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The civil-military relations form an essential strand of national security strategy. In peace,
they affect the internal stability of a nation state; in war, they influence the outcome. In the
developed countries the military is mostly busy in participation of formulation of national
security policy. However, in the developing countries, particularly those with a colonial past,
the military have long maintained a substantive role in domestic politics. That is, the
military have either overthrown the legally constituted governments, or overly influenced
decision-making at national levels. Same is the case in Pakistan.
Historical context
The evolution of the civil-military relations in Pakistan was affected by many factors that
were unique to the developing world. The political and administration infrastructures of
Pakistan have to be built from the scratch is one these factors. Like Indian Army, Pakistan
army originated from the British Indian army. However, unlike India, the civil military
relations in Pakistan evolved along the deadly different path. That is why Pakistan witness
frequent military interventions; at least three of them were overt. Thus, Since independence
in 1947, Pakistan has experienced 30 years of military rule (1958 to 1971, 1977 to 1988
and 1999 to 2008); even when not in government the military has constantly sought to
centralise and consolidate political power, and the military (notably military intelligence, the
Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI)) exerts significant overt and covert control over the civilian
authorities in both domestic and foreign affairs. Given Pakistan’s volatile relationship with
India, centred on the decades-long conflict for control of Kashmir, Pakistan has always been
a ‘security state’, and the national military has historically been a key player in the
geopolitical arena. However, information on Pakistan’s armed forces is very limited, and
interaction with Western civilian and military institutions is heavily controlled. The climate of
secrecy within the Pakistan military and its associated security services directly and
indirectly affects civil–military coordination and presents humanitarian actors with a highly
complicated operational environment.
In the early days of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam clearly articulated the role of the military in the
following words: “Do not forget that the armed forces are the servants of the people. You do
not make national policy; it is we, the civilians, who decide these issues and it is your duty
to carry out these tasks with which you are entrusted.”
Leadership Void
Soon after independence, in 1948, the Father of the Nation and the first Governor-General,
Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, passed away. Thus, a leadership void was created
after just one year of the country's establishment. The first Prime Minister of Pakistan,
Liaquat Ali Khan, who was Quaid's right hand lieutenant, was also assassinated in 1951.
About the rest of the leadership lot, the Quaid had ruefully remarked that “he had false
coins in his pocket.”
Weak Institutions
After independence, Pakistan had to start from scratch. There was no established
parliament, no civil secretariat, no supreme court, no central bank and no organised armed
forces. There was a paucity of competent parliamentarians. The proportion of the Indian
Civil Service officers who opted for Pakistan was small. The same was true of the higher
judiciary. Unlike other institutions, the proportion of Muslims in the Indian Army was
comparatively substantial, i.e., 33 per cent. This is also one of the reasons why the armed
forces of Pakistan assumed greater importance right in the beginning and were better
established than other institutions of the state.
Present Situation
Presently, however, the situation is different. Pakistan's political leadership is more mature
and political parties are better established. The country has developed a middle class, an
active civil society, a vibrant media and an independent judiciary. Whenever required,
Parliament is getting briefing on security matters from the Services Chiefs and decisions are
taken through consensus. Although military enjoys autonomy in its internal affairs,
somewhat healthy civil-military relations exist. The Army is more deeply involved now than
a decade ago in support of activities for the civilian government: law-and-order tasks; relief
and rescue operations after natural disasters; the use of its organisational and technological
resources for public welfare projects; greater induction of its personnel in civilian
institutions; anti-terrorist activities; and containing narcotics trafficking.
A National Action Plan (NAP) was jointly formulated by the political parties and the armed
forces to win the war in the cities. Speaking to Russian magazine Sputnik, DG ISPR
conceded that only a part of the plan has so far been implemented while the rest remains
stalled due to ‘political challenges’. There is a need to correctly define the political
challenges. The major challenge is the pressure from the religio-political parties which are
strongly opposed to any government regulation or external oversight of the madrassas.
They also reject any revision of the mainstream educational curricula to remove hate
material and introduce tolerance. The army has to support the government in blocking the
two major sources of the spread of extremist ideas.
There has to be full cooperation between the army and the civilian governments at the
centre and the provinces. Similarly, Rangers and Police, and military and civilian intelligence
agencies have to work together rather than work at cross purposes. Terrorists will have a
field day if a tug of war was to ensue between governments led by the mainstream parties
and the establishment or if there is disregard for civilian institutions by the military-
controlled intelligence and law enforcement agencies.
The civilian institutions have to play a major role in the war against urban terrorism. What
one sees happening vis-a-vis the delay in setting up of NACTA indicates a trend which is not
healthy. The arrest of a policeman by Rangers after raiding a police station and his
subsequent release is also an indication of the malaise. One also does not expect military
commanders to issue statements with political implications.