Indian Remote Sensing Satellite

Indian Remote Sensing satellite
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Indian Remote Sensing satellites (IRS) are a series of Earth Observation satellites, built, launched and maintained by
Indian Space Research Organisation. The IRS series provides many remote sensing services to India.
Contents
[hide]
• 1 IRS System
• 2 IRS data applications
• 3 IRS launch log
• 4 Future IRS launches
• 5 Satellite data acquisition and processing
• 6 References
• 7 See also
• 8 External links
[edit] IRS System
Following the successful demonstration flights of Bhaskara-1 and Bhaskara-2 satellites launched in 1979 and 1981,
respectively, India began to develop the indigenous Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite program to support the national
economy in the areas of agriculture, water resources, forestry and ecology, geology, water sheds, marine fisheries and
coastal management.
Towards this end, India established the National Natural Resources Management System (NNRMS) for which the
Department of Space (DOS) is the nodal agency, providing operational remote sensing data services.[1] Data from the IRS
satellites is received and disseminated by several countries all over the world. With the advent of high-resolution satellites
new applications in the areas of urban sprawl, infrastructure planning and other large scale applications for mapping have
been initiated.
The IRS system is the largest constellation of remote sensing satellites for civilian use in operation today in the world.[2]
With the launch of CARTOSAT-2A[3], the constellation now has eight satellites in operation – IRS-1D, OCEANSAT-1,
Technology Experiment Satellite (TES), RESOURCESAT-1, CARTOSAT-1, CARTOSAT-2 and the latest CARTOSAT-2A
and IMS-1. All these are placed in polar sun-synchronous orbit and provide data in a variety of spatial, spectral and
temporal resolutions.
[edit] IRS data applications
Data from Indian Remote Sensing satellites are used for various applications of resources survey and management under
the National Natural Resources Management System (NNRMS). Following is the list of those applications:
• Preharvest crop area and production estimation of major crops.

• Drought monitoring and assessment based on vegetation condition.
• Flood risk zone mapping and flood damage assessment.
• Hydro-geomorphological maps for locating underground water resources for drilling well.
• Irrigation command area status monitoring
• Snow-melt run-off estimates for planning water use in down stream projects
• Land use and land cover mapping
• Urban planning
• Forest survey
• Wetland mapping
• Environmental impact analysis
• Mineral Prospecting
• Coastal studies
• Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (initiated in 1992) for generating locale-specific prescriptions
for integrated land and water resources development in 174 districts.
[edit] IRS launch log
The initial versions are composed of the 1 (A,B,C,D). The later versions are named based on their area of application
including OceanSat, CartoSat, ResourceSat. Some of the satellites have alternate designations based on the launch
number and vehicle (P series for PSLV).
Serial
Satellite Date of Launch Launch Vehicle Status
No.
1 IRS 1A 17 March 1988 Vostok, USSR Mission Completed
2 IRS 1B 29 August 1991 Vostok, USSR Mission Completed
20 September
3 IRS P1 (also IE) PSLV-D1 Crashed, due to launch failure of PSLV
1993
4 IRS P2 15 October 1994 PSLV-D2 Mission Completed
28 December
5 IRS 1C Molniya, Russia Mission Completed
1995
6 IRS P3 21 March 1996 PSLV-D3 Mission Completed
29 September
7 IRS 1D PSLV-C1 In Service
1997
8 IRS P4 (Oceansat-1) 27 May 1999 PSLV-C2 In Service
Technology Experiment Satellite

9 22 October 2001 PSLV-C3 In Service
(TES)
10 IRS P6 (Resourcesat 1) 17 October 2003 PSLV-C5 In Service

