Transmission Line Theory – Frequency Domain

i(z,t)

V(z,t)

(a)
i(z,t) i(z+ z,t)

R L
V(z,t) G c V(z+ z,t)

(b)
For an incremental length of transmission line , (a) voltage and
current definitions , (b) lumped – element equivalent circuit .

R : series resistance per unit length , for both conductors , in  / m

L : series inductance per unit length , for both conductors , in H / m
G : shunt conductance per unit length , in S / m
C : shunt capacitance per unit length , in F / m

Kichhoff’s voltage law :

i ( z , t )
v ( z, t )  Rzi( z , t )  Lz  v ( z  z , t )  0
t
Kichhoff’s current law :
v ( z  z, t )
i ( z, t )  Gzv ( z  z, t )  Cz  i ( z  z , t )  0
t
dividing by z and taking the limit as z  0
v ( z, t ) i ( z, t ) time – domain form of the
  Ri ( z, t )  L
z t transmission line equation
i ( z, t ) v ( z, t ) (telegrapher equation)
 Gv ( z, t )  C
z t
For the sinusoidal steady – state condition , the phasor equation :
dV ( z )
 ( R  jwL) I ( z )
dz
dI ( z )
 (G  jwC )V ( z )
dz
Solving simultaneously ,
d 2V ( z )
2
  2V ( z )  0
dz
d 2 I ( z)
2
  2 I (z)  0
dz
Where     j  ( R  jwL)(G  jwC )
is the complex propagation constant , which is a function of frequency.

Traveling wave solutions :

V ( z )  V  ( z )  V  ( z )  V0 e z  V0 e  z
I ( z )  I  ( z )  I  ( z )  I 0 e z  I 0 e z
1 dV ( z ) 
Since I ( z)   [V0 e z  V0 e z ]
 ( R  jwL ) dz R  jwL
 characteristic impedance is defined as
R  jwL R  jwL 
Z0   
 G  jwC G  jwC

V0 z V0 z

therefore I ( z) 
Z0
e 
Z0
e

V0 V0
Z0   
I 0 I 0

The Terminated Lossless Transmission Line

Figure A transmission line with characteristic impedance Z0 is
terminated with a
load impedance Z L
V ( z )  V  ( z )  V  ( z )  V0 e  jz  V0 e  jz
1
I ( z )  I  ( z )  I  ( z )  I 0 e  jz  I 0 e  jz  (V0 e  jz  V0 e  jz )
Z0

Where V0 V0

Z0   
I 0 I 0

Let V  ( z)
( z )  
, then
V ( z)

V ( z) V  e  jz  V0 e  jz 1  ( z )

Z ( z)   Z 0 0  jz   jz
 Z0
I ( z) V0 e  V0 e 1  ( z )

Solving for ( z ) , then

Z ( z)  Z 0
( z ) 
Z ( z)  Z 0
Note: ( z ) :voltage
reflection coefficient
T ( z ) :voltage transmission coefficient

Since Z L at z=0 , then

V L  V (0)  V (0)  V  (0)  V0  V0


1
I L  I (0)  I  (0)  I  (0)  I 0  I 0  (V0  V0 )
Z0

V  (0) V0
L  (0)   
V (0) V0

VL 1   ( 0) 1  L
Z L  Z ( 0)   Z0  Z0
IL 1   ( 0) 1  L
Z L  Z0
therefore , L 
Z L  Z0
Note : Power delivered to the load
V L  V 0  V 0  V 0 (1  L )
V0  V0 V0
IL   (1  L )
Z0 Z0
2
1 1 V0
Pdel  Re(V L I L *)  Re *
(1  L )(1  L *)
2 2 Z0

2 2
V0 1 2 1 V0

2
 Re[ * (1  L  L  L *)]  2
Re(1  L )
2 Z0 2 Z0

2
 Pinc (1  L )

 2
1 1 (V0 ) * 1 V0
Pinc  Re(V0 I 0 *)  ReV0  2
R0
2 2 Z0 * 2 Z*
0

therefore , although T=1+  T

2
 (1   )(1  *)  1  
2

*Input impedance at z=- l looking toward load

V ( l ) V  e  jl  V0 e  jl e  jl  L e  jl
Z in ( l )   Z 0 0  jl  Z
 V0 e  jl
0  jl
I ( l ) V0 e e  L e  jl

