‘VII INGEPET 2011 (EXPR -RE-O4-N) 1 SUB-THRUST OIL AND GAS POTENTIAL OF BLOCK 107: A POTENTIAL GIANT FIELD COMPLEX ALONG THE PERUVIAN MOUNTAIN FRONT R. Erlich, G. Wine, C. Monges, J. Rebaza, M. Allcca, and C. Alegria (Petrolifera Petroleum Limited, 332 6" Ave. SW, Suite 900, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 0B2) Abstract Recent and historical drilling along the Peruvian Andean mountain front has concentrated on hanging wall anticlinal traps, formed mainly during the Eocene to Pliocene phase of Andean deformation, Unfortunately, the recent string of spectacular successes has not resulted in an effort to test other structural plays in the region. We believe that the most prospective untested play type within the region is developed in a sub-thrust setting below typical hanging wall features. Commonly, the potential for material sub-thrust resources exists where lateral displacement and structural reactivation have occurred in combination with a known petroleum system, world- class reservoirs, and effective regional seals. Those conditions exist in numerous areas along the Andean mountain front where sub-thrust exploration drilling has been very successful, especially in Colombia and Eastern Venezuela. However, a similar setting can also be found along restricted parts of the Peruvian mountain front, where evaporites and mature source rocks have formed detachment horizons that permit the development of classic overthrust deformation styles. One of the clearest examples of sub-thrust deformation and trap formation can be found in Block 107, Ucayali Basin, where extensive field mapping combined with new 2D seismic has revealed a trend of large sub-thrust oil and gas traps. Seismic data (PSDM) clearly show the development of a ramp-flat architecture to the San Matias thrust sheet, with between 4-15 kilometers of Miocene shortening. Deformation of the footwall section and the formation of sub- thrust traps were produced by the reactivation of pre-existing normal faults, principally in two phases: one during the Lower-Middle Cretaceous and one during the Miocene-Pliocene. Control on footwall stratigraphy (as demonstrated by field mapping) shows that proven Cretaceous reservoir units can be tested within structural closures along the deformation front. The presence of only lightly biodegraded, 34° API oil seeps within the block indicates that active oil generation is occurring under the San Matias hanging wall section. Biomarker data interpreted from these seeps suggest that the oils are being generated mostly from Lower Cretaceous Raya Formation shales, with some potential contribution from a pre-Cretaceous source. Although the sub-thrust play type has not yet been tested in Peru, we believe that fields discovered along the Llanos mountain front of Colombia (Cusiana Field) provide the best analogues for the structures mapped in Block 107. Future successful exploration drilling will likely open this new play along the mountain front of Peru, with the potential derived from more than 5 significant leads and prospects. Introduction ‘The Block 107 contract area was awarded to Petrolifera by Perupetro in March of 2005, and the Block 133 contract was awarded to Petrolifera by Perupetro in April of 2009, both under the terms of a standard E&P license. The blocks are located along the eastern Andean mountain front in the western Ucayali Basin, about 175 km north of the most recent discoveries in the prolific Camisea gas-condensate trend (Figure 1). Current production in the Camisea area is from large hanging wall anticline traps developed during Andean compressive tectonism, likelyFigure 1. Location of Blocks 107 and 133, westem Ucayali Basin (block outlines as of February 2011). during the Miocene to Present (Laubacher and Naeser, 1994; Mathalone and Montoya, 1995; Pindell and Tabbutt, 1995; Jacques, 2003; Bump et. al., 2008; Kennan, 2008), Recoverable reserves have been quoted from various sources but are about 14 TCF of gas and cover 800 MMBC, with current production to sales of about 406 mmscfd and 85,000 bcpd (BNAmericas, 2011). This level of reserves and production is the most important in Peru, Recent exploration successes in the trend by Petrobras and Repsol have once again increased interest in the area, specifically focusing industry attention on the search for similar structural Provinces with working petroleum systems. Regional studies in Block 107 and subsequent field mapping and seismic surveys by Petrolifera in 2007 and 2008, and new field mapping in Block 133 in 2010 have confirmed the possible extension of the Camisea deformational front along the border between Blocks 107 and 133, and have also confirmed the existence of an as yet untested sub-thrust structural play in Peru Although sub-thrust targets have never been systematically tested in Peru there is a long