11 IRS P5 (Cartosat 1) 5 May 2005 PSLV-C6 In Service
12 Cartosat 2 (IRS P7) 10 January 2007 PSLV-C7 In Service
13 Cartosat 2A (IRS P?) 28 April 2008 PSLV-C9 In Service
14 IMS 1 (IRS P?) 28 April 2008 PSLV-C9 In Service
23 September
15 Oceansat-2 PSLV-C14 In Service
2009
16 Cartosat-2B 12 July 2010 PSLV-C15 In Service
[edit] Future IRS launches
Following are the remote sensing satellites planned by ISRO to be launched next strengthening the fleet of IRS satellites
and widening their applications:[2][4]
• RISAT (Radar Imaging Satellite): A microwave remote sensing mission with Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
operating in C-band and having a 6 x 2 meter planar active array antenna based on trans-receiver module
architecture. SAR is an all weather-imaging sensor capable of taking images in cloudy and snow covered
regions and also both during day and night. RISAT weighs 1,750 kg.
• RESOURCESAT-2: It will have imaging sensors similar to RESOURCESAT-1. Payload electronics have been
miniaturised to reduce the overall weight. RESOURCESAT-2 is planned for launch by PSLV in 2010.
• RESEOURCESAT-3: A follow on to Resourcesat-2, it will carry more advanced LISS-III-WS (Wide Swath)
Sensor having similar swath and revisit capability as Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS), thus overcoming
any spatial resolution limitation of AWiFS. Satellite would also carry Atmospheric Correction Sensor (ACS) for
quantitative interpretation and geophysical parameter retrieval. It slated to be launched during 2011-12.[4].
• CARTOSAT-3: A continuation of Cartosat series , it will have a resolution 30 cm and 6 km swath suitable for
cadastre and infrastructure mapping and analysis. It would also enhance disaster monitoring and damage
assessment. It is slated to be launched during 2011-12.[4].
• OCEANSAT-3: Oceasat-3 would carry Thermal IR Sensor, 12 channel Ocean Color Monitor, Scatterometer and
Passive Microwave Radiometer. IR Sensor and Ocean Color Monitor would be used in the analysis for
operational Potential Fishing Zones. Satellite is mainly for Ocean biology and sea state applications. It is slated
to the launched aboard PSLV in 2012-13.[4].
[edit] Satellite data acquisition and processing
The National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) at Hyderabad is the nodal agency for reception, archival, processing and
dissemination of remote sensing data in the country. NRSC acquires and processes data from all Indian remote sensing
satellites like CARTOSAT-1, CARTOSAT-2, RESOURCESAT-1, IRS-1D, OCEANSAT-1 and TES as well as foreign
satellites like Terra, NOAA and ERS.
Indian Remote Sensing Satellites
Past Satellites
• Aryabhata, 1975
• Bhaskara I, 1979
• Bhaskara II, 1981
• Rohini Series, 1980-83
• SROSS Series, 1985-92
• IRS-1A, 1988
• IRS-P1, 1993
Presently Working Satellites
• IRS-1B, 1991
• IRS-P2, 1994
• IRS-1C, 1995
• IRS-P3, 1996
• IRS-1D, 1997
• IRS-P4, 1999 (Oceansat)
• IRS-P6, 2003 (Resourcesat)
• IRS-P5, 2005 (Cartosat-1)
• IRS-P7, 2007 (Cartosat-2)
Future Satellites
• IRS-2 Series, 2005

• IRS-3 Series, 2006
IRS-Digital Products
Links to ISRO Centres
• IPDPG of Space of Application Centre (SAC) Ahmedabad

• Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Head Quarters
• National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad
Aryabhatta Satellite
(First Indian Experimental Satellite)

Launch Date : April 19, 1975
Weight : 360 kg
Orbit : 619 x 562 km inclined at 50.7 deg
Lauched by : Soviet Intercosmos rocket.
Objectives : The objectives of this project were to indigenously design and

fabricate a space-worthy satellite system and evaluate its perfromance in orbitr.
* to evolve the methodology of conducting a series of complex operations on the

satellite in its orbital phasei.
* to set up ground-based receiving, transmitting and tracking systems
and to establish infrastructure for the fabrication of spacecraft systems.
The exercise also provided an opportunity to conduct investigations in the area of spcae sciences. The satellite carried
three experiments, one each in X-Ray Astronomy, Solar Physics and Aeronomy.
Bhaskara-I Satellite
(First Indian low orbit Earth Observation Satellite)
Launch Date : June 7, 1979
Weight : 444 Kg
Sensor Systems
• Television Cameras operating in visible (0.6 micron)

and near-infrared (0.8 micron); to collect data related to
hydrology, forestry and geology.
• Satellite microwave radiometer (SAMIR) operating at 19
GHz and 22 GHz for study of ocean-state, water vapor,
liquid water content in the atmospher, etc.
Bhaskara-II Satellite
(First Indian low orbit Earth Observation Satellite)
Launch Date : Nov. 20, 1981
Weight : 444 Kg
Sensor Systems
• Television Cameras operating in visible (0.6 micron)

and near-infrared (0.8 micron); to collect data related to
hydrology, forestry and geology.
• Satellite microwave radiometer (SAMIR) operating
19.24 GHz, 22.235 GHz and 31.4 GHz for study of
ocean-state, water vapor, liquid water content in the
atmospher, etc.
Rohini Satellite (RS-1)Series
(Launched by Indian launch vehicle SLV-3 )
First RS-1
Launch Date : July 18, 1980
Weight : 35 kg
Orbit : 300 km x 900 km elliptical orbit (97 minutes period)
Lauched by : India, SLV-3 rocket
Objectives : The satelite provided data on the fourth stage

performance and ranging.
Second RS-1
Launch Date : May 30, 1981
Weight : 35 kg
Lauched by : India, SLV-3 (D-1) rocket
Objectives : Carried a Land Mark sensor payload whose solid

state camera performed to specifications. The satellite re-
entered the earth's atmosphere nine days after lauch on account of the launch vehicle's injecting the satellite into a lower
than expected altitude.
Third RS-1
Launch Date : April 17, 1983
Weight : 35 kg
Lauched by : India, SLV-3 (D-2)rocket
Objectives : The Smart Sensor Camera was the primary payload on board the satellite. It was operated for over five
months and sent more than 2500 pictures frames in both visible and infrared bands for identification of landmarks and
altitude and orbit refinement. The camera had on-board processing capability to use the data for classifying ground
features like water, vegetation, bare land, clouds and snow. After completing all its mission goals, RS-D2 was closed
down on Sept. 24, 1984.
Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS)
Lunched by India's Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle, ASLV, on May 20, 1992 and May 4, 1994 respectively. Carried a
Retarding Potential Analyser and a Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) detector. SROSS-C2 has provided valuable scientific data.
IRS-1A Satellite (First Operational Satellite )

IRS-1A Satellite (First Operational Satellite )
This is first indigenously built sun-synchronous polar orbiting satellite.
Orbit Details
Launch date : March 17, 1988 (Soviet Launcher VOSTAK used)

