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êð** i üðMð| _ðgihi?| Miü@ñðLht _iTi?_ð?} L? |üi UüLti? ñ@*ýit uLh |üi
T@h@4i|ihtë

• W?|hL_ýU|ðL?
UOF flufxlwv fdq eh yhu| frpsoh{ dqg fdq eh prghohg lq pdq| ydulrxv zd|v1
Wkh UOF flufxlw wkdw zloo eh glvfxvvhg lv d vlpsohu h{dpsoh lq zklfk d edwwhu|
lv doorzhg wr fkdujh xs d fdsdflwru dqg wkhq lv uhpryhg iurp wkh flufxlw1 Wkh
htxdwlrq lv zulwwhq lq whupv ri y +yrowdjh, dqg dqg lw*v ehkdylru lv ghwhuplqhg
e| lw*v sdudphwhuv U/O dqg F1 Qr zrqghu wkh| fdoo lw d UOF flufxlw$ Wkh flufxlw
lw prghohg e| wkh iroorzlqj krprjhqrxv glòhuhqwldo htxdwlrq
g5 y gy
OF 5
. UF . y @ 3 y +3, @ yr y3 +3, @ zr
gw gw
zkhuh U lv wkh uhvlvwdqfh +lq rkpv,/ O wkh lqgxfwdqfh +lq khqulhv,/ dqg F wkh
fdsdflwdqfh +lq idudgv,1
Dv zlwk prvw sdudphwhuv/ U/O/dqg F duh doo srvlwlyh frhïflhqwv1 Ixuwkhu
vlpsolñfdwlrq ri wkh glòhuhqwldo htxdwlrq ohdgv wr wkh iroorzlqj dqg pruh idploldu
irup1
g5 y gy 4
O 5 .U . y @3
gw gw F
Vlqfh wkh htxdwlrq lv vhfrqg rughu lw pxvw eh zulwwhq d v|vwhp ri htxdwlrqv1

gy
@ z
gw
gz 4 U
@ ý yý z
gw OF O
Lq pdwul{ irup1
é è é è
g\ 3 4 y
@ 4 \> zkhuh \ @ +4,
gw ý OF ýUO z

4
Vroylqj wklv v|vwhp ri htxdwlrqv zloo surgxfh vroxwlrqv y+w, dqg z+w,1 Krzhyhu/
lq wklv fdvh/ wkh rqo| vroxwlrq ri lqwhuhvw lv wkh y+w,1 Wkh y+w, vroxwlrq zloo
ghwhuplqh wkh yrowdjh ri wkh flufxlw dv d ixqfwlrq ri wlph/ zklfk lv ri sduwlfxodu
lqwhuhvw lq wkh vwxg| ri d UOF flufxlw1 Wkh z+w, vroxwlrq ghwhuplqhv wkh yhorflw|
ri wkh yrowdjh dv d ixqfwlrq ri wlph1 Dowkrxjk vrphzkdw lqwhuhvwlqj/ wkh yhorflw|
ri yrowdjh grhv qrw jlyh dq| uhdo lqirupdwlrq derxw wkh ehkdylru ri wkh flufxlw1

•ë• çðhUýð| úhi wð!i 5Thð?}tq


Eholhyh lw ru qrw/ exw wkh ehkdylruv ri d UOF flufxlw duh pxfk olnh wkdw ri d
olqhdu vsulqj prgho1 Erwk kdyh wkuhh sdudphwhuv/ U> O>dqg F iru wkh flufxlw
dqg p> ng> dqg nv iru wkh vsulqj/ dqg erwk glvsod| vlplodu ehkdylru iru wkhlu
krprjhqrxv glòhuhqwldo htxdwlrqv1 Dovr/ wkh sdudphwhuv ri erwk htxdwlrqv fdph
eh frpsduhg yhu| forvho| lq krz wkh| hòhfw wkh ehkdylru1

g5 y gy 4
O .U . y @3 +4,
gw5 gw F
g5 | g|
p 5
. ng . nv | @ 3 +5,
gw gw

Flufxlw Hohphqw Vsulqj Hohphqw


Lqgxfwdqfh O Pdvv p
Uhvlvwdqfh U Gdpslqj frhïflhqw ng
Fdsdflwdqfh F Uhflsurfdo ri vsulqj frqvwdqw nv
Yrowdjh y Glvsodfhphqw |

•ë2 6ð?_ð?} |üi 5L*ý|ðL? Lu |üi OL4L}i?Lýt ,^ý@|ðL?