history of successful exploration and commercial development of this type of play in other Subandean basins. Specifically, exploration successes in the 1980's-1990's in Venezuela and Colombia have demonstrated that sub-thrust structural plays can yield giant and super-giant oil and gas fields (Figure 2). The conditions required to develop large oil and gas fields in sub-thrust settings include lateral displacement of at least 1-15 km in the overlying thrust sheet, reactivation and inversion along pre-existing zones of weakness, world-class reservoirs, effective and regionally extensive seals, a regionally distributed and effective source rock, and a late hydrocarbon charge. A late hydrocarbon charge is especially important due to the episodic nature of structural reactivation that has characterized Andean tectonics since at least Eocene time (Pindell and Tabbutt, 1995; Bump et. al., 2008).‘VII INGEPET 2011 (EXPR-3-RE-O4-N) 3 SS - ie ee icone’ aces CTE es Bey Figure 2. Mountain front and sub-thrust producing trends along the Subandean basins from southern Bolivia to eastern Venezuela. Known or expected dominant hydrocarbon type is shown in colored ellipses: purple = gas-condensate; green = oil; red = gas. ‘These conditions can be found in at least two areas along the Peruvian Andean mountain front, in the Huallaga Basin and in the westem Ucayali Basin in Block 107 (Figure 2). In this study, we focus on the Block 107 area, Regional and Local Stratigraphy Stratigraphic units mapped on the surface and in the subsurface of Blocks 107 and 133 correspond to the same units mapped and drilled along stratigraphic strike to the south, in the Camisea area (Figure 3). The surface geology of the study area is characterized by a series of west-dipping thrusts along the western border of the block, most of which bring Cretaceous or ‘older rocks to the surface (Figure 4). The remainder of the block is composed mostly of flat-iying Cligo-Miocene sediments that are broken only by the west dipping San Matias thrust system, which also brings Cretaceous and older rocks to the surface. Subsurface stratigraphy has been determined in three ways. First, surface geological mapping‘VII INGEPET 2011 (EXPR-3-RE-O4-N) 4 along the Shira Mountains and subsurface data from the Ucayali foreland have been used to control footwall stratigraphy (below the San Matias thrust sheet). Second, hanging wall stratigraphy (above the San Matias thrust sheet) can be determined from the five Oxapampa wells drilled during the early-middle 1960's by the Cerropet company (Figure 4). Third, ‘geometric constraints and regional relationships were used to infer some sub-thrust stratigraphy where no direct evidence exists The Tertiary stratigraphic succession of Blocks 107 and 133 generally consists of Oligo- Miocene to Eocene, mostly non-marine strata, and appear to be in conformable contact with Cretaceous units (Figure 3). Cretaceous strata found in the subsurface of the Marafion Basin (see Mathalone and Montoya, 1995) also occur in the study area, and are dominated by marine to upper shoreface sediments. In Block 107, Cretaceous units lie in angular unconformity over Sarayaquillo Formation red beds or Pucaré Group carbonates and evaporites, depending on location. Specifically, the presence of pre-Cretaceous strata is directly related to structural setting (see below) Typically, the Sarayaquillo only occurs in areas to the north of the San Matias thrust, while older Mitu Formation red beds only occur south of the northem tip of the ‘San Matias thrust. Pucara rocks can be found along the mountain front and in the hanging wall of the San Matias thrust but are not present in footwall and foreland settings. Pucard evaporites TWESTEST LTROSTRATORAP AT PETROL SYSTEM CXAPAMPAGANMATASPAGHITEA SHIRA FOREDEEP [SR | Res [Seal system | epoch |{% rermany [20008 Principal Source suRASSIC Detachment Level vevoan | ‘SIDR ORDOVICIAN Figure 3. Lithostratigraphy of the Block 107 area (after Baby et al., 2010),‘VII INGEPET 2011 (EXPR-3-RE-O4-N) 5 include large thicknesses of anhydrite and halite, which have formed salt pillows and diapiric structures in the central and southem parts of the San Matias hanging wall (see below) Nia Formation eolian sandstones were mapped along the outcrop belt of the San Matias thrust by Petrolifera, and occur in the subsurface of the hanging wall section north to the terminus of the thrust sheet (Figure 3, 4). The age of the sandstones was verified using U/Pb dating of Zircons and comparing the results to similar work from the Nia gas/condensate producing sandstones of the San Martin-1 well in San Martin Field (Figure 5). These sandstones are oil- stained along the outcrop edge, suggesting that hydrocarbon migration through the unit ‘occurred during the past. Ene Formation black shales have also been mapped and geochemical analyses confirm the presence of moderate TOC values (up to 2.5% but over-mature). They appear to be conformable with Copacabana platform carbonates in the San Matias hanging wall, but are in unconformable contact with Lower Cretaceous rocks in the Ucayali foreland and Figure 4. Surface geology, structure, and wells in the Block 107 area. Green dots = oil seeps; green well symbols are wells with oil shows; red well symbols are wells with gas shows. Analysis of the Pac-33 oil-stained Nia Formation sandstone outcrop is shown in Figure 5. Red lines are 2D seismic acquired by Petrolifera; thick red line is shown in Figure 6.