Altitude : 904 Kms.
Inclination : 99.049 degrees
Period : 103.19266 minutes
Repetivity : 22 days
Equatorial crossong time : 10.25 AM descending
Weight : 975 Kg.
Imaging Sensor Characteristics (LISS-I and LISS-II Cameras)
Parameters LISS-I LISS-II
Focal Length 166.2 324.4
Field-of-view (deg) 9.4 4.7+4.7
Instantaneous field of view(IFOV) 80 40

Microrad,
Detectors (CCDs) 2048 elements 2048 elements CCD

CCD
Ground Resolution (m) 72.5 36.25
Spectral range (micro meter) 0.45 - 0.86 0.45 - 0.86
Number of Bands 4 4
Swath (Kms.) 148 74x2 ( LISS-A and

LISS-B)
Radiometric Resolution (grey levels) 128 128
Data rate (Mbps) 5.2 10.4x2
Weight (Kgs) 38.5 80.8x2
Power (Watts) 34 34x2
* LISS -Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor, CCD charge coupled devices.

* LISS-II contains two separate identical sensors LISS-A and LISS-B with a spatial resolution of 36.25 each.
* The 4 bands are:
B1 - 0.42-0.52 (blue)
B2 - 0.52-0.59 (green)
B3 - 0.62-0.68 (red)
B4 - 0.77-0.86 (near IR)
The bands are similar to the LANDSAT 1, 2, 3 and 4 bands.
IRS-P1 Satellite (Indigenously Launched (P) Series)
IRS-P series are being launched by indigenously developed polar launch vehicle ( PSLV ). Due to failure in last stage of
rocket, satellite and rocket were plunged into sea.
IRS-1B Satellite (First Operational Satellite )

IRS-1B Satellite
This is similar to IRS-1A satellite in all aspects.
Orbit Details
Launch date : August 29, 1991 (Soviet Launcher VOSTAK used)

Altitude : 904 Kms.
Weight : 975 Kg.
Imaging Sensor Characteristics ( LISS-I and LISS-II Cameras)
Parameters LISS-I LISS-II
Focal Length 166.2 324.4
Field-of-view (deg) 9.4 4.7+4.7
Instantaneous field of view(IFOV) 80 40

Microrad,
Detectors (CCDs) 2048 elements 2048 elements
Ground Resolution (m) 72.5 36.25
Spectral range (micro meter) 0.45 - 0.86 0.45 - 0.86
Number of Bands 4 4
Swath (Kms.) 148 74x2 ( LISS-A and

LISS-B)
Radiometric Resolution (grey levels) 128 128
Data rate (Mbps) 5.2 10.4x2
Weight (Kgs) 38.5 80.8x2
Power (Watts) 34 34x2
* LISS -Linear Imaging Self-Scanning Sensor, CCD charge coupled devices.

* LISS-II contains two separate sensors LISS-A and LISS-B with a spatial resolution of 36.25 each.
* The 4 bands are:
B1 - 0.42-0.52 (blue)
B2 - 0.52-0.59 (green)
B3 - 0.62-0.68 (red)
B4 - 0.77-0.86 (near IR)

Orbit Details
Launch date : Oct. 15, 1994

Altitude : 817 Kms.
Imaging Sensor Characteristics ( LISS-II Camera )
The Satellite is having only LISS-II Camera and its parameters are similar to that IRS-1A/1B with small modifications in
arrangement of CCDs.
Parameters LISS-II
Focal Length 324.4
Field-of-view (deg) 4.7+4.7
Instantaneous field of view(IFOV) Microrad, 40
Ground Resolution (m) 36.74 m (across track)

37/39 m (along track)
Spectral range (micro meter) 0.45 - 0.86
Number of Bands 4
Swath (Kms.) 130 km (Liss A + B)
Radiometric Resolution (grey levels) 128
Data rate (Mbps) 10.4x2
Weight (Kgs) 80.8x2
Power (Watts) 34x2
B1 - 0.42-0.52 (blue)
B2 - 0.52-0.59 (green)
B3 - 0.62-0.68 (red)
B4 - 0.77-0.86 (near IR)
IRS-1C Satellite
IRS-1C Satellite
This is one of the best satellites having highest spatial resolution of 5.8 m in Panchromatic and 23.5 m in multispectral.
Orbit Details
Launch date : Dec. 28, 1995 (Soviet Launcher Molniya used)

Altitude : 817 Kms.
Repetivity : 24 days (5 days - revisit)
Weight : 1250 Kg.
No. of Sensors : Three; 1) PAN, 2) LISS-III and 3) WiFS
Panchromatic Camera (PAN)
Parameters Specifications (PAN)
Band (microns) 0.50 - 0.75
Resolution (m) 5.8
Effective focal lenght 980 mm
Coding 6 bits (64 grey levels)
Camera SWR 0.2
SNR (at saturation radiance) >64
Data rate (MBPS) 84.903