Z L  Z 0  j l
e  jl  e
Z L  Z0 Z ( e  j l  e  j l )  Z 0 ( e  j l  e  j l )
 Z0  Z 0 L  j l  j l
Z  Z 0  jl Z 0 ( e  e )  Z L ( e  j l  e  j l )
e  j l  L e
Z L  Z0
Z L cos l  jZ 0 sin l Z  jZ 0 tan l
 Z0  Z0 L
Z 0 cos l  jZ L sin l Z 0  jZ L tan l

Similarly , I ( l ) V  e  jl  V0 e  jl e  jl  L e  jl

Yin ( l )   Y0 0  jl  Y
 V0 e  jl
0  jl
V ( l ) V0 e e  L e  jl

Y0  YL  jl
e  j l  e
Y0  YL YL ( e  jl  e  jl )  Y0 ( e  jl  e  jl )
 Y0  Y0
Y0  YL  jl Y 0 ( e  j l  e  j l )  Y L ( e  j l  e  j l )
e  j l  e
Y0  Y L
Y L cos l  jY0 sin l
 Y0
Y0 cos l  jYL sin l
1 1 Z 0 cos l  jZ L sin l
or simply Yin ( l ) 
Z in ( l )

Z 0 Z L cos l  jZ 0 sin l
YL cos l  jY0 sin l
 Y0
Y0 cos l  jYL sin l
*Special Cases
1. open – circuit termination ( Z L   )
Z  jX   jZ cot l
in in 0( Z  R , actually)
0 0

Figure: Input reactance of open – circuited transmission line.

2. short – circuit termination ( Z L  0 )

Z  jX   jZ tan l
in in ( Z  R , actually)
0 0 0
Figure: Input reactance of short – circuited transmission line.

3. quarter – wave section ( l   , l   ) (more general ,  )

l  ( 2n  1)
4 2 4

tan l  tan[( 2n  1) ]  
2

2
Z0
Z in 
ZL
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
V ( z )  V  ( z )  V  ( z )  V  ( z )(1  ( z ))

 V ( z)  V ( z ) (1  ( z ))

1 V  ( z)
I ( z)  I  ( z)  I  ( z)  [V  ( z )  V  ( z )]  [1  ( Z )]
ZO ZO
V  ( z)
 I ( z)  1  ( Z )
ZO

Since , the maximum voltage is

( z )  e j
 V ( z) 
 V ( z ) 1  ( z )
max
 V ( z ) (1   )
max (   00 )


this maximum occurs when   0 0 ,i.e., (z )   , at the same time , the
current is a minimum ,
V  ( z) V  ( z)
I ( z ) min  1  ( z ) min  (1   )
Z0 Z0

similarly , the minimum voltage is

V ( z ) min  V  ( z ) 1  ( z ) min  V  ( z ) (1   ) (   180 0 )
this minimum occurs when   180 0 ,i.e., ( z )    , meanwhile , the
current
is a maximum.
V  ( z) V  ( z)
I ( z ) max  1  ( z ) max  (1   )
Z0 Z0

The ratio of the maximum to minimum voltages along a terminated

transmission line is called voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR).
V ( z ) max V  ( z ) (1   ) (1   )
VSWR 
V ( z ) min

V ( z ) (1   )


(1   )
(  ( z ) )
* Maximum Impedance
V ( z ) max 1  1 
Z ( z ) max 
I ( z ) min
 Z0
1 
 R0
1 
(for lossless transmission line)
normalized maximum impedance :
Z (1   )
Z max  max
  VSWR
R0 (1   )
* Minimum Impedance
V ( z ) min 1  1 
Z ( z ) min 
I ( z ) max
 Z0
1 
 R0
1 
(for lossless transmission line)
normalized maximum impedance :
Z min (1   ) 1
Z min   
R0 (1   ) VSWR