Ilqglqj wkh vroxwlrq wr d krprjhqrxv vhfrqg rughu glòhuhqwldo htxdwlrq fdq eh
pdgh yhu| vlpsoh e| xvlqj Wkh Phwkrg ri Xqghwhuplqhg Frhïflhqwv= d1n1d wkh
_oxfn| jxhvv phwkrg%1 Wkh jhqhudo vroxwlrq fdq wkhq eh lqwhusuhwhg wr fodvvli|
wkh ryhudoo ehkdylru ri wkh v|vwhp1

g5 y gy 4
O 5
.U . y @ 3
gw gw F
Ohw y @ hèw
4
Oè5 hèw . Uèhèw . hèw @ 3
F
5 4
Oè . Uè . @ 3
F
5 U 4
è . è. @ 3
O OF
Qrz kdylqj wkh irup d{5 . e{ . f>wkh hljhqydoxhv duh hdvlo| irxqg e| xvlqj wkh
txdgudwlf irupxod1

5
tý ü ý ü
ýU U 5 7
O ÷ O ý OF
è@
5
Zklfk vlpsolñhv wr
vë ê5 ë ê
ýU U 4
è@ ÷ ý +5,
5O 5O OF
Wklv vroxwlrq iru odpgd qrz doorzv iru vrph jhqhudol}lqj ri wkh vroxwlrqv wr wkh
ruljlqdo glòhuhqwldo htxdwlrq1+4,
Wkh vroxwlrq ghshqgv rq zkhwkhu wkh ghwhuplqdwh ri wkh fkdudfwhulvwlf sro|0
ý U ü5 ý 4 ü
qrpldo 5O ý OF lv srvlwlyh/ qhjdwlyh/ ru }hur1 Wkhvh wkuhh fdvhv fdq eh
vxppdul}hg lq wkh iroorzlqj pdqqhu1
ý U ü5 ý 4
ü
41514 Fdvh 4= 5O ý OF A3
Lq wklv fdvh/ erwk hljhqydoxhv zloo eh uhdo qhjdwlyh frhïflhqwv dqg wkh htxlole0
ulxp srlqw zloo eh d vlqn1 Wklv fdvh lv nqrz dv ryhugdpshg1 Kh|/ wkdw vrxqgv
olnh wkh olqhdu vsulqj prgho $B
ý U ü5 ý 4
ü
41515 Fdvh 5= 5O ý OF ?3
Lq wklv fdvh wkh ghwhuplqdwh lv ohvv wkdq }hur/ wkhuhiruh surgxflqj frpsoh{
hljhqydoxhv kdylqj wkh irup d . el= Uhfdoo lq htxdwlrq 6d wkdw wkh d whup lv
ýU
5O / wkhuhiruh wkh htxloleulxp srlqw zloo eh d vsludo vlqn1 Wklv lpsolhv wkdw
wkh yrowdjh zloo rvfloodwh dv lw ghfd|v wr }hur1 Rvfloodwlqj xqwlo uhdfklqj dq
htxloleulxp srlqw/ wklv vxuh vrxqgv olnh d vsulqj wr ph1
ý U ü5 ý 4
ü
41516 Fdvh 6= 5O ý OF @3
Kdylqj wkh ghwhuplqdwh htxdo }hur surgxfhv wkh ghjhqhudwh vlwxdwlrq lq zklfk
wkh vroxwlrqv wulhv wr rvfloodwh exw fdq*w1 Wklv v|vwhp lv frqvlghuhg fulwlfdoo|
gdpshg dqg lv fkdudfwhul}hg e| wkh h{lvwhqfh ri uhshdwlqj hljqhqydoxhv1