Swath (km.) 1. Nadir 70
1. Off-nadir 91
Off-nadir viewing (deg) +/-26 for obtaining stereoscopic data and 5

day revisit
Steering step size (deg) 0.09
The data in the panchromatic region is useful in geological studies for mapping geological and geomorphological features.
Higher spatial resolution will be useful for urban planning studies, detecting urban fringe growth, updating the urban
transporation infrastructure etc. It is having off-nadir viewing capability and the view angle can be varied between +/- 26
deg. The advantages of off-nadir viewing are increased repetivity coverage and stereoscopy. Stereoscopic image pair
obtainable by PAN can be used for topographic studies and generation of digital terrain models.
Imaging Sensor Characteristics ( LISS-III Sensor)
Parameters B2 B3 B4 B5
Spectral bands 0.52-0.59(green) 1.55-1.70 (MID)

0.62-0.68(red)
0.77-0.86(NIR)
Resolution (m) 23.5 (for bands 70.5 (for b5)

B2,B3,B4)
CCD devices 6000 elements 2100
Swath (Kms) 141 148
Equi focal length (mm) 347.5 301.2
Number of grey levels 128 (7 bits) 128
The bands are similar to the IRS-1A, IRS-1B and IRS-P2 except blue band which is not included in IRS-1C.
Band 2 is centered around the first peak of the vegetation reflectance curve (refer to reflectance curves in standard
books) and is useful for discrimination of vegetation. This band along with red and near IR regions forms the core data
useful for discrimination of vegetation.
Band 3 is centered around the chlorophyll absorption region of vegetation. Strong correlation exists between spectral
reflectance in this region and chlorophyll content. A reduction in the amount of chlorophyll can occur when the plant is
stressed. This results in less chlorophyll absorption and an increase in red reflectance. This band along with the near IR
band is used widely for deriving spectral indices like ratio and Normalised Difference Vegetation index (NDVI) which have
been found to be very good indicators of crop vigour and biomass.
Band 4: The high reflectance plateau region of the vegetation reflectance is in this band. Plant reflectance in this region is
highly governed by the internal structure of plant leaves. This band shows high reflectance for healthy vegetation and is
useful for green biomass estimation and crop vigor.
Band 5: the middle infra-red region from 1.3-2.5 microns is sensitive to leaf water content. It has been shown that 1.55 -
1.70 is best suited in 0.7-2.5 region for monitoring plant canopy water status. Major applications of this band include
discrimination of crop types, canopy water status, forest type separation and damage assessment. Crop classification
accuracies can be improved by 1-15% when this band is included with other bands. Also useful snow-cloud
discrimination. In geology, it will be useful for rock type discrimination.
Wide Field Sensor (WiFS)
Parameters Values
Spectral bands (microns) B3 - 0.62-0.68 (red)

B4 - 0.77-0.86 (near IR)
Resolution (m) 188
CCD devices 2048 elements
Swath (Kms) 810 (5 days repetivity)
Equivalent focal length (mm) 56.4
No. of grey levels 128 (7 bits)
SNR >128
This sensor is most useful for vegetation studies. With larger swath (770 Km), high repetivity ( 5 days) and operation in
two vegetation specific bands, the sensor provide vegetation index at regional level, thus helping in assessment of crop
condition and drought monitoring.
IRS-P3 Satellite
IRS-P3 Satellite
Orbit Details
Launch date : March 21, 1996 (Indigenous PSLV-D3 rocket is used)

Altitude : 817 km.
Period : minutes
Repetivity : days
Weight : Kg.
No. of Sensors : Two 1) WiFs, 2) MOS
Wide Field Sensor (WiFS)
Parameters Specifications )
Spectral Bands (microns) B3 0.62 - 0.68

B4 0.77 - 0.86
B5 1.55 - 1.69
Resolution (m) B3 and B4 188x188

B5 188x246
Quantisation bits 7 (128 grey levels
Swath 810 Km.
No. of detectors 2048 x 2 for B3

2048 x 2 for B4
2100 x 2 for B5
S/N ratio >127
IRS-P3 WiFS is slightly different from IRS-1C WiFS. In IRS-P3 WiFS, another band (B5) in the middle infrared region is
added for monitoring plant canopy water content.
Modular Optoelectronic Scanner (MOS)
The sensor system is primarily meant for ocean related studies. It operates in narrow spectral bands in visible, near
infrared and short wave infra-red regions (SWIR) of the electromagnetc spectrum and consists of three optical modules
namely MOS-A, MOS-B and MOS-C. Further the sensor should be able to detect small changes in spectral signature.
This is achieved by having 16 bits of quantisation as against 7 or 8 bits in the sensors used for land applications.
Parameters MOS-A MOS-B MOS-C

Spectral range 0.755 - 0.768 0.408 - 1.010 1.50 - 1.70
No. of Bands 4 13(*) 1
Resolution (m) 1569 x 1395 523 x 523 523 x 644
No. of detectors 140 384 299
Quantisation bits 16 16 16
Swath (kms.) 195 200 192
S/N ratio >100 >100 >100
(*) Each band with 0.001 micrometers band-width.
IRS-D2 Satellite
IRS-1D Satellite (Indigenously launched operational satellite)
Satellite entered in elliptical orbits instead of circular after it was separated from rocket. Due to this problem,
there is change in swath, resolution according to orbit distance from the earth center.
Launch date : Sept. 29, 1997 (indigenous PSLV-D4 rocket was used)
Equatorial Crossing time: 10.40 A.M
Altitude : 737 Km(Perigee)/821 Km. (Apogee)
Repetivity : 24 days; ( 3 days revisit) No. of Sensors : Three; 1) PAN, 2) LISS-III and 3) WiFS
Payloads
The payloads are similar to IRS-1C (PAN, LISS-III and WiFS). The satellite is a follow on to IRS-1C
Resolution : PAN Sensor : 5.2 m (Perigee)/5.8 m (Apogee)

