Where from English words came from ?

Anglo saxon words

a ahem anklet automaker bakery
a- ail anneal aw bald
A-1 ailment anon awake (v) bale
A-frame ain't another awoke baleful
A-line air freshener answer awoken balk
a.k.a. air raid antsy awake (adj) ball
a.s.a.p. airborne anvil awaken ballast
aback aircraft any aware ballocks
abaft airedale anybody awareness ballpark
Abderian laughter airhead anyhow awash ballroom
abeam airline anyone away balls
abed airtight anything awe ballsy
abide ait anyway awhile bally
abiding ajar anyways awl bam
ablaze akimbo anywhere awry ban (v)
able-bodied akin anywise ax ban (n)
aboard alack ape axe band (ties)
abode albeit apple axle bandwidth
about alder apple pie ay bane
above alderman aquiver aye (yes) bank (mass, heap)
aboveboard ale archfiend babble bann
abovementioned alewife are babe banns
abreast Alfred aren't baby bare
abroad alight (v) aright baby boom barefoot
absentminded alight (adj) arise babysit barely
abuzz alike arisen babysitter bark (v)
accursed alit arising back (n) barley
ach alive arm (anatomical) back (v) barm
ache all armpit back (adj) barmy
ack all-inclusive arms-length back down barn
acknowledge allspice arm "poor, pitiful" back off barroom
acknowledgement allay arrow back up barrow
acorn allright (all right) arse back-talk (wheelbarrow)
acre almighty arsehole backbencher barrow (mound)
adder almost art (v) backbiting baseball
addle almshouse artwork backbone baseline
ado alone as backdoor bass (fish)
adrift along asap backdrop bast
adware alongside Ascot backfill batch
adze aloud asea backfire bateau
afar already ash backgammon bated breath
afeared alright ash (Bot.) background bath
afford also ashen backhand bathe
affright although ashamed backing bathing
afield altogether Ashley backlash bathroom
afire always ashore backside bathtub
afloat am ashtray backslide batman
afoot amain aside backstab battle-axe
afore amaze ask backstabber battlefield
aforesaid amazement asleep backstop battleship
aforethought amazing aspen backup baulk
afoul amid astern backward be
afresh amidst astir backwards be-
aft amiss astride backwash beach
after among asunder backwater beachhead
afterglow amongst at backyard beacon
afterlife an at all bad bead
aftermath and at bay badder beadle
afterthought anent ate baddest beady
afterward anew athel bad-mouth beam
afterwards angle (v) atheling badass bean
afterword angler atop bade bean bag
again Angle attaboy badge beanery
against Anglian attercop badger (n) beanie
aghast Anglican atwitter badger (v) beano
aglow Anglicize Audrey baff bear (v)
ago Anglo auger baffle bearable
aground Anglo-Saxon aught (something) baffling bear (n)
ah Anglophile aught (zero) bairn beard
aha Anglophone auld bake bearing
ahead ankle autoharp baker bearings
bearish beleave betwixt blackmail blown
beat belie beware blackout blowzy
beaten belief bewilder blacksmith blubber
beater believe bewildered bladder blubbering
beating believable bewitch blade blue blood
beat up believer beyond blain blue chip
beatnik belittle bid blanch (turn aside) blue moon
beaver belive "to remain" bidden blare blueberry
beck bell bide blaring bluebird
beckon bell bottoms bier blast bluegrass
becloud bellboy Big Apple blasted bluestocking
become bellhop Big Brother blatant blur
became bellow Big Dipper blaxploitation blurry
becoming bellowing bight blaze (fire) blurt
bed bellows bigot blazer (jacket) blush
bedbug bellwether bigotry blazing bo tree
bedding belly (n) bill (beak) bleach boar
bedizen belly (v) billboard bleacher board (plank)
bedridden belly button billfold blear board (side of a ship)
bedrock belly dance billingsgate bleat boarder
bedroom bellyache bimonthly blee "colour" boardroom
bedspread bellyful bind bleed boardwalk
bedstead belong binder bleeding (n) boat
bedtime belongings binding blench boatswain
bee beloved bindle blend bob (v)
bee's knees beltway bine bless bobble
beech bemoan binge blessed, blest bobcat
beefeater bench bingo blessing bod
beehive bench-warmer biofeedback blew bodacious
beek benchmark bippy blight bode
beeline bend birch blighter bodice
been bender bird blimey bodily
beer beneath bird (young lady) blind bodkin
beeswax benight birdie blind date body
beetle (n) bent Birmingham blind spot bodyguard
beetle (v) bent (bent-grass) birthday blinded bogeyman
befall benumb birthday suit blindfold boil (cyst, tumor)
befit Beowulf birthright blindness bold
befitting bequeath bishopric blinds boll
before bequest bit blindside bollix
beforehand bereave bitch blink bollock
befoul bereft bitchy blinkered bollocks
befriend bereavement bite blinkers Bollywood
befuddle Berkshire bit bliss bolster
beg berry bitten blissful bolt
beggar berth bitter blithe bombshell
beget beseech bitterness blithesome bond
begat besought bittersweet blizzard bondage
begotten beseeching bitsy blob bondman
begin beset bitty blockbuster bondsman
began beshrew biweekly blockhead bone (n)
beginner beside blab blood bone (v)
beginning besides blabber blood pressure bonehead
begun besom blabbermouth blood type boner
begone bespeak black bloodcurdling bonfire
begorra bespoke black box bloodletting book
behalf bespoken black code bloodlust bookcase
behave bespeckled Black Death bloodshed bookie
behavior, behaviour bespoke (made to black dwarf bloodshot bookish
behavioral, order) Black English bloodstream bookkeeper
behavioural best black eye bloodsucker booklet
behaviorism bestest Black Hand bloodthirsty bookmark
behead bestir black hole bloody bookstaff
behest bestow black market Bloomsbury bookstave
behind bestowal Black Panther blossom bookstore
behold bestride black sheep blow (move air) bookworm
beheld bet Black Shirt blow (bloom) boom (v)
beholden betide blackball blow (hard hit) boot (profit, use)
behoof betimes blackberry blow job bootless
behoove, behove betoken blackbird blow out bore
being (n) betroth blackboard blow up bored
belated betrothed blackguard blowfish boring
belay better blackjack blowhard boredom
belch between blacklist blowhole born
borne breeches buck buyout char (burn)
borough breed buck-eye buzz charcoal
borrow breeder buckboard buzz saw chare
bosom brew bucket buzzer Charles's Wain
Boston brewery Buckinghamshire buzzword Charleston
Boston tea party briar bucko by charley horse
bottleneck bridal buckshot bye (sporting) charwoman
bottom bride buckskin bye (good-bye) chary
bottom line bridegroom bucktooth bygone chat
bough bridesmaid bud bygones chat room
bought bridewell buddy byline chatter
boughten bridge bug byre chatterbox
bound (tied, bridle bugbear bystander chatty
fastened) brier build byspel chaw
bourn (small stream) bright builder byword checkout
bout brighten buildup c/o checkup
bow (v) brightness bulkhead cade cheddar
bow (n) brim bull cadge cheek
bower brimful bulldoze cadger cheeky
bowie knife brimming bulldozer cakewalk cheep
bowl brimstone bulletin board calf cheerleader
bowler (hat) brinded bullfinch call Chelsea
bowtie brindle bullheaded call girl Cheshire
box (strike blows) brindled bullish caller Cheshire cat
boxer brine bullock callow Chesterfield
boxing bring bullpen calve chestnut
boy brinkmanship bullseye Cambridge chew
boyfriend briny bullshit campfire chick
boyish bristle bulrush can (v) chicken
boysenberry bristly bum (buttocks, can (n) chicken lobster
braid Bristol bottom) can't chicken pox
brain britches bumble candlelight chide
brain child brite bumblebee canebreak chifferobe
brainiac British bumf cannery chiffon
brainstorm brittle bunch cannot chiffonade
brainwashing bro bunghole canny chiffonier
brainy broad Bunsen burner Canterbury chifforobe
bramble broad-minded bunt care chiffrobe
brand broadband burd care package chilblain
brand new broadcast burden carefree child
brash broaden burdensome careful children
brass broadside burial carefully child abuse
brassy broadsword Burke caregiver childbearing
braze (to cover with Broadway burly careless childcare
brass) broke burn carelessness childe
brazen brood burnout caretaker childhood
brb brooding burrow careworn childish
breach broody burst caring childlike
bread brook (small stream) burthen cartwheel chill
bread-basket brook (tolerate, bury carve chilly
breadth endure) busboy cast iron chime (rim of a
breadwinner broom bush castaway barrel)
break broth bushy cat chin
break dancing brothel business catbird chink (slit)
breakage brother businessman catcall chip
breakdown brother in law bust (burst) catchall chippy
breaker (wave) brotherhood bustle catchword chirp
breakeven brought busy caterwaul chirpy
breakfast brow busybody cattail chitchat
breakneck browbeat busyness catwalk chock-full
breakout brown but ceasefire chode
breakthrough Brown Shirt butt (end) centerfold choke
breakup brown-nose butterfly cesspool chomp
breakwater brownfield buttermilk chafer choose
breast brownie butternut chaff choosy
breastbone bruise butthead chaffer chop (cut)
breastwork brunch butthole chaffinch chopper
breath brung buttock chain gang chops
breathalyzer BS buttocks chairman chopstick
breathe btw buttonhole chalkboard chore
breather bub buxom champ (v) chose
breathless bubba buy chap (v) chuckle
breathtaking bubble buy-in chapbook churl
breech bubbly buyer char (chore) churlish
churn coal copperhead crop darling
cinder coaming copycat cross-eye darn (conceal a hole)
Cinderella coastline copyright cross-fire Darwin
clad coattails copywriter cross-stitch Darwinism
clam coax core crossbow dashboard
clamber cob corn (grain) crossover dat
clammy cobble (n) corn row crossroad dateline
clamp cobble (v) cornerstone crossroads daughter
clap cobbler cornhole crossword davenport
clapboard cobblestone cornmeal crow (n) daw
claptrap cobweb Cornwall crow (v) dawdle
clash cock (bird) corny crowd dawg
clasp cock (Mech.) cot (hut) crud dawn
classroom cock (v) cote crumb day
clatter cock-a-doodle-doo cotquean crumble day care
claw cockerel cough crumby Day-Glo