•ëô #i4L?t|h@|ð?} îiü@ñðLh


Dv vwdwhg lq wkh suhylrxv h{dpsoh/ rqo| wkuhh glòhuhqw fdvhv fdq rffxu ghshqglqj
rq wkh ydoxhv ri U> O> dqg F1 Wr ghprqvwudwh wkh ehkdylru ri wkhvh fdvhv/ lw
lv ehvw wr ñuvw fkrrvh ydoxhv iru wzr ri wkh sdudphwhuv dqg dgmxvw ydoxhv ri
wkh wklug1 Wklv zloo vlpsoli| wkh zrun dqg dyrlg wkh wlph frqvxplqj surfhvv ri
vhohfwlqj sdudphwhu ydoxhv wkdw ghprqvwudwh d vshflñf ehkdylru1 Iru doo wkuhh
fdvhv/ O @ =336 dqg F @ 4 û 43ý43 1 U zloo eh ghwhuplqhg dw d odwhu wlph1

6
41614 Fdvh 4
ë ê5 ë ê
U 4
ý A3 +6,
5O OF
E| xvlqj wkh ydoxhv iru O dqg F/ U fdq qrz eh ghwhuplqhg1 Vroylqj iru U
zloo surgxfh d udqjh ri ydoxhv iru zklfk wkh flufxlw zloo uhpdlq ryhugdpshg1
ë ê5 ê ë
U 4
A
5O OF
ñë êñ vë ê
ñ U ñ 4
ñ ñ A
ñ 5O ñ OF

Vlqfh U> O>dqg F duh srvlwlyh/ wkh devroxwh ydoxh fdq eh holplqdwhg dqg U fdq
eh vroyhg iru1
ë ê
4
U A 5O +7,
OF
Vxevwlwxwlqj lq O dqg F

#v $
4
U A 5+=336,
+=336,+4 û 43ý43 ,
U A 43<87=78

Wklv phdqv wkdw dv orqj dv wkh uhvlvwdqfh +U, lv juhdwhu wkdq 43<87=78 wkh flufxlw
uhpdlqv ryhugdpshg1
D ydoxh ri U fdq qrz eh fkrvhq dqg wkh jhqhudo vroxwlrq fdq eh irxqg1 D
ydoxh ri 44333 zloo eh fkrvhq iru U Dovr/ dw wklv srlqw/ lqlwldo frqglwlrqv zloo
qhhg wr eh fkrvhq11 Iru doo wkuhh fdvhv y +3, @ 6 y3 +3, @ 31 Wklv phdqv wkdw
wkh lqlwldo yrowdjh zloo eh 6 dqg wkh lqlwldo yhorflw| ri wkh yrowdjh zloo eh 3=
vë ê ë ê
5
ýU U 4
è@ ÷ ý
5O 5O OF

è4 @ ý4=999: û 439
è4 @ ý5 û 439

Zklfk surgxfhv wkh jhqhudo vroxwlrq


9 9
\ +w, @ F4 h+ý4=999:û43 ,w
. F4 h+ý5û43 ,w
+8,
Xvlqj wkh lqlwldo frqglwlrqv/ wkh ydoxhv iru F4 dqg F5 fdq eh ghwhuplqhg dqg
wkh h{dfw vroxwlrq fdq eh irxqg1 Iru wklv/ wkh pdwul{ irup +4, vhuyhv dv dq hdv|
zd| iru ñqglqj F4 dqg F5 =

7
R=11000 L=.003 C=1e-10
3

2.5

Voltage (volts) 2

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Time (seconds) x 10
-5

Iljxuh 4=

9 9
\ +w, @ F4 h+ý4=999:û43 ,w
. F4 h+ý5û43 ,w
9 9
\ 3 +w, @ +ý4=999: û 439 ,F4 h+ý4=999:û43 ,w
. +ý5 û 439 ,F4 h+ý5û43 ,w

é è é èé è
6 4 4 F4
@
3 ý4=999: û 439 ý5 û 439 F5

Vhw xs dq dxjphqwhg pdwul{1


é è
4 4 6
+9,
ý4=999: û 439 ý5 û 439 3
Urz uhgxflqj wkh dxjphqwhg pdwul{ zloo vroyh iru F4 dqg F5

F4 4=9696
@
F5 4=69::

