apter Three /Time Writing About the Other fle charer n commanitin nih the eon nt er wet ey en eb fy ot escheat Se nie eras nh eerie of ep or of sc ima lbh net fend gon te monn on deren De etn las fort ja mere Na Pl AK, PEAMPLES of empl diundg een he ad the objet of anthropology mere invoked sone the argument that the temporal condisoys expery st in feldwork and those cupressed ar wrcng ee Ksching) usually contradict each oer, Productive empire esearch, we holds posible only when researcher ad mod hare Tine nly oy commie pn ds raphy cary the promise of yielding new hnowled w another eure We the deccure ine terprel, analyze, and communicate cahmograpiic Know! i the rocatchers enn ec esis mga ich dees ccs hier of inguin. 16 this contradiction teal only 2 “To make sre that we ape ten ao ae a a File problem we mun name the contin under sie nour tverstarng of the tra real contradeton wee72 ‘Time and Writing About the Oxher Contradiction: Real or Apparent First, the ov activites under examination field researc and the communication of finding fa . in writing amd teach ‘ng—must in fact be part ofa disapline tlaiming a unibed ‘existence. This was certainly ot aleays the case’ After al travelogues and arnt seses cone ae he dluring mow ofthe early hktry of anthvopologs whens icing racy ied ne ese pemmel—n oMt Even today the degree to which empirical esearch is ern hasized over theoretical and synthetic work varies from ‘country to country and from practioner to practioner. But ‘wherever anth demic discipli ‘onjunetion with qualifers soni 4 ropalogy presently is recogtized a ae Tabet often under difietent name orf indicating specialization ‘within lc) its representatives insist on the necesiy of both empirical research and theoretical interpretation of some ‘Second, for a contradic ties there must be a ise, contradicwry attitudes or ef ton to arise berween two act a problem with regard to whieh fects can be idendied. We found such an issue in the contradiciory uses of Time. But there with the prevalent ccevalnew need nit affect tthnographiec lnowledge- 0: prose narratives the eran tenting devices of temp Simpy inevitable aspect of li ‘emains a question that wil need much further thought and "Time lore of our disipine. De ‘in principe the production one might posit that Because genre of most anthropel sequencing and distancing are inerary expression. [tthe first objection holds, our contention that there is ‘contradictory, indeed schizoid and often hypocritical prac tice in need of ‘ously weakened. Many an ‘careful analysis and critique would be ser ogists insist that there othing tothe mystique of fieldwork. Allit docs, and it mat ters litle how, is to: produce date, Data nay be used, se. lected, and manipulated to verify the theor flscourse ina anthro ies formulated in Shape and manner the Aheoretician ses fit. The conditions winier which data were “Time and Writing About the Other 73 as long a certain asc rules were followed, nei ise nor invalidate theories Valicity rests on logieal ei of concn) armony, degre, sn 3 Met to beat all acpisale a evidence, da are required ese canons of seca inquiry (owe that ule quan preci al ceva rural mths) come aan pecen, preferably scleced at random a se Toad posible enaminaon by Tel experience od tas sch experience might introduce, Such ingury could not poss adit a Jiccon between the temporal conditions of research ring ny thing ha cold contradict the rop- vn fofnuated In wring would e contrary evidence. ich counterevidence, howeser Sree = the ent from evidence supporting the explanations hat el have to be dsmsed to, felts from dhe mani of dat, not from contradictions, betwee insighs 2 in ive experience an those reached bythe opera Li sa Tfeceeness were recognize yi por Wa he woud presumably relegate the problem Wo py ‘or plow Brame and dialog alternatives o postvt and empiricist ethnography have been widely discussed in re- the Sea of a conuadicton beween research and wet eo rere eer aaa eee ener eae acts eee io ae Sete ey preemie cient Ivhich wes made or done, something that inevitably “pas ‘elation to the acts of recording, interpreting, and Writ. Tig In scw oft obligation ofacichy, how could there be fy on anthropological dicoure (heed the de Mraicoecrancs qua copresene of ak and ofthat which Soe ee qucsins Beaton the tory of rary prodcon in general hey may lead us nt am area 00 