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Heat Treatment Lab

Laboratory Report

Leila Ouellaj

Raquel Denning

Kenza Benomar

02/26/2018
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Introduction

The objective of this lab was to determine a relationship between hardness, strength and
ductility of a quenched specimen of steel, where hardness is the controlled parameter and the
strength and ductility represent the measured parameters. In this experiment, hardness tests
and tensile strengths were performed. Hardness is the ability of a material to resist indentation
or penetration. It is usually related to the material’s strength and ductility. Before the
experiment, the specimen was heat treated, more specifically it was quenched which means
rapid cooling of steel in oil where the carbon is strapped in the specimen. Generally, the faster
the steel is cooled, this will result in a steel with lower ductility and higher strength.

Procedure

The first part of the experiment consisted of performing a Rockwell Hardness test that uses
different scales to test a wide range of materials. In this case, the scale used is C, the one of
hard steels and metals. The specimen was placed in a plate in the machine and 6 hardness
measurements were taken on different spots of the specimen, then the mean was calculated
and recorded. The second part was to measure the diameter of the specimen and mark a 2”
segment in the middle portion of the specimen. Then, the tensile test was performed on the
specimen by increasing the load until the specimen failed and broke; the yield and ultimate
strengths were recorded. Finally, the new length of the 2” segment was measured to calculate
the % elongation, and the new diameter was measured to get the ductility.

Results/Analysis
The specimen was quenched only; the measurements were taken as follow:

Diameter Length
Initial 0.41 2
Final 0.28 2.5
% elongation 2.5 − 2
= 25%
2
Ductility 0.28 − 0.41
= −32%
0.28

Table 1: Measurements of the quenched only specimen

For the hardness of the specimen, from the values got of the 6 trials (see appendix A), the
mean was 47.01, and from the table of the hardness test (see appendix B), the tensile strength
was 229ksi.
Experimentally, the tensile strength was 280ksi, which is 22% higher than expected but it is
acceptable. It is mostly due to the non-homogeneous nature of the specimen as well as the
calibration of the hardness tester plate which affected the mean of hardness test and the
expected yield strength as a consequence. In general, the tests showed a very small standard
deviation. The ultimate strength was around 318ksi. The graph of the tensile strength
experiment is as follow (from Appendix C) :
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35000
30000 y = 24.31x - 6535.4
R² = 0.8691
25000
20000
15000
Stress (psi)
10000
5000
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
-5000
-10000
Load (lbf)

Graph 1: Stress vs Load graph

From the tensile test, the modulus of elasticity was found to be 28400ksi which is 2.1% close
to the expected value.

Conclusion

The results found experimentally suggest that the variability in the results of the hardness test
show that the material is non homogeneous. Furthermore, the results confirm that there’s a
relationship between the hardness, strength and ductility. The hardness test table shows that
the harder a material is, the higher its yield strength is. The specimen of steel in this case was
quenched only with an average strength of 47 which means a relatively high yield and
ultimate strength but a lower ductility.
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References
Kerry,H. (2018,February 26) Heat Traeatment Lab.

Yamamoto Scientific Tool Lab (2008), Standard Blocks for Hardness Catalogue.
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Appendix A
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Appendix B
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Appendix C
Partner Data Point File
Start of Test Mon 26 Feb 2018
16:01:29
Time ( min Strain ( in/in Stress ( psi Position ( in
) ) ) ) Load ( lbf ) Zone
0 1.50E-05 7.6394 0.0035 6 Speed 1
0.00167 1.60E-05 7.6394 0.0035 6 Speed 1
0.00333 1.50E-05 7.6394 0.0035 6 Speed 1
0.005 1.60E-05 7.6394 0.0035 6 Speed 1
0.00667 1.60E-05 7.6394 0.0035 6 Speed 1
0.00833 1.60E-05 7.6394 0.0035 6 Speed 1
0.01 1.60E-05 6.3662 0.0035 5 Speed 1
0.01167 1.70E-05 7.6394 0.0035 6 Speed 1
0.01333 1.60E-05 7.6394 0.0035 6 Speed 1
0.015 1.80E-05 7.6394 0.0037 6 Speed 1
0.01667 1.70E-05 7.6394 0.0037 6 Speed 1
0.01833 1.70E-05 7.6394 0.0037 6 Speed 1
0.02 1.70E-05 7.6394 0.0037 6 Speed 1
0.02167 1.70E-05 7.6394 0.0037 6 Speed 1
0.02333 1.70E-05 7.6394 0.0037 6 Speed 1
0.025 1.80E-05 7.6394 0.0037 6 Speed 1
0.02667 1.70E-05 7.6394 0.0037 6 Speed 1
0.02833 1.70E-05 7.6394 0.0037 6 Speed 1
0.03 1.70E-05 7.6394 0.0037 6 Speed 1
0.03167 1.70E-05 7.6394 0.004 6 Speed 1
0.03333 1.70E-05 7.6394 0.004 6 Speed 1
0.035 1.80E-05 7.6394 0.004 6 Speed 1
0.03667 1.80E-05 7.6394 0.004 6 Speed 1
0.03833 1.90E-05 7.6394 0.004 6 Speed 1
0.04 1.80E-05 7.6394 0.004 6 Speed 1
0.04167 1.80E-05 7.6394 0.004 6 Speed 1
0.04333 1.80E-05 7.6394 0.004 6 Speed 1
0.045 1.80E-05 7.6394 0.004 6 Speed 1
0.04667 1.80E-05 7.6394 0.0043 6 Speed 1
0.04833 1.70E-05 7.6394 0.0043 6 Speed 1
0.05 1.80E-05 7.6394 0.0043 6 Speed 1
0.05167 1.80E-05 7.6394 0.0043 6 Speed 1
0.05333 1.80E-05 7.6394 0.0043 6 Speed 1
0.055 1.90E-05 7.6394 0.0043 6 Speed 1
0.05667 1.90E-05 7.6394 0.0043 6 Speed 1
0.05833 1.90E-05 7.6394 0.0043 6 Speed 1
0.06 1.90E-05 7.6394 0.0043 6 Speed 1
0.06167 1.80E-05 7.6394 0.0043 6 Speed 1
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0.06333 1.90E-05 7.6394 0.0045 6 Speed 1


