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CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

1.1 Background

The development of science and technology spur the occurrence of environmental


pollution both water pollution, soil and air. Water pollution caused by the impact of industrial
development must be controlled, because if not done early it will cause serious problems for
the survival of humans and the natural surroundings. One of the things that needs to be done
is the control and monitoring of environmental impacts.

Massive development in large scale in Indonesia can have negative impacts on the
environment. The introduction of detergent foam into the sea will endanger the waters, the
pollution of air from toxic fumes on motor vehicles, and the pollution of large rivers flowing
through the cities that are the source of water.

At this time the awareness of a clean and safe environment has increased. The
problem of pollution has attracted the attention of many, from the lower society to high
government officials.

With so many problems arising from environmental pollution and at the same time a
lot of public awareness is starting to notice how important it is to keep the environment in
order to create a clean, comfortable and safe atmosphere. Therefore, to overcome the above
problems we must know about environmental chemistry first. In this paper will be discussed
about environmental chemistry as well as other things that support about environmental
chemistry.

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1.2 Problem Formulation

As for some of the problems that will be discussed in this paper are:

1. What is an environmental chemistry?

2. What is the role of environmental chemistry?

3. What chemicals are there in daily life?

4. What pollution is caused by chemicals?

1.3 Objectives

The purpose of this paper is to fully understand all chemical processes related to the
environment and the impact it will cause.

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CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

2.1.Understanding Environmental Chemistry

The chemistry of the Greek khemeia "alchemy" is the study of the composition and
properties of matter or matter from the atomic to the molecular scale as well as the changes or
transformations and their interactions to form the material found everyday.While the
environment is a combination of physical conditions that include the state of natural
resources such as land, water, minerals, and flora and fauna that grow on the ground or in the
ocean.

Environmental chemistry is a scientific study of chemical and biochemical


phenomena occurring in nature. This field of science can be defined as the study of the
sources, reactions, transport, effects, and fate of chemicals in the air, soil, and water
environments; as well as human effectiveness towards it. Environmental chemistry is an
interdisciplinary science that includes atmospheric, aquatic, and soil chemistry, and is also
highly dependent on analytical chemistry, environmental science, and other fields of science.
Environmental chemistry first learned how the uncontaminated environment works, what
chemicals and how much concentration there is naturally, and what the effects are. Without
this, it is impossible to accurately assess human effects on the environment with the release of
chemicals.

Environmental chemistry is not a new science, this field has been in about 70 years
ago. Much of the environmental chemistry work is done outside the chemical depot and
outside the chemical industry group by people not trained in chemistry.

In addition to the above Environmental Chemistry Science is very necessary in


studying the environment because in the environment covered components composed of
chemicals and also the turning of chemicals.

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2.2 The role of Environmental Chemistry

The several roles of environmental chemistry include:

• Studying the nature and function of chemicals in the environment.

• Studying and analyzing chemicals against other components and the environment as a
whole, especially if the chemicals are dispersed and contaminated with the environment, so
the balance is disrupted.

• Determine the amount of limits for the spread of chemicals in the environment so as not to
impair the preservation of the environment and human well-being.

• Recommending research results and experiments to environmental managers or to the


public at large.

2.3 Chemicals in Everyday Life

The development of science and technology has resulted in industrial products that
can meet the needs of everyday people. Chemicals that have been known for their benefits are
developed by making products useful for the benefit of humans and their environment

Many kinds of chemicals that exist in everyday life, including:

1. Cleaners

In everyday life, we recognize a variety of cleaning chemicals, including soaps and


detergents.

We need to be careful in choosing cleaning materials, the material should not cause a
bad influence on the environment. Some types of detergents are difficult to decipher by the
decomposers. If the detergent is mixed with ground water that is used as a source of drinking
water for humans or livestock, the ground water will endanger health. Therefore, you should
choose detergents whose waste can be broken down by microorganisms (biodegradable).
Adverse effects that can be caused by the use of detergents that are not selective or not
careful are:

• Increase household waste in the form of foam.

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• The soap-generated foam may be broken down by microorganisms present in the soil,
whereas the foam produced from the detergent is difficult to decompose by microorganisms
in the soil.

2. Bleach

Bleach is usually sold in the form of a solution and is used to remove impurities or
colored stains that are difficult to remove by using only soap or detergent. Bleach solutions
sold on the market typically contain sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) active ingredients of about
5%. Besides being used as bleach and cleaning stains, it is also used for disinfecting
(disinfecting germs). In general, whitening agents sold on the market are safe to use during
use in accordance with the instructions. In addition to the stain, this substance can also react
with the dye clothes so that it can fade the color of clothing. Therefore, the use of this bleach
should be as directed.

• How can bleach remove stubborn dirt on white clothing?

• In bleach ingredients contain Ca (ClO2) hypochlorite usually known as chlorine, and bleach
solutions containing sodium hypochlorite (NaClO). The bleach will oxidize the impurities so
that the impurities will dissolve in water

Side Effects of Bleach Usage

• Clothing bleach materials generally contain chlorine compounds that can damage fabric
fibers and clothing colors.

• Chlorine compounds can also cause skin irritation.