V ( z )  V  ( z )  V  ( z )  V0 e  jz  V0 e  jz  V0 e  jz 1  (0)e  j 2 z

let V0
 V0 1  e j (  2 z )  ( 0)   e j
V0

 V0 1   cos(  2  z )  j sin(  2  z )

 V0 1   2  2  cos(  2 z ) 2
1

 V0 (1   ) 2  2  [1  cos(  2 z )] 2

1

1
  2
(1   )  4  sin ( z  )]

V 0
2 2

 2 

where  , 
z   n V ( z ) max  V0 (1   )
2
  , 
z   n  V ( z ) min  V0 (1   )
2 2
* therefore , distance between two successive maximum or minimum is
d  
 
or d 
 2

distance between nearby maximum or minimum is 

d 
2

or 
d
4
* Standing wave pattern along a terminated transmission line
plot V ( z ) along a transmission line , for an arbitrary unknown load
(but is not short or open).

The Smith Chart

* Impedance chart
For a lossless transmission line of characteristic impedance Z , the
0

voltage
reflection coefficient of a load impedance Z L measured at the load can
Z L  Z0
be written as L    e j
Z L  Z0
where L
Z 0  R0 
C
Z L RL X
normalized impedance : zL  
R0 R0
 j L  r  jx
R0
(dimensionless)
Z L  R0 z L  1
reflection coefficient :   r  ji  
Z L  R0 z L  1
2 2
1   1  r  ji (1  r  i )  j ( 2i )
 zL   
1   1  r  ji 2
(1  r )  i
2

2 2
1  r  i
r  2 2
(1  r )  i

2 2 2 2
r (1  2r  r  i )  1  r  i

 ( r  1)r 2  ( r  1)i 2  2rr  1  r

2 rr 1 r
 r 2  2
 i 
r 1 r 1
r 2 2 1 r r 2 1 2
 ( r  )  i  ( ) ( )
r 1 r 1 r 1 r 1
Figure : Constant resistance r circles.

2 i
x 2 2
(1  r )  i

2 2
x (1  r )  i  2 i

2 2
 xr  2 xr  xi  2i   x

2 2 2
 r  2r  i  i  1
x
2
1 1 1
 ( r  1) 2  ( i  ) 2  1  1  2   
x x  x
*Observations about r and x
1. All r-circles are centered at ( r 1
,0 ) with radius
r 1 r 1
2. The r=0 circle having a unity radius and centered at the
origin is the largest circle.
3. For each r-circle , the radius decreases as r increases form
0 to  and the center moves from (0,0) to (1,0) .
4. All r-circles pass through the (1,0) point .
5. The center of all x-circles lie on the   1 line , centered
r

at (1, 1 ) with radius 1

x x

for x>0 (inductive reactance) above the  -axis

r
 for x<0 (capacitive reactance) below the  -axis
r

6. The x=0 circle becomes the  -axis

r

7. For each x-circle , the radius decreases as x increases from

0 to  and the center moves form(1   ) to (1,0) .
8. All x-circles pass through the (1,0) point .
9. The open circuit z=r+jx =  , r =  or x=  is the
(1,0) point . (It is more clear from   1 )
10. The short circuit z=r+jx =0 , r =0 and x=0 is the
(-1,0) point .
11. The constant r and the constant x form two families of
orthogonal circles in the chart.

*Observation about  (reflection coefficient) (    )

1. All  circles are centered at the origin , and their radii vary
uniformly from 0 to 1 .
2. The line drawn form the origin to the point representing Z L ,
its radius is    , the angle with positive real axis ( r -axis)

is  .
3. The value of the r-circle passing through the intersection of the
 - circle and positive  axis equals the standing wave ratio S .
r

j
1  1  e
zL  
1   1   e j

=0 1 
  zL  rS
1 

1  1
    zL  r
1  S
4. ( l )   e  j 2 l , from load toward generator ,  rotates
L

clockwise , phase angle changes 2 z ' .

 , 2 ' = 2 
z'  z 2  2  one cycle in Smith Chart
2  2
If from generator to load , the rotation is counterclockwise.
5. Voltage maximum occurs at the intersection of the  circle and

the positive r axis .