clay cockeyed could crummy daybreak
clean cockney couldn't crumpet daydream
cleanliness cockpit countdown crumple daylight
cleanse cockscomb counterclockwise cruise daytime
cleansing cocksucker countryside crutch dead
cleanup cocksure courthouse cubbyhole dead end
clearinghouse cocktail courtyard cucking stool dead man's hand
cleat cocky couth cud dead reckoning
cleavage coconut cove cuddle Dead Sea
cleave (split) cod Coventry cudgel deadbeat
cleave (stick to) codger cow (n) cum deaden
cleaver codpiece cowboy Cumberland Deadhead
cleft codswallop cowlick cun deadline
clench coke coworker cunning deadlock
Cleveland cold cowslip cunt deadly
clever cold blooded Cox cupboard deadpan
clew cold feet coxcomb curd deadweight
cliff cold front crab curdle deadwood
cliffhanger cold turkey crabby curl deaf
climb cold war crack curly deafen
climber collard crackdown curse deafening
clinch collarbone cracker cuss deal
clincher collie cracker-jack cut dealer
cling collier crackhead cutoff dear
clingy colliery crackle cutpurse dearborn
clip (fasten) collywobbles crackpot cutter dearie
clip-on color blindness cradle cutthroat dearth
clipboard colt craft cutting edge deary
clockwise coltish craftsman cuttlefish death
clockwork comb crafty D-day death camp
clod come cram dab death wish
clodhopper cometh cranberry dabble deathbed
clot comeback crane dad deathly
cloth comely crank daddy debug
clothe comer crankshaft daffy deed
clothes comeupance craps daft deem
clothesline comeuppance crash daily deemed
clothespin comingle crave dairy deep
cloud commingle cravings daisy deep six
Cloud Cuckoo Land common good craw dale deep-seated
cloud nine commonwealth creak Dallas deepen
cloudburst con (study) creep Dalton deeply
cloudy congressman creeper dam deer
clout Connor creepy damp defilade
clove (wedge of continental drift cress dampen defile
garlic) cookout crestfallen dander (dandruff) defrost
cloven cool crib dandruff deft
clover coolant cribbage dandy deftly
clowder cooler crick Dane delf
clubhouse coolness crimp Danish delftware
cluck coolth cringe dare dell
clue coot crinkle daredevil delouse
clueless cop (v) Crip dark delve
cluster copper (v) cripple Dark Ages demean
clutch (clench) cop (n) croak dark horse demeaning
clutter cop (mass of thread) crock darken demigod
Clydesdale cop out crockery darkling den
co-star copout croft darkness dene
Denmark Domesday book dumbfound Edgar erne
dent don dumbfounded edge (n) Ernest
Denver doom dumbledore edge (v) errand
depth Doomsday dummy edgeways erst
derby door dun (v) edgewise erstwhile
derring-do dot dun (adj) edging ettin
derth dough dung edgy eve
desktop doughboy Durham Edinburgh even
devil-may-care doughnut dusk Edith evening
Devon doughty dust Edmund ever
Devonian dove (n) dwarf Edward ever-lasting
dew dove (v) dwell Edwin every
dewlap dow dwindle eel evil
dewy down (adv) dye eerie ewe
dey down (n) dying eff eye
dibble downbeat 'em eft eyesore
dibs downcast -ed eftsoons eyetooth
dickhead downer -er (agent suffux) egad eyewash
did download -er (comparative Egbert eyot
diddle downscale suffix) egghead -fold
didn't draft e'en eh -ful
didst dragnet e'er eight fain
die ( < AS *dīegan) dragonfly e.t.a. eighteen fair (adj)
diehard drain ea eighth fairing
dig (ME diggen ?< AS drake (male duck) each eighty faith healer
dīcian) drat each other eighty-six fall
digs draught ear either fallow (n)
dike draw ear (of corn) eke fallow (adj)
dill drawback earache elbow fang
dim drawbridge eardrum eld far
dimmer drawer earful elder (berry) fare (n)
dimple drawers earl elder fare (adj)
dimwit drawing room earldom elderly farewell
din drawn earlobe eldest farm
dingle dray early eldritch farrow
dingy dread earmark eleven fart
dinky Dreadnought earn elf farther
dint dream earnings Eliot (< Æðelgeat) farthing
dip dreamt earnest elk fast (adj)
disbelief dreary earnings ell fast (v)
disbelieve drench earring Ellis Island fasten
disembodied drew earshot elm fastness
disgruntle dribble earth else fat (n)
disgruntled drift Earth Day elsewhere fat (adj)
dishearten drink earth-mother embankment father
dislike drip earthen embed fathom
Disneyland drive earthenware ember fawn (v)
disown drivel earthlight ember days fay "to fit, join, unite"
distaff drizzle earthling embitter faze
ditch drone earthly embody fear
dither drool earthquake embodiment feather
dive drop earthwork embroider fed up
dizzy dross earthworm emmet feed
do drought earthy empty feel
do-gooder drove (n) earwax end feeling
docket drove (v) earwig endear feelings
dodder drown east endearing feet
dodge drowsy Easter endearment fell (v)
doe drudge Easter Island endlong fell (adj)
doff drudgery eastern Enfield felt (n)
dog (n) Drummond light Eastlake enfold fen
dog (v) drunk easy-going England fere
dog days drunkard eat English fern
dog leg druthers eatable enlighten Ferris wheel
dogfight dry eaten enlightenment ferry (n)
dogger dub eatery enlist ferry (v)
doggerel duck (bird) eats (n) enliven fetch
doggone duck (v) eave enough fetlock
doghouse ducky eaves entrapment fetter
doldrums dud eavesdrop entwine fettle
dole dugout eavesdropper enwrap few
doleful dull ebb ere fey
dollop dumb eco-friendly Erin fickle
dolt dumbbell eddy Erl-king fiddle
field flop forward gat GOP
fiend floss foster gate Gordian knot
fifteen flow fought gather gore (n)
fifth flue foul Gatling gun gore (v)
fifty fluke ("flatfish") foundling gavel gorse
fight flurry four gefilte fish gory
figurehead flush (v) fourth estate geld gosh
filch flush (adj) fowl ghost goshawk
file ("metal tool") flutter fox Gibson girl gosling
fill fly ("flying insect") fraidy-cat giddy gospel
film fly ("fare through the frame gild gossamer
filth air") framework gilded gossip
fin fly ("flee") frazzle gilt gotcha
finch fly-by-night freak gimcrack Gotham
find flyer free gimp gourmet
finger foal free verse gingerbread Graham
fir foam freedom gird grandfather
fire fodder freelance girdle grandstand
first foe Freemason girl grasp
fish fold freewheeling girlfriend grass
fist fold ("pen for freeze girlie grave ("ditch, burial
fit (n) animals") fremd (also fremmit, git plot")
fit ("sudden attack") folk frempt) "strange, give grave ("to dig")
five folklore foreign, alien" glad gray
fizzle follow French glass graze ("to eat grass")
flab fond fresh Glastonbury graze ("to make
flabbergasted fondle freshman glaze contact")
flabby food fret gleam great
flagstone foot Friday glee greedy
flap footage friend glide greed
flapper football friendship glimmer green
flash foothill fright glimpse greenback
flashback footing frog glisten Greenland
flasher footloose from gloaming greens
flashlight footpad frost global warming Greenwich
flashy footsie frostbitten gloom greet ("to meet")
flask footstep frosting gloomy greet ("to cry")
flat ("apartment, for froward glory hole gremlin
floor") forbear frowzy glove grey
flatter forbearance frumpy glow greyhound
flax forbear ("ancestor") fuck (informal) glum grill "to anger,
flay forbid fudge gnarled provoke"
flea ford Fulbright gnarl grill "harsh"
fledge fore fulfill gnarly grim
fledgling forebode fulfillment gnat grime
flee foreboding full gnaw grin
fleece forefather fun go grind
fleet (n) forego funny go south grip
fleet ("swift") foreground furlong go west gripe
fleeting forehand furrow go-cart grisly
Fleming forehead further go-go grist
flesh foreman furze goad gristle
fleshpot foremost fuzz goal grit
fleshy foreplay G-man goat grits
flew forerunner G-string goatee groan
flibbertigibbet foresee gad god groats
flick (n) foreshadow gadfly goddess groin
flicker (n) foreshorten gadzooks godhead groom ("youth")
flicker (v) forestall gaffer Godiva groom
flight ("act of flying") foretell gainsay godsend ("bridegroom")
flight ("act of forethought gal gofer groove
fleeing") forever gall ("bile") goggle grope
flint foreword gall ("sore spot") gold ground
flip (v) forget gallows Goldilocks grout
flip (n) forgive Gallup poll golliwog grove
flip-flop forgo gamble golly grow
flippant forlorn game good grub
flipper former gammer Good Friday grubstreet
flirt forsake gander good-bye grump
flitch forsooth gang goody grunge
float forswear gang-bang goof grungy
flock forth gangster goon grunt
flood fortnight gar goose guild
floor forty garlic gooseberry guilt
Guinea pig harrowing hemp hog how
gulch harry hen hogshead howbeit
gum ("membranes of hart hence hogwash howdy
the mouth") Harvard henchman hogweed however
gunwale harvest henge hoity-toity howl
gut has-been Henley hold (v) hub
-hood hasp her ("object") hold ("lower part of a huckleberry
ha hassle her ("possessive") ship") hue "blee, colour"
hack ("chop") hassock herd hole hull "seed casing"
hack ("hireling") Hastings here holiday hum
hacker hat Herefordshire holiness humdrum
hackle hat trick heriot hollow hummock
hackney hatch ("emerge from herring holly Humphrey
hackneyed an egg") hers hollyhock hunch
had hatch ("gate") Hertfordshire Hollywood hundred
haft hate hew holster hung
hag hath hey holt hung-over
hag-ridden hatred heyday holy hung-up
haggaday have hi holystone hunger
haggle haven hi-fi home hunt
hail ("frozen rain") hawse hi-jinks homeboy Huntingdon
hair hay hiccup homecoming hurdle
hake Hayward hide ("to conceal") homely hurl
hale ("healthy") haywire hide ("skin") homesickness hurling
half haze hidebound homestead hurly-burly
half seas over hazy hie homework hurry
half-assed hazel higgledy-piggledy hone hurst
half-life he high honey hush
half-wit he-he high-falutin' honeydew hussy
halibut head high-five honeymoon hutch "storage
hall headache highball honeysuckle chest"
hallmark headline highboy hood ("covering") -in (as in "sit-in")
hallow headlong highbrow hood -ing (gerund ending)
Halloween headway highlight ("neighborhood") -ing (pres. part.
halt ("lame") heady hight hoodwink ending)
halter heal highway hoof -ish
halve health hijack hook I
ham heap hike hooker I've
hammer hear hill hoop I.O.U.
