12 Mader - Muscular System

Chapter 12
Muscular System
Sistem Muskular (otot)
Points to Ponder
• What are the three types of muscle tissue?
• What are the functions of the muscular system?
• How are muscles named and what are the muscles of the human
body?
• How are skeletal muscles and muscle fibers structured?
• How do skeletal muscles contract?
• How do skeletal muscle cells acquire ATP for contraction?
• What is rigor mortis?
• What are some common muscular disorders?
• What are some serious muscle diseases?
• How do the skeletal and muscular system help maintain
homeostasis?
• How are these 2 systems related to other systems in maintaining
homeostasis?
Poin-poin perimbangan
• Apakah tiga tipe dari jaringan otot?
• Apakah fungsi dari jaringan otot itu?
• Bagaimana ciri-ciri otot dan apa otot dalam tubuh manusia?
• Bagaimana otot rangka itu dan struktur serat ototnya?
• Bagaimana otot rangka melakukan kontaksi?
• Bagaimana kerja sel otot rangka memperoleh ATP untuk kontraksi?
• Apa itu rigor mortis?
• Apakah beberapa penyakit yang lazim pada otot?
• Apakah beberapa penyakit serius otot?
• Bagaimana kerja tulang dan sistem muskular dalam membantu
memelihara homeostatis?
• Bagaimana kedua sistem itu berhubungan ke sistem yang lainnya
dalam memelihara homeostatis?
12.1 Overview of the muscular system
Review: 3 types of muscle tissue

• Smooth – involuntary muscle found in hollow
organs and vessels
• Cardiac – involuntary muscle found in the heart
• Skeletal – voluntary muscle that is attached to
the skeleton Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle

• has narrow cilindrical fibers, • has striated, branched, • has striated, tubular,
nonstriated and uninucleate. generally uninucleated fibers. multinucleated fibers.
• occurs in walls of internal organs. • occurs in walls of heart. • is usually attached to skeleton.
• is involuntary. • is involuntary. • is voluntary.
© Ed Reschke
Tinjauan: 3 tipe dari jaringan otot

• Otot Polos – otot diluar kemauan terdapat
didalam rongga tubuh dan pembuluh-pembuluh
• Otot Jantung – Otot diluar kemauan terdapat di
jantung
• Otot rangka– Otot menurut kemauan itu melekat
pada rangka
Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle

• has narrow cilindrical fibers, • has striated, branched, • has striated, tubular,
nonstriated and uninucleate. generally uninucleated fibers. multinucleated fibers.
• occurs in walls of internal organs. • occurs in walls of heart. • is usually attached to skeleton.
• is involuntary. • is involuntary. • is voluntary.
© Ed Reschke
What are the functions of skeletal

muscles?
1. Support the body by allowing us to stay upright
2. Allow for movement by attaching to the
skeleton
3. Help maintain a constant body temperature
4. Assist in movement in the cardiovascular and
lymphatic vessels
5. Protect internal organs and stabilize joints
Apakah fungsi dari otot rangka?
1. Membantu tubuh kita agar tetap pada posisi

tegak lurus
2. Memungkinkan untuk dapat bergerak dengan
terdapatnya pada rangka
3. Membantu memelihara kestabilan temperatur
tubuh
4. Membantu pergerakan pada jantung dan
pembuluh darah serta limpha
5. Menjaga organ dalam dan ikut menstabilkan
persendian
How are skeletal muscles arranged?

• Attachments:
• Tendon – connective tissue that connects muscle to
bone
• Origin – attachment of a muscle on a stationary bone
• Insertion – attachment of a muscle on a bone that
moves
• Action:
• Antagonistic – muscles that work in opposite pairs
• Synergistic – muscles working in groups for a
common action
Bagaimana penyusunan otot rangka?