Voltage minimum occurs at the intersection of the  circle and

the negative r axis .

V  V   V   V  1   e j

 =0 , maximum value V  V 
(1   )

   , minimum value V  V 
(1   )

V  ( z ) V0 e  jz
Note: ( z )      jz  (0)e  j 2 z  L e  j 2 z  e j e  j 2 z
V ( z ) V0 e
 ( l )  e j e  j 2 l
Figure: Smith Chart

*Admittance Chart
Z L G0 1
Since normalized impedance zL   
R0 Y L y L
Therefore , the normalized admittance
YL 1   1  r  ji
yL   g  jb  
G0 1   1  r  ji
2 2
(1  r  i )  j (2 i )
 2 2
(1  r )  i

2 2
1  r  i
g  2 2
(1  r )  i

2 2 2 2
g (1  2r  r  i )  1  r  i

2 2
( g  1) r  ( g  1) i  2 gr  1  g

2 2 gr 2 1 g
 r   i 
( g  1) ( g  1)
 g 2 2 1 g g 2 1 2
 ( r  )  i  ( ) ( )
g 1 g 1 g 1 g 1

 2i
b 2 2
(1  r )  i

2 2
b(1  2r  r  i )  2 i

2 2
 br  2br  bi  2i  b

2 2 2
 r  2r  i  i  1
b
1 1 1
 ( r  1) 2  ( i  ) 2  1  1  2  ( ) 2
b b b

* Observations about g and b

g 1
1. All g-circles are centered at (- ,0 ) with radius
g 1 g 1

Figure: Constant conductance g circles

2. The g=0 circle having a unity radius and centered at the origin .
3. For each g-circles , the radius decreases as g increases from
0 to  and the center moves form (0,0) to (-1,0)
4. All g-circles pass through the (-1,0) point .
5. The center of all b-circles lie on the r  1 line , centered
at (-1,  1 ) with radius 1b
b

for b<0 (inductive reactance) above the  -axis

r

for b>0 (capacitive reactance) below the  -axis

r

6. The b=0 circle becomes the  -axis

r

7. For each b-circles , the radius decreases as b increases from

0 to  and the center moves form(-1   ) to (-1,0) .
8. All b-circles pass through the (-1,0) point .
9. The open circuit y=g+jb =0 , g =0 and b=0 r =  or x=  is the
(1,0) point .
10. The short circuit z=r+jx =0 , g =  or b=  is the
(-1,0) point . (It is more clear from   1 )
11. The constant g and the constant b form two families of
orthogonal circles in the chart.
Figure: Constant susceptance b circles

*Constant Q Contours on Smith Chart

Figure: Constant Q contours on Smith Chart

If x
Q
R
1 2 1
Then u 2  (v  )  1 2
Q Q
 Z L  R0 Z L / R0  1 z L  1
L     r  ji   e j
Z L  R0 Z L / R0  1 z L  1
1  ZL
zL   r  jx zL 
1  R0

r 2 2 1 2 solid line circles , r - circles

( r  )  i  ( )
r 1 r 1
2
1 2 1
( r  1) 2  ( i  )   dash line circles , x – circles
x  x
 Toward generator
V ( z ) max 1 
S= V ( z ) 
1 
min
ZL

Z’ =0
Z’

THE SMITH CHART

Smith Chart with polar coordinates.

V ( z ) 1  e  j 2 z
Z i ( z )   R0 [ ]
I ( z ) 1  e  j 2 z
j
Z i 1  e  j 2 z  1   e
zi   
R0 1  e  j 2 z  1   e j
     2z 
Normalized
Admittances on Smith Chart
1 1
yL    R0Y L
z L Z L / R0
Zi 1
Y R
2
 1
yL  L Zi  0 R0 Z L zi 
Y0 ZL zL
R0
P: z L  1.7  j 0.6
1
P : y L   0.52  j 0.18
zL

Find the input impedance of a 50-  T.L that is 0.1  long

And is terminated in a shorted circuit

50 ohm

Zin L=0.1 lamda

 0
zL  0
50

P1 : zi  j 0.725

Z i  R0 zi  j 36.3
Design a circuit so that an incident wave or power
will totally deliver to the load Z L
Impedance Matching holds if
1
Yi   Y0  YB  YS
R0
R0Y0  R0Y B  R0YS (Normalization)
1  yB  yS
yS is purely imaginary
1  y  jb or y  1  jb
B S B S

y s   jbS
We adjust the lengths d and l so that the above equation
is satisfied.

