_________________________ _____________________ : Complete network of organs and vessels

through which blood flows to carry OXYGEN and NUTRIENTS to all parts of the body.

Arteries: carry blood away from heart (arterioles) collect blood

Veins: carry blood back to heart (venules) pump blood

Capillaries: minute blood vessels for CO2, O2 exchange

***Coronary arteries and veins: carries blood to the heart / carries blood away from
the heart

PULMONARY CIRCULATION: right side pumps

SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION: left side pumps

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• American Heart Association: A New Focus in care

• Focus on ideal cardiovascular health (ICH)
• Absence of clinical indicators of CVD
• Presence of 7 positive behavior and health metrics:
1. Not smoking
2. Sufficient physical activity
3. A healthy diet
4. An appropriate energy balance and normal body weight
5. Have optimal cholesterol levels without medication
6. Have optimal blood pressure without medication
7. Have optimal fasting blood glucose without medication

• Hypertension (HTN) : The Silent Killer

• Damages blood vessels
• Can cause heart to enlarge
• Causes kidney damage
• Contributes to vision loss, memory problems, and erectile dysfunction
• 47% of Americans have HTN
• Blood pressure
• Force exerted by blood against vessel wall
1. Systolic (during contraction)
2. Diastolic (during relaxation)
3. “Normal”: 120/80

• Atherosclerosis
• Fatty substances (plaque) build up in the inner lining of an artery
• Can cause pain or pressure (angina)
• Reduces blood flow, oxygen (ischemia)

• Coronary Heart Disease

• Leading form of CVD
• Narrowing of coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart

• Heart Attack/Myocardial Infarction (MI)

• Permanent damage to an area of the heart due to blocked blood supply
• Often brought on by
• Thrombus (stationary clot)
• Embolus (traveling clot)
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• Signs and Symptoms of a Heart Attack

(Myocardial Infarction/MI)

• Collateral Cirvulation
• Adaptation of the heart to partial,
minor damage
• Rerouting blood through unused or
underused vessels
• Stroke aka Cerebrovascular accident
• Occurs when blood supply to the brain
is interrupted
• Types
• Ischemic
1. Transient ischemic attack
(TIA)
• Hemorrhagic
1. Aneurysm
• Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)
-Atherosclerosis in the arms, legs, calves, feet producing symptoms
-Risk factors: inflammation, high LDL, high BP, smoking
• Intermittent claudication
• Worse with walking
• Better with rest
• Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)
• Severe pain
• Risk factors: smoking, birth control, recent long trip (sitting for long periods)
• Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
• Damaged heart
• Can’t pump enough blood
• Fluids accumulate in body
• Made worse by __________________
• Arrhythmias
• An irregularity in heart rhythm
• _________________________
 Abnormally fast heartbeat
• _____________________________
 Abnormally slow heartbeat
• __________________________
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 A sporadic, quivering pattern resulting in inefficiency

 May be fatal
• Excessive caffeine, nicotine, and other recreational drugs are __________________
• Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)
• Signs: 1) Elevated blood triglycerides
2) Reduced blood HDL Cholesterol
3) Elevated fasting blood glucose
4) Elevated blood pressure
5) Elevated waist circumference
• Congenital Heart Defects
• Problem is present at birth
• Murmurs
• Rheumatic heart disease
• 32,000 infants each year in the US
• ______________________________ Risk Factors
• Age
• Gender
• Genetics and Family History
• Ethnicity
• Postmenopausal Status
• Major ___________________ Risk Factors
• Tobacco & Alcohol Use
• Hypertension
• Cholesterol Levels
• Physical Inactivity
• Obesity (dietary habits)
• Diabetes (Type II)
• Infection
• Psychological stress