• Alat-alat :
• Tendon (Urat) – Penghubung jaringan agar
menghubungkan otot pada tulang
• Origin (pangkal) – Alat pelengkap dari otot pada
sebuah tulang stasioner (tidak dapat bergerak)
• Insertion (Sisipan) - Alat pelengkap dari otot pada
sebuah tulang agar bergerak
• Gerak :
• Antagonis – Otot yang bekerja sepasang berlawanan
• Sinergik – otot yang bekerja secara kelompok untuk
sebuah gerakan pada keadaan yang biasa
An example of muscle arrangement
tendon
origin
biceps brachii
(contracted)
triceps brachii
(relaxed)
humerus
radius insertion
ulna
b.
Sebuah contoh dari susunan otot
tendon
origin
biceps brachii
(contracted)
triceps brachii
(relaxed)
humerus
radius insertion
ulna
b.
Examples of how skeletal muscles

are named
• Size – the gluteus maximus is the largest buttock muscle
• Shape – the deltoid is triangular (Greek letter delta is Δ)
• Location – the frontalis overlies the frontal bone
• Direction of muscle fiber – the rectus abdominus (rectus means

straight)
• Attachment – the brachioradialis is attached to the brachium and

radium
• Number of attachments – the biceps brachii has two attachments
• Action – the extensor digitorum extends the digits

Contoh-contoh dari bagaimana otot rangka

diciri-cirikan
• Ukuran – Gluteus maksimus adalah otot bokong yang berukuran
paling besar
• Bentuk – deltoit adalah berbentuk segitiga (bahasa yunani

bertuliskan delta adalah Δ)
• Lokasi – paling depan di tulang depan
• Utama dari serat otot – rectus abdominus ( rektus artiya lurus)
• Alat pelengakap – branchioradialis adalah alat untuk brachium dan

radium
• Jumlah dari alat pelengkap – otot lengan berkepala dua (biceps

brachii) memiliki dua alat perlekatan
• Gerakan – ekstensor digitorum itu memperluas ukuran

Muscles of the human body

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Orbicularis oculi:
blinking, winking,
responsible for Masseter: Trapezius:
crow’s feet a chewing muscle; raises scapula, as when
clenches teeth shrugging shoulders;
Orbicularis oris: pulls head backward
“kissing” muscle Deltoid:
brings arm away Latissimus dorsi:
Pectoralis major:
from the side of brings arm down
brings arm forward
body; moves arm and backward
and across chest
up and down in behind the body
Serratus front
anterior: Biceps brachii: Triceps brachii:
pulls the scapula bends forearm at straightens
(shoulder blade) forearm at elbow
elbow
forward, as in
pushing or Rectus abdominis:
punching bends vertebral Extensor carpi
group:
External
column; compresses
straightens wrist
oblique: abdomen and hand
compresses Flexor carpi
abdomen; group: Extensor
rotation of bends wrist digitorum:
trunk straightens
and hand
fingers and wrist
Adductor longus:
moves thigh toward Gluteus maximus:
Quadriceps femoris: midline; raises thigh extends thigh back
straightens leg at
knee; raises thigh Sartorius:
raises and laterally rotates Biceps femoris:
Tibialis anterior: thigh; raises and rotates leg bends leg at knee;
turns foot upward, as extends thigh back
close to body; these
when walking on heels combined actions occur Gastrocnemius:
when “crossing legs” or turns foot
kicking across, as in soccer downward, as when
Extensor digitorum
standing on toes;
longus: Limbs bends leg at knee
raises toes; raises foot
arm: above the elbow
forearm: below the elbow Achilles tendon
a. thigh: above the knee
leg: below the knee b.
Otot pada tubuh manusia

