I.

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Fish are members of poichilotermic or cold-blooded vertebrates that live in

water and breathe with gills. Fish are the most diverse group of vertebrates with
more than 27,000 species worldwide. The taxonomy of this animal belongs to
paraphiletics group whose relationship is still in debate genetic relationship. The
body’s consists of head, body, and tail. Nilem fish (Osteochilus vittatus) live in
fresh water. The food consists of adhesive lichens. Nilem fish like clear water and
easy to breed in running water. Nilem fish can live in high areas with an altitude
of 150-1000 meters above sea level, especially at an altitude of 800 meters. Body
shape steram line (slim like a torpedo) so easy to move freely in the rushing water
(Hildebrand, 1974).

A true boned nilem fish (Osteochilus vittatus) and its body is covered by
scales as an outer frame. This leather contains lenders to smooth out for easy
movement in the water. Nilem fish body is equipped with several fins and there
are side lines to know changes in water pressure. The nilem fish (Osteochilus
vittatus) is used in this praticum to represent the species of the pisces class. Nilem
fish has simple morphological and anatomical arrangements that make it easier
for practitioners to observe both internal organs and external organs (Storer,
1957).

Catfish (Clarias batrachus) is a type of fresh water consumption fish with

elongated body and slippery skin. Catfish are never found in brackish or saltwater.
Habitat in the river with slow water currents, swamps, ponds, reservoirs and rice
fields are inundated. Catfish is noctural, which is actively moving for food at
night. During the day, the Catfish settles and takes shelter in dark places. In the
wild Catfish spawn in the rainy season.

In this practice we use nilem fish (Osteochilus vittatus) and catfish (Clarias
batrachus) as preparation to represent species of the pisces claas. The reason we
use both of them because the organ compilers are complete and clear, so it makes
practican so easy to observe internal and extenal organs.
B. Purpose

The purpose of this practical class are to know the morphologhy and anatomy of
nilem fish (Osteochilus vittatus) and catfish (Clarias batrachus).
 II. MATERIAL AND METHODS

A. Materials

The materials that used in this practice are nilem fish (Osteochilus vittatus)
and catfish (Clarias batrachus).

The tools that used in this practice are tub preparations, tweezers, surgical
scissors.

B. Methods
The methods that used in this activity are:
1. Fish nilem anesthetized by using chloroform or pierced with a needle pierce
while the catfish is turned off by piercing the head with scissors or break it on
the head.
2. Fish is cut from the anus along the medioventral line of the body towards the
front until close to the pectoral fin.
3. The upper part of the meat section is opened by using tweezers.
4. The cutting proceeds to the dorsal body, which proceeds anteriorly to the lid
and exits at the dorsal and ventral to the muzzle. The cuts in this section should
be considered, because in the ventral portion of the gills containing the heart,
removal of the cuts should be done with caution.
5. The inner fish’s body is observed.
B. Discussion
1. Nilem fish (Osteochilus vittatus)
According to Nelson (1994) are as follows:

Phylum : Chordata
Subphylum : Vertebrata
Super Class : Taleostomi
Class : Actinopterygii
Subclass : Nepterygii
Divison : Teleostei
Subdivision : Euteleostei
Superorder : Ostariophysi
Ordo : Cypriniformes
Familia : Cyprinidae
Genus : Osteochilus
Spesies : Osteochilus vittatus
Nilem fish body can be divided into caput (head), truncus (body) and
cauda (tail). All three have no real limits. Caps extend from the tip of the
snout to the end of the operculum. Truncus extends from the end of the
operculum to the anus. Cauda extends from behind the anus to the tip of the
fish's fin. Capillary Nilem fish including the oral cavity (mouth) is located at
the tip of the snout there are teeth in the jaw, visus organon (eye) is located
laterally without the eyelid and operculum. The truncus part of the Nilem
Fish consists of different types of fins. The fins serve the movement of Nilem
fish in water (Jasin, 1989).
Fish scaly nilem, has a lateral linnea from left to right that connects the
body from the front to the tip of the tail. Linnea lateralis serves to know the
amount of current in the water of fish nilem (Osteochilus vittatus) has a pair
of pectoral fin (pectoral fin), a pair of abdominal fin (fin fin), dorsal fin
(dorsal fin), caudal fin (caudal fin). The results of observation of nilem fish
(Osteochilus vittatus) found that nilem fish have gills, air bubbles and side
lines (Djuhanda, 1984).
The structure of fish morphology is head, body and tail. The head is the
most obvious shape. Fish nilem body spindle-shaped nearby there are
pectoral and oval fins to the rear. The tail section is heterocereal with
vertebrae along the dorsal section of the lobby (Storer and Usinger, 1957).
The reproductive system in male nilem fish with testes and female nilem
fish with ovaries. Male and female nilem fish can be distinguished by
massaging the abdomen of the fish toward the anus. The male fish will
remove the milky white liquid from the genitalia. Equally nilem female fish
that have mature eggs have relatively large abdominal features and tersa soft
when touched (Moment, 1967).
The way to surgery Nilem fish at the first Fish nilem anesthetized by
using chloroform or pierced, then cut from the anus along the medioventral
line of the body towards the front until close to the pectoral fin. After that
open the upper part of the meat section use tweezers. Continue to cut
proceeds to the dorsal body, which proceeds anteriorly to the lid and exits at
the dorsal and ventral to the muzzle. The cuts in this section should be
considered, because in the ventral portion of the gills containing the heart,
removal of the cuts should be done with caution. At the last observe the
internal nilem body.
The digestive system in Nilem Fish starts from the mouth, pharynx,
esophagus, ventriculus and intestinum that boils down to the cloaca. Cavum
oris (small mouth) relatife small, the jaw is not toothed. Inside the left wall of
the pharynx there are gill cells. Oesophage is shaped like a short ribbon,
while the shape of the ventriculus is curved like the letter U. Nilem Fish
digestive system also consists of intestine (intestinal) in the form of a
tortuous channel and empties into the anus (Radiopoetro, 1977).
The respiration device contained in the Nilem Fish is a gill consisting of
four spaces which each space consists of two thin gill filaments. In addition
to the gill is also an operculum that serves to protect the gills so that when
doing respiration incoming air does not mix with the entry of water that binds
oxygen to the oral cavity. After that, the water passes through the gills. In the
gill occurs oxygen filtering and here the exchange of carbon dioxide gas, in
the blood released through the gills and oxygen supply into the water when
the gills open. The filtered oxygen is then circulated through the blood
capillaries present in the gills (Storer, 1957).
The excretion system in nilem fish consists of ren, ureter, vasica urinaria
and ends in the urogenetalia porous.
The genital system in female nilem fish consists of a pair of long ovaries.
This ovary has a cavity into the caudal continuing into the oviduct, which
leads into the urogenital sinus. After the age of one year, Osteochilus vittatus
is usually adult. Fertilization is carried out in water, outside the body and this
fertilization is called external fertilization. Male fish have long testis. Testis
is located ventral of ren. The caudal end of the vas defferens starts into the
urogenital sinus (Radiopoetro, 1977).