Explain the input devices?

Input devices are used to capture the data and transmit it to the
computer system for further processing and in computer readable
form. Some of the input devices are as under.

Keyboard Devices:
• Keyboard devices are the most commonly used devices
today.
• They are used for data entry into a computer system by
pressing a set of keys, which is connected to a computer
system.
• Programs and data are entered into a computer
through a keyboard.
• A keyboard is similar to a typewriter it contains
Alphabets, digits, special charters and some control
keys.
• When a key is pressed an electrical signal is produced
which is detected by an electronic circuit called keyboard
encoder.
• Its function is to detect which key has been pressed and
send binary code for it.

What is scanner?

Data scanning devices are input devices, which are used

for direct entry into the computer system from source
documents. Data Scanning Devices are of many types:

• Image Scanner:
 An Image scanner is an input device,
 Which translates paper documents into an electronic
 format
 Which can be stored in a computer
 The Input document may be text, pictures and even
handwritten material.
 The copy of a document stored in a computer and can be
displayed or printed whenever desired.

Two common used types are:

Flatbed Scanner:

• A Flatbed Scanner is like a copy machine, which consists

of box having glass plate on the top.
• The document to be scanned is placed upside down on
the glass plate the light is below the glass plate and moves
horizontally from left to right when activated.
• After scanning one line the light beam moves up a
little and scans a next line.
• This process is repeated for all the lines.

Hand-held scanner:

• A Hand-held scanner to scan a document, the scanner is

slowly dragged from one end of the document to
its other end with its lights on.
• The scanner has to be dragged very carefully over the
document.
• Otherwise the conversion of the document into its equivalent
bitmap will not be correct due to this reason hand-held
scanners are used only in cases where high accuracy is not
needed.
• They also much cheaper as compared to flatbed scanners.
• When image scanners are used for inputting text documents,
they have the following limitations:
 • Input document is stored as an image, instead of
text. The computer can't interpret the stored document as
numbers characters and special symbols.
• The storage required for storing the documents
as an image is much more than that required for
storing the same document as a text.

Point-and-Draw Devices:

Mouse:

• Mouse is the most popular point-and-draw device today.

• A mouse is also called a pointing device.
• It moves across a flat surface with the help of tracking balls.
• Its movement and the direction of the movement are detected by two
rotating wheels on the underside of the mouse called sensors.

Light Pen:

A Light pen is a pointing device. It is used to select and write the text on the CRT. It
is capable of sensing a position on the CRT screen when its tip touches the screen.

Joystick:

• A Joystick is also a pointing device.

• It is used to move the cursor position on the CRT screen.
• Its function is similar to that of a mouse.
• It is a stick which has spherical ball at its lower-end as well as its
upper-end.
• The lower spherical ball moves a socket.
• The joystick can be moved right or left, forward and backward.
• Mainly used in playing 3D games.
• On most joysticks, a button on the top is provided to select the option.

Touch Screen:

• A Touch screen enables the users to choose from available options by simply
touching with their fingers the desired icon or menu displayed on
the computer screen.
• Touch screens are mostly preferred human-computer interface devices
 used in information kiosks.
• Which is used to store information of public interests
• Allows common people to access the stored information as per their
requirements?
• Example:
• At an Airport or a railway station to provide information to arriving
passengers about hotels, tourist sports etc. in the city.
• In large museums it guides about various attractions and facilities.

OCR (Optical Character Reader):

• The OCR technology is used to overcome these limitations.

• In this, the scanner is equipped with character reorganization software called
OCR software. This software first creates the bitmap image of the document
and then the OCR software translates it into ASCII text, which the computer
can interpret as letters, numbers and special characters.
• If the document contains Italics or Boldface letters or fonts other than that for
which the OCR software has been designed, the OCR software will not work
efficiently.

Output Devices:

An output device accepts data from a computer and translates them into a form,
which is suitable for use by the outside world. Output devices can be broadly
classified into the following categories:

1. Monitors

1. Printers
2. Plotters
3. Screen Image Projector
4. Voice Response Systems

1. Monitors:

• Monitors are the most popular output devices used today for
 producing soft-copy output.
• A monitor is usually used with a keyboard, and together they form
video display terminals (VDT).
• It serves as both input/output devices. The two basic types of monitors
are Cathode-ray-tube (CRT) and flat-panel.
• The CRT monitors look much like a television; on the other hand, the
flat panel monitors are thinner and lighter and are commonly used with
portable computer systems like notebook computers.