Orbicularis oculi:
blinking, winking,
responsible for Masseter: Trapezius:
crow’s feet a chewing muscle; raises scapula, as when
clenches teeth shrugging shoulders;
Orbicularis oris: pulls head backward
“kissing” muscle Deltoid:
brings arm away Latissimus dorsi:
Pectoralis major:
from the side of brings arm down
brings arm forward
body; moves arm and backward
and across chest
up and down in behind the body
Serratus front
anterior: Biceps brachii: Triceps brachii:
pulls the scapula bends forearm at straightens
(shoulder blade) forearm at elbow
elbow
forward, as in
pushing or Rectus abdominis:
punching bends vertebral Extensor carpi
group:
External
column; compresses
straightens wrist
oblique: abdomen and hand
compresses Flexor carpi
abdomen; group: Extensor
rotation of bends wrist digitorum:
trunk straightens
and hand
fingers and wrist
Adductor longus:
moves thigh toward Gluteus maximus:
Quadriceps femoris: midline; raises thigh extends thigh back
straightens leg at
knee; raises thigh Sartorius:
raises and laterally rotates Biceps femoris:
Tibialis anterior: thigh; raises and rotates leg bends leg at knee;
turns foot upward, as extends thigh back
close to body; these
when walking on heels combined actions occur Gastrocnemius:
when “crossing legs” or turns foot
kicking across, as in soccer downward, as when
Extensor digitorum
standing on toes;
longus: Limbs bends leg at knee
raises toes; raises foot
arm: above the elbow
forearm: below the elbow Achilles tendon
a. thigh: above the knee
leg: below the knee b.
12.2 Skeletal muscle fiber contraction
Muscle fibers/cells
• Terminology for cell structure
– The plasma membrane is called the sarcolemma
– The cytoplasm is called the sarcoplasm
– The SER of a muscle cell is called the sarcoplasmic reticulum
and stores calcium
• Terminology for structure within a whole muscle

– Muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called fascicles
– Myofibrils are a bundle of myofilaments that run the length of a
fiber
– Myofilaments are proteins (actin and myosin) that are arranged
in repeating units
– Sarcomeres are the repeating units of actin and myosin found
along a myofibril
Serat otot/ sel-sel

• Terminologi dari struktur sel
– Membran plasma disebut sarcolemma
– Sitoplasma disebut sarcoplasma
– SER dari sebuah sel otot disebut sarcoplasmic reticulum dan
penghasil kalsium
• Terminologi dari struktur dalam sebuah keseluruhan otot

– Serat otot adalah penyusun dalam ikatan-ikatan disebut fesikel-
fesikel
– Miofibril adalah sebuah ikatan dari miofilament itu bergerak di
sepanjang serat
– Miofilament adalah protein (aktin dan miosin) penyusun dalam
penggandaan unit-unit
– Sarkomer adalah penggandaan unit-unit dari aktin dan miosin
yang terdapat disepanjang sebuah miofibril
Visualizing muscle structure

A muscle contains
bundles of muscle
fibers, and a muscle
fiber has many
myofibrils.
bundle of
muscle cells
(fibers)
sarcolemma
mitochondrion
one myofibril
sarcoplasm
skeletal
muscle myofilament
cell
(fiber)
Z line one sarcomere Z line
sarcoplasmic
T tubule nucleus
reticulum
A myofibril has many sarcomeres.

Gambar visual struktur otot

A muscle contains
bundles of muscle
fibers, and a muscle
fiber has many
myofibrils.
bundle of
muscle cells
(fibers)
sarcolemma
mitochondrion
one myofibril
sarcoplasm
skeletal
muscle myofilament
cell
(fiber)
Z line one sarcomere Z line
sarcoplasmic
T tubule nucleus
reticulum
A myofibril has many sarcomeres.

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The sarcomere
• Made of two protein
myofilaments cross-
bridge
– Myosin: are the thick myosin
filaments shaped like actin
a golf club Sarcomeres are relaxed.

H zone
A band I band
– Actin: are the thin Z line
filaments
– These filaments slide Sarcomeres are contracted.
over one another

during muscle (gymnast): © Corbis RF; (myofi bril): © Biology Media/Photo Researchers, Inc.
contraction
Sarkomer
• Terbuat dari dua protein
miofilament
– Miosin: adalah bagian cross-
bridge
tengah filament myosin
berbentuk seperti actin
sebuah alat pemukul Sarcomeres are relaxed.

H zone
golf Z line
A band I band
– Aktin : adalah bagian

tipis filament
Sarcomeres are contracted.
– Filament ini
mendorong secara (gymnast): © Corbis RF; (myofi bril): © Biology Media/Photo Researchers, Inc.
berlebihan satu yang

lainnya selama otot
berkontraksi
The beginning of muscle contraction: The

sliding filament model
1. Nerve impulses travel down motor neurons to
a neuromuscular junction
2. Acetylcholine (ACh) is released from the

neurons and bind to the muscle fibers
3. This binding stimulates fibers causing calcium

to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticula
Permulaan kontraksi otot : Mendorong