A 100-  T.L having length 0.434  is terminated with a

load 260+j180 (  ) Find
(a)voltage reflection coefficient
(b) SWR
(c)input impedance
(d) the location of a voltage maximum closest to the load.
 260  j180
P2 : z L   2.6  j1.8  L  0.6e j 21.6
0

100
VSWR: P  S  4
M

0.434 
Z in : PM   P3 zin  0.7  j1.2 Z in  70  j120

z max : P2  PM z max  0.25  0.22  0.03

Example: Z 0  50  is connected to a load impedance
Z L  35  j 47.5() (a) Find the position and length of a
short circuited stub required to match the line.
50ohm 35-j47.5 ohm
 350  j 47.5
zL   0.7  j 0.95  P1
50
.25
P1 0 P2 y L  0 .5  j 0 .7 (change from impedance to admittance)
P3 : y B  1  j1.2
P4 : y B  1  j1.2
P2 to P3 d 1  0.168  0.109  0.059
P2 to P4 d 2  0.332  0.109  0.223
Psc to P3 l1  0.301  0.25  0.111
Psc to P4 l 2  0.25  0.139  0.389
Example: Illustrate the effect of adding a series inductor L( z L  j0.8 )
to an impedance z  0.3  j0.3 in the immittance Smith Chart
ZL=j0.8

Z=0.3-j0.3

Zin=0.3+j0.5
Example: Illustrate the effect of adding a series capacitor C( z L   j 0.8 )
to an impedance z  0.3  j0.3 in the immittance Chart
ZC=-j0.8

Z=0.3-j0.3

Zin =0.3-j1.1
Example: Illustrate the effect of adding a shunt inductor L( z L   j 2.4 )
to an admittance y  1.6  j1.6 in the immittance Chart

yL=-j2.4 y=1.6+j1.6

yin=1.6-j0.8
Example: Illustrate the effect of adding a series capacitor C( y c  j 3.4 )
to an admittance y  1.6  j1.6 in the immittance Chart

yc=j3.4 y=1.6+j1.6

yin=1.6+j5
Example: A load Z L  10  j10() is to be matched to a 50  line. Design
two matching networks and specify the values of L and C at
500MHz.
Solution : Choose the series L-shunt C network ,
Z L at A(0.2+j0.2) + series L( Z  j 0.2 )  z B (0.2  j 0.4;10  j 20)
or y B (1  j 2;20  j 40m 1 ) + shunt C(y=j2)  y  1 or z  1
in in

10
L  3.18nH
2  500  106 Hz
1
C  12.74 pF
25  2  500  10 6 Hz
(a) (b)
Example : Design the circuit using series C – shunt L network
Solution : Z L at A(0.2+j0.2) + series C( Z  0.6 )  z B (0.2  j0.4;10  j 20)
or y B (1  j 2;20  j 40m 1 ) + shunt L(y=-j2)  y  1 or z  1
in in

1
L  7.95nH
40  10 3  w
1
 0.6  50  30
WC
1
C   10.6 pF
30  w

(a) (c)
Find the input admittance (treat the Smith Chart as a normalized
impedance)

Z yL=2.6+j1.8

0.072入
yin
  
or1800 or1800
0.072
y L  
4
 z L  zin  
 yin
4

yin =2-j1.9

Treat the Smith Chart as a normalized admittance

Z yL=2.6+j1.8

0.072入
yin

For the configuration , please find the input admittance

1. Enter the chart with the complex value y L , exactly as if it were a
normalized impedance.
2. Rotate the reflection coefficient in the regular direction , according
only to a distance z .
3. Read y from the chart , exactly as if it were a normalized
in

impedance.