MODAL VERBS

has/have to + infinitive.
He has to get a visa.
We don’t have to get up early.
Does she have to go home?
We use have to to say what it is necessary to do.
1 He has to train if he’s going to run a marathon.
(Have to expresses strong obligation.)
2 You have to get a license if you want to drive a car.
(Have to expresses a general obligation based on a law or rule, or the strong
authority of another person.)
3 The teacher says I have to study harder.
(Have to is impersonal, not necessarily the opinion of the speaker.)
4 We had to leave at 6am yesterday.
(Have to has all the verb forms. Must doesn’t.)

OBLIGATION
Should and ought to express mild obligation, suggestions, or advice.
You ought to buy a new car.
I think you should take a holiday.
Do you think I should lose weight?
Must expresses strong obligation.
I must pay these bills.
You must be more patient.
Don’t have to and mustn’t are completely different.
Tomorrow’s Saturday, so you don’t have to get up early.
(absence of obligation) ne moramo se rano ustati
You can, but it isn’t necessary.
It’s a secret. You mustn’t tell anyone.
(negative obligation) ne smiješ nikome reći
It’s very important NOT to do something.

PERMISSION
The main use of can is to express ability.
I can speak German.
Can and be allowed to express permission.
You can take my umbrella if you want.
Can is more informal and usually spoken.
 You aren’t allowed to smoke in this building.
Be allowed to is more formal.

MAKING REQUESTS
There are many ways of making requests in English.
Can I borrow your phone?
Could you give me a lift?
Will you help me with this?
Would you close the door?
Would you mind carrying my bag?
Do you mind if I answer my phone?
Would you mind if I answered my phone?

Complete the sentences with the correct form of

(don’t) have to or can’t.
1 You have to be fit and strong to run a marathon.
2 Bill ________________ compete this month – he’s injured.
3 The audience __________________ wait long – the competition started on time.
4 You ____________________ have the right equipment to go climbing.
5 I __________________ take penicillin. I’m allergic to it.
6 Teachers _________________ have a lot of patience, I think.
7 __________ you ________________ work hard last year to pass all those exams?
8 ______________ you ________________ stop eating when you have diarrhoea?
9 I _______________ sleep at night and I’m getting very tired. What should I do, doctor?
10 She __________________ talk right now. She’s driving.
11 It’s OK, you _____________________ look smart. Casual wear is fine.

have to / be allowed to

1 In Britain, young people drink in pubs until they're 18.

2 You take your passport with you when you travel abroad.

3 My dad walk three miles to school when he was a boy.

4 In basketball you hold the ball but you can't carry it.

5 They went out to dinner so she cook a meal.

6 You used to smoke on buses but you can't now.