contoh filament
1. Impuls saraf berjalan turun menuju neuron
motorik ke sebuah fungsional neuromuskular
2. Asetilkolin (Ach) adalah pelepasan dari neuron

dan mengikat serat serat otot
3. Mengikat serat rangsangan ini dikarenakan

kalsium pelepasan dari retikula sarkoplasmik
The beginning of muscle contraction

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or
display.
skeletal muscle fiber
axon branch
axon terminal
synaptic
vesicle
a. One motor axon goes to synaptic
several muscle fibers. cleft
acetylcholine
(ACh)
axon terminal
synaptic vesicle
synaptic cleft folded
sarcolemma
sarcolemma
ACh receptor
b. A synaptic cleft exists between an axon terminalc. Neurotransmitter (ACh) diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to
and a muscle fiber. receptors in sarcolemma.
a: © Victor B. Eichler
Permulaan kontraksi otot

skeletal muscle fiber
axon branch
axon terminal
synaptic
vesicle
a. One motor axon goes to synaptic
several muscle fibers. cleft
acetylcholine
(ACh)
axon terminal
synaptic vesicle
synaptic cleft folded
sarcolemma
sarcolemma
ACh receptor
b. A synaptic cleft exists between an axon terminalc. Neurotransmitter (ACh) diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to
and a muscle fiber. receptors in sarcolemma.
a: © Victor B. Eichler
Muscle contraction continued…

4. Released calcium combines with troponin, a molecule
associated with actin
5. This causes the tropomyosin threads around actin to

shift and expose myosin binding sites
6. Myosin heads bind to these sites forming cross-bridges
7. ATP bind to the myosin heads and is used as energy to

pull the actin filaments towards the center of the
sarcomere = contraction now occurs
Muscle contraction continued…

Kontraksi otot selanjutnya….
4. Pelepasan kalsium menyatu dengan troponin, sebuah
molekul yang menghubungkan dengan aktin
5. Ini dikarenakan benang tropomiosin disekitar aktin
berubah dan membuka tempat ikatan miosin
6. Kepala miosin mengikat tempat tersebut untuk
membentuk penyebrangan - jembatan
7. Pengikat ATP oleh kepala miosin dan
menggunakannya sebagai energi untuk menarik
filament aktin ke arah tengah dari sarkomer = kontraksi
sekarang terjadi
Visualizing the role of calcium and myosin in

muscle contraction Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
actin filament troponin myosin binding sites

Ca2+
Ca2+
tropomyosin Troponin-Ca2+ complex pulls tropomyosin

away, exposing myosin binding sites.
a. Function of Ca2+
actin filament
P ADP
myosin
filament myosin head
cross-bridge
1. ATP is split when myosin

head is unattached.
ATP
2. ADP + P are bound to

4. Binding of fresh ATP causes myosin myosin as myosin head
head to return to resting position. attaches to actin.
myosin
heads
actin
3. Upon ADP + P release

power stroke occurs:
head bends and pulls actin.
b. Function of myosin
What role does ATP play in muscle

contraction and rigor mortis?
• ATP is needed to attach and detach the myosin heads
from actin
• After death muscle cells continue to produce ATP

through fermentation and muscle cells can continue to
contract
• When ATP runs out some myosin heads are still

attached and cannot unattach = rigor mortis
• Body temperature and rigor mortis helps to estimate

the time of death
Apa peran ATP dalam proses kontarksi otot

dan pengerasan mortis?
• ATP dibutuhkan untuk melekatkan dan melepas
kepala miosin dari aktin
• Setelah kematian sel otot selanjutnya menghasilkan

ATP melalui fermentasi dan sel otot dapat selanjutnya
berkontraksi
• Ketika ATP berjalan keluar, beberapa kepala miosin

menyuling pengikatan dan tidak dapat mengikat =
pengerasan mortis
• temperatur tubuh dan pengerasan mortis membantu

untuk memperkirakan waktu mati
12.3 Whole muscle contraction
Terms in whole muscle contraction

• Motor unit – a nerve fiber and all of the muscle fibers it
stimulates
• Muscle twitch – a single contraction lasting a fraction of

a second
• Summation – an increase in muscle contraction until

the maximal sustained contraction is reached
• Tetanus – maximal sustained contraction
• Tone – a continuous, partial contraction of alternate

muscle fibers causing the muscle to look firm
Istilah-istilah dalam seluruh kontraksi