LISS-III sensor : 21.2
m(P)/23.5m(A)
LISS-III MIR : 63.6 m (P)/ 70.5 m (A)
WiFS sensor : 728 m (P)/812Km (A)
IRS-P4 (Oceansat-1)
Launch Date : May 26, 1999 by indigenous PSLV rocket
Payloads
• OCM (Ocean Colour Monitor) with 8 spectral bands

for the measurements of physical and biological oceanographic parameters.
• MSMR (Multi-frequency Scanning Microwave Radiometers)

Operating at 6.6, 10.65, 18.0 and 21 GHz frequencies with H and V polarizations and at spatial resolution of
150 km, 75 km, 50 km and 50 km respectively.
IRS-P6(ResourceSat)
IRS-P6 (ResourceSat)
Launch Date : Launched on Oct. 17, 2003 PSLV-C5
Payloads
It will be the state-of-art satellite, mainly for agriculture applications and will have 3 band multispectral LISS-IV camera
with a spatial resolution better than 5.86 m and a swath of around 25 km with across track steerability for selected area
monitoring. An improved version LISS-III with 4 bands (red, green, near IR and SWIR ), all at 23 m resolution and 140 km
swath will provide the much essential continuity to LISS-III.
The sensors on board the satellite will provide data which is useful for vegetation related applications and will allow
multiple crop discrimination and species level discrimination. Together with an advanced Wide Field Sensor (WiFS), with
80 m resolution and 1400 km swath, the payloads will greatly aid crop/vegetation and integrated land and water resources
related applications.
The photo is taken from www.isro.org site
IRS-P5 (CARTOSAT - 1 )
IRS-P5 (CARTOSAT -1)
Launch Date : May 5, 2005 by indigenous PSLV rocket
Payloads
It has carried two state-of-the-art Panchromatic (PAN)

cameras with 2.5 m resolution with fore-aft stereo
capability. The swath covered by these high resolution
PAN cameras is 30 km. This mission will cater the needs
of cartographers and terrain modelling applications. The
satellite will provide cadastral level information upto 1:5000 scale and will be useful for making 2-5 m
contour maps. The Cartosat-1 also carried a solid state recorder with a capacity of 120 Gigz Bits to store
the images taken by its cameras.
IRS-P7 (CARTOSAT - 2 )
IRS-P7 (CARTOSAT -2)
Launch Date : Jan 10, 2007 by indigenous PSLV-C7 rocket
Payloads
It carried a single Panchromatic (PAN) camera with 1 m resolution capable of providing scene specific spot imageries for
cartographic applications at cadastral level. The swath covered by the high resolution PAN camera is 9.6 km. This mission
will cater the needs of cartographers and terrain modelling applications. The satellite will have high agility with capability to
steer along and across the track up to 45 degrees. It was placed in a sun-synchronous polar orbit at an altitude of 635 km.
It has a revisit period of 4 days, which can be improved to one day with suitable orbit maneuvers.
 for information, see ISRO web page
IRS-2 Series (OCEANSAT -2 / CLIMATSAT - 1 /ATMOS - 1 )
IRS-2 Series (CARTOSAT - 2 / CLIMATSAT - 1 /ATMOS - 1 )
Launch Date : Planned to launch in 2005
Payloads
It will be integrated mission which will cater to global observations of climate, ocean and atmosphere.
Intruments to cater oceanographic applications will be microwave sensors such as a Ku band Alitimeter, Ku band
Scatterometer, Microwave Radiometer and Thermal Infra-red Radiometer for observing oceanographic parameters like
winds, sea surface temperature, waves, bathymetry, internal waves etc.,.
Instruments for atmospheric chemistry applications include spectrometers, sounders and radiometers for studying the
atmospheric constituents, pollution and for monotoring ozone and greenhouse effect.
Instruments to observe climate and meteorological parameters will include microwave sounders, radiometers, rain radars
etc.,. These satellites are slated for launch in 2001.
IRS-3 Series
IRS-3 Series
Launch Date : Planned to launch in 2006
Payloads
It will have all weather capabilities and will have multi- frequency and multi-polarization microwave payloads and other
passive instruments.
IRS-1A/IB Digital Product Information

IRS-1A/1B data contains four files which are being supplied through CD-ROM or Tapes (DAT and Exabyte).
The supplied media contains 5 files, which are 1) Volume directory file,
2) Leader file
3) Imagery file
4) Trailer file
5) Null volume file
Data can be extracted from Tape to disk through UNIX dd command with proper ibs and obs (block size) options or
through commercial softwares.
In case of raw data (not geo-coded) of IRS-1A/1B, the file sizes are
1) volume dir file 1800 bytes
2) Leader file 13312 bytes
3) Imagery file 25202520 bytes
4) Trailer file 1800 bytes
5)Null volume 360 bytes.
In Imagery file, there is header with 2520 bytes. The imagery file is in BIL format.
No. Lines = 2500 No. Pixels= 2520
IRS-1C/ID (LISS-III) Digital Product Information (FULL SCENE)