ast Brie Sicqustdy covered la untse supa. Yer we continue {0 Slentfy and denounce) denial of eoevalnes in anthro-7A Time and Writing About the Other Poll cure we must at some pit ak how sich de nial can be identied on the level of texts We should be ie ote ee eta ae ane Stctronn: Aa besa Pema foto he workings of Sh dca hes ae” omer ido thea uct fakin ae oS to pla he sme a ante at nee fobogut wing and eer ashes aa Foren nl ne fc ge cs ume rope, We’ sae Rc ns ‘more modes and more general. twill fea ash emcee ti veh ice xual st pe faon and ter sh enporaenton ad ea {temporal distancing. Following that {wil tke up a raote sec aon nc he rai Sag {Ee of mck talavpoghal weiie ake Pah ‘more confront the cams of taxonomic’ dacourse wth SS Siena ; empot eaTing n che ofngiy nee vate die xa Sue hy Udcsanding conus or ea mY ‘eng Tim Lingua, cmporainn ret te tengo s bahuseehal cers ee ‘tically, it designates the constitution of sign relatos wath tempor sceehs Tecate empoediaae fo putiog ay coer Sear ie th ta be por ve bes topealfeg. over nd pena econ ale ling ie cher intances of spec, maybe dete netorin tt een temporal eres” a ‘denuiable except inthe itemion an Greamwtances of eae Temporalizaton: Menus or End ‘rapid review of the most common temporal operators in nthtopologial prose ould Tolow cusennry (out some, ‘what questionable distinctions between lexi, (morpho. | Syacte, and stylistic lec of dicourse. On the level the ‘Time and Writing About the Other 75 .suteopleal ane aol oe a pe peer e ee eae weer Boer eee SES eet ae ose et eae ee See eae Bers ea at placa eres Bee Bt cae seater Pes ee ieee mire oee a eS sees ae es eich », on the surface one of the most innocent de- Benen ine toon ear in Western society. Anuhp connated “primoridal” Ns and LE erected ee eer76 Time and Writing About the Other Ei ae arti ths comes of cng yb ni oe wel aly iia acenaeeeueae ee Zanes pep ee encore gn at counts: An exsininaton of the tempat levcon tne Sec eee eerie aes Sener ere nes ‘Gne Would come to sila conchisions if one were to a eee herbal temporal marker sound tn etnoprphic me See aoe eter cere tzned simply fom the ways in whith the prevent tone ex eee peeeecocae tees eens Gere Sicorse needs to be carried oat fem top to bottom, Seca ene reer ie : that, in all fret one cannon hold the tke of temporal Been coe ace Pec eee atae ee ‘Time and Writing About the Other 77 ure and would have no bearing on relationships be gen anthropologs and their “informants” as mora aa pineal gent Such" view would have to be hen if one chooses to ha _ghen soalacienlie discourse. as 2 secon. the sigo str. In that ese, temporalzation would have be vated strict with ee ac arto svumes that tetnporl sigs ke al sg are cons ss agers and signers, heeping in mind that ac fg ers tea he leet (ect) fd Se par of sign rladon; itis constituted, so speak, ide the dscourse Expresions and content ae but to of ane at he pesmi em (reine lepending om which aspect one wishes to tres ithe ems tell stone must oi cons Scope Se sbut the spa" ot "atage” sou Pare cdc, i fT pat eed cm oe A vice ceo ee Sic rib of chs sank an we Ee ci se ti ate weir ich oon able A thon TS ca Se nr Dale a eth Feet BP cal” Sit a aca ners A Be ts ae wah cig Hoctro a cpl apd eof tad preme | Eee alter’ Se SPE aaa eee oe Seah lhe a ey wee Find oat ese! andro tie Cis ee nite a heated os ase Pac kg) Se gr on ie ee ponies dette ates te Sal Seca eS aeeeet de omcca= Time and Writing About the Other In the present has signified in the pat Then eles fs signified semantic and fates for ace ferent external the dacourse (107839) In her words, temporalization is not an. inde Property of histor diurse; tempor const ed 4 semiotic stem by providing ie signers ws a According to Grea, this works “dough the meter ey of tenporaluncouting, which mechanian consots of sina ing present statements (ane being stuated inthe tae thi rein tmp inn sr the eat a sigue is recognized as procedure producing the Jerena asion Ci ele Tn this sense, Tne is used wo create an objet. The con- presin the lecemes and phrases Of historical texts really represen the objects of the word and their inerreationshipe™ Furthermore, because of the {0% of reali the positivist hin lads tela “Th test historical dicourse which is ass welerent 2 gen society can, through the lexiclogial interpretation ti sources, oniy reproduce the “categorizations of the world