• Motor unit – sebuah serat saraf dan semua serat yang
merangsang
• Muscle twitch – a single contraction lasting a fraction of

a second
• Kejang otot – sebuah kontraksi tunggal bertahan
selama sebuah pecahan dalam waktu per sekon
• Penyajian terakhir – sebuah pertambahan dalam

kontraksi otot hingga mendukung kontraksi otot
menjadi maksimal tercapai
• Tetanus – dukungan kontarksi berlebih
• Bunyi – sebuah kelanjutan, sebagian kontraksi

pengganti serat otot menyebabkan otot terlihat kaku
Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction

Force
contraction relaxation
period period
latent
period
Stimulus
a.
tetanus
summation
fatigue
Force
Stimuli
Time
b.
Fisiologi dari kontraksi oto
Force
contraction relaxation
period period
latent
period
Stimulus
a.
tetanus
summation
fatigue
Force
Stimuli
Time
b.
Where are the fuel sources for muscle

contraction?
• Stored in the muscle: Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display
– Glycogen
fatty acids use
Percentage of Energy Expenditure

– Fat increasing
100
muscle triglycerides
• In the blood: 80
– Glucose 60
plasma fatty acids
– Fatty acids
40
blood glucose
20
muscle glycogen
0
0 1 2 3 4
Exercise Time (hr)
Dimana sumber bahan bakar untuk

kontraksi oto
• Penyedia dalam otot :

fatty acids use
– Glikogen
Percentage of Energy Expenditure

increasing
– Lemak 100
muscle triglycerides
80
• Dalam darah : 60
plasma fatty acids
– Glukosa
40
– Asam lemak blood glucose
20
muscle glycogen
0
0 1 2 3 4
Exercise Time (hr)
What are the sources of ATP for

muscle contraction?
• Limited amounts of ATP are stored in muscle fibers
• Creatine phosphate pathway (CP) – fastest way to

acquire ATP but only sustains a cell for seconds; builds
up when a muscle is resting
• Fermentation – fast-acting but results in lactate build up
• Cellular respiration (aerobic) – not an immediate

source of ATP but the best long term source
Apa sumber dari ATP untuk

kontarksi otot?
• Membatasi jumlah ATP adalah penyedia serat otot
• Celah fospat kreatin (CP) – jalan yang paling cepat

untuk memperoleh ATP tapi hanya menopang sebuah
sel untuk penyokong ;bertambah ketika sebuah otot
beristirahat
• Fermentasi – cepat-tindakan tapi hasil dalam

membangun laktat
• Cellular respiration (aerobic) – not an immediate

source of ATP but the best long term source
• Respirasi sellular (aerobik)- tidak dengan segera
sumber ATP tapi panjang terbaik masa sumber
Acquiring ATP for muscle contraction

Anaerobic Anaerobic Aerobic
creatine glycogen or
glycogen
phosphate fatty acids
O2
fermentation
creatine lactate CO2 + H2O
+ + +
ATP ATP ATP
a. b. c.
Memperoleh ATP untuk kontarksi otot
Anaerobic Anaerobic Aerobic
creatine glycogen or
glycogen
phosphate fatty acids
O2
fermentation
creatine lactate CO2 + H2O
+ + +
ATP ATP ATP
a. b. c.
Muscle fibers come in two forms

• Fast-twitch fibers: • Slow-twitch fibers:
- rely on CP and – Rely on aerobic
fermentation respiration
(anaerobic) – Designed for
- Designed for strength endurance
Light in color – Dark in color
- Few mitochondria – Many mitochondria
- Little or no myoglobin – Myoglobin
- Fewer blood vessels – Many blood vessels
than slow-twitch
Serat otot menjadi dua bentuk

