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Review ADVANCED CERAMICS A REVIEW OF MATERIAL SCIENCE Usha G’, Prashanth TR’, Roopa R Nadi’, Yashwanth Gowda” and Murtuza ABSTRACT Dental ceramics have gone through a tremendous revolution inthe last 3 decades. To meet the increased demands of patients and dentists for highly esthetic, biocompatible and long lasting restorations, several ypes of ll ceramic restoration havebeen developed. With the evolution of all ceramic materials, numerous products have come out in the market and selection of a suitable material has’stll remained a challenge to a practicing clinician. Therefore basic Knowledge about advances in material science and fabrication techniques of dental ceramics is the need of the hour. This article reviews the current literature covering all-ceramie materials andsystems, Keywords: All-ceramics, sintering, feldspar, silica, CAM. Recent Advancesin All- Ceramic Restoration Dental ceramics since introduction have undergone numerous modifications interms of chemistry heeding to the ever changing needs in dentistry. Because of the poor physical properties, conventional materials used for all. ceramic restorations have been fraught with problems leading to early catastrophic failures. Mechanical failure of ceramic materials is almost completely controlled by brittle fracture which combines with surface flaws resulting in low ceramic strength. Increased crystalline filler content within the glass matrix with more even distribution of particles and finer particle size has yielded significant improvementsin the flexural strength of ceramic materials."" All ceramic fails because of ‘rack propagation at a critical strain of 0.1%. Applied stresses ean eause aerack to grow throughout the matrix causing the ultimate failure of that restoration.” Numerous researchers have also tried reinforcing the ceramics with different crystalline phases which significantly increased the mechanical properties, br Prasraen i Non plagjiaried conten |E-ma: dr prashancn123¢@yahoo in itaratn provides by] Yes futher Wests: rigifwwnessécumhucorescpap lass firing, slip casting, Zirconia, CAD- Methods employed to overcome the brittleness of porcelain fall into two categories: strengthening of ceramic and designing of components.*” (Figure 1) The new generations of ceramic materials present interesting options both in terms of material selection and fabrication techniques. Based onProcessing techniques” (Table 1) SINTERED PORCELAIN Sintering is the consolidation process of ceramic powder particles through heating at high temperatures which results in atomic motion .During sintering the density of porcelain increases and results ina volumetric shrinkage of 30-40%. The sintering process promotes physical- chemical reactions which are responsible for the final properties ofthe ceramic products." a) Alumina reinforced porcelain It was introduced by McLean and Hughes in 1965. The aluminous core of the porcelain can be reinforced by a mechanism called “dispersion strengthening”.” This process reinforces alumina generating high modulus of elasticity (350 GPa) and high fracture toughness (3.5-4 MPa) to the porcelain, In this, alumina core porcelain is baked directly into the refractory die. Journal of Dental Sciences and Research ening crams —_——— compressive stes CONVENTIONAL SINTERED Leucite reinforced (OPTEC HSP) [Frerrarconaty ‘aiads of arengihonng bite materiale TWahodsot doaging Conponers| [Dereioorentresicual | [nierunton of eae Tie aes ith- | J zrepagaton ivoush| toncontaion ine surface ef tne material] [the material a Deparson ot [Gharica ona] epeenee ied nimi tenet —— k as sess Tremnal onperra| Fanstoraian toughening Fig. 1: Methods of strengthening ceramics Table 1: Based on Processing techniques CASTABLE CERAMICS SLIP CAST MACHINABLE CERAMICS CERAMICS CEREC system CELAY system ‘Aluminous Mica based nCeram) based (Dicor) (HI Ceram) PROCERA system Provera -Alumina Based All Titan Magnesia Hydroxyape-tte -Procera based based AliCeram (Cerapearl (Cerapearl) -Spinell based Cercon System Zirconia Lithiabased Classic Art based Tiswoniabased Mirage TD (Mirage 1) LAVA all Ceramic Hydrothermal low fusing (Duceram pes fe President PRESSABLE CERAMICS Leucite based (IPSEmpress 1) Lithium Based (UPS Empress 11) Corestore (Alceram) Vol. 5, Issue 2, September 2014 Although their primary indication is for anterior crowns, it can be also used for posterior crowns when occlusal harmony is maintained. This is mainly for patients who do not want a metal core, who are allergic to metal, or who are concerned about esthetics. It also has the advantage of highly accurate margins and high melting point with great stability. Eg: Hi-Ceram (Vident, Baldwin Park, CA) which was developed in 1985." b) Leucite reinforced feldspathic porcelain OPTEC HSP Generic / Pentron) is the commercially available Leucite-reinforced feldspathic porcelain which contains 45 vol% oftetragonal leucite. The greater content of Ieucite leads to high modulus of rupture, compressive strength and high thermal contraction coefficient. This also results in formation of tangential compressive stresses in the glass around the leucite crystals upon cooling." These stresses act as crack deflectors and contributes to inereased resistance of the weaker glassy phase to erack propogation.”"" They are mainly indicated for onlays, inlays, crowns in low stress areas and veneers due to their good optical properties and improved flexural strength.” ©) Magnesia based porcelain ‘They are high expansion ceramics described by O'Brien in 1984 which are used as core material for metal ceramic vencer porcelain. The core is made of magnesia crystals, which strengthens the glass matrix by both dispersion strengthening and erystallization within the matrix, The core material is made by reacting magnesia (40-60%) with a silica glass at 1100-1150°C resulting in the precipitation of forsterite (Mg,SiO,) crystals which is responsible for strengthening of ceramics, It has the advantage of increased flexural strength and coefficient of thermal expansion (14.5x10-6°C) which closely resembles that of the body and incisal portion of porcelains which are designed for bonding to metal (13.5x10-6°C).14 Their strength is further increased by glazing." 