Proper 1 that society a8 they munifes ecbcves fed ‘ay techy cone univer wth xemes (Ts Once agin, and in an unstsperted content, we ad Ut {claim th atihropologial discourse and temporal die Lancing are internally connected: Moreover. it's how pos Heo esd dt connec both deco: Hrs di course (of the postiit varie) sincapable of giving ore ‘han relate reproductions of te tociticn ean, that are is referents. Convercly, relative dicousse (ah 4 structural functional or American cutlsns or for that mater, remote descendants suchas Sethnoseence) «an alays be expected to res, epstemologialy ot ten Porazations, cyen it profeses a ack of inert in his efi cm empora, tis ioe be haere? In. terestingly enough, Greta proposes that tis can only Be sively Sadbopay God RES Time and Wing Aah Other 78 sre a i “ote ace Fa tue anoolny He ch msi serpin me ert) paral Seven Sharon cen inlay ts coma seri bet Seas tesrge ee iso es ly eg sn oe dt chs 1 a di ais isorsal dour em ty wonary wes Be? Bein Mlsiyead cine” Gem 163 Be dare fng the Via pa om Mtn ss ony sl oy cr ra ste yong a icteaeng* ais Ce el wan ati ie yt Se cde pce nd a soe ay “aga” aposh ITE Tic ca gn lt spe ss sl fi wna sem ani en iced myrrh 0% tre meh cis ar inre tan an “emer ot ahan Dy hich mya coe” UWE), ache mie sitchen ene ns met aly ne fermi Feces tant ie Te at elas Babine gy ne Bea ots Psa! ag BE etna keh ean know se “glements of a discourse capable of areas, Bie ge. pea page la anno er iowa han prepare the round fr sre of Scenes i Be peas0 Time and Writing About the Other Time and Tense: The Ethnogy Time and Writing About the Other 81 pe Present because the sated fact would no longer be subject ‘eration or falsification. It ow poses 2 protien ibe judged by er acuacy aid wok ich by ther nature are indir. Historia! acedoacy ofthe “eriigue of sources" Furthermore hor, eziracy no longer na sexily relerenual criterion iis ‘Of meastatements about statements and accoues tainly, these few remarks hardly scratch the surface of problems of historia tnguiry, but dey may help stand why the present tense In ethnographic a is troubling in ays in which the post tense & nov other type of objection ta the use of the edhino- ie present may idently sel as histor but infact ds the htographer fr ontologial reasons Int the statement “the X are matribnesl taken ty imply ke view of society, one that unattenive 10 the fact all Cultures are constantly changing. What iso ‘ot so much that the X may no longer be matinea tine their ethnograpy i pulled rather the fof projecting s categorical view on thelr sity. ery least sa these crfce the present tense reese” 'at the time of observation; at worst H contains as. Bee cera omar ey persia fm seein o the pr hey ogee oppose them prs ‘(oy bane, ey the obstinate form of ethnographic he oT 200) There ar east tw: Es Seiceee ee Bes sein iene nore rence. One isto probe more deeply ino the sigtiieanee of Jin ethnographic accounts whose present tense sig- ich pen al reponse i, ae that ey at gta te ee tionary function of the present tense in ethnographic a. sn the subject and object of anthropol > ‘ous beyond the confines of fea Ps I we ong i evens we muse nade oon Teng ena eee om Them ofthe person mth spa tions regarding the nature of knowledge. fn terms of the “correlation of personality” (person For the first argument we draw again on Benveniste’. ‘onperson). The ethnographer dovs not adres a 704 ‘observations contained in his essays on relations of person pt, presumably, in the situation of fieldwork. when he in the verb and on subjectivity in Language. Philosophically, ‘questions or otherwise participates in the life of his his findings are not new but they are of special imerest be. jects. He need not explicitly address his ethnographic ac ep ey are derived from linguistic analyses of the ways “emunt to 2 you because, as discourse/commentary it is aut) pl speaking (and writing) rather than from abstract spec Aafliciently placed in a dislogic situation; ethnography ad ‘Keep in mind that our problem isto urvlerstane the ih reader. The dialogie Other (second person, the obstinate use of the third person inva genre which, by the fbher antiropologst, the scene community) is marked dominance of the present tense, is clearly marked a0 die Dy the present tense: pranouns and verb forms i the third or frre Ae rary brgnounced by an J, ist person sin ‘an mark an Other out