Printers:

Printers are the most commonly used output devices for producing
hard-copy output. The various types of printers are:

Dot-Matrix Printers:

• Dot-Matrix printers are character printers, which print one character

at a time.
• They print the characters and all kinds of images as a pattern of
dots.
• A dot-matrix printer has a print head, which can move horizontally
across the paper.
• The print head contains an array of pins, which can be activated
independent of each other and strike against an inked ribbon to
form a patter of dots on the paper.
• To print a character, the printer activates the appropriate set of pins as
the print head moves horizontally.
• Dot-Matrix printers are impact printers because they print by
hammering the pins on the inked ribbon to leave ink impressions on
the paper.
• Due to impact printing, dot-matrix printers are noisy as compared to
non-impact printers.
• Dot-matrix printers are normally slow with speeds ranging
between 30 to 600 characters per second.
Ink jet Printers:

• Ink jet printers are character printers, which form characters and all kinds
of images by spraying small drops of ink on to the paper.
• The print head of an ink jet printer has 64 tiny nozzles,
• When the register heats up, the ink near it vaporizes, and is ejected through
the nozzle, and makes a dot on the paper placed in front of the print head.
• To print a character, the printer selectively heats the appropriate set of
nozzles as the print head moves horizontally.
• Inkjet printers produce higher quality output than dot-matrix printers.
• Inkjet printers produce printed output as patterns of tiny dots.
• They can print any shape of characters which a programmer can
describe.
• Inkjet printers can not be used to produce multiple copies of a
document in a single printing.
• Inkjet printers are slower than dot-matrix printers with speeds ranging
between 40 to 300 characters per second.
• An Inkjet printer is more expensive than a dot-matrix printer. Costly.

Drum Printers:

• Drum printers are line printers, which print one line at a time.
• It has solid drum with characters embossed on its surface in the form of
circular bands.
• Each band consists of all the printing characters supported by the printer in
its character set.
• The printer has a set of hammers mounted in front of the drum in a
manner that an inked ribbon and paper can be placed between the
hammers and the drum.
• The drum rotates at the high speed and a character at a print
position is printed by activating the appropriate hammer.
• The drum of a printer is expensive and can't be changed often. Costly.
• Typical speed of drum printers is in the range of 300 to 2000 lines per
minute.

Laser Printers:

• Laser printers are page printers, which print one page at a time.
• The main components of a laser printer are a laser beam source.
• To print a page of output the laser beam is focused on the electro statically
 charged drum by the multi sided mirror.
• It uses the electro static charging technique.
• The mirror focuses the laser beam on the surface of the drum in a manner to
create the patterns of the characters/images to be printed on the page.
• Laser beam move on the drum with the paper and the character and
the images will be printed on the paper.
• The toner then permanently fused on the paper with heat and pressure to
generate the printed output.
• The drum is then rotated and cleaned with rubber blade to remove the toner
sticking to its surface to prepare the drum for the next page printing.
• Laser printer produces very high quality output.
• They have high resolution and because of their high resolution these printers
give excellent graphics art quality.
• They can print any shape which a programmer can describe. Laser printers
can not be used to produce the multiple copies of a single document in a
single printing.

WI-FI
Introduction
• Wireless Technology is an alternative to Wired Technology,
• Which is commonly used, for connecting devices in wireless mode
• Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) is generally used to represent the IEEE
802.11 communications standard for Wireless Local Area Networks
(WLANs).
• Wi-Fi Network connects computers to each other, to the internet
and to the wired network.

What is Wi-Fi? Explain the Wi-Fi?

 • Wi-Fi, which stands for wireless fidelity,
• It is a wireless networking technology used across the globe.
• Wi-Fi refers to any system that uses the 802.11 standard.
• Wi-Fi technology uses radio for communication, typically operating
at a frequency of 2.4GHz.
• In a Wi-Fi network, computers with Wi-Fi network cards connect
wirelessly to a wireless router.
• The router is connected to the Internet by means of a modem,
typically a cable or DSL modem.
• Range :
o A user within 200 feet or so (about 61 meters).
o New wi-fi technologies will extend range from 300 feet (91.5
meters) to 600 feet (183 meters) and more then that.

Advantages
• Wi-Fi can make access publicly available at Wi-Fi hotspots. Where the
Wi-Fi device is placed.
• Does not require regulatory approval for individual.
• Wi-Fi network can support roaming.
• Wi-Fi allows local area network to deploy without wires for client
devices.
• Wi-Fi works with no physical wired connection between sender
and receiver by using radio frequency.
• It provides the Portability. Means you can walk any where with just
the hand set in your hand.
• No physical media interference (no any physical device is
required.)
• Easy installation.
 • Provides a multi-user environment. More then one user can work
together.
• Security – Greater exposure to risks. No more possibility of the breaks
in the security.
• Setup Cost – Reduced cabling required
• Flexibility – Quick and easy to setup
• Scalability – Can be expanded with growth ( more number of
computer can be joined easily)
• Freedom – You can work from any location

o Dis- advantages.