4) Zirconiabased porcelains Zirconiais apolyerystalline material which is reinforced into conventional feldspathic porcelain by a process known as “transformation toughening” which increases its strength." Yttria stabilized Zirconia has shown substantial improvement in fracture toughness, strength and thermal shock resistance but has decreased translucency and fusion temperature, Mirage II (Myron International, Kansas City KS) is the currently available Zirconia-reinforced feldspathic dental porcelain. The modulus of rupture of Mirage Il is comparable with that of conventional feldspathic porcelain." ¢) Hydrothermal cera It is low fusing porcelain which contains hydroxyl groups in the glassy matrix. Ithas increased mechanical strength and thermal expansion. The hydroxyl ions get incorporated into the porcelain structure through ‘exposure to water or water vapour. They are mainly of two types: Single phase porcelain (Eg: Duceram LEC) and Leucite containing two phase material. (Eg: Duceragold). Ducera LEC is a low fusing ceramic which can be fired at 660°C. Itis comprises of amorphous fluorine glass containing hydroxyl ions and the base layer comprised of DuCeram Metal Ceramic leucite containing porcelain, This ceramic are used to fabricate all-ceramic inlays, onlays and vencers. The hydrothermal ceramics can be repaired and corrected if needed. It has good flexural strength (110MPa) and fracture toughness. The main disadvantage is that it requires a special die material for preparation.” GLASS CERAMICS Glass ceramics, also called castable glass ceramics are processed by the lost-wax patteracasting technique. a) Dicor (Dentsply Inc., York, PA) is mica based castable glass ceramic. It is the first commercially available castable glass ceramic used for dental purpose. It has high translucency compared to other_all-ceramic materials, It is made up of 35 vol% of tetra silicic flouramica crystals. Mica crystals have a highly interlocked microstructure, giving a “house of cards” appearance, It has improved esthetics giving a “Chameleon effect”.""" This type of glass ceramic prosthesis is fabricated in a vitreous or non-crystalline state and later converted into crystalline state by a controlled devitrification process using heat, known as ‘ceramming”. The ceramming process takes place in Wo phases namely, crystal nucleation and crystal growth, Which results’ in increased strength and fracture toughness of glass ceramies which interrupts the erack propagation process." a Based b) Hydroxyapatite based Cerapearl (Kyocera, San Diego, CA) is a castable glass ceramic which has a crystalline phase containing oxyapatite, which can be transformed into hydroxyapatite when exposed to moisture. It is biocompatible and indicated for crowns and inlays. It melts at 1460°C and can be casted. The casting has an amorphous microstructure and when reheated at 870°C for Ihr, it becomes crystalline oxyapatite. This apatite is clinically unstable and when exposed to moisture transforms into crystalline hydro-oxyapatite. It has crystalline arrangement similar to enamel but the erystals are irregular which provides superior mechanical strength," Journal of Dental Sciences and Research ©) Lithia-based Lithia based glass-ceramics (Li,0-Al,0,-Ca0-SiO,) has undergone various research currently. Always the choice of proper additives is eritical in the development of tougher and higher-strength glass ceramics. Differential thermal analysis is used to determine the heat treatment leading tomaximum lithium disilicate erystal population inthe shorter time, thereby optimizing the nucleation and crystallization heat treatment of this type of glass- MACHINEABLE CERAMICS The CAD-CAM (Computer aided design and Computer aided machining) technology has evolved in the last few decades. This technique can be employed in production of machined inlays, onlays, and crowns leading to anew generation of machinable ceramics. The system is advantageous as, impressions are not required saving the dentist chair time. It also avoids cross-contamination between the patient-dentist operational field and the dental lab technician. The most popular CAD -CAM systems available for machinable all-ceramic restorations include the CEREC (Siemens, Bensheim, Germany) system, the Celay (Mikrona Technology, Spreitenbach, Switzerland) system and the Procers Alceram (Noble Biocare, USA) system." a) CERECSYSTEM The CEREC system was developed by Dr. Moerman ‘The word CEREC stands for “Chair side Economic Restoration of Esthetic Ceramics”. It was the first fully operational CAD-CAM ceramic. There are 1wo commercial varities available in this system, They are Vita Mark Il (Vident, Balsdwin Park, CA) and Dicor MGC (DENTSPLY International, Inc., York, PA). There are of three types: CEREC 1 CEREC 2 CEREC 3 CEREC | is limited to fabrication of simple inlays. It consists of large grinding wheels. The drawback is that the ocelusal surface cannot be fabricated with CEREC 1 In CEREC 2, a cylindrical grinder was added, and the grinding precision of CEREC 2 was improved. In this system, occlusal surface can be grounded. InCEREC 3 is radio controlled operating system whereby design and milling chamber units can be deployed separately Thereby, data acquisition and milling can be carried out simultaneously. The milling unit contains a laser seanner- CEREC scan, It contains a tapered cylindrical rotary diamond milling tool

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