‘VII INGEPET 2011 (EXPR PACaIA Na sample, San Matias] ‘outcrop section Pattern @500-700 Ma : » U.P Age (Ma) ” SAN MARTIN - 884-118 All grains bu Pattern @500-700 Ma | a “ 3 ° Naa producing reservoir sample, |= ‘San Martin Field Figure 5. U/Pb analyses of zircons from an outcrop Nia Formation sandstone mapped along the San Matias thrust in Block 107 and Nia gas/condensate producing sandstones from the San Martin-1 well in San Martin Field. Bin size is 50 Ma. in the footwall section below the San Matias thrust. Copacabana and Tarma carbonates appear to be in conformable contact with Ambo and Cabanillas silciclastics in footwall areas, but the older units are not present in the San Matias hanging wall Structural Styles and Trap Formation ‘As mentioned previously, deformation styles in Block 107 were defined using geological field mapping, potential fields data (regional studies), and 2D seismic data. West-dipping thrusts ‘were mapped along the western border of the block and in the east along the San Matias thrust system. The San Matias thrust merges with the Shira Mountains to the southeast, but is terminated against a lateral ramp to the north (Figures 4, 6). The origin of the ramp in this area is unclear, but appears to be related to a major structural discontinuity in the basement. North of this discontinuity, basement dips dramatically to the north, however, south of this discontinuity basement is generally uplifted above regional dip. This uplift may be related to Late Miocene to Pliocene inversion of the Shira Mountains (Sanchez, 2007). Other lateral ramps and tear faults within the San Matias thrust sheet appear to be related to differential lateral (northeastward) movement of the sheet and internal shear within the Pucara evaporite sequence. This internal shear has also led to the development of the salt pillows and diapir-ke structures mentioned previously (Figure 7).‘VII INGEPET 2011 (EXPR-3-RE-O4-N) 7 ae cunwune 5 | see mtn SEY mt tt THUR ef Base Cretaccous Tangle Zone _LatergiRamp ‘Santatlgg Trust Inta-Orente Gp Figure 6. Relationship between the San Matias thrust and the lateral ramp that terminates the thrust sheet to the north (composite seismic line shown in Figure 4). The structural boundary between the two compressive features has formed a duplex within the Copacabana and older units in the San Matias thrust sheet. Note the inversions formed in the footwall section, which may be related to a Nevadan (Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous) compressive deformation event, Seismic is PSTM. Using PSTM and PSDM versions of the seismic data, we interpret separate detachment horizons within the San Matias hanging wall and footwall stratigraphy of Block 107. One detachment horizon developed within the lower Copacabana section, or between the Copacabana and Tarma carbonates and is present only in the San Matias hanging wall, while a second detachment horizon developed within Lower Cretaceous Raya Formation shales in the footwall section below the San Matias thrust (Figures 3, 6, 7). The thrusts come to the surface directly over a series of large basement inversions and in that regard may post-date them (Figure 6). We interpret these basement inversions as having been formed during a late Nevadan (earliest Cretaceous) compressive event that inverted the eastern margins of the Mitu half-graben system. It is also possible, however, that the inversions formed during the Late Miocene to Pliocene, when regional uplift affected the entire area and inverted the Shira Mountains (Sanchez, 2007). Many pre-inversion traps were likely breached during Miocene-Pliocene Andean compression and uplift. One example of this is where oil-stained Nia sandstones, sampled along the San Matias thrust, suggest that a hanging wall anticlinal trap may have been breached during late- stage thrusting (Figure 6). However, interpretations of PSDM seismic data show that sub-thrust inversion structures likely maintained their trap integrity and are still viable driling targets (Figure 8). The trend of sub-thrust targets stretches along most of the length of the San Matias thrust in the footwall section, though some compartmentalization is apparent from the changes in dip rate and structural