9 9
\ +w, @ 4=9696h+ý4=999:û43 ,w
. 4=69::h+ý5û43 ,w
+:,
Iljxuh 41/wkh judsk ri \ +w, > zloo vkrz wkdw dv wlph sdvvhv wkh yrowdjh ri wkh
flufxlw zloo ghfd| zlwkrxw rvfloodwlrq1 Iljxuh 51/wkh skdvh sruwudlw/ dovr ghprq0
vwudwhv wkdw wkh flufxlw lv ryhugdpshg dqg wkh yrowdjh lv qrw rvfloodwlqj11

8
6
x 10 R=11000 L=.003 C=1e-10
0.5

w -0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5
-0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
v

Iljxuh 5=

41615 Fdvh5
ë ê5 ë ê
U 4
ý ?3
5O OF
Rqfh djdlq O @ =336 dqg F @ 4 û 43ý43 dqg U zloo eh ghwhuplqhg dw d odwhu
wlph1

ë ê5 ê ë
U 4
?
5O OF
ñë êñ vë ê
ñ U ñ 4
ñ ñ ?
ñ 5O ñ OF

Djdlq/ ehfdxvh U> O>dqg F duh srvlwlyh/ wkh devroxwh ydoxh fdq eh holplqdwhg
dqg U fdq eh vroyhg iru1
ë ê
4
U ? 5O
OF
Dv lq wkh ñuvw fdvh/ vroylqj iru U zloo surgxfh d udqjh ri ydoxhv iru zklfk wkh
flufxlw zloo uhpdlq xqghugdpshg1

U ? 43<87=78
Wklv phdqv wkdw dv orqj dv wkh uhvlvwdqfh +U, lv ohvv wkdq 43<87=78 wkh flufxlw
uhpdlqv xqghugdpshg1

9
D ydoxh ri U fdq qrz eh fkrvhq dqg wkh jhqhudo vroxwlrq fdq eh irxqg1 D
ydoxh ri 633 zloo eh fkrvhq iru U dqg y +3, @ 6 y3 +3, @ 31
vë ê ë ê
5
ýU U 4
è@ ÷ ý
5O 5O OF

è4 @ ý8 û 437 . l4=;58
è4 @ ý8 û 437 ý l4=;58
Zklfk jlyhv wkh jhqhudo vroxwlrq
7
\ +w, @ h+ý8û43 .l4=;58,w

Ehfdxvh ri wkh lpdjlqdu| hljhqydoxh/ pruh vlpsolñfdwlrq zloo eh qhhghg1

7
\ +w, @ h+ý8û43 .l4=;58,w
7
\ +w, @ hý8û43 w hl4=;58w
7 7
\ +w, @ F4 hý8û43 w
frv+4=;58w, . F5 hý8û43 w
vlq+4=;58w,
Xvlqj wkh pdwul{ irup +4,

7 7
\ +w, @ F4 hý8û43 w frv+4=;58w, . F5 hý8û43 w vlq+4=;58w,
k 7
l
\ 3 +w, @ F4 +ý8 û 437 ,h+ý8û437,w frv+4=;58w, ý 4=;58h+ý8û43 ,w vlq+4=;58w,
k 7
l
.F5 +ý8 û 437 ,h+ý8û437,w vlq+4=;58w, . 4=;58h+ý8û43 ,w frv+4=;58w,

é è é èé è
6 4 3 F4
@
3 +ý8 û 437 , 4=;58 F5
Vhw xs dq dxjphqwhg pdwul{1
é è
4 3 6
+;,
ý8 û 437 4=;58 3
Urz uhgxflqj wkh dxjphqwhg pdwul{ zloo vroyh iru F4 dqg F5 =
F4 6
@
F5 ;54<5
7 7
\ +w, @ 6hý8û43 w
frv+4=;58w, . ;54<5hý8û43 w
vlq+4=;58w, +<,
Wklv wlph ñjxuh 61zloo vkrz wkdw dv wlph sdvvhv wkh yrowdjh ri wkh flufxlw
zloo ghfd| zlwk rvfloodwlrq1 Qrwlfh wkh yhu| vpdoo dprxqw ri wlph lw wdnhv iru
wkhvh rvfloodwlrqv wr rffxu1 Dovr qrwlfh wkh vlplodulwlhv wr wkdw ri wkh olqhdu
vsulqj prgho1Khuh ñjxuh1 7/ wkh skdvh sruwudlw/ ghprqvwudwhv wkdw wkh flufxlw
lv xqghugdpshg dqg wkh yrowdjh lv rvfloodwlqj11