the dialogue. He (or she or it) is not ere aerate See oe es acs ree en ote oe a illTime and Writing About the Other 87 =e Fa eee tt BO eae be einen a ete Se oer scien tains ely need fem occa rea crate ent reece ere ae tanner Oks lence Sn a ae Tear aay er a ae ons fh immaterial mate of language (551 2540 ifn sere wor. ae ee Bese sea Be eee Se, eof ts dca STR atop sose concatenation amounts t 2 yo antepsogeal krowidge are omen he meter ncaa fake vp he Se icpreenl nur dam ca pcete Or oceced ibs dnys prdccowo or acer of acter mem nthe cha Tor cule a dscure having pte he essen fors cae cape oat cos ya or hing ard at eto tomo Be ee orders! a of rants baer Mah nr goth on ioaandrexcamine espn102 ‘Time and Writing About the Other - —— analysis of Pieces of ethnography (anyths, kin! crm ma of ie och yi epee cae Sater an geen Ser mel decay er ad Sy pee peng nied tent ra eo fee eo aie eee ee ii a Sas alr oe Se eee ee eee en nd te aera ken dateren er mrace ris ey ee tne AO in ie A ee Se cerca Masini perce rebel rere regime two members of the chain coexist in Time. ee Ean el cee ied Basen ore eh hare eee ea ae “Time and Writing About the Osher 108, confuses logical sequences with temporal sequences is tous unleos one dludes oneself it accepting the un sition that taxonomic discourse ‘of'human acon. The demonstrable Fi a spatiotemporal action ean be described in pure Sorbie ers n0.wa) justifies the Pit That ‘Of loghal relations. A thcory that hls hiss uty ine confusion of method and substance, means an which Greimas found to be the fallacy of historical ye unredeened by taxonomy 1976:50), Marx, whom alts now bke to caim as theif ancestor, sw and the fallacy when he eviined Hegel afd Fever- fo be able to disill from history the “log” of the fr to find the “lave” thatthe dominating class will ably be overditown by the oppressed las does not re the ant as spkestan fr “soy fom the ty to transate loge ino evolutionary projects, To position on "ogc relations is always lo & piel Which finally brings ws 10 the moment when the wolf the story. in La Fontaine’ fable he cones to river Mink sd sccuss the Lamb of troubling the water. But Hab i postioned downstream. Tv M, Serve tterpre- fafthe gue of the wo the wll the wet ease the taxonomic anthropologist, The sor, mich it ou digram, he is placed In cha of relations of in sucha way that he i upstream, up the temporal Yet his pute to ace te lamb, that Shee pn the se tex wh he sas his"problen~as if the two were emgage in a game ing okes im both cretons, He acta tere were "fad take, i what valid 3p the time ofthe Lamb Sind then) could be made vse inthe tine of the there and now). As i the avowed aim of tonomic ree to establigh reladone that are always aid every: here vali he sory must en with he woll absorbing tet hs nee wl ex sea To ble perational defnison of hypocrhy” (Serves 1977-4) the wolf appears placed the migde of the chain nihropologia procs hnslf wo ben the service of al104 Time and Writing About the Oxher or reason. He uses the taxonomic cover to hide his rejen is apnea for the ie a the Other Time te speed ral watered ines Me gone es Blac ofthe wots tre place: Western man's the Sc ee Ses Ph tweak hele oust i an yo Javon a gate that defines ts om ules” A cuca onc ba pie hoyle de per at That the time of the lamb is not the time of the wolf i [pete lene ca ons etucen war the hers eta een not the es of aaopeoy A ances pe fe ae torent aa ia he EP ‘EN ce out be al Sap ypter Four / The Other the Eye: Time the Rhetoric of Vision tof eo re appenrance fone uli hr oe of 2 Je hc commented oj. Thm: Hate! iff map is day bas merc te js, malin only {fon of olan, et rn fst ay, Kart Man’ (TIONS OF ANTHROPOLOGY students st Wo do ther frst fkdwork have received, and followed, ce to learn the language, if possible before beginning esearch and to tart thei inguiis on the spot by ng etement, couning households and drawing up ies ofthe innate! Thi sensible ave. Much ie saved iene comes to the Held prepared Inguste Map, cerns, an np chars ae the ces to get grip on the shape and compostion ofa smal uny. Hf the sity studied keeps records which cat tse or these progety ll the beter No one expec his of wor to bewitio sage and cibulis: bt meher none anhropologst caer the possi that simple and sensible metals or technics might be tobard a certain theory of knowledge whose las ‘ality are not beyond quessoning