Hampshire heard hillbilly Hoosier ice
hamstring hearken hilt hoot iceberg (partial trans.
hand heart him Hoover of Dutch ijsberg)
hand of glory hearth hind ("after") hop icicle
handbook heat hind ("doe") hope Icknield Way
handcuff heath hinder ("obstruct") hoping icky
handfast heathen hinder ("rear") hopped idle
handicap heather hindmost hopper if
handicraft heave hindrance hopscotch ilk
handiwork heaven hindsight horn impound
handkerchief heavy hinge horny in
handle heck hint hornet in-
handmaid hedge hip hornswoggle in-fighting
handout heed hip ("rose hip") horse in-joke
handsome heel hire horse-chestnut in-law
handwriting heel ("of a ship") hireling horsefeathers in like Flynn
hang heel ("bad person") his horsepower inasmuch
hang-dog heft hiss horseradish inborn
hanging heifer hissing hose income
hangnail heigh-ho hitch hoss indeed
hangover height hither hot Indian summer
hansom heinie ("buttocks") hitherto hot dog indoor
harbor (also harbour) heirloom hive hot pants infare
hard held hives hotbed infield
hardly hell ho hothead inflight
hardtack Hell's Angels hoar hothouse infra-red
hardware hellcat hoard hound ingot
hardwood hellfire hoarse hourglass ingrown
hare hellhole hoary house inhold
hark helm hob housebreak inkhorn
harlequin help hobble housekeeper inkling
harm helpmate hobnail housing "lodging" inlaid
harp helve hobnob hovel inland
harrow ("rake") hem hobo hover inlead
harrow ("to wound") hemlock hock ("leg joint") hovercraft inlet
inmate keystone landlord LED lightning
inn kick landlubber lede "people; light (v.)
innards kidney landmark tenements, like (adj.)
inner kill landslide possessions" likeminded
inning killdeer lane lede "introductory liken
input kin lang syne paragraph" likeness
inroad kind (n) lank ledge likewise
inset kind (adj) lanky ledger like (v.)
inside kindred lap (n) lee likeable
insight kine lap (v) leech "worm" lilt
insightful king lap "to fold (over)" (v) leech "physician" lily-livered
instead king's evil lapdog leek lima bean
instep kipper lapel leer limb
intake kirk Lapland leery limber (adj.)
Internet kiss lappet leeward chalky mineral
interplay kite laptop leeway limelight
into kith lapwing left (adj.) limestone
inward knave larboard left-wing linden tree
inwit knead lark leftist limp (v.)
Irish knee last (adj./adv.) leftover limp (adj.)
iron kneel last (v.) leman linch
Iron Age knew last "shoemaker's lend linchpin
Iron Cross knife block" length luscious
Iron Curtain knight latch lengthen lush (adj.)
ironclad knit late lengthy lust
Ironside knock later Lent lustful
Irwin knoll latest less lustily
is knot lath lessen lusty
island know lather lest luv
it know-how latter let "to allow" lye
itch knowledge latticework letdown lying
its knowledgeable laugh let "to delay" lynch
itself knuckle laughable letch madder
itsy-bitsy knurl laughing-stock letterhead make
ivy -less laughter levelheaded mallow
jab -ling lave "the rest" (n.) lewd manifold
jabber -ly (adj) lave "to pout water liar mare
jack-in-the-box -ly (adv) on" (v.) lich mark
jack-knife lack law-abiding Lichfield marrow
jackanapes lackadaisical lawn mower lick marsh
jackdaw lackluster ( also lay lid mast
jackpot lacklustre) layabout lie "to recline" (v.) match
jag "sharp edge" lad layaway lier mate
jagged ladder layer lie "to speak falsely" mattock
jar (verb) lade layoff (v.) May
jaw laden layover lie "an untruth" (n.) maybe
jeer lading layup lief maze
jerk ladies layman liever me
jerry-built ladle lea life meal
jersey lady leach life-line mean
jigsaw ladybug lead (n.) lifeblood meanwhile
jimson weed laid leaden lifeguard meat
jitter laidly lead (v.) lifeless meet
jitterbug lain leader lifelike mellow
jitters lair leadership lifelong mere
job laird leaf lifespan merry
joe-pye weed lake leaflet lifestyle mettle
jog lamb lean (adj.) lifetime mickle
jolt lame lean (v.) liftoff milk
jowl lame duck lean-to light (adj.) milt
jumble Lammas leap light-fingered minnow
jump land (n) leap year light-headed mint
jumper land (v) learn light-hearted mire
Jute land "hit home, make lease "to gather, lighten mirth
keen contact" collect" lightly mistletoe
keep landed "owning land" lease "false, lights month
keepsake landfall deceptive" lightweight mood
kelp landfill leasing light (n.) moon
ken landform least lightbulb moor
kenning landing "stow for leather light year more
kernel boats" leave "permission" lighten morrow
key landline (n.) lightening moss
keyboard landlock leave (v.) lighter mote
keynote landlocked lech lighthouse moth
mother pitfall shipshape undercome wish
mug plight shit (Informal) up wisly
mugwort qualm shop upload wit
must quake stalwart or utmost woman
name queem alternatively vane wone
narrow queen stalworth vat wonky
nearby quell steven "voice" vixen wood
neither quench stevvon wan work
ness quick stone, from OE stan wane workword
nestling quoth stound "hour" wang "cheek, jaw" world
nether rake stretch wangtooth "molar" wreak
nettle rame strong want wrength
network raw threap wax wrist
newsreel read three we write
newton reard "voice, sound" tide weird wrong
nutshell red time well (noun) wuss "juice"
old rede town, from OE tun. were "man" withstand "with,
on right tree, from OE trēow. westy back, against, see
onfang ring udder whan withhold"
or road um- what withhold
ordeal rogh umbe wheel year
ought round "to whisper" umbe- when yeast
our row umbecast where yell
oven sap umbedraw white yelp
over scop umbego who yesterday
overset shape umbeset why yex
oversit share umbethink wife yield
owndom shareware umbraid will you
ox shear umstroke winter young
pathfinder sheepfold umwhile wis (also wiss) youth
pillow sheriff under "certain, sure"
Flora and fauna
ballart burdardu gilgie mihirung wallaby
barramundi coolabah gymea mulga wallaroo
bilby cunjevoi jarrah myall waratah
Bindii-eye curara kangaroo numt warrigal
bogong currawong koala pademelon witchetty
boobook dingo kookaburra potoroo wobbegong
brigalow galah kurrajong quandong wombat
brolga gang-gang kutjera quokka wonga
budgerigar geebung mallee quoll wonga-wonga
bunyip gidgee marri taipan yabby
Environment
billabong
bombora (rapids–often used to describe offshore reef breaks)
boondie (hardened clump of sand; Noongar, W.A.)
gibber (a boulder)
gilgai
min-min lights (ground-level lights of uncertain origin sometimes seen in remote rural Australia)
willy willy (dust devil)
Aboriginal culture
alcheringa
boomerang
bunyip
coolamon (wooden curved bowl used to carry food or baby)
corroboree
djanga
gunyah
humpy (a hut)
kurdaitcha
lubra (a racially offensive word for an Aboriginal woman)
marn grook
mia-mia (a hut)
nulla-nulla
turndun
waddy (a wooden club)
woggabaliri
woomera
wurlie - a hut
Yara-ma-yha-who
Describing words
Koori - Aboriginal people from Victoria and New South Wales
cooee
Nunga - Aboriginal people from South Australia
Murri - Aboriginal people from Queensland
Noongar - Aboriginal people from southern Western Australia
Palawa - Aboriginal people from Tasmania
yabber - to talk
yakka - work
yarndi (slang term for marijuana)

Place names
Kylie (Noongar word for "throwing stick")Harrison

English words often assumed but not of Aboriginal origin

cockabully (from Māori kokopu)
cockatoo (from Malay)
didgeridoo (possibly from Irish or Scots Gaelic dúdaire dubh or dúdaire dúth [both r :/] "black piper" or "native piper")
emu (from Arabic, via Portuguese, for large bird)
goanna (corruption of iguana)
jabiru (from the Spanish)
Nullarbor (Latin for no tree)

Internationally common
Afrikaans (noun: name of language, from "african") derivative: Afrikaner (person who speaks Afrikaans as their native tongue), plural: Afrikaners
apartheid (literally "apart-ness"): also the name of a period of segregation in the country between 1948-1994
bergwind (warm dry wind blowing from the plateau to the coast)
biltong (literally "rump tongue/strip"): dried cured red-meat, similar to Jerky. Has a boerewors equivalent known as Droëwors
Boer (literally "farmer"): due to the large number of Afrikaans-speaking farmers, the term is exclusively used among Afrikaners for displaying
national pride.