• Cepat-serat kejang: • Lambat-serat kontraksi:
- Mengandalkan pada – Mengandalkan pada
CP dan fermentasi respirasi aerobik
(anaerobik) – Terbentuk untuk
- terbentuk untuk dauya tahan
kekuatan cahaya – Gelap dalam warna
dalam warna – Banyak mitikondria
- Beberapa – Banyak Mioglobin
mitokondria
– Banyak pembuluh
- Sedikit atau pada darah
mioglobin
- Pembuluh darah
lebih sedikit daripada
lambat-kejang
Types of muscle fibers

fast-twitch slow-twitch
fibers fibers
Fast-twitch muscle fiber Slow-twitch muscle fiber

• is anaerobic • is aerobic
• has explosive power • has steady power
• fatigues easily • has endurance
(man): © Lawrence Manning/Corbis; (muscle fibers): © G.W. Willis/Visuals Unlimited; (woman): © Corbis RF
Jenis dari serat otot

fast-twitch slow-twitch
fibers fibers
Fast-twitch muscle fiber Slow-twitch muscle fiber

• is anaerobic • is aerobic
• has explosive power • has steady power
• fatigues easily • has endurance
(man): © Lawrence Manning/Corbis; (muscle fibers): © G.W. Willis/Visuals Unlimited; (woman): © Corbis RF
Health focus: Benefits of exercise

• Increases muscle strength, endurance and flexibility
• Increases cardiorespiratory endurance
• HDL increases thus improving cardiovascular health
• Proportion of protein to fat increases favorably
• May prevent certain cancers : colon, breast, cervical, uterine and

ovarian
• Improve density of bones thus decreasing the likelihood of

osteoporosis
• Enhances mood and may relieve depression

Pusat kesehatan: manfaat dari latihan

• Menambah kekuatan otot, daya tahan dan kelenturan
• Meningkatkan respirasi jantung, daya tahan
• Meningkatkan HDL sehingga meningkatkan kesehatan jantung
• Bagian protein untuk menambah lemak dengan baik
• Memungkinkan mencegah kanker tertentu: usus payudara, tulang

leher dan ovarium
• Memperbaiki kepadatan tulang sehingga mengurangi

kemungkinan osteoporosis
• Meningkatkan suasana hati dan mungkin mengurangi depresi

Health focus: Exercise
ADP ATP
creatine phosphate creatine

12.4 Muscle disorders
Common muscle disorders

• Spasms – sudden, involuntary muscle
contractions that are usually painful
• Seizure – multiple spasms of skeletal muscles
• Cramps – strong, painful spasms often of the
leg and foot
• Strain – stretching or tearing of a muscle
• Sprain – twisting of a joint involving muscles,
ligaments, tendons, blood vessels and nerves
Penyakit otot yang umum terjadi

• Kejang – mendadak, kontaksi otot diluar
kemauan itu biasanya menyakitkan
• Penyitaan - kelipatan kekejangan dari otot
rangka
• Kram – kuat, kejang yang menyakitkan sering
pada kaki dan telapak kaki
• Tegang - meregangkan atau menyobek otot
• Keseleo – salah urat pada tulang sendi yang
menyertakan otot, ikatan sendi,urat,pembuluh
darah dan saraf
Muscular diseases
• Fibromyalgia – chronic achy muscles that is not well
understood
• Muscular dystrophy – group of genetic disorders in

which muscles progressively degenerate and weaken
• Myasthenia gravis – autoimmune disorder that attacks

ACh receptor and weakens muscles of the face, neck
and extremities
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) – commonly known

as Lou Gehrig’s disease in which motor neurons
degenerate and die leading to loss of voluntary muscle
movement
Penyakit otot
• Fibromyalgia – sakit otot kronis itu tidak mudah untuk
dimengerti
• Distropi otot – kelompok genetik tidak teratur dalam

otot semakin merosot dan lemah
• Myasthenia gravis – penaykit autoimun melemahkan

reseptor Ach dan melemahkan otot wajah,leher,dan
kaki tangan
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) – biasanya

diketahuai sebagai Lou Gehrig’s penyakit dalam
neoron motorik menurun dan mati kehilangan irama
otot dengan sengaja
12.5 Homeostasis
Homeostasis: the skeletal and muscular

systems
• Both systems are involved with movement that allows
us to respond to stimuli, digestion of food, return of
blood to the heart and moving air in and out of the
lungs
• Both systems protect body parts
• Bones store and release calcium needed for muscle

contraction and nerve impulse conduction
• Blood cells are produced in the bone
• Muscles help maintain body temperature

