NAME – ATUL

REG NO- 17MST0019 ASSIGNMENT -02

Q.1) Describe in detail about “Pull out Test”. Differentiate between “Pull out test” and Pull
off Test”.

Solution :-

 This test method covers determination of the pull out strength of hardened concrete
by measuring the force required to pull an embedded metal insert and the attached
concrete fragment from a concrete test specimen or structure. The insert is either
cast into the fresh concrete or installed in hardened concrete.
 A metal insert is either case into fresh concrete or installed into hardened concrete.
When an estimate of the in-place strength is desired the insert is pulled by means of
a jack reacting against a bearing ring. The pull out strength is determined by
measuring the maximum force required to pull the insert from the concrete mass.

Procedure of pull out test

 For a given concrete and a given test apparatus, pull out strengths can be related to
compressive strength test results.
 Such strength relationships depend on the configuration of the embedded insert,
bearing ring dimensions, depth of embedment, and level of strength development
in that concrete. Prior to use, these relationships must be established for each
system and each new combination of concreting materials.
 Such relationships tend to be less variable where both pull out test specimens and
compressive strength test specimens are of similar size, compacted to similar
density, and cured under similar conditions.

1|Page
Pull out tests are used to determine the strength of concrete has reached a specified level
or not, for example:

(1) Post-tensioning may proceed.

(2) Forms and shores may be removed.

(3) Winter protection and curing may be terminated. In addition, post-installed pull out tests
may be used to estimate the strength of concrete in existing constructions.

APPARATUS

The apparatus requires three basic sub-systems: -

 A pull out insert.

 A loading system.
 A load-measuring system.

Pull out test apparatus

PROCEDURE

 For post-installed inserts, additional equipment includes a core drill, a grinding wheel
to prepare a flat bearing surface, a milling tool to undercut a groove to engage the
insert, and an expansion tool to expand the insert into the groove.
 A centre pull hydraulic jack with a suitable pressure gage and bearing ring is used
satisfactorily. Cast-in-place inserts shall be made of metal that does not react with
cement.

2|Page
  The insert shall consist of a cylindrical head and a shaft to fix embedment depth that
is attached firmly to the centre of the head .The insert shaft shall be threaded to the
insert head so that it can removed and replaced by a stronger shaft to pull out the
insert, or it shall be an integral part of the insert and also function as the pull out
shaft. Metal components of cast-in-place inserts and attachment hardware shall be
of similar material to prevent galvanic corrosion.
 Post-installed inserts shall be designed so that they will fit into the drilled holes, and
can be expanded subsequently to fit into the grooves that are undercut at a
predetermined depth
 A successful post-installed system uses a split ring that is coiled to fit into the core
hole and then expanded into the groove.
 The loading system shall consist of a bearing ring to be placed against the hardened
concrete surface, and a loading apparatus with the necessary load measuring devices
that can be readily attached to the pull out shaft.

 The test apparatus shall include centring features to ensure that the bearing ring is
concentric with the insert, and that the applied load is axial to the pull out shaft,
perpendicular to the bearing ring, and uniform on the bearing ring.

3|Page
  Equipment dimensions shall be determined as follows
 The diameter of the insert head (d2) is the basis for defining the test
geometry. The thickness of the insert head and the yield strength of the
metal shall be sufficient to avoid yielding of the insert during test. The sides
of the insert head shall be smooth. The insert head diameter shall be greater
than or equal to 2⁄3 of the nominal maximum size of aggregate.
 For cast-in–place inserts, the length of the pull out insert shaft shall be such
that the distance from the insert head to the concrete surface (h) equals the
diameter of the insert head (d2). The diameter of the insert shaft at the head
(d1) shall be no more than 0.60 times the head diameter.
 For post-installed inserts, the groove to accept the expandable insert shall be
cut so that the distance between the groove and concrete surface equals the
insert diameter after expansion (d2). The difference between the diameters
of the undercut groove and the core hole (d1) shall be sufficient to prevent
localized failure and ensure that a conic frustum is extracted during the test
The expanded ring shall bear uniformly on the entire bearing area of the
groove.

 Difference Between Pull Out Test And Pull Off Test

Pull out test Pull off test
 This test is used to determine the  This test is used to evaluate the bond of
compressive strength of concrete. concrete materials and ensile strength.

 Determine in-situ compressive strength  To evaluate the in-place bond strength

of the concrete. between a repair overlay and the
substrate.
 Ascertain the strength of concrete for  To evaluate the in-place tensile strength
carrying out post tensioning operations. of concrete or other materials.

 Terminate curing based on in-situ  To evaluate the effect of surface

strength of the structure. preparation procedures on the tensile
strength of the substrate before applying
a repair material or overlay.

4|Page
Q.2) Explain in details the various application and properties of FRP.