boerewors (literally "farmer's sausage"): a juicy mixed-spice and mixed-meat sausage
Highveld: a raised plateau stretching from the eastern side of the Free State (province) up north including the provinces of Gauteng and North
West. Due to its location in Gauteng, the city of Johannesburg is the highest urban settlement by elevation
ja (literally "yes")
kraal (African village within a stockade, from Portuguese curral)
kommando (originally a mounted infantry unit raised to retrieve stolen livestock)
kop, or koppie (literally "head" or "cup", an African monadnock): Koppie can also refer to a small hill.
laager (a collection of vehicles in a circle, meant for protection)
lapa A thatched roof structure supported by wooden poles. Lapas are commonly used as semi-open entertainment areas.
rand (literally "edge", "rim" or "ridge"): also the name of the South African currency, named after the Witwatersrand (White waters' ridge)
rooibos (literally "red bush"): a bush, endemic to South Africa, used to make a herbal tea also called rooibos
rondavel A round hut
sjambok (an ox-hide whip): used by the South African Police Service for riot control, formerly used as a disciplinary tool for misbehaving school
children
spoor (literally "tracks" or "footprints"): the Afrikaans "spoorweë" refers specifically to the National Train Route, often indirectly as the train-tracks
as well.
trek (literally "draw", or "haul"): Popularized in English by "Die Groot Trek" (The Great Trek)
veld (literally "field" or natural African bush vegetation)
ystervarkies (literally "iron piglets"; translates as porcupine/hedgehog), the South African name for Lamingtons

Common names
Afrikaans (or Cape Dutch) common names for plants and animals often entered the English vernacular:
aardvark (literally "earth pig"): Also known as an Anteater
aardwolf (literally "earth wolf")
boomslang (literally "tree snake"): A highly venomous bright green tree snake
blesbok (literally "blaze buck/antelope")
bontebok (literally "mottled antelope")
dassie (from Dutch, English translation Hyrax; see also dassie rat)
duiker (literally "ducker", or "diver")
eland (from Dutch, meaning "elk"): The largest known species of antelope
grysbok (literally "grey antelope")
klipspringer (literally "rock pouncer/jumper")
korhaan (from Dutch, meaning "black grouse")
leguan / leguaan (corruption of "likkewaan")
meerkat (literally "lake cat")
padloper (literally "path walker")
platanna (from Dutch "plathander", meaning "flat handed creature")
rinkhals (literally "ring throat"): also known as the ring-necked spitting cobra
springbok (literally "jumping antelope"): The National Animal of South African
white, in "white rhinoceros", possibly from wyd meaning "wide" (describing the animal's mouth) Modern Afrikaans also say "Wit Renoster",
meaning White Rhinoceros.
Cape Dutch There are also several English words derived from Cape Dutch, a forerunner of Afrikaans: hartebeest (modern Afrikaans=hartebees)
scoff/skoff (as in scoffing food): from Cape Dutch schoff, the word did not find its way into modern Afrikaans
veldt borrowed again by English in the modern form veld
wildebeest (modern Afrikaans equivalent is wildebees)

English words of African origin

azawakh - probably from Fula or Tuareg. A breed of dog from West and North Africa
banana – adopted from Wolof via Spanish or Portuguese
banjo – probably Bantu mbanza
basenji – breed of dog from Central Africa - Congo, Central African Republic etc.
boma – from Swahili
bwana – from Swahili, meaning a husband, important person or safari leader
chemistry - from Ancient Egyptian khemia meaning transmutation of earth
chimpanzee – loaned in the 18th century from a Bantu language, possibly Kivili ci-mpenzi.
dengue – possibly from Swahili dinga
ebony - from Ancient Egyptian hebeni
gerenuk - from Somali. A long-necked antelope in Eastern Africa (Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania, Ethiopia and Djibouti)
gnu – from Khoisan !nu through Khoikhoi i-ngu and Dutch gnoe
goober – possibly from Bantu (Kikongo and Kimbundu nguba)
gumbo – from Bantu (Kimbundu ngombo meaning "okra")
impala – from Zulu im-pala
impi – from Zulu language meaning war, battle or a regiment
indaba – from Xhosa or Zulu languages – 'stories' or 'news' typically conflated with 'meeting' (often used in South African English)
jenga - from the Swahili word for 'build'
jumbo – from Swahili (jambo (hello) or from Kongo nzamba "elephant")
Kwanzaa – recent coinage (Maulana Karenga 1965) as the name of an African American holiday, abstracted from a Swahili phrase matunda ya
kwanza, meaning "first fruits [of the harvest]"
kijiji - from Swahili for 'village,' 'hamlet' or 'small town'
lapa – from Sotho languages – enclosure or barbecue area (often used in South African English)
macaque – from Bantu makaku through Portuguese and French
mamba – from Zulu or Swahili mamba
marimba – from Bantu (Kimbundu and Swahili marimba, malimba)
okapi – from a language in the Congo
safari – from Swahili travel, ultimately from Arabic
sangoma – from Zulu – traditional healer (often used in South African English)
Tilapia – Possibly a latinization "thiape", the Tswana word for fish
tsetse – from a Bantu language (Tswana tsetse, Luhya tsiisi)
ubuntu – Nguni term for "mankind; humanity", in South Africa since the 1980s also used capitalized, Ubuntu, as the name of a philosophy or
ideology of "human kindness" or "humanism"
zebra – of unknown origin, recorded since c. 1600, possibly from a Congolese language, or alternatively from Amharic.
zombie – likely from West African (compare Kikongo zumbi "fetish", Kimbundu nzumbi "ghost"), but alternatively derived from Spanish sombra
"shade, ghost"

Afrikanerisms
This list of "Afrikanerisms" comprises slang words and phrases influenced by Afrikaans and other African languages. Typical users include people
with Afrikaans as their first language but who speak English as a second language and people living in areas where the population speaks both
English and Afrikaans. Many of these terms also occur widely amongst ethnic/native South Africans, and others living in neighbouring countries
such as Zimbabwe, Botswana, Zambia etc. These terms do not occur in formal South African English. Note when the letter "g" is either the first or
last letter of the word or syllable, it is pronounced as an unvoiced velar fricative in the back of the throat. Note, words ending in "-ng" are
pronounced identical to those in English. Note, in most cases of plurals ending in -nde, the "d" falls away in the informal pronunciation and spelling
and the "n" is duplicated in sound and re-positioned within the degrees of comparison. For example: Tande (plural of tand; "tooth"), formal =
"tande", informal = "tanne". In singular words' syllables ending in "-d", "-nd" and "-heid", the "d" is always pronounced as a "t". For example: "ge-
son(t)-hei(t)" (gesondheid, "health"). Note, the English term slang is used strictly in its English pronunciation in context, as the Afrikaans word of the
same spelling (though pronounced as "slung") translates as "snake".
Fanakalo (fanagalo) also refers to when people of non-Zulu origin attempt to speak Zulu without the proper pronunciation and throat sounds.
Fanakalo in Zulu literally means "same as this" – (fana – same, ka – as, lo – this).
aap – lit. ape/monkey. Originally refers to any person who behaves similarly to an ape or an idiot, i.e. barbaric, regardless of skin colour. Can be
considered racist.
ag man – oh man; ag as the Afrikaans equivalent to "oh" (pronounced \ach\ like German ACHtung), "man" pronounced as in English.
ag shame – both an expression of pity and sorrow, depending on context: Ag shame, daardie baba is te oulik! (Awe that baby is so cute!); Ag
shame, die arme hond is dood. (Ah shame, the poor dog died.)
antie – an older female authority figure. Derived from the English "aunt", with the original meaning still intact.
anties – breasts/boobs
aweh/awe (pronounced \AAAH-WHE\) – said in excitement, as in: Aweh; my boss said I can go home early today. Same as the English pop
culture slang 'yas'. The word has many meanings or uses: "hello", "goodbye", "yes". Also associated with prison use. (Greeting) "Aweh, my
bru." (Hello my friend). Similar: howzit, yooit, hoesit, yo.
babbelbekkie – someone who talks a lot
babelaas / babbelas – hangover (of Zulu origin)
bakgat – cool; expression of appreciation for something very well accomplished
bakkie – a utility truck or pick-up truck, now a mainstream word in South African English. Can also refer to a small plastic container/bowl.
balsak – lit. "ball-sack". Refers specifically to the scrotum.
bangbroek – lit. "scaredy-pants"
befok – really good, exciting, cool; as in "The rock-show was befok." (Do not confuse with gefok.) Can also mean "crazy" in a very strong sense, as
in "Are you befok?" – derogatory. Can also mean "to have sex with".
bekak – lit. "to shit on something". Often referring to a person who is extremely angry. Literally referring to a person "shitting his pants"
befoetered/bedonnered/bemoerd – lit. "extremely angry" similar to "diedonnerend", etc. Usually used to refer to a person who is often in a
very bad mood.
bek – derogatory term for mouth (Afrikaans: an animal's mouth); Hou jou bek! – "shut up!", "Shut your trap!" (literally: "hold your [animal's] mouth").