• Skin whitening agents that contain excessive mercury or mercury can damage the nervous
system.

Prevention that can be done for the use of bleach, among others:

• Avoid using bleach types containing mercury.

• Use only whitening products if dirt or stains are difficult to remove by soap or detergent.

3. Fragrance

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Fragrance is another chemical that closely related to our daily life. We can obtain
deodorant from both natural and synthetic materials. In addition to substances that give rise to
fragrance, fragrances sold on the market usually contain other substances, such as alcohol for
liquid perfumes and alum for fragrance-shaped solids.

In addition to alcohol, there are still a variety of other additives that are deliberately added to
the perfume so that the perfume is easily sprayed (the substance

serves as propellant). Among the additives that can serve as propellants are those that can
pollute the environment. Certain propellants if released into the air and then into the upper
atmosphere will damage the ozone layer. It also affects human health, among others, irritate
the eyes, nose, throat, skin, resulting in nausea, dizziness, bleeding and so forth.

4 Pesticides

Pesticide-type chemicals are closely related to the lives of farmers. Pesticides are used to
eradicate plant pests so as not to disrupt agricultural production. Pesticides commonly used
by farmers can be classified according to function and target

its usage, that is:

a. Insecticides, ie pesticides used to eradicate insects, such as grasshoppers, ladybirds, plant


hopper, and caterpillars.

b. Fungicide, a pesticide used to eradicate and prevent the growth of mold or fungus.

c. Bactericide, ie pesticides to eradicate bacteria or viruses.

d. Rodenticide, a pesticide used to eradicate plant pests in the form of rodents, such as
rodents.

e. Herbicides, ie pesticides used to eradicate weeds (weeds), such as reeds, grasses, and water
hyacinths.

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2.4 Pollution Caused by Chemical Substances

Environmental chemistry studies the environment related to chemical reactions and the
application of chemical knowledge to protect and improve the environment.

Environmental pollution is mostly caused by chemicals, so we must understand the nature of


zar-chemicals and their reactions that can cause such environmental pollution problems. By
understanding the environmental chemistry, we can maintain environmental sustainability by
avoiding the negative impact of some chemicals .

1) Air Pollution

Naturally clean air is composed of:

• nitrogen, N2 (78%);

Oxygen, O2 (21%);

• carbon dioxide, CO2 (0.03%);

• Argon, Ar (0.94%);

• helium, He (0.01%);

• neon, Ne (0.01%),

• krypton, Kr (0.01%),

• and water vapor which varies from place to place (0.01% -4%).

The air in nature is never clean, this happens because of natural activities such as
volcanoes, weathering plants, or volcanic eruptions. This causes air to contain small amounts
of methane, CH4; carbon monoxide, CO; NO nitrogen oxide; and hydrogen sulfide, H2S.
Then the state of the air is exacerbated by the presence of pollutants resulting from human
activities.

The pollutants produced by human activities are of relatively higher concentration


compared to those already in the air or naturally occurring, which can disrupt the dynamic
equilibrium system in the air and thus interfere with human well-being and the environment.

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There are five sources of air pollutants that are the main cause (about 90%) of global air
pollution around the world are:

1. Carbon monoxide

2. Sulfur dioxide

3. Nitrogen oxide

4. Carbon compounds

5. Particulate

2) Water Pollution

Water pollution occurs when there is a variety of substances or conditions (eg heat) that can
degrade predetermined water quality standards, so they can not be used for specific needs. A
water source is said to be polluted not only because it is mixed with pollutants, but if the
water does not meet certain needs. For example, a source of water containing heavy metals or
bacterial diseases can still be used for industrial purposes or as a power plant, but can not be
used for household needs (drinking water, cooking, bathing and washing).

3) Soil contamination

The soil is also not spared from pollution, soil pollution has a close relationship both
with air pollution and with water pollution. Pollutants present in the air dissolve and are
carried away by rainwater, falling to the ground causing soil contamination. Similarly,
pollutants in groundwater (river water, sewer water, lake water and brackish water) can enter
the soil and can cause soil contamination. Thus the most polluted and polluted environment is
land.

Land in question is part of the earth's surface inhabited by many living things,
especially humans, plants of various animals and microorganisms. Since soil contamination is
closely related to air pollution and water pollution, air pollutant sources and pollutant sources
of water are generally also sources of soil pollutants. For example, carbon oxide gases,
nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides that become airborne contaminants dissolved in rainwater and
down to the ground can cause acid rain to cause pollution to the soil. Groundwater containing

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pollutants is contaminated with radioactive substances, heavy metals in industrial wastes,
household waste, hospital waste, fertilizer and pesticide residues from agricultural areas, and
detergent waste is also a source of soil contamination.

Soil Pollution Components (Organic 70%, Inorganic 30%):

• 4% paper

• Food waste 21%

• Glass 12%

• Iron 10%

• Plastic 5%

• Wood 5%

• Rubber and leather 3%

• Textile fabrics / fibers 2%

• Aluminum and other metals 1%

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CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusions

Environmental chemistry studies the environment related to chemical reactions and the
application of chemical knowledge to protect and improv

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