• Speed – the speed is slower than cable.

• Range – Affected by various medium
- Travels best through open space
- Reduced by walls, glass, water, etc.( speed reduces
when this comes in between the devices.)
• Weak Connection (problem of the connection.)

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GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

“The Global Positioning System/GPS is a constellation of 24 well-spaced

satellites that orbit the Earth 11,000 miles and make it possible for people
with ground receivers to pinpoint their geographic location.”
It is generally used for the tracking the things. For example dogs, children,
bus, train, aero -plane. Finding where they are. How fast they are
moving.
How GPS System Works:
 The satellites in space provide the ranging signals and data
messages to the user equipment.
 The control segment maintains the satellites & tracks in space. It
looks to the satellites. And stay connected with it.
 The control system monitors satellite health and signal integrity
(strength of the signal) and maintains the orbital configuration of the
satellites.
 The control system monitors the health and the strength of the
signal.
 Furthermore, the control system updates the satellite clock (corrects
the position of the satellite if there is any error in the position
of it.)
 Corrections as well as numerous other parameters essential to
determining user position, velocity, and time (PVT).
 It’s used for correction of the parameter to determine position,
velocity, and time.
  Lastly, the user receiver equipment performs the navigation,
timing or other related functions (e.g. surveying).

Uses of GPS Technology

 Location- determining a basic position. ( it is used for the finding the

position of the any things such as the mobile, bus , children, dog )
 Navigation - getting from one location to another. (It tells where the
object actually is.)
 Tracking - monitoring the movement of people and things. ( for
example the speed of the car, airplanes )
 Mapping- creating maps.
 Timing - providing precise timing.

Application of GPS Technology

• Motor bikers Now Have GPS Option 9 to protect it from theft.)
• A GPS Wrist Watch ( sales force management)
• Aircraft Having GPS System ( managing the path of the air craft)
• Real Time Train Predictive Arrival GPS System ( to find departure and
arrival of the bus and the train.)

• BRTS buses are the Great example of the GPS system.

• GPS Help Protect Your Children?

• GPS System to Be Available in Children's Shoes
• A GPS device for your dogs & pets
• The system links to a GPS-enabled collar for your dog to which help us
to locate it.
GPS APPLICATIONS:
• Environment management
• Boosting the gold-mining industries
• Forestry and agriculture industry
• Natural disasters management
• Maritime and Waterways finding
• Tele-communications
• Infrastructure development
• Educational research
• Public health and safety
• Traffic management
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 General purpose GIS’s perform seven tasks:

• Input of data

• Map making

• Manipulation of data

• File management

• Query and analysis

• Visualization of results

GIS Applications:

• Health and services planning

• It is used in the supply chain management
• It is used in the Market Research.
• It is used in Operations Management.
• It is used in the Distribution and Retail Services.
• It is used in the Information Services - Tourist & Tour Operators
• Spatial Services Management – Defense and Disaster
 Management
• Spatial Services Management - Land & Utilities Planning &
Management& Many Others
• It is possible to develop GIS that monitor, transmit, record and
analyze the movement of mobile agents such as vehicles, people or
animals.
• Virtual Reality GIS supports creation, manipulation and
exploration of earth places.

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Bluetooth

 Bluetooth is the name of technology that is becoming

commercially available.
 It promises to change the way use of machines. Mobiles and
laptops.
 Bluetooth technology is a wireless short-range
communication system introduced to replace the cables
connecting portable electronic devices. (mobile laptops, pda)
 Bluetooth is a developing, world wide, open, short-range
radio specification focused on communication between the Internet and
Net devices,
 plus it defines communication protocols between devices and
computers
 Bluetooth is a standard and communication protocol primarily
designed for low power consumption.
 Communication within short range is possible via Bluetooth
(power-class-dependent: 1m, 10m, 100 ms).

How the connection is connected?

For making a connection, a Bluetooth follows two procedures:

  Inquiry (or Discovering) Procedure.
 Paging (or Connecting) Procedure.
Inquiry (or Discovering) Procedure
 Bluetooth enabled devices use the inquiry procedure to
discover nearby devices or to be discovered devices in their
locality.
 A Bluetooth enabled devices that tries to find other nearby
devices is know as inquiry devices and actively send inquiry
request.
 Bluetooth enabled devices in a piconet.
Piconet:- It is a network in which up to eight Bluetooth enabled
devices can be connected
 These are Bluetooth enabled devices which do not use the
request concept, rather they are connected to each other once
configured.
 These devices usually are not compatible with every Bluetooth
enabled devices.
 Special Chip Configuration is required resulting in secure data
transmission.