This translates well into British English as "Shut your gob."
bekgeveg – lit. "mouth fighting", it refers to two or more people arguing, though more specifically a volatile argument.
bergie – from Afrikaans berg, which translates to "mountain", originally referring to vagrants who sheltered in the forests of Table Mountain; now a
mainstream word for a particular subculture of vagrants, or homeless persons, especially in Cape Town.
beter bang Jan, as dooie Jan – lit. "better to be a scared Jan rather than a dead Jan". English equivalent is "better to be safe than sorry".
bietjie-baie – lit. "a little bit too much". "bietjie" (a little bit – "be-key") and "baie" (a lot – "bye-ya")
bielie – a butch, yet friendly and often brave man with a lot of stamina. Someone who will lovingly do something tough no matter if the odds are
stacked against him. Derived from the folk song "Jan, Jan, Jan, die bielie van die bosveld". Which describes a man (Jan) who is willing to do
any form of hard labour with a smile on his face.
blerrie/bladdy hell – damn/damnit. Originally from the British English phrase "bloody hell".
bliksem – strike, hit, punch; also used often as an expression of surprise/emphasis. It derives from the Dutch word for "lightning", and often occurs
in conjunction with donner. "Bliksem! Daai weerlig was hard!". (Damn! That lightning-strike was loud!) Used as a curse in Afrikaans: "Jou
bliksem!" (You bastard!)
bliksemse – lit. "damn thing" Used in conjunction with "donnerse".
bloediglik vererg – lit. "annoyed to the breaking point" (bloody annoyed). The less violent version of "moer-strip", usually ends up with the
sufferer warning the person who's annoying them to stop it immediately before they get angry and get to the point of the "stripping their moer".
blou – being sad, as in the English language feeling blue
blou kol – lit. "blue spot". Refers to the blue/purple hue visible on a bruised area of the skin.
blou moord/blue murder – describes when a child is screaming fearfully at something that is usually harmless. In some cases, the object of the
fear develops into a fully fledged phobia, while in most cases, the child outgrows it. The expression is based on the fact that the child goes blue
in the face while screaming, and that it is as if a murder has been committed. For example: Die klein laaitie het blou moord geskree toe hy op
Kersvader se skoot sit. (This little tyke was screaming blue murder when he had to sit on Santa's lap.)
blou oog – lit. "blue eyes". Refers to both the colour of the iris as well as a bruised and swollen eye (black eye).
bloutrein – literally "blue train", referring to methylated spirits, sometimes used for drinking (filtered through a loaf of white bread). Also refers to
the Blue Train, a luxury train that travels from Johannesburg to Cape Town via the Trans Karoo rail-line aka "Transkaroo".
boef – lit. "law-breaker". Refers to any person who has broken a law and got away with it. Derived from the Afrikaans word of the same spelling for
"to cuff" (i.e. to arrest, or get arrested). The plural "boewe", refers both to multiple persons in arrest and the handcuffs themselves. Considered
outdated as "bliksem" and "skelm" are more commonly used.
boer – literally "farmer" in Afrikaans. (pronounced boo-(r)).
boer maak 'n plan – "farmer makes a plan" is an expression used to refer to a creative solution, often low-cost and rather innovative.
boererate – a number of local home remedies that are super effective and cheap. May also be applied to DIY projects.
boerewors – a very popular mixed-meat spiced sausage in South Africa. In Afrikaans, literally "farmer's sausage", used as a mainstream word in
South African English. Due to the large variety of home recipes for the sausage, a local commission was set up to ensure the meat was labelled
correctly by butchers as "Boerewors", in order to preserve the original base-recipe.
boerewors roll/boerie roll – the South African equivalent of the hot dog, using the boerewors with an onion relish in a hot dog bun
boland – refers to the geographic region known as the Highveld (a large plateau that rises 1500m, above sea level, North from the Eastern Cape
and falls in the South of Limpopo). Usually the term is primarily used by Southern Coastal regions to refer to the inland provinces that form a
part of the plateau.
bokkie – (diminutive of bok, literally meaning "little buck" or "doe") a popular term of endearment, comparable to "sweetheart", "honey", etc.
Another meaning for the word bokkie (or bokbaardjie) is for a style of beard which is short (often pointy) and stylish and often surrounds just the
mouth and chin in a circle. Based on the Afrikaans word bok (lit. "buck", as well as goat), it indicates that the style of beard resembles that of a
goat's beard. Americans use the slang word goatee in that aspect.
boom – marijuana (iterally tree)
bosberaad – strategy meeting held in a rural setting
bossies, or bosbefok – crazy, whacko, mad. Also a term for one who has shell shock. Refers to the time of the South African Border War where
soldiers spent time in the bush ("bos/bosse") and would return home suffering battle flash-backs (post-traumatic stress disorder).
brak – mongrel dog, can also refer to brackish water
branna – short for "brandewyn" (lit. "brandy")
breakdown – an average pick-up that's been specially modified into a tow-truck. Often modified for performance.
broekie – panties or ladies underwear. From Afrikaans: broek, meaning "trousers/briefs". Common usage: "Don't get your broekies in a knot"
which means "Calm down".
broekie lace – ornate ironwork found on Victorian buildings (lit. 'pantie lace'), the tie that you find on board shorts
bro/bra/bru/boet/boetie – a close male friend and a term of affection used by one male to another. All words are variations of the word "broer"
in Afrikaans meaning "brother". Boetie (Pronounced 'Boet - tea') specifically means little brother in Afrikaans because of the "ie" diminutive
suffix. You could say, "Hey bro, howzit" or "Thanks a million bro for lending me your car". When you refer to another male as bro is it because
you consider that person to be such a good friend he is like a brother, a family member. Bro can also be used for strangers but only also if you
wish to show a welcoming and friendly attitude towards them or when you want to deescalate tension in a friendly way as in "Chill out bro".
However you would certainly not walk around calling every man you see, bro, because in South Africa the term is not used as loosely as it is in
the USA for example.
bring-en-braai/bring-and-braai – guests bring their own food and drink (usually pre-prepared, except for the meat) to the braai.
bromponie – lit. "a noisey pony", refers to a scooter motorcycle, because a full-size motorcycle is often referred to as an "ysterperd" (iron horse),
considering a pony is much smaller than a horse.
buk – duck your head down quickly, as in "Buk when you go in the door; it's really low."
bucks – from the English word meaning (antelope) it refers to money (currency), although borrowed from the American term of the same meaning,
coincidentally there are two types of bucks featured on the coins of the South African Rand (Springbok on the R1 and Kudu on the R2).
button – mandrax tablet (slang only)
braai – a barbecue, to barbecue (from braaivleis – grilled meat), used as a mainstream word in South African English. Specifically to grill meat on
an open fire. As a noun, it is also the literal area/object used for the grilling of the meat (in that case, the barbecue grill and stand) as well as the
social gathering around it.
braaivleis – same as braai
braaibroodjies – toasted sandwiches that are grilled over an open flame on a braai. Usually served as a side-dish to braaivleis.
cherry – "meddie", see tjerrie
china/chine – a friend; as in the greeting Howzit my china? Likely origin: Cockney rhyming slang "China plate" (meaning "my mate"); from early
British immigrants.
chommie – a friend (similar to English "chum"); also refers to the perineum area between vagina and anus. Also spelled tjommie.
"chop/tjop" – it literally means a piece of meat ("pork chop" or "lame chop") that you would often cook on a braai. If you can call someone a chop
it means they are being irritating or an acting like an idiot, "Don't be a chop". Calling someone a piece of meat is not a compliment it is a light
insult but this word is sometimes used in a friendly way.
chop-chop – lit. means "quickly". Is used when a person has had something done, or wants to have something done in a short amount of time.
Derived from the chopping of a knife.
choty goty – beautiful girl
chrisco – a party/disco where Christian music mainly features; a combination of the words "Christian" and "disco"
Chwee chweereekeys – getting high
civvies – taken from the English term "civilian wear", it refers to day-to-day clothes worn when out of uniform. Casual Fridays are encouraged
annually due to the public school system's dress code employing a uniform, similar to European school dress codes. So once or twice a year,
students are encouraged to come to school in their civvies.
coconut – lit. coconut fruit; can be used as a racist remark towards black people who behave like Caucasians, "brown on the outside, white on the
inside".
cooldrink/koeldrank – refers to a soft drink
cozzie/cossie – lit. "swimsuit." Derived from the British term "swimming costume". Is considered a more playful sounding name.
dagga – most commonly used word for marijuana
dice – not to be confused with the game of dice, it refers to a form of amateur motor-racing where 2 or more vehicles sprint to an impromptu Finish
Line on public roads. Often considered to be a part of illegal street racing, dicing under the legal limit though is usually permitted.
dik – lit. "thick". Can be a derogatory term for being overweight, similar to "dikgat", as well as the Satiety-state (also known as the absence of
hunger after a meal, or the sensation of being "full")
dikbek – grumpy, in a huff (literally: "thick mouth" (pout), with an image of puffed-out cheeks like a bullfrog)
dikgat – lit. "fat-arsed". Derogatory term for overweight people, used in conjunction with "vetgat"
diedonnerend; diemoerend; diebliksemend – lit. extremely angry, borderline volatile. derived from "donner", "moer" and "bliksem".
dinges – thingamabob, a whatzit or a whatchamacallit. Dutch – dinges.
Jou Ma se poes! – lit. "you're mom's pussy" (vulgar). Used as a strong disagreement.
Dog het gedog hy plant 'n veer en 'n hoender kom op – lit. "Think thought it would plant a feather and then 'n chicken will come up".