0.065 1.90E-05 7.6394 0.0045 6 Speed 1
0.06667 1.90E-05 7.6394 0.0045 6 Speed 1
1.87667 0.002389 25072.58 0.144 19692 Speed 1
1.87833 0.002389 25206.27 0.1442 19797 Speed 1
1.88 0.002389 25341.23 0.1447 19903 Speed 1
1.88167 0.002389 25473.65 0.145 20007 Speed 1
1.88333 0.002389 25607.34 0.1453 20112 Speed 1
1.885 0.002389 25742.3 0.1457 20218 Speed 1
1.88667 0.002389 25875.99 0.146 20323 Speed 1
1.88833 0.002389 26009.68 0.1465 20428 Speed 1
1.89 0.002389 26143.37 0.1467 20533 Speed 1
1.89167 0.002389 26278.33 0.147 20639 Speed 1
1.89333 0.002389 26412.02 0.1475 20744 Speed 1
1.895 0.002389 26545.71 0.1477 20849 Speed 1
1.89667 0.002389 26680.67 0.148 20955 Speed 1
1.89833 0.002389 26814.36 0.1485 21060 Speed 1
1.9 0.002389 26948.05 0.1487 21165 Speed 1
1.90167 0.002389 27083.02 0.149 21271 Speed 1
1.90333 0.002389 27216.71 0.1495 21376 Speed 1
1.905 0.002389 27351.67 0.1497 21482 Speed 1
1.90667 0.002389 27485.36 0.1502 21587 Speed 1
1.90833 0.002389 27620.32 0.1505 21693 Speed 1
1.91 0.002389 27754.01 0.1507 21798 Speed 1
1.91167 0.002389 27888.98 0.1512 21904 Speed 1
1.91333 0.002389 28023.94 0.1515 22010 Speed 1
1.915 0.002389 28157.63 0.1517 22115 Speed 1
1.91667 0.002389 28292.59 0.1522 22221 Speed 1
1.91833 0.002389 28427.55 0.1525 22327 Speed 1
1.92 0.002389 28561.24 0.1527 22432 Speed 1
1.92167 0.002389 28696.21 0.1532 22538 Speed 1
1.92333 0.002389 28831.17 0.1535 22644 Speed 1
1.925 0.002389 28964.86 0.1537 22749 Speed 1
1.92667 0.002389 29099.82 0.1542 22855 Speed 1
1.92833 0.002389 29233.51 0.1545 22960 Speed 1
1.93 0.002389 29368.48 0.1548 23066 Speed 1
1.93167 0.002389 29503.44 0.1552 23172 Speed 1
1.93333 0.002389 29638.4 0.1555 23278 Speed 1
1.935 0.002389 29773.37 0.1557 23384 Speed 1
1.945 0.002389 30580.6 0.158 24018 Speed 1
1.94667 0.002389 30715.56 0.1582 24124 Speed 1
1.94833 0.002389 30850.52 0.1585 24230 Speed 1
1.95 0.002389 30985.49 0.159 24336 Speed 1
1.95167 0.002389 31119.18 0.1592 24441 Speed 1

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