This product also contains 5 files with the sizes
1) Volume dir file 1800 bytes
3) Imagery file 155624220
4) Trailer file 1800
5) Null file 360 bytes
In Imagery File, there is a header of size 540 bytes. No. of Band : 4 (BIL format)
No. of Lines: 6004
No. of Pixels: 6480
IRS-1C/1D (LISS-III) Digital Product (quarter scene)
This product contains 5 files with the size

Header size : 540 pixels

Number of Lines : 3058
Number of Pixels : 3060
IRS-1C/1D PAN Geocoded Product of small area
This product contains 5 files

1800 Bytes VOLUME.PAN
73440 Bytes LEADER.PAN
8070300 Bytes IMAGERY.PAN
720 Byte TRAILER.PAN
360 Bytes NULL.PAN
Header size : 540 Pixels

The number of lines : 2802
The number of pixels : 2880
Please note that 31 pixels are prefixed and 114 pixels are suffixed in 2880 pixels
Here is the program in 'C' for the separation of bands from BIL format band_sep.c
For decoding Leader file of IRS-1C/1D, you please visit NRSA site and download programme.
IRS-1A/IB Digital Product Information
IRS-1A/1B data contains four files which are being supplied through CD-ROM or Tapes (DAT and Exabyte).
The supplied media contains 5 files, which are 1) Volume directory file,
2) Leader file
3) Imagery file
4) Trailer file
5) Null volume file
Data can be extracted from Tape to disk through UNIX dd command with proper ibs and obs (block size) options or
through commercial softwares.
In case of raw data (not geo-coded) of IRS-1A/1B, the file sizes are
1) volume dir file 1800 bytes
3) Imagery file 25202520 bytes
4) Trailer file 1800 bytes
5)Null volume 360 bytes.
In Imagery file, there is header with 2520 bytes. The imagery file is in BIL format.
No. Lines = 2500 No. Pixels= 2520
IRS-1C/ID (LISS-III) Digital Product Information (FULL SCENE)

This product also contains 5 files with the sizes
In Imagery File, there is a header of size 540 bytes. No. of Band : 4 (BIL format)
No. of Lines: 6004
No. of Pixels: 6480
IRS-1C/1D (LISS-III) Digital Product (quarter scene)
This product contains 5 files with the size

Header size : 540 pixels

Number of Lines : 3058
Number of Pixels : 3060
IRS-1C/1D PAN Geocoded Product of small area
This product contains 5 files

1800 Bytes VOLUME.PAN
73440 Bytes LEADER.PAN
8070300 Bytes IMAGERY.PAN
720 Byte TRAILER.PAN
360 Bytes NULL.PAN
Header size : 540 Pixels

The number of lines : 2802
The number of pixels : 2880
Please note that 31 pixels are prefixed and 114 pixels are suffixed in 2880 pixels
Here is the program in 'C' for the separation of bands from BIL format band_sep.c
For decoding Leader file of IRS-1C/1D, you please visit NRSA site and download programme.
For the past four decades, ISRO has launched more than 50 satellites for various scientific and technological applications like mobile communications, Direct-to-Home servic
telemedicine, tele-education, disaster warning, radio networking, search and rescue operations, remote sensing and scientific studies of the space.
ISRO has established two major space systems, the Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) series for communication, television broadcasting and meteorological services
Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS) system for resources monitoring and management which is Earth Observation Satellites. ISRO has launched many Experimental Sa
comparing to INSAT or IRS and Space Missions to explore the space.
Geo-Stationary Satellities Earth Observing Satellities

Space Missions Experimental / Small Satellite
All Satellites
The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system which are placed in Geo-stationary orbits is one of the largest domestic communication satellite systems in Asia-Pacific
region. Established in 1983 with commissioning of INSAT-1B, it initiated a major revolution in India’s communications sector and sustained the same later. INSAT space
segment consists of 21 satellites out of which 11 are in service (INSAT-2E, INSAT-3A, INSAT-3B, INSAT-3C, INSAT-3E, KALPANA-1, GSAT-2, EDUSAT and INSAT-4A,
INSAT-4B, INSAT-4CR)
The system with a total of about 211 transponders in the C, Extended C and Ku-bands.provides services to telecommunications, television broadcasting, weather
forecasting, disaster warning and Search and Rescue operatilons.
Launch Date 15.04.2010
GSAT-4 was an experimental satellite weighing 2220 kg More..
There are several Indian Communication satellites available in the GEO orbit. More..
INSAT – 4B Spacecraft is the second I the INSAT 4 series of spacecrafts and is configured with exclusive communication More..
INSAT-4 series is planned to have seven satellites More..
INSAT-4a series is planned to have seven satellites, INSAT-4A through INSAT-4G More..
HAMSAT is ISRO’s first theme based Micro Satellite meant for providing Satellite More..
GSAT – 3, well known as EDUSAT is meant for distant class room education More..
INSAT-3E is the fourth satellite to be launched in the INSAT-3 series. More..
GSAT-2 is a 2000 kg class experimental communication satellite More..
INSAT – 3A is a multipurpose satellite for providing telecommunications, television broadcasting, meteorological and search and rescue services. More..
Kalpana – 1 is the first in the series of exclusive meteorological satellites built by ISRO. More..
INSAT – 3C To augment the existing INSAT capacity for communication and broadcasting More..
Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite system was commissioned with the launch of IRS-1A, in 1988. With ten satellites in operation, IRS is the largest civilian remote
sensing satellite constellation in the world providing imageries in a variety of spatial resolutions, spectral bands and swaths. The data is used for several applications
covering agriculture, water resources, urban development, mineral prospecting, environment, forestry, drought and flood forecasting, ocean resources and disaster
management.
Cartosat-2B to provide continuity of remote sensing data services to the users of multiple spot scene imageries. More..
Oceansat-2 is to provide continuity of operational services of Oceansat (IRS-P4) with enhanced application potential. More..
Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT-2) is capable of taking earth images in all weather. More..
IMS-1, previously referred to as TWSat (Third World Satellite), is a low-cost microsatellite imaging mission of ISRO. More..
CARTOSAT - 2A is the thirteenth satellite in the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite series (IRS). More..
The 680 kg CARTOSAT-2, launched by PSLV-C7 on January 10, 2007, is the twelfth in the Indian Remote Sensing. More..
CARTOSAT - 1 is the first India Remote Sensing Satellite capable of providing in-orbit stereo images. More..
RESOURCESAT-1 is the tenth satellite of ISRO in IRS series, intended to not only continue the remote sensing More..
The Technology Experiment Satellite (TES), weighing 1108 kg, was launched on October 22,2001. More..
"IRS - P4 had an entirely different mission, and its primarily usage was to study the oceans. More..
IRS - 1D was launched on September 29, 1997 by PSLV - C1. IRS - 1D, a follow on satellite More..
Remote sensing of earth's natural resources Study of X-ray Astronomy Periodic calibration More..
IRS-1C is India's second generation operational Remote Sensing Satellite. More..