Translates as "Thinking won't get you anywhere."
doos – literally the Afrikaans translation for "box". Depending on context, the slang/derogatory version can mean prat, twat, idiot but most
commonly understood as a translation of "arsehole" or "cunt", which in that case would be considered highly offensive.
domkop – idiot (lit. Dumbhead), same as German "Dummkopf" or Dutch "domkop"
dom nool – emphasis of "stupid idiot"
donner – to beat up. Used in conjunction with "bliksem". Derived from "donder" (thunder, related to Thor). Amounts to an ancient curse. Like "Nick
I'm going to donner you".
donnerse – lit. "damn thing". Often used in frustration with another person or thing: "Die donnerse ding wil nie werk nie." ("The damn thing doesn't
wanna work").
donkie is 'n wonderlike ding – lit. "A donkey is a wonderful thing". Based on a rhyme of the same name, which satirically describes why a
donkey should be considered "wonderful". It can be used to describe any undesirable object/situation that may have its benefits as well.
dof – stupid or slow to understand.
dop – alcohol, to drink alcohol, to fail a test. Originally refers to a tot (measure).
doss, dorse, dossing – sleep or nap
draadsitter – lit. "fence sitter". Refers to someone who is uninterested in choosing a side in an argument and therefore remains neutral.
droëwors – (Afrikaans) dried boerewors, similar to biltong
drol – lit. a turd (vulgar); also refers to an arsehole/idiot; a cigarette, with a singly sold cigarette called a 'los drol' ("loose cigarette")
dronkie – drunkard
druk – to embrace or squeeze, hug (noun) "Gee my 'n drukkie," "Give me a hug." (not necessary sexually)
druk 'n Drie, druk a drol, druk 'n vinger in jou hol – lit. "score a try, squeeze a turd and insert your finger into your anus". A crude but
humorous way to say "go finger-fuck yourself"
DStv – a popular digital satellite television pay-service throughout Southern Africa. The satellite-decoders, mainly used by all the subscribers, are
often informally referred to just as "a DStv" instead of "DStv-decoder".
dux – to dream, sleep; lekker dux -to have sweet dreams
dwankie – someone or something that is lame, stupid, uncool, or generally undesirable. Generally used as an insult or in a derogatory way. Can
be used as both a noun: "Look at those dwankies over there!" and an adjective: "My chinas have gone dwankie!"
eh pappa! – lit. "whoa daddy!"
eina! – ouch! used as a mainstream word in South African English - originally an Afrikaans term.
eish! – Wow! What? Expression of surprise. Of Bantu origin.
ek sê – "I say!" Used when making a statement.
en nou?! - lit. "and now?". Used when a person is confused by a new revelation, like for example: (after hearing two friends suddenly start fighting
with each other) En nou?! Wat gaan hier aan? Julle was nou-net in a goeie bui gewees? ("What's going on?! A second ago the two of you were
in such a good mood?"). Used in conjunction with "nou-toe-nou" and "en dit nou".
entjie – Cigarette. For example, "Awe ou. Steek 'n ent!". Also refers to a small distance away: That car is an entjie away from you.
F.A.K. - pronounced as "fuck" if read as an acronym, though it is not appropriate to do so due to the similar pronunciation of the Afrikaans word
"vak" (educational subject), thus the letters are pronounced as individuals, it is the Federasie van Afrikaanse
Kultureelevereniginge (Federation of Afrikaans Cultural Associations). A non-profit organization that preserves the integrity of the Afrikaans
people's culture in history, literature, music and the performing arts. Music listed in the F.A.K. Songbook is generally perceived as mostly
Afrikaans folk music.
flaterwater – correction fluid (e.g.: Tipp-Ex, Wite-Out) [comes from flater (mistake) and water (water)]
flou – an unfunny (weak) joke (from the Afrikaans word for weak), can also refer to weak coffee or tea or weak alcoholic drink. A person that is
weak. (Die man is te flou – "The man is too weak").
fok – Afrikaans for "fuck", can be used in most ways it is used in English. Fokken = fucking, gefok = fucked. Dutch – Fokken = breeding (animals).
fok voort – lit. to proceed in a single-minded direction regardless of obstacles. Derived from the phrase: Kyk Noord en Fok voort. (Look North, and
go forth).
fok weet – lit. "fuck knows". A response to an unanswerable question (vulgar). Similar to "I don't know who knows"
fokker – lit. "fucker". Also the name of the Dutch aircraft manufacturer, Fokker.
fokkol – lit. "fuck-all". Literally means "absolutely nothing" (vulgar): Ek het fokkol geld ("I've got no money").
fokkoff – lit. "fuckoff" (vulgar)
fopdosser – a drag queen
gat – lit. "hole". Also refers lit. to "arse". Can also be used as a shortened version of the word "gaan" (going to).
gatkruip – lit. "arse creeping" or brown nosing
gat velle brand – lit. "arse-skin burning". Is a warning from a parent to his/her child, that they are about to receive a big hiding: Ek sal jou soo
hard pak gee, dat jou gat velle gaan brand! (I'm gonna give you such a big hiding that bum is gonna feel like it's burning.)
gatvol – lit. annoyed enough to the brink of getting angry: Ek is gatvol vir jou kak. (I've had enough of your shit.)
gemorsjors - lit. "a messy person". refers to a person who is behaving, and/or dressing, in a very messy (gemors) manner.
geit – (pronounced "gate", with the "g" sound in the back of the throat) It literally means "quirks". Usually a negative connotation in relation to a
person being either: stubborn, fussy or demanding and sometimes also relating to hypochondriasis. Literal English translation will align it with "-
ness" (a.i. hardness, stubbornness). An example is: "hardegat-geit" (lit. hard-arsed and cocky).
gham – derogatory term for an "uncivilized coloured"; used to describe someone with undesirable traits in looks and mannerisms. "Ew, that guy is
so gham!"
glug-glug-glug – lit. the sound made by a flowing liquid through a small opening, like a bottle being emptied. Also refers to a viral television
advertisement from the 1980s (involving a little boy playing with his toy Ferrari Testarossa) by the South African Oil company, Sasol. The term
also became one of Sasol's signature slogans.
goffel – ugly girl or woman. For example, "What a G!". Also a degrading term for a person of coloured origin.
gomgat – bumpkin, redneck (in the US sense, not to be confused with rooinek, the literal translation of redneck).
goof, ghoef – swim, take a dip
gooi – throw, chuck or to "tune" (see below) someone
goose – also chick, cherry: a young woman or girlfriend (used mainly during the 1950s, now dated). Also a famous line by South African comedian
Barry Hilton.
gril - (pronounced with the g-sound in the back of the throat) it refers to a person having an adverse sensory reaction to something that is
considered disgusting, creepy or freaky in any way. The closest English equivalent would be "hair-raising". Usually used in the phrase "ek gril
myself dood vir...." (i get freaked-out by...).
hardegat-, gheit – lit. "hard-arsed". Describes the stubbornness of a person.
Hier kom Groot Kak! - lit. "Here's comes big shit" Is an expression of revelation towards an often impending and undesired result.
hoesit, hoezit, howzit – derived from "How is it going? – contracted to how's it? In South African English context, howzit is more a greeting of
"hello" rather than "how are you?", similar to South African black slang's "eta" or "ola"
hoer en remoer - lit "whoring around" by either throwing wild parties, or having lots of casual sex with just about every attractive person you
meet, applies to both genders.
hokaai stop die lorrie! – lit. "Whoa there! Stop the lorry!". Often used to call an immediate halt in whatever is being done, usually in conjunction
with a possible undesirable outcome.
hol – lit. hollow. It also refers to "run very fast" ("Daai man hol so vinning"; "That man ran so fast"). Also refers to anus.
holskeurend – lit. "anus-ripping". Refers to hysterical laughter. Used in conjunction with "lag my gat af" (laughing my arse off).
holvlos - lit. "arsehole-floss", refers to a G-string. Die lankste toukie in die wêreld is 'n holvlos, omdat hy strek vanaf Hol-land na "Parra"guay. (A
G-string is the longest string in the world because it stretches from Holland (lit "arsehole-land") to Paraguay (with "parra" referring to the
vagina.)
honne – informal spelling and pronunciation of "honde" (dogs).
hottentot - derogatory term describing people of multiracial ethnic backgrounds, especially those of Malaysian-decent (i.e. the majority of
Capetonians).
huistoegaantyd - lit. "time to go home". A portmanteau of the words "huistoe" (to home), "gaan" (going) and "tyd" (time). Used to signal the end
of the school-day and work-day.
hy sal sy gat sien - lit. "he'll see his arse" fig. "He'll have his come-uppance"
ice-cream-karretjie/roomys-karretjie - lit. "ice-cream car" refers to a purpose-modified vehicle that drives around and sells ice cream.
Referred to in the U.S. as an "ice cream truck" and in the UK as an "ice-cream van". It also is considered a nickname for the Volkswagen Type
2 and Volkswagen Type 2 (T3), due to both vehicle's immense popularity in that configuration. Even though it is technically a panel van, it's still
referred to as a "karretjie".
in sy moer in – badly damaged, destroyed (rude, often considered profanity due to 'moer' to beat up). often used in conjunction with "moer-in".
in sy glory in – same as above, considered to be less rude.
innie/oppie – informal combined spelling of the phrases "in die" (in the) and "op die" (on the).
in jou noppies - lit. "you are thrilled". Used to describe levels of excitement, similar to "tickled pink".
ja – yeah (literally "yes" in Afrikaans)
Jakob regop – lit. "Jacob upright". Refers to an erect penis.
jakkals trou met wolf se vrou – lit. "Jackal weds Wolf's wife". Refers to the weather phenomena known as a "monkey's wedding". Can be
used to describe an unlikely situation. Also refers to a song of the same name by Afrikaans singer Karlien Van Jaarsveld.
jux/juks/jags – Meaning "horny". For example, "Jinne meisie, jy maak my nou sommer lekker jags."
ja-nee – literally "yes-no", an expression of positive confirmation. Example : Dis warm vandag. ("It's hot today") : Ja-nee ("Indeed")
Jan Allerman - lit. "Jan Every man". Local variant of the American term "Average Joe."
jippo - Bypass, hack, slacking, short-term fix. I'll jippo the alarm to not make a sound while we work on it. While the team was working hard all
night, Byron was jippoing.
jippo-guts - Diarrhoea
jislaaik! – expression of surprise, can be positive or negative. Often used when you get a fright, but equally often during particularly exciting parts
of a rugby game.
jissie – a shortened version of "jislaaik".
jinne – another variation of "jislaaik".
jo – an exclamation e.g., "Jo, that was rude," "Jo, you gave me a fright!" Pronounced as in "yolk".
jol – to have fun, to party, can also refer to a disco or party, to commit adultery or even dating or courting
Juffie – the shortened version of "Juffrou". "Juffrou" is a shortened version of the formal title given to address a young unmarried woman
"Mejuffrou" (Miss). It is also the formal title given to address a female teacher of any age or marital status, whereby "Juffie" would be considered
informal.
