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Evaluation of Particles Removal Efficiency in

Rapid Sand Filters by Changing Particle
Concentration and Media Grain Size

Article · June 2011

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Evaluation of Particles Removal Efficiency in Rapid Sand Filters by

Changing Particle Concentration and Media Grain Size
Hossein Banejad 1 Mehdi Mokari 2 Mohammadreza Mosaddeghi3 Yaser Doae2

(Received Mar. 7, 2007 Accepted Oct. 28, 2008)

Abstract
Removal of particles by filter is a complex water treatment process. Several factors are involved that include
shape and size of filter grains, particle concentration, filtration velocity, and filter depth. The objective of this
study was to evaluate particle removal efficiency (Y) by changing particle concentration and media grain size in
a rapid sand filter. Five concentrations (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 ppm) of Kaolin particles and three mean
media sizes (0.51, 1, and 1.41 mm) were used. The filter depth and the filtration velocity were 25 cm and 0.086
cmsec-1, respectively. Silica sand was used as the filter medium in all the experiments. The results showed that
for the filter medium with an average grain size of 0.51 mm, removal efficiency increased with increasing
influent particle concentration during the initial hours of filtration. Generally, suspended solids removal
efficiency was higher at low particle concentrations. No significant differences were observed in removal
1. Assis. Prof. of Irrigation, College of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina ()4• $ 4 ) !J3 2 ! , F4E $ %& 3 !1( & $ L& 3 1 E $ I ,3 I
University, Hamedan, (Corresponding Author) (+98 811) Hossein_Banejad@yahoo.com (xe99) e:_DxVV
8273044 Hossein_Banejad@yahoo.com
2. Grad. Student of Irrigation and Drainage, College of Agriculture, J3 2 ! , F4E $ %& 3 ! &L2( 1 E 3 , 14?& 3 T
Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan J3 2 ! , F4E $ %& 3 ! , & / $ I ,3 Xn
3. Assis. Prof. of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina
University, Hamedan

40
 efficiency for the three media sizes and particle concentrations of up to 300 mg/L, but for concentrations above
300 mg/L, removal efficiency decreased, especially for filter media with an average grain size of 1.41 mm.
Removal efficiency decreased in filter media with average grain sizes of 1 and 1.41 mm at high particle
concentrations from the very initial hours of filtration. The highest removal efficiency was observed in the filter
medium with an average grain size of 0.51 mm. Differences in removal efficiencies between the filter media
with average grain sizes of 0.51 and 1 mm were much greater than those between filter media with average grain
sizes of 1 and 1.41 mm. In other words, the critical grain size for the filter medium was 1 mm.

Keywords: Kaolinite Particles, Rapid Sand Filter, Suspended Particles Concentration, Filter Media,
Particle Removal Efficiency.
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46
 e4 —
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