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channelized streams *
Abstract
*229347*
SDMS DOC ID 229347
1 Introduction
fish habitat, reduction of the capacity of the stream on flood events, etc.
2 Model description
The stand-alone version was developed entirely using Microsoft Visual C++
and Microsoft Foundation Classes (MFC). Figure 2 shows the Windows work
environment. In this version, there are three ways to input the coordinates for
the river centerlines. This can be done by typing the coordinates, by copying
and pasting them from a spreadsheet, or by importing them from an ArcMap-
DXF file. For the statistical module, it is necessary to specify three centerlines
for time 1 (t1), time 2 (t2) and for the valley centerlines. For the migration
module, only one centerline is necessary.
The GIS-based version was developed using Microsoft Visual C++, in ad
dition to MFC, Visual Basic and the ArcObjects Developer Kit (built using
Microsoft’s Component Object Model (COM) technology). This version allows
the user to use existing GIS line data to automatically obtain the river center
line coordinates from within ESRI ArcMap. ArcObjects is the development
platform for the ArcGIS family of applications such as ArcMap, ArcCata
log, and ArcScene. It allows users to increase the functionality available in
ArcInfo and ArcView packages, ESRI (2004). Figure 3 shows the GIS-based
work environment.
These two versions (Windows-based and GIS-based) of the model include both
the statistical analysis of stream shift module and the river migration module.
Fig. 4. Variables and coordinate system, (a) 3D view, (b) Top view, and (c)
Cross-section
Figure 5 shows the area reworked by the stream. The flood plain area worked is
the measurement of how much area has been deposited or eroded. In general is
a measurement of how much land surrounding a stream reach would be affected
by meandering, (MacDonald et al., 1992). It is calculated by an integration
of the area conformed by the centerlines corresponding to two different times.
Then�the time rate of area reworked per channel length can be defined by
|n|Δs2
ṙ = Δt � Δs .
�
¯˙ = � nΔs
From figure 5, one can see that the average normal shift is given by n Δt Δs
which is the average distance that the stream moves normal to itself per unit
time. This parameter gives an idea of how much the stream banks have mi
grated due to erosion. This average normal shift � can be decomposed�into the
averaged down-valley and cross-valley shift (x ¯˙ = nSinθΔs
� nCosθΔs
and y¯˙ = Δt � Δs
Δt Δs
respectively). Moreover,� the average absolute � down-valley and cross-valley
|nSinθ|Δs |nCosθ|Δs
shift is given by |x̄˙| = Δt � Δs and |ȳ˙ | = Δt � Δs respectively. The av
erage absolute cross-valley shift is especially useful, because it indicates how
much the stream can be expected to shift to either side of the stream center
line, MacDonald (1991) and MacDonald et al. (1992).
To run this module, only two data are required: 1) lag time between t1 and t2
river centerlines and 2) the approximate wavelength of the meanders. Several
examples are presented in MacDonald (1991), MacDonald et al. (1992), besides
an application of this module is presented in the case study.
Flow field model. Some assumptions and restrictions are used to derive
the governing equations. The continuity equation for sediment is not included
and a linear profile of the bed in the transverse direction is assumed. The
configuration of variables and coordinates can be seen in figure 4.
1 ∂(u∗ D ∗ ) ∂(v ∗ D ∗ ) C∗
+ + v∗D∗ = 0 (3)
1 + n∗ C ∗ ∂s∗ ∂n∗ 1 + n∗ C ∗
where u∗ and v ∗ are the velocity components along the streamwise and trans
verse directions respectively. H ∗ is the water surface elevation. C ∗ is the local
curvature, and D ∗ is the local flow depth, (see figure 4). Equations 1 and 2
are the flow momentum equations along the streamwise and normal directions
respectively. Equation 3 represents the water mass conservation.