level from north to south. Late-stage hanging wall anticlinal traps similar to those found in the Camisea trend have recently been interpreted using seismic data from Block 107 combined with new geological field‘VII INGEPET 2011 (EXPR-3-RE-O4-N) 8 Figure 7. Salt pillows and diapir-ike structures recently formed from internal shear within the hanging wall of the San Matias thrust sheet. Seismic is PSDM. Figure 8. Sub-thrust anticline target in the San Matias footwall section. Relief on the structure is >150 m. Seismic is PSDM. mapping from Block 133 (Figure 9). While much work stil needs to be done to confirm the ‘existence of this deformation style in the area, early work suggests that similar, large-scale anticlines may be present and if structurally sound, would provide excellent exploration targets.‘VII INGEPET 2011 (EXPR -RE-O4-N) 9 Reservoirs and Seals World-class reservoirs can be found in the Marafion Basin within the Cretaceous section, and those same reservoirs extend into the Block 107 area (Figure 3). The primary reservoir targets in the sub-thrust play are sandstones of the Vivian, Chonta (Cetico), and Cushabatay Formations, which have been drilled in the subsurface in the Ucayali foreland and mapped on outcrop along the edge of the Shira Mountains. The Vivian and Chonta sandstones have proven to be prolific reservoirs in Cashiriari Field (Gabulle et al., 2010; Marky and Grosso, 2010) Exploration and development drilling in the Camisea trend have also shown that Nia sandstones are very good gas/condensate reservoirs (Grosso and Chung Ching, 2010), however, these Units are not present in the footwall section below the San Matias thrust. It is possible that the Green Sandstone Member of the Tarma Formation is present within sub-thrust structural closures, though reservoir deliverability due to depth of burial may have been degraded to a non-commercial level Effective regional seals can be found in the Chonta shales, the Raya shales, and the Lower Red Beds sequence within the basal Tertiary section. Pucara evaporites seal Nia sandstone targets in the San Matias hanging wall, however, since the Nia is not present within the footwall sections it is therefore not a reservoir target for the sub-thrust play. Green Sandstone reservoirs, if productive, would likely be sealed by the overlying Copacabana carbonates, though seal integrity (due to fracturing) is a risk. Hydrocarbon Sources Proprietary geochemical analyses were done on oil seeps from the Block 107 area by Petrolfera, in cooperation with BP. Interpretations of biomarker data suggest that 34° API seep oils from areas east of the San Matias thrust and west of Block 107 were primarily sourced from shales within the Lower Cretaceous section, and are mixed with pre-Cretaceous oils likely generated from Ene shales. Thermogenic gas discovered in Cushabatay sandstones in the Oxapampa wells was probably generated from the Ene or Pucard section preserved in the San Matias hanging wall. Oils found to the east of the San Matias thrust were generated under the thrust and migrated east into the foreland, where the fluids intersected reverse faults and migrated to the surface. Sub-thrust anticlines occur between the hydrocarbon kitchen and the seeps, and this suggests that the traps could be filed to the spill point within the Cretaceous reservoir sections. ipal Technical Risks and Risk Mi The principal technical risks of the sub-thrust play are: ‘© Trap intearity - Late faulting due to reactivation of the Late Nevadan thrust system has propagated faults through all the prospective reservoir horizons to the surface. This may result in breaching of volatile hydrocarbons to the surface, either decreasing hydrocarbon volume or depleting reservoir energy through leakage. Trap timing/charge volume and product type - Late forming structures are a risk due to the uncertain nature of the timing of reactivation along the Late Nevadan thrust system. If these faults were reactivated or formed during the Pliocene, there is a chance that the bulk of hydrocarbons generated below the thrust escaped to the east prior to or during sub-thrust trap formation. In addition, late generation of hydrocarbons could involve a substantial fraction of gas, either as free gas or in solution as a volatile oil. It is also possible that the source is not regionally effective, and will not generate sufficient volumes of hydrocarbons to fill all the traps. © Trap definition - The existing seismic grid is relatively sparse, so precise fault orientations and therefore trap sizes are difficult to map in a consistent manner.