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Modulation Formats
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The rst step in the design of an optical communication systems is to decide how the electrical
signal should be converted into an bit stream. There are two typical choices for the modulation
format of the signal:

return-to-zero (RZ)

nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ)

Examples of the modulation formats are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Modulation Formats

In the RZ formats, each pulse representing bit 1 is shorter than the bit slot, and its amplitude
returns to zero before the bit duration is over (see Figure 3). In the NRZ format, the pulse
remains on throughout the bit slot and its amplitude does not drop to zero between two or more
successive 1 bits (see Figure 2). As a result, pulse width varies depending on the bit pattern,
whereas it remains the same in the case of RZ format.

Figure 2: NRZ – Time

Figure 3: RZ – Time

An advantage of the NRZ format is that the bandwidth associated with the bit stream is
smaller than that of the RZ format by about a factor of 2, because on-oD transitions occur
fewer times (see Figure 4 and Figure 5).
Figure 4: NRZ – Frequency

Figure 5: RZ – Frequency

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