Jy span die wa voor die perde - lit. "You're drawing the wagon in front of the horses". You are jumping to conclusions.
kaalgat - lit. "naked arse". Derived from the word "kaal" (naked), it's simply a more humorous description. Similar to the English term "birthday
suits".
Kaapse Dokter/Cape Doctor - A strong south-eastern wind in the Cape Peninsula-area. Called the "doctor" because it causes large clouds to
form over Table Mountain for most of the year, with the clouds resembling white bed sheets from a hospital room.
Kaapse Draai - lit. "Cape turn", refers to a folk song (of the same name) that describes a flightpath around the Cape Peninsula literally as the
Pied crow flies (known as a Witborskraai in Afrikaans), can now be applied to actual tours around the peninsula. Singer Nádine released a
single based on the folk song, with the same name.
kafee/cafee/kaffie/caffie - refers to a café, though it can also refer to a small non-coffee serving grocery shop or Tuck shop.
kaffer – lit. Black people. Highly offensive.
kak – Literal translation: shit, crap, rubbish, nonsense (vulgar), of very wide usage. Also used as a way of further expressing one's feeling in
language, for example, instead of "that girl is pretty" one can say emphatically "that girl is kak pretty!"
kak en betaal - lit "shit and pay". Used when frustrated about spending all your hard-earned money on family, or friends, and having none left for
yourself. Closest English equivalent is "Cough it up and pay up", but it doesn't have anywhere near the same power.
kakhuis – lit. "shithouse". Refers to both a toilet and the bathroom it is located in, as well as "a lot of".
kakspul – lit. "shithouse/shitload". Refers to a troublesome situation as well as an exaggerated amount of money.
katspoegie – lit. "kat's spit". Refers to a very small amount of something, similar to "bietjie" (a little bit)
khaki – derogatory term for an English person. From the colour worn by British troops, as well as the traditional clothes worn by Boere (Afrikaans
speaking white farmers).
kêrels – police (original Afrikaans meaning: guys, chaps). "The kêrels are coming, watch out!" (dated). More commonly referring to boyfriend or
literal translation: Guy or young man. Dutch – kerels.
kerrie-en-rys – lit. "curry and rice", is a popular South African variant of a curry usually served with rice and blatjang
kiff, kif, kief – (adjective) wicked, cool, neat, great, wonderful. The word derives from the Arabic word kif, meaning pleasure or marijuana. This
may also be related to the Afrikaans word for poison: gif. Coastal pot-smokers used the term to refer to Durban Poison: "Gifs" [locally-grown
marijuana]. The word evolved into kiff, an adjective or exclamation meaning "cool", amongst English-speaking people on the east coast.
kie-kie/kiekie/kiek-kie – pronounced "key-ki"; refers to a photograph
Klaas Vakie - (pronounced "klaas faacky") refers to the mythical creature known as the Sandman, can also ironically refer to people who had just
now woken up late.
klankie – lit. "a sound", Can also mean unpleasant smell. Used in conjunction with "klank". Pronounced as in "clunk"
klap – to smack. (from Afrikaans). "He got klapped in the bar". Like a "bitch-slap", but much worse.
klets – lit. to have a conversation. Often used to jokingly refer to women who are chatting non-stop and about nonsensical topics.
klikkie klik bek – lit. a tattle tale
klipslag – lit. "stone-stroke". Used to jokingly refer to a person who can't swim even if their life depended on it and thus sinks like a stone in water,
this is mostly a joking self-reference by unconfident swimmers.
klokke – lit. "bells". The plural of the word "klok" (derived from "clock"). It also refers to a man's testes.
Koeksister – lit. "cake sister". A sweet pastry that's been fried and dipped in a honey syrup, and shaped in the form of a French-braid. It also can
refer to lesbians.
koek – lit. "cake". Can be used to refer to a response to a sticky situation: "O Koek" (Oh Shit); clumped hair that is messy: Jou hare is gekoek
(Your hair is very messy and difficult to brush); Can also refer to a vagina.
koebaai - an anglicism of "goodbye".
koffie-moffie – a camp male waiter or male flight attendant. See "moffie".
komme-sie komme-sa - lit. "either-or". An expression, of French origin, that states the user isn't sure about an answer and doesn't care either.
Similar to the expression "tamato-tomato".
kont – same as "cunt" in English (profanity)
koppie - lit. "cup". Also refers to a relatively small hill, (with "koppie" being the diminutive form of "kop") in reference to it appearing like a small
head (kop) poking out of the ground.
kortgat – lit. "short arse". Cutesy nickname given to shorter-than average people, can be considered offensive unlike its antonym "langeraad".
kots - lit. "to vomit" (vulgar)
krimpie – old person
kraaines – lit. "crow's nest". While the original English meaning stays intact, it can also refer to a big mess. Whether it be messy hair, a messy
bedroom or a loud and messy gathering, like a party.
kreef – literally means "crayfish" but it refers to a promiscuous woman with the intent to attract men.
kry 'n kramp! – lit. "get a cramp". A definitive expression of strong disagreement, usually used to end an argument regardless if the issue was
resolved. Can also be used to refer to exaggerated negative feelings towards a stubborn person: Ek wens hy kry 'n kramp! (I wish he gets a
cramp!). Used in conjunction with "gaan kak!".
kwaai – cool, excellent (Afrikaans: "angry". Compare the US slang word phat.)
kydaar – visitor from northern provinces, especially Gauteng, to Cape Town; from "kyk daar!" – "just look at that!". See also "soppiekoppie".
kyk teen jou ooglede vas - lit. "looking through closed eyes". Contrary to "kyk aan die binnekant van jou ooglede" (which means to take a nap,
or go to sleep), it refers to a person who is wide awake, yet cannot spot the item they're looking for that's right under their nose. Used in
conjunction with "As dit 'n slang was, dan sou hy jou gepik het"
laatlammetjie - lit. "late lamb", refers to the youngest child in a family, specifically if there is a significant age-gap between the child and their older
sibling (or more specifically when there is 3 or more siblings; the 2nd youngest sibling). It should also be considered that the parents' are at an
advanced age at that point. Laatlammetjies refer to a set of youngest siblings that are close in age to each other, but has a significant age gap
between their older siblings. For example: Charlie Duncan (4yrs old) and Toby Duncan (1yr old), from the Disney Channel series Good Luck
Charlie, are 12 and 16 years younger (respectively) than their older middle-brother Gabe Duncan.
laf – lit. "stupid/crazy". Used in conjunction with "mal".
lag – to laugh. For example: They lag at the joke.
laaitie, lighty – a younger person, esp. a younger male such as a younger brother or son
lank – lots/a lot
langeraad – (pronounced: "lung-A-raat") cutesy nickname given to a really tall person
lang maer blonde man – a slight contrast to the phrase "tall dark and handsome", it describes a goodlooking tall blonde-haired, and usually
blue-eyed, man.
laanie, larny – (n) boss, used in a different tone. (adj.) fancy
las – 1. an act that is undesirable to commit, a burden. 2. To tell someone or suggest to stop doing an act. (origin: something that is slowing you or
an object down; for example, "'n Las in die pad.", meaning "An object as in a stone in the road."). 3. To physically join two separate objects
together: (Las die punte van die twee toue aanmekaar; Tie the two ends of the ropes together.)
leeuloop - lit. "lion walk". Popularized by singer-comedian Robbie Wessels in the song of the same name, it refers to a sexual dance (but slightly
more humorous than vulgar). The song mainly describes a man getting down on all fours, clenching two balls (of "any" type) between his legs
and pretending to be a lion by roaring.
lus – to have a craving for. "I lus for a cigarette". (Also see "smaak".)
lekker – (lit. tasty) It means pleasing, tasty, nice, good, great, delicious. Lekker is used for just about anything you find nice. "How was the party?
Lekker", "I met a lekker chick last night", "local is lekker, a popular slogan promoting South African culture and produce", "How is that steak?
Lekker bro". Unlike it's English counterpart "nice", use of the word "lekker" is actually promoted instead of frowned upon despite being very
commonly used. It is speculated that "lekker" will never become Clichéd.
lorrie – lit. "truck". Derived from the English word "lorry" with an identical meaning, the term gained popularity after the British colonized South
Africa. Though "trok" (the proper Afrikaans translation for "truck") is still in use, it has been heavily replaced with the slang term "lorrie". Is
sometimes used to jokingly compare cars that are just as difficult to drive as an actual truck.
loskind – a really slutty girl, usually wears revealing clothes and is easy to get with (for example: "Sarah is 'n fokken loskind!")
loskop – air head, literally a "lost head" refers to someone whose head is in the clouds, clumsy, forgetful.
loslappie – a person who sleeps around a lot (i.e. "whore/manwhore", but not as derogatory)
ma-hulle/ma-le/pa-hulle/pa-le – collective references to both parents which can be either centered around the mother (ma) or father (pa).