‘VII INGEPET 2011 (EXPR-3-RE-O4-N) 10 Mitigation for these risks is possible because: ‘© Many of the largest fields in Peru (Camisea trend fields, Corrientes Field, Pavayacu id, etc.) have late faulting that breaches the surface or near surface units, yet the traps are filled to the spill point. «Interval isopachs over the su-thrust structures and regional kinematic relationships icate that a major component of trap formation pre-dates regional inversion in the Pliocene, thereby reducing the timing risk. The presence of nearly un-biodegraded 34° ‘API oil in seeps east of the San Matias thrust reduces the risk of charge timing, and TOC data show that the prospective Cretaceous and Permian shales are effective sources. There is stil a risk, however, that a significant fraction of gas could be found in the traps, either as a free gas cap or in solution. Although there is a non-unique solution to mapping the faults in the sub-thrust section, the reflector packages and faults are consistent from dip line to dip line, reducing the risk that traps will be substantially smaller or more complex than currently mapped. 3 Frontal Thus amsurtace mapping) Figure 9. "Cashiriari-style" anticline along the border of Blocks 107 and 133. Note that counter- regional (west) dip must be present in order for the section to balance, though the dip of the fault at depth may be steeper than shown here. Analogues As of the date of this study, no wells have been drilled in Peru to evaluate definitive sub-thrust structures, despite the likely occurrence of this play type in the Camisea area and in the Huallaga valley (see PARSEP, 2002). This may be more a function of the spectacular success of the hanging wall play in the Camisea trend then the lack of drillable sub-thrust structures. Since this play type has not yet been adequately tested in Peru, the best analogue for the sub- thrust structures mapped in Block 107 may actually be found in the foothills of the Llanos Basin of Colombia, in the Cusiana trend (Figure 2). There, structural conditions and trap timing issues similar to those observed in Block 107 are present, however, successful driling has found seven fields with over 1.5 BBO and 7 TCF of recoverable reserves.‘VII INGEPET 2011 (EXPR u NW (Eastorn Cordova) ‘SE (Uanos Basin) Yoral Thrust Cusiana-1___Cuslana Flt Figure 10. Balanced structural section across Cusiana Field (Martinez, 2006) and a PSDM seismic section across the main sub-thrust anticline in Block 107. Note the similar genetic relationships between the bounding faults. Balanced structural cross-sections published by BP (Martinez, 2006; Figure 10) show that a genetic relationship can be inferred between the San Matias thrust and the sub-thrust structure in Block 107, and the Yopal thrust and Cusiana Field Potential Economic Significance Initial management estimates of recoverable resources for the structures mapped in Block 107 are significant ,and could represent an important new producing region for Peru in the future. Several new pipeline construction projects were recently announced to capitalize on internal markets for Camisea trend gas, and it is hoped that competitive pricing will foster the development of additional reserves. The construction of new infrastructure in the area, plus the ongoing development work in Block 56 by Repsol suggests that production from Block 107 will not be delayed once commercial reserves have been proven. Therefore, the economic significance of large new oil and gas resources to the country is very important. Conclusions Based on the acquisition of 950 km of new 2D seismic, potential fields, and geochemical data, Petrolifera believes that the Camisea structural trend extends into the Block 107/133 area along the border of the blocks, and should yield large prospects following the acquisition of additional seismic data. A previously untested sub-thrust anticline play is also present in Block 107 and has the potential for ight oil and gas discoveries below the San Matias thrust. Shortening along the San Matias thrust ranges from 1-15 km, and two detachment levels (Lower Cretaceous and base of the Copacabana) have been demonstrated. World-class reservoirs and seals have beenVII INGEPET 2011 (EXPR-3-RE-O4-N) 2 drilled in the area and can be mapped in outcrop throughout the block, and oll seeps indicate the presence of an active hydrocarbon charge from a mixed Cretaceous and pre-Cretaceous (Ene) source. Analogous giant oil and gas fields have been drilled and developed along the Subandean trend and we do not see any reason why Blocks 107/133 and the Huallaga Basin of Peru should not have similar potential Acknowledgements ‘The authors wish to thank Alex Bump, Leon Dzou, and Jessica Fallon of BP, Lorcan Kennan of Shell, and Jim Pindell of Tectonic Analysis for their support of various technical studies in Peru since 2006, and Petrolifera Petroloum Limited and Gran Tierra Energy Inc. for permission to Publish this study, References Baby, P., Hermoza, W., N. Espurt, S. Brusset, Y. Calderon, M. Roddaz, C. Monges, and R. 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