:
R=300 L=.003 C=1e-10
3

Voltage (volts) 2

-1

-2

-3
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time (seconds) -4
x 10

Iljxuh 6=

6
x 10 R=300 L=.003 C=1e-10
6

2
w

-2

-4

-6
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
v

Iljxuh 7=

;
41616 Fdvh 6
ë ê5 ë ê
U 4
ý @3 +43,
5O OF
Iurp wkh suhylrxv fdvhv/ lw fdq eh vhhq wkdw zkhq U @ 43<87=78 wkh deryh
htxdwlrq zloo eh }hur dqg wkhuh zloo eh d uhshdwlqj hljhqydoxh1

U
è @ ý ÷3
5O
è4 @ 4=;58: û 43:
è4 @ 4=;58: û 43:

Uhshdwlqj hljhqydoxhv zloo fdxvh wkh ghjhqhudwh fdvh wr rffxu lq zklfk wkh flufxlw
zloo eh fulwlfdoo| gdpshg1 Wkh jhqhudo vroxwlrq lv
: :
\ +w, @ F4 h 4=;58:û43 w . F5 wh4=;58:û43 w
+44,

Xvlqj wkh pdwul{ irup +4,

: :
\ +w, @ F4 h 4=;58:û43 w . F5 wh4=;58:û43 w

:
k : :
l
\ 3 +w, @ +4=;58: û 43: ,F4 h+4=;58:û43 ,w
. F5 h+4=;58:û43 ,w . +4=;58: û 43: ,wh+4=;58:û43 ,w

é è é èé è
6 4 3 F4
@
3 +4=;58: û 43: , 4 F5

Vhw xs dq dxjphqwhg pdwul{1


é è
4 3 6
+45,
+4=;58: û 43: , 4 3
Djdlq/ urz uhgxflqj wkh dxjphqwhg zloo vroyh iru F4 dqg F5 =
é è é è
F4 6
@
F5 8=7::4 û 43:

: :
\ +w, @ 6h+4=;58:û43 ,w
. +8=7::4 û 43: ,wh+4=;58:û43 ,w
+46,
Iljxuh 81vkrzv wkdw dv wlph sdvvhv wkh yrowdjh ri wkh flufxlw zloo ghfd| wr
}hur/ exw qrwlfh wkdw lw wdnhv orqjhu wkdq wkh ryhu gdpshg fdvh1 Wklv lv ehfdxvh
wkh flufxlw lv fulwlfdoo| gdpshg dqg wkh yrowdjh lv wu|lqj wr rvfloodwh1
Iljxuh 91/ wkh skdvh sruwudlw/ ghprqvwudwhv krz wkh yrowdjh lv wu|lqj wr
rvfloodwh exw fdq*w1 Wklv lv lqglfdwlyh ri d fulwlfdoo| gdpshg v|vwhp1

<
R=(.006)*sqrt(10/3*10e13) L=.003 C=1e-
3

Voltage (volts) 2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time (seconds) -4
x 10

Iljxuh 8=

5
R=R=(.006)*sqrt(10/3*10e13
x 10 L=.003 C=1e
0

-0.5

-1
w

-1.5

-2

-2.5

-3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
v

Iljxuh 9=

43
•ëe çL?U*ýtðL?
Dv rqh fdq vhh/ dq UOF flufxlw fdq ehkdyh lq glòhuhqw zd|v ghshqglqj rq wkh
sdudphwhuv U> O> dqg F=Hyhq voljkw fkdqjhv fdq uhvxow lq frpsohwho| glòhuhqw
ehkdylruv1 Xvlqj wklv prgho dqg dsso|lqj vrph edvlf glòhuhqwldo htxdwlrq pdwk0
hpdwlfv/ dq| ri wkh wkuhh ehkdylruv fdq lqgxfhg1 E| fduhixoo| vhohfwlqj U> O>
dqg F ydoxh/ wkh flufxlw lv dw |rxu phuf|$

44

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