12.5 Homeostasis
Homeostasis : rangka dan sistem muskular

(otot)
• Kedua sistem meliputi dengan pergerakan
memungkinkan kita untuk membalas stimuli, mencerna
makanan, kembalinya darah ke jantung dan
pergerakan udara masuk dan keluar dari paru-paru
• Kedua sistem menjaga bagian tubuh
• Kekuatantukang dan pelepasan kalsium dibutuhkan

untuk kontraksi dan pengantaran impuls saraf
• Sel darah diproduksi dalam tulang
• Otot membantu memelihara temperatur tubuh

12.5 Homeostasis
How the skeletal and muscular systems
interact with other body systems
The muscular and skeletal systems work Nervous System

together to maintain homeostasis. The
systems listed here in particular also Bones store Ca2+ needed for muscle
work with these two systems. contraction and nerve impulse conduction.
The nervous system stimulates muscles and
sends sensory input from joints to the brain.
Muscular and Skeletal Systems Muscle contraction moves eyes, permits
speech, and creates facial expressions.
These systems allow the body to move, and
they provide support and protection for internal
organs. Muscle contraction provides heat to Endocrine System
warm the body; bones play a role in Ca2+
Growth hormone and sex hormones regulate
balance. These systems specifically help the
bone and muscle development; parathyroid
other systems as mentioned below.
hormone and calcitonin regulate Ca2+ content
of bones.
Cardiovascular System
Red bone marrow produces the blood cells. Respiratory System

The rib cage protects the heart; red bone The rib cage protects lungs, and rib cage
marrow stores Ca2+ for blood clotting. Muscle movement assists breathing, as does muscle
contraction keeps blood moving in the heart contraction. Breathing provides the oxygen
and blood vessels, particularly the veins. needed for ATP production so muscles can
move.
Urinary System
Reproductive System
Muscle contraction moves the fluid within
ureters, bladder, and urethra. Kidneys activate Muscle contraction moves gametes in
vitamin D needed for Ca2+ absorption and help oviducts, and uterine contraction occurs
maintain the blood level of Ca2+ for bone during childbirth. Sex hormones influence
growth and repair, and for muscle contraction. bone growth and density; androgens promote
muscle growth.
Digestive System
Jaws contain teeth that chew food; the hyoid

bone assists swallowing. Muscle contraction
accounts for chewing of food and peristalsis
to move food along digestive tract. The
digestive tract absorbs ions needed for strong
bones and muscle contraction.
12.5 Homeostasis
Bagaimana tulang dan sistem otot
berhubungan dengan sistem tubuh lainnya
The muscular and skeletal systems work Nervous System

together to maintain homeostasis. The Bones store Ca2+ needed for muscle
systems listed here in particular also contraction and nerve impulse conduction.
work with these two systems. The nervous system stimulates muscles and
sends sensory input from joints to the brain.
Muscle contraction moves eyes, permits
Muscular and Skeletal Systems
speech, and creates facial expressions.
These systems allow the body to move, and
they provide support and protection for internal
organs. Muscle contraction provides heat to Endocrine System
warm the body; bones play a role in Ca2+
Growth hormone and sex hormones regulate
balance. These systems specifically help the
bone and muscle development; parathyroid
other systems as mentioned below.
hormone and calcitonin regulate Ca2+ content
of bones.
Cardiovascular System
Red bone marrow produces the blood cells. Respiratory System

The rib cage protects the heart; red bone The rib cage protects lungs, and rib cage
marrow stores Ca2+ for blood clotting. Muscle movement assists breathing, as does muscle
contraction keeps blood moving in the heart contraction. Breathing provides the oxygen
and blood vessels, particularly the veins. needed for ATP production so muscles can
move.
Urinary System
Reproductive System
Muscle contraction moves the fluid within
ureters, bladder, and urethra. Kidneys activate Muscle contraction moves gametes in
vitamin D needed for Ca2+ absorption and help oviducts, and uterine contraction occurs
maintain the blood level of Ca2+ for bone during childbirth. Sex hormones influence
growth and repair, and for muscle contraction. bone growth and density; androgens promote
muscle growth.
Digestive System
Jaws contain teeth that chew food; the hyoid

bone assists swallowing. Muscle contraction
accounts for chewing of food and peristalsis
to move food along digestive tract. The
digestive tract absorbs ions needed for strong
bones and muscle contraction.
12.5 Homeostasis
Bioethical focus: Anabolic steroids?