√
The bed shear stress vector is defined as τ ∗ = (τs∗ , τn∗ ) = ρCf u∗2 + v ∗2 (u∗ , v ∗ ),
where the friction coefficient is given by the Engelund-Hansen resistance equa
D∗ −2
tion for a flat bed. This equation is stated as Cf = [6 + 2.5ln( 2.5d ∗ )] where
s
∗ ∗
D and ds (mean sediment diameter) are given in meters. A linearization of
the governing equation is performed, thus the instantaneous variables are sub
'
stituted by the mean value plus a fluctuation over the mean (u∗ = U + u ;
' ' ' ' ' '
v ∗ = v ; D ∗ = D + d ; H ∗ = H + h ; C ∗ = C ; Cf = Cf o + Cf ; τs∗ = τs + τs ;
'
τn∗ = τn ).
'
The mean bed elevation is expressed as η ∗ = ηo∗ − So s∗ + η . After some math
ematical manipulation, see (Garcia et al., 1996), the near-bank perturbation
velocity ub is found to be:
js
−a2 s −a2 s
ub (s) = a1 e + a3 C(s) + a4 e C(s)ea2 s ds (4)
0
The explanation of the user interface for this module is given in the case study.
The Poplar Creek project involved the re-meandering of Poplar Creek, a trib
utary of the Fox River, Illinois. Poplar Creek is located in Cook County, Il,
USA. An approximated 800 meter long reach of the Poplar Creek was channel
ized in 1938. The objective of the project was to present some alternatives for
re-meandering this reach. These alternatives took into account changes in the
surrounding areas of the reach that have occurred since channelization took
place. Many of these changes are due to development of residential areas, fac
tories and civil structures. Four alternatives were presented. Because Poplar
Creek has erodible banks, and its channel width was nearly constant over the
years, the RV R meander model was chosen for planform migration purposes.
Four possible configurations of centerlines were simulated, and the X-Y coordi
nates for these configurations were imported from ArcMap-DXF files. Because
no information about sediment transport was available, the channel forming
discharge was found by considering the 2-year return interval discharge. A
frequency analysis was then carried out using the data from USGS station
05550500 (Poplar Creek at Elgin, IL). Figure 6 shows the user interface for
the input of X-Y coordinates for Poplar Creek.
Input parameters. Input parameters for the river migration module were as
follows:
Using the modules user interface, the other required parameters were calcu
lated. Figure 7 shows the user interface containing the parameters for the
Poplar Creek case study.
3 This coefficient controls the steepness of the transverse slope of the channel bed,
see Kikkawa et al. (1976) and Zimmerman and Kennedy (1978) for more informa
tion.
10
11
Figure 8 shows the planform migration results for alternative 4 and figure
9 shows the user interface for the X-Y output coordinates which could be
exported as an ASCII file.
12
The statistical module was run for the case of Poplar Creek by considering
the same input (t1 ) coordinates as for the migration module (figure 6) and
output coordinates (t2 ) given by the predicted results given by the migration
module (figure 8). An additional set of coordinates for the valley centerline
has been used. Figures 10 and 11 show the user interface to input the data
and to output the results, where a set of parameters for characterization is
presented. It is seen from the statistical analysis results that for the alternate
4 (using Kinoshita curves), the rate of shift is very small, which means that
this configuration is stable after 100 years of simulation.
13
Fig. 11. User interface to see results for the statistical module
4 Discussion
14
5 Conclusions
6 Acknowledgments
The support of the Illinois Water Resources Center (Grants: USGS Project 04,
contract No. 14-08-0004-G2017 and 2001IL4321B) and the National Science
Foundation (Grant No. 0097059) are gratefully acknowledged. The authors are
grateful to Bruce Rhoads and Rebeca Wade for providing us with the data used
in the Poplar Creek study. The help provided by Jose F. Rodriguez is deeply
appreciated. Nils Oberg is also gratefully acknowledged for his contributions
on the GIS-based version. Suggestions and comments by Jose Vasquez and an
additional anonymous reviewer helped to improve the final manuscript.
References
Abad, J. D., December 2002. 2d river models for prediction of sediment trans
port and morphological variations. Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA , 73
pp.
Abad, J. D., 2005. Cfd simulations of asymmetric kinoshita-generated me
andering bends. Submitted to the XXXI International Association of Hy
draulic Engineering and Research (IAHR) Congress, September 11-16,
Seoul, Korea , 10 pp.
Abad, J. D., Garcia, M. H., 2004. Conceptual and mathematical model for
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