Solution –
 Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement is one of the most promising new
developments for concrete structures. FRP reinforcing elements provide lighter,
easier to assemble, and more durable structures that are free of the deterioration
caused by corrosion of steel.
 FRPs consist of synthetic or organic high strength fibres, most of which are
impregnated with a resin matrix. They are available in the form of grids, rods, and
ropes for reinforcing and pre-stressing concrete members.
 For lightly loaded structural elements such as reinforced concrete cladding panels,
the corrosion resistance of FRP may allow concrete cover requirements to be
reduced, thereby saving materials and producing lighter structures. However, in
other applications, to avoid concrete splitting failures rising from the load transfer
between FRP reinforcement and concrete, the minimum cover requirement for FRP
systems will usually be larger than for steel.
MATERIAL REQUIRED
 Commercially available FRP reinforcement is currently made of carbon, aramid, or
glass fibres, impregnated with a resin. Some aramid fibre reinforcement consists of
aramid filaments without a resin matrix
 Glass fibre
 Carbon fibre
 Aramid fibre
 Glass fibre- Fibreglass reinforced plastics" or FRPs (commonly referred to simply
as fibreglass) use textile grade glass fibres. These textile fibres are different from
other forms of glass fibres used to deliberately trap air, for insulating applications.
 Textile glass fibres begin as varying combinations of SiO2, Al2O3, B2O3, CaO, or MgO
in powder form. These mixtures are then heated through direct melting to
temperatures around 1300 degrees Celsius, after which dies are used to extrude
filaments of glass fibre in diameter ranging from 9 to 17 µm.

Glass fibre

5|Page
  These filaments are then wound into larger threads and spun onto bobbins for
transportation and further processing. Glass fibre is by far the most popular means
to reinforce plastic and thus enjoys a wealth of production processes, some of which
are applicable to aramid and carbon fibres as well owing to their shared fibrous
qualities.
 Roving is a process where filaments are spun into larger diameter threads. These
threads are then commonly used for woven reinforcing glass fabrics and mats, and in
spray applications.

 Carbon fibre - Carbon fibres are created when polyacrylonitrile fibres (PAN), Pitch
resins, or Rayon are carbonized at high temperatures.
 Through further processes of graphitizing or stretching, the fibres strength or
elasticity can be enhanced respectively. Carbon fibres are manufactured in
diameters analogous to glass fibres with diameters ranging from 4 to 17 µm.

Carbon fibre

 These fibres wound into larger threads for transportation and further production
processes. Further production processes include weaving or braiding into carbon
fabrics, cloths and mats analogous to those described for glass that can then be used
in actual reinforcements.

 Aramid fibre - Aramid fibres are most commonly known as Kevlar, Nomex and
Technora. Aramids are generally prepared by the reaction between an amine group
and a carboxylic acid halide group (aramid);.[1] Commonly, this occurs when an
aromatic polyamide is spun from a liquid concentration of sulphuric acid into a
crystallized fibre.
 Fibres are then spun into larger threads in order to weave into large ropes or woven
fabrics (Aramid). Aramid fibres are manufactured with varying grades to based on
varying qualities for strength and rigidity, so that the material can be somewhat
tailored to specific design needs concerns, such as cutting the tough material during
manufacture.

6|Page
 Aramid fibre

Reinforcing material Properties improved

Glass fibres Strength, elasticity, heat resistance

Wood fibres Flexural strength, tensile modulus, tensile strength

Carbon and aramid Elasticity, tensile strength, compression strength,

fibres electrical strength.

Inorganic particulates Isotropic shrinkage, abrasion, compression strength

Microspheres Weight reduction relative to solid fillers

PROPERTIES

 Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites are used in a wide variety of applications.
Their mechanical properties provide unique benefits to the product they are molded
into FRP composite materials possess superior mechanical properties including:

 Impact resistance
 Strength
 Stiffness
 Flexibility
 Ability to carry loads

7|Page
Mechanical properties of FRP:

 Shear stiffness
 Tensile
 Flexible Modulus
 Impact

 The two major components of an FRP composite material is resin and reinforcement.
A cured thermosetting resin without any reinforcement is glass-like in nature and
appearance, but often very brittle. By adding a reinforcing fibre such as carbon fibre,
glass, or aramid, the properties are vastly improved.
 Additionally, with reinforcing fibre, a composite can have anisotropic properties.
Meaning, the composite can be engineered to have different properties in different
directions depending on the orientation of the fibre reinforcement.
 Aluminium, steel and other metals have isotropic properties, meaning, equal
strength in all directions. A composite material, with anisotropic properties, can have
additional reinforcement in the direction of stresses, and this can create more
efficient structures at lighter weights.

Application of FRP in different industries

APPLICATION

 Highway Structures
 Utility Poles Utility Poles
 Pipes
 Bridge deck
 Stringer Beam
 Abutment panel
 Dowel bar
 Drainage system
 Decking for Navy and Marina
 Sea Basing Sea Basing
 Army Bridging
 Air Force Towers Air Force Towers

8|Page
ADVANTAGES
• High ratio of strength to mass density (10 to 15 times greater than steel's).
• Carbon and aramid fibre reinforcement have excellent fatigue characteristics
• Excellent corrosion resistance and electromagnetic neutrality.
• Low axial coefficient of thermal expansion, especially for carbon fibre reinforced
composite materials.
DISADVANTAGES
• High cost
• Low modulus of elasticity
• Low failure strain
• Special attention must be paid to anchorages when FRP reinforcement is used for
pre-stressing
• Ultra-violet radiation has been found to damage FRP.
• Aramid fibres can deteriorate due to water absorption.
• The issue of the durability of glass fibres in concrete has not yet been resolved.

………………………………………………………….****……………………………………………………………………

9|Page