• Anabolic steroids are a group of steroids that usually increase
protein production
• Most common side effects are high blood pressure, jaundice, acne
and great increased risk of cancer
• Abuse of these drugs may also cause impotence and shrinking of

the testicles
• May lead to increased aggressiveness and violent mood swings
• Are they worth the risk?
• Should they be legal to use in athletics?

12.5 Homeostasis
Pusat Bioethical : steroid anabolik?

• Anabolik steroid adalah gabungan dari steroid-steroid yang
biasanya meningkatkan produksi protein
• Biasanya sebagian besar efek samping dalah tekanan darah naik,

penyakit kuning, dan menambah kemungkinan besar resiko
kanker
• Penyalahgunaan narkoba juga mungkin menyebabkan

ketidakmampuan dan penyusutan pada testis
• Kemungkinan petunjuk untuk penambahan keagresifan dan irama

perasaan menjadi gerang
• Apakah itu harga dari resiko?
• Dapatkah mereka membolehkan digunakn dalam keolahragaan?

12 Mader - Muscular System

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12 Mader - Muscular System

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Chapter 12

Review: 3 types of muscle tissue

Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle

Tinjauan: 3 tipe dari jaringan otot

Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle

What are the functions of skeletal

Apakah fungsi dari otot rangka?

1. Membantu tubuh kita agar tetap pada posisi

How are skeletal muscles arranged?

Bagaimana penyusunan otot rangka?

An example of muscle arrangement

Sebuah contoh dari susunan otot

Examples of how skeletal muscles

• Shape – the deltoid is triangular (Greek letter delta is Δ)

• Location – the frontalis overlies the frontal bone

• Direction of muscle fiber – the rectus abdominus (rectus means

• Attachment – the brachioradialis is attached to the brachium and

• Number of attachments – the biceps brachii has two attachments

• Action – the extensor digitorum extends the digits

Contoh-contoh dari bagaimana otot rangka

• Bentuk – deltoit adalah berbentuk segitiga (bahasa yunani

• Lokasi – paling depan di tulang depan

• Utama dari serat otot – rectus abdominus ( rektus artiya lurus)

• Alat pelengakap – branchioradialis adalah alat untuk brachium dan

• Jumlah dari alat pelengkap – otot lengan berkepala dua (biceps

• Gerakan – ekstensor digitorum itu memperluas ukuran

Muscles of the human body

Otot pada tubuh manusia

• Terminology for structure within a whole muscle

Serat otot/ sel-sel

• Terminologi dari struktur dalam sebuah keseluruhan otot

Visualizing muscle structure

Z line one sarcomere Z line

A myofibril has many sarcomeres.

Gambar visual struktur otot

Z line one sarcomere Z line

A myofibril has many sarcomeres.

– Myosin: are the thick myosin

filaments shaped like actin

a golf club Sarcomeres are relaxed.

over one another

tengah filament myosin

berbentuk seperti actin

sebuah alat pemukul Sarcomeres are relaxed.

– Aktin : adalah bagian

berlebihan satu yang

The beginning of muscle contraction: The

2. Acetylcholine (ACh) is released from the

3. This binding stimulates fibers causing calcium

Permulaan kontraksi otot : Mendorong

2. Asetilkolin (Ach) adalah pelepasan dari neuron

3. Mengikat serat rangsangan ini dikarenakan

The beginning of muscle contraction

Permulaan kontraksi otot

Muscle contraction continued…

5. This causes the tropomyosin threads around actin to

6. Myosin heads bind to these sites forming cross-bridges

7. ATP bind to the myosin heads and is used as energy to

Muscle contraction continued…

Visualizing the role of calcium and myosin in

actin filament troponin myosin binding sites

tropomyosin Troponin-Ca2+ complex pulls tropomyosin

1. ATP is split when myosin

2. ADP + P are bound to