sep
Sep’10 2010
04 In relation to the ill-health effects from the use of vibrating hand-held tools: 8
a) Identify the typical symptoms that might be shown by affected
individuals. (4) Dec’10 Dec
b) Outline the control measures that may be used to minimize risk of 2010
such effects.
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ELEMENT 8
-----------------------------------------------------________________________________
For part (a) of the question, two examples of non-ionizing radiation could
have been chosen from a list that includes
Ultraviolet light (welding or excessive exposure to the sun)
Visible light (artificial lighting or display screens)
Infra-red (lasers)
Microwave (cookers, radar or mobile phones)
Radio wave (communications transmitter)
Electromagnetic radiation (high voltage sources).
03 Identify the health effects that may be caused by ionizing radiation. (8) 8 Sep
Sep’10 2010
04 In relation to the ill-health effects from the use of vibrating hand-held tools: 8
c) Identify the typical symptoms that might be shown by affected
individuals. (4) Dec’10 Dec
d) Outline the control measures that may be used to minimize risk of 2010
such effects.
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05 Identify precautions that would need to be considered before welding work 8 Dec
can commence. (8) Dec’10 2010
Before carrying out welding work
1. The first precaution that would have to be considered would be the
need to issue a permit to work for the operation.
2. This would then point to the further precautions to be taken such as
Removing or covering up all combustible materials in the area of
operation
Screening the working area and allowing entrance only to
persons involved in the work
Providing firefighting equipment and appointing a fire watcher
Restricting ventilation in the working area by shutting windows and
closing air ducts
Setting in place procedures for evacuation in the event of an
emergency
Providing personal protective equipment such as a visor, apron
and means of respiratory protection
Ensuring that workers concerned in the welding operation are made
aware of the hazards involved and the precautions to be taken
including for example the importance of completing pre-use
inspections of the equipment to be used.
06 An employer has been advised to implement control measures to protect 8
the hearing of workers exposed to excessively high noise levels June
Outline control measures to reduce the noise exposure to the workers (8) 2011
June’11
Measures that should have been outlined include the initial completion of a
noise survey to determine the correct control measures. These would
include the introduction of engineering controls such as
The use of acoustic absorbent materials to aid sound proofing
Increasing the noise travel distance by the use of baffles
Fitting silencers for example on exhaust pipes and pneumatic
equipment
Fitting anti-vibration mounts and replacing metal gears or bushes
Nebosh International General Certificate Workbook Page 154
Your Right Choice
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Other factors to be taken into account during the selection process would
be its fit and adjustability and those connected with its comfort. As for
the use of the protection, consideration would have to be given to
procedures for its regular inspection for signs of deterioration, its
storage when not in use and its replacement at the intervals
recommended by the manufacturer.