Indian space programme encompasses research in areas like astronomy, astrophysics, planetary and earth sciences, atmospheric sciences and theoretical physics.
Balloons, sounding rockets, space platforms and ground-based facilities support these research efforts. A series of sounding rockets are available for atmospheric
experiments. Several scientific instruments have been flown on satellites especially to direct celestial X-ray and gamma-ray bursts.
Major space missions are Chandrayaan-l and forthcoming Megha - Tropiques.
Chandrayaan-1,India's first mission to Moon, was launched successfully on October 22, 2008 from SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota. More..
Second satellite successfully orbited by ASLV. Working even four years after its launch. More..
First Indian satellite, launched into a near earth orbit on April 19, 1975, by an Intercosmos rocket of erstwhile USSR. More..
The satellite was launched onboard the first development a flilght of ASLV. It did not reach the orbit. More..
ISRO has launched many small satellites mainly for the experimental purposes. This experiment include Remote Sensing, Atmospheric Studies, Payload Development,
Orbit Controls, recovery technology etc.
In its seventeenth mission of PSLV carried out from Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR (SDSC SHAR) More..
In its fifteenth mission carried out from Satish Dhawan Space Centre SHAR (SDSC SHAR) More..
Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE - 1) is a 550 kg capsule intended to demonstrate the More..
Second experimental remote sensing satellite similar to Bhaskara-1. Provided experience in building More..
Second experimental remote sensing satellite similar to Bhaskara-1. Provided experience in building More..
First experimental communication satellite. Provided experience in building and operating More..
The First Indigenously built Indian Satellites. More..

Satellite Launch Date Launch Vehicle Type of Satellite
STUDSAT 12.07.2010 PSLV-C15 Experimental / Small Satellite
CARTOSAT-2B 12.07.2010 PSLV-C15 Earth Observation Satellite
GSAT-4 15.04.2010 GSLV-D3 Geo-Stationary Satellite
Oceansat-2 23.09.2009 PSLV-C14 Earth Observation Satellite
ANUSAT 20.04.2009 PSLV-C12 Experimental / Small Satellite
RISAT-2 20.04.2009 PSLV-C12 Earth Observation Satellite
Chandrayaan-1 22.10.2008 PSLV-C11 Space Mission
CARTOSAT - 2A 28.04.2008 PSLV-C9 Earth Observation Satellite
IMS-1 28.04.2008 PSLV-C9 Earth Observation Satellite
INSAT-4B 12.03.2007 Ariane-5ECA Geo-Stationary Satellite
CARTOSAT - 2 10.01.2007 PSLV-C7 Earth Observation Satellite
SRE - 1 10.01.2007 PSLV-C7 Experimental / Small Satellite
INSAT-4CR 02.09.2007 GSLV-F04 Geo-Stationary Satellite
INSAT-4C 10.07.2006 GSLV-F02 Geo-Stationary Satellite
INSAT-4A 22.12.2005 Ariane-5GS Geo-Stationary Satellite
HAMSAT 05.05.2005 PSLV-C6 Experimental / Small Satellite
CARTOSAT-1 05.05.2005 PSLV-C6 Earth Observation Satellite
EDUSAT (GSAT-3) 20.09.2004 GSLV-F01 Geo-Stationary Satellite
Resourcesat-1(IRS-P6) 17.10.2003 PSLV-C5 Earth Observation Satellite
INSAT-3A 10.04.2003 Ariane-5G Geo-Stationary Satellite
INSAT-3E 28.09.2003 Ariane-5G Geo-Stationary Satellite
KALPANA-1(METSAT) 12.09.2002 PSLV-C4 Geo-Stationary Satellite
INSAT-3C 24.01.2002 Ariane-42L H10-3 Geo-Stationary Satellite