Typical Bluetooth Networks

Benefits of Bluetooth Technology
 Global Availability. Bluetooth devices are available every where.
 Ease of Use. It is easy to use them.
 Globally Accepted Specification. It is having same type of the
commutation protocol world wide.
 Range of Devices. Advantages for the short range of the
communication.
 Secure Connections.

Applications of Bluetooth Technology

More prevalent applications of Bluetooth include:
• Wireless control of communication between a mobile phone
and hands-free headsets. This was one of the earliest
applications to become popular.
• It is used for the communication between the mobile phone
and the hands free.
 • Wireless networking between PCs in a confined space and where
little bandwidth is required.
• It is wireless networking system. Used where the small
number data have to be transferred from one device to
another device.
• Wireless communications with PC input and output devices,
the most common being the mouse, keyboard and printer.
• Sending small advertisements from Bluetooth enabled advertising
hoardings to other, discoverable, Bluetooth devices.
• It can be used for the small advertising in particular area.
• Dial-up internet access on personal computer or PDA using a data-
capable mobile phone as a modem.
• It is used for wire less connection between PDA.
• It is used in place of the infrared.

Advantages of Bluetooth Technology

• It is able to communicate with the LAN devices.

• No cable will require. Wire less network type or system.
• We can use it with standing in different room. Means the Waals are
not the problem as in the infrared.
• Bluetooth isn't a line of sight and it provides ranges of up to 100
meters.
• Bluetooth is also low power and low processing with an
overhead protocol.
• Small battery powered device.
• Bluetooth is a low-cost wireless technology.
• Bluetooth can be easily integrated into your products
• Although there are very few disadvantages, Bluetooth still remains
the best for short range wireless technology.
Disadvantages of Bluetooth Technology

• Infrared can have data rates of up to 4 Mbps, which provides very fast
rates for data transfer, while Bluetooth only offers 1 Mbps.
• Smaller data rate.
• Less secure then the infrared.
• It covers the large area so it is much more open to attack the
other people.

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REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE:

INTRODUCTION:

“Remote sensing is the science (and to some extent, art) of acquiring information
about the earth’s surface without actually being in contact with it. This is done by
sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing and
applying that information”

Applications of remote sensing data:

• Conventional radar is mostly associated with aerial traffic control, early
warning, and certain large scale meteorological data. Doppler radar is used
by local law enforcements' monitoring of speed limits and in enhanced
meteorological collection such as wind speed and direction within weather
systems. Other types of active collection includes plasmas in the ionosphere).
Interferometric synthetic aperture radar is used to produce precise digital
elevation models of large scale terrain (See RADARSAT, TerraSAR-X,
Magellan).
• Laser and radar altimeters on satellites have provided a wide range of data.
By measuring the bulges of water caused by gravity, they map features on
the seafloor to a resolution of a mile or so. By measuring the height and
wave-length of ocean waves, the altimeters measure wind speeds and
direction, and surface ocean currents and directions.
 • Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) is well known in the examples of weapon
ranging, laser illuminated homing of projectiles. LIDAR is used to detect and
measure the concentration of various chemicals in the atmosphere, while
airborne LIDAR can be used to measure heights of objects and features on
the ground more accurately than with radar technology. Vegetation remote
sensing is a principle application of LIDAR.
• Radiometers and photometers are the most common instrument in use,
collecting reflected and emitted radiation in a wide range of frequencies. The
most common are visible and infrared sensors, followed by microwave,
gamma ray and rarely, ultraviolet. They may also be used to detect the
emission spectra of various chemicals, providing data on chemical
concentrations in the atmosphere.
• Stereographic pairs of aerial photographs have often been used to make
topographic maps by imagery and terrain analysts in trafficability and
highway departments for potential routes.
• Simultaneous multi-spectral platforms such as Landsat have been in use
since the 70's. These thematic mappers take images in multiple wavelengths
of electro-magnetic radiation (multi-spectral) and are usually found on earth
observation satellites, including (for example) the Landsat program or the
IKONOS satellite. Maps of land cover and land use from thematic mapping
can be used to prospect for minerals, detect or monitor land usage,
deforestation, and examine the health of indigenous plants and crops,
including entire farming regions or forests.

Within the scope of the combat against desertification, remote sensing allows to follow-up and
monitor risk areas in the long term, to determine desertification factors, to support decision-
makers in defining relevant measures of environmental management, and to assess their impacts.