Based on the word hulle (they).
maak soos Rokoff en fokkoff! - lit. "make like Rokoff and fuckoff!" Of unknown origin, is a crude way of telling someone to go away. Is similar
to the English sayings like: Make like hay" and "Make like eggs, and scramble".
maaifoedie – motherfucker, as in "Jou maaifoedie"
maat – friend , also partner (wife, girlfriend)
mal – mad, crazy, insane
malhuis – lit. "looney bin"
mallie – mother
mamparra – idiot
melktert/milk tart – a traditional custard tart of Dutch origin. Unlike a conventional custard tart, a melktert has a strong milk flavour and is best
served with a dash of cinnamon sprinkled on top.
mengelmoes-kardoes - lit. "variety-case". Refers to a larger variety of "thrift" being on offer.
mmchakawally – cigarettes
mugwaai – cigarette
entjie – cigarette
Gebruiker – cigarette
mielie – millet corn (AmE) / maize (BrE), staple diet. The base ingredient of Mielie-meal, which is the flour of choice to make Pap (also called
mieliepap), a popular type of porridge.
muggie – bug, especially a little flying gnat
moegoe – stupid person, coward, or weakling
moffie – male homosexual (derogatory). Can be compared to "fairy". From "mofskaap", castrated sheep.
moer-toe – stuffed up or destroyed (my car is moer-toe);
moerse – a very strong word for big, for example: "that's a moerse house";
moer – to hit / to fight with, for example: "he is gonna moer you" Also a word for a nut used with a bolt
moer strip – a point in time when a person's patience has worn so thin, he could snap violently at any moment. Derived from a nut (moer) that
strips its threads when excessive force is applied.
moer-meter – comically describes a person's temperament for their tolerance of bullshit. Derived from the red thermometer and used as a
metaphor as illustrated by Donald Duck when he gets mad. Used in conjunction with "bloedaglike vererg".
moerkoffie - is a strong blend of ground-coffee usually served with minimal milk in a tin-based mug.
mompie – retard ("Liesl, you are such a mompie!")
mooi, man! - "well done, man", used as an expression of appreciation in another person's achievement.
Moola - lit. "money". Is the English slang term for money as well as the name of the actual mobile-currency used in the now defunct Mxit.
morne – boring, sterile, unexciting ("This is more morne than watching Saracens play!")
mos – Afrikaans, implies that what has been said is well known or self-evident (a formal part of grammar, the closest English equivalent would be
"duh!"). "Ek drink mos tee." ("I drink tea, duh!"). Used at the end of a sentence, as in "...Jy weet mos." ("...Obviously, as you know.")
mossie-poep – lit. "sparrow-fart" based on the definition of "poep-ruik" (oversleeping in the morning), it refers to a very early "waking up time" in
the morning, often more specifically before 6:00AM (before sparrows wake up, but after the cock's crow)
mxit taal – lit. "mix it language". Refers to the text-based grammar usage that was popularized by the now-defunct Mxit, a free instant messaging
service. For example: Eng: How R U? Afrikaans: Hoe ganit? (Hoe gaan dit?); Eng: I'm gr8 (I'm great).
naai (Afrikaans) – copulate; but strictly speaking "sew", from the action of a sewing machine needle.
N.A.A.F.I. – (pronounced NAAFI) acronym for: "No Ambition and Fuck-all Interest"; (originated from the (still existing) British military "Navy, Army
and Air Force Institute") referring to a lazy person. Used extensively during the days of national service.
nè? – do you know what I mean/agree?, oh really?, is it not so? or British English "innit?". Similar to the French "n'est-ce pas" and the Portuguese
"né?", meaning "Isn't it?", e.g. "Jy hou van tee, nè?" ("You like tea, not so?") (informal). The South African English equivalent is "hey", for
example "Eish, its cold hey?".
neuk – lit. "to hit", less vulgar than "moer", "donner" and "bliksem"
negentien-voetsek - "nineteen-voetsek" (Commonly pronounced "neëntien-voetsek"), refers to a date in the early 20th century/1900s, with
"voetsek" (go far away) referring to a very early date. Translation: a very long time ago, often used when the specific date isn't known.
nogal – of all things. Term expressing a measure of surprise.
nooit – never, no way, unbelievable!
now-now/nou-nou – contrary to the original meaning of the English word "now", it means "in due time", and therefore can mean anything from
"in the next five minutes" to "in the next five years".
nou-net – lit. "just now". Refers to an event that happened within a few minutes ago.
net-nou – lit. "earlier that day". Refers to an event that happened a while ago, though still within 12hrs.
nou – lit. "Immediately/now". Also means "narrow".
net-net - lit. "just just". Refers to something/someone that has either impeccable timing and/or is just shy from, and just far enough to, winning any
competitive event. English equivalents are: "Just in the nick of time", "just shy of winning", "almost". For example: Ek het my eksamen vraestel
net-net deur gekom (I just barely passed my exam).
Nou gaan ons Braai! – lit. "Now we're gonna Braai!". Pokes fun at the procrastination of the braaier, who intends to start immediately, but
doesn't start till much much later. It usually takes up to 1 hour to prepare the fire and in that time, the braaier can get easily distracted by
socializing.
O Griet! – lit. "Oh Gosh!". A catchphrase uttered by the beloved witch Liewe Heksie when calling out her magic horse, Griet, whom she's able to
conjure-up with the phrase, though she never remembers his name and as a result she only ever summons him by accident whenever she's in
panic. The popularity of the catchphrase ensured that it gained use via the general public and therefore is used by a person whenever their in a
state of panic.
O gonna Madonna – ("g" sound pronounced in the back of the throat) Derived from "O Gonna" ("Oh Shit", but not vulgar), the singer Madonna's
name was added to the phrase by Leon Schuster for comedic rhyming effect, it has since become one of his signature catchphrases along with:
"O gatta patata" and "Oh Schucks" (both mean "Oh Shit", and the latter was inspired by Leon's own last name).
OK - lit. "okay" (alternatively pronounced in Afrikaans as "oë-kah") while its original English meaning stays intact, it is also the name of a local retail
franchise owned by Shoprite. When used in conjunction with the original word "okay", the franchise's name can become a source of comedy, for
example: "Ek is by die OK, okay!"
oom – an older man of authority, commonly in reference to an older Afrikaans man (Afrikaans for "uncle")
ou (plural = ouens) man, guy, bloke (also oke) (literally "old")
ou toppie - lit. "old man". Refers usually to an elderly man and a father.
ouballie – old man, dad; as in: "shaft me, ouballie" "My ouballie (father, dad) will be home soon".
ousie – Term used to refer to a maid, usually a black female; also used by black females to call/refer to each other
pap – also called "mieliepap", is a traditional maize ("mielie") porridge similar to grits; can also mean "deflated". Pap (porridge) is primarily known in
three stages; all three are variant to the water-to-maize ratio:
stywepap (lit. "stiff-pap"; 3/4 water-to-maize),
phutupap/krummelpap (pap with a crumbly texture; 1/4 water-to-maize) and
slap-pap (pap with a runny texture; 4/3 water-to-maize). Unlike most international porridges, pap (specifically the aforementioned phutupap and
stywepap variations) is commonly served at both breakfast and dinner times in the Northern half of the country.
paplepel – lit. "pap-spoon"; a wooden spoon used in the making of pap, but can also be used to give a hiding
papier vampier – lit. a "paper vampire". Refers to a stapler.
papgat – lit. a physically weak person
pap-sop-nat – lit. "very wet"
pak – lit. "to pack". Also means "to give a hiding", as the shortened version of "pakslae"
patat – lit. "sweet potato". A favourite side-dish for Afrikaners, the name "patat" ("pah-tut") can also become a pet-name or term of endearment.
plak – lit. "to stick". Can also refer to starting an informal settlement like a Township (Plakkerskamp)
plakkerskamp/township – an informal settlement primarily housing non-whites of very low-income in poorly self-constructed houses known as
"shacks"
paraat – disciplined. Somebody who is paraat, generally has "houding" i.e. style / character
paw-paw – lit. a Paw-paw fruit. Can refer to an idiot, but is less derogatory and often used to lightly joke with the person in question.
perdedrolle is vye – lit. "Horseshit is figs". When someone is accusing another person of bullshitting them: Jy probeer my se dat perdedrolle is
fye! (You're trying to tell me that horseshit is figs!)
Peppermint Crisp - is a milk chocolate bar invented in South Africa by Wilson-Rowntree, now produced by Swiss chocolatier Nestlé. It features
thin layers of milk chocolate and tubes of mint-flavoured crunch. It is also popularly used as a topping on a milk-based tart that shares its name.
plaas – lit. "farm". Also, when someone falls down:
Plaas gekoop. As a verb, it translates to "placed down" or "put down"
pleister/plaster – lit. "to plaster", as in to plaster a wall. Can also refer to a Band-Aid.
platteland – lit. "flat land", refers to a rural area, country (as in living in the country, as opposed to living in the city). The "flatness" refers to the fact
that the area is geographically similar to farmlands.
plaas se prys - lit. "the price of a farm". Refers to anything that is considered too expensive regardless of its actual worth, considering that a farm
is one of the most expensive pieces of property one could privately own.
platsak – lit. out of cash, flat broke
piel – derogatory term for a male genitalia ("cock" or "dick")
piesang, piesang, paw-paw – lit. "banana, banana, paw-paw". Children's rhyme used when a person makes a fool of himself and/or is a sore
loser.
Piet Pompies — used to identify an anonymous man, similar to Joe Soap.
poepol – (from poephol, arse) an idiot. lit. an arsehole (more specifically the anus), but not as derogatory. Can be used as source of comedy: Ek
voel soos 'n poepol.
poepolletjie – lit. Diminutive form of poepol, strictly reserved as a term of endearment between couples.
poep – lit. "to fart". Derived from the English term "poop", it literally means "to pass gas".
soos 'n poep teen donderweer – lit. "it's like farting against a thunderstorm". Meaning the argument being presented is falling on deaf ears
due to either a much more intimidating defense, or just plain ignorance, i.e. the sound of the fart is being drowned-out by the sound of thunder.
Its closest English counterpart would be "it's like talking to a brick wall".
poepruik – lit. "to smell a fart". Refers to a person who is sleeping in late, though it specifically points to the person wasting time because of it.
poes – derogatory term for a female genitalia ("pussy" or "cunt")
poesklap – lit. a very hard slap. similar to "klap" (to smack/slap), but far more painful: Ek gaan jou so 'n harde poesklap gee, jou tanne gaan
vibreer vir maande lank. (I'm gonna smack you so hard, that your teeth will vibrate for months). Poesklap therefore is far more life-threatening
than a "bitch-slap".
pote – lit. "animal paws". Is an informal reference to a person's feet ("voete" in Afrikaans) directly relating the condition and size of the feet to that
of