Technology Experiment Satellite
(TES)
22.10.2001 PSLV-C3 Earth Observation Satellite
INSAT-3B 22.03.2000 Ariane-5G Geo-Stationary Satellite
Oceansat(IRS-P4) 26.05.1999 PSLV-C2 Earth Observation Satellite
INSAT-2E 03.04.1999 Ariane-42P H10-3 Geo-Stationary Satellite
INSAT-2DT January 1998 Ariane-44L H10 Geo-Stationary Satellite
IRS-1D 29.09.1997 PSLV-C1 Earth Observation Satellite
INSAT-2D 04.06.1997 Ariane-44L H10-3 Geo-Stationary Satellite
IRS-P3 21.03.1996 PSLV-D3 Earth Observation Satellite
IRS-1C 28.12.1995 Molniya Earth Observation Satellite
INSAT-2C 07.12.1995 Ariane-44L H10-3 Geo-Stationary Satellite
IRS-P2 15.10.1994 PSLV-D2 Earth Observation Satellite

Stretched Rohini Satellite Series
(SROSS-C2)
04.05.1994 ASLV Space Mission
IRS-1E 20.09.1993 PSLV-D1 Earth Observation Satellite
INSAT-2B 23.07.1993 Ariane-44L H10+ Geo-Stationary Satellite
INSAT-2A 10.07.1992 Ariane-44L H10 Geo-Stationary Satellite

Stretched Rohini Satellite Series
(SROSS-C)
20.05.1992 ASLV Space Mission
IRS-1B 29.08.1991 Vostok Earth Observation Satellite
INSAT-1D 12.06.1990 Delta 4925 Geo-Stationary Satellite
INSAT-1C 21.07.1988 Ariane-3 Geo-Stationary Satellite

Indian Remote Sensing Satellite

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

[edit] IRS System

[edit] IRS data applications

• Preharvest crop area and production estimation of major crops.

[edit] IRS launch log

1 IRS 1A 17 March 1988 Vostok, USSR Mission Completed

2 IRS 1B 29 August 1991 Vostok, USSR Mission Completed

4 IRS P2 15 October 1994 PSLV-D2 Mission Completed

6 IRS P3 21 March 1996 PSLV-D3 Mission Completed

8 IRS P4 (Oceansat-1) 27 May 1999 PSLV-C2 In Service

Technology Experiment Satellite

10 IRS P6 (Resourcesat 1) 17 October 2003 PSLV-C5 In Service

12 Cartosat 2 (IRS P7) 10 January 2007 PSLV-C7 In Service

13 Cartosat 2A (IRS P?) 28 April 2008 PSLV-C9 In Service

14 IMS 1 (IRS P?) 28 April 2008 PSLV-C9 In Service

16 Cartosat-2B 12 July 2010 PSLV-C15 In Service

[edit] Future IRS launches

[edit] Satellite data acquisition and processing

Presently Working Satellites

• IRS-2 Series, 2005

Links to ISRO Centres

• IPDPG of Space of Application Centre (SAC) Ahmedabad

(First Indian Experimental Satellite)

Orbit : 619 x 562 km inclined at 50.7 deg

Lauched by : Soviet Intercosmos rocket.

Objectives : The objectives of this project were to indigenously design and

* to evolve the methodology of conducting a series of complex operations on the

* to set up ground-based receiving, transmitting and tracking systems

and to establish infrastructure for the fabrication of spacecraft systems.

(First Indian low orbit Earth Observation Satellite)

Launch Date : June 7, 1979

Orbit : 619 x 562 km inclined at 50.7 deg

Lauched by : Soviet Intercosmos rocket.

• Television Cameras operating in visible (0.6 micron)

(First Indian low orbit Earth Observation Satellite)

Launch Date : Nov. 20, 1981

Orbit : 619 x 562 km inclined at 50.7 deg

Lauched by : Soviet Intercosmos rocket.

• Television Cameras operating in visible (0.6 micron)

Rohini Satellite (RS-1)Series

(Launched by Indian launch vehicle SLV-3 )

Launch Date : July 18, 1980

Orbit : 300 km x 900 km elliptical orbit (97 minutes period)

Lauched by : India, SLV-3 rocket

Objectives : The satelite provided data on the fourth stage

Launch Date : May 30, 1981

Lauched by : India, SLV-3 (D-1) rocket

Orbit : 300 km x 900 km elliptical orbit (97 minutes period)

Objectives : Carried a Land Mark sensor payload whose solid

Launch Date : April 17, 1983

Lauched by : India, SLV-3 (D-2)rocket

Orbit : 300 km x 900 km elliptical orbit (97 minutes period)

Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS)

IRS-1A Satellite (First Operational Satellite )

This is first indigenously built sun-synchronous polar orbiting satellite.

Launch date : March 17, 1988 (Soviet Launcher VOSTAK used)

Imaging Sensor Characteristics (LISS-I and LISS-II Cameras)

Parameters LISS-I LISS-II

Focal Length 166.2 324.4

Field-of-view (deg) 9.4 4.7+4.7

Instantaneous field of view(IFOV) 80 40

Detectors (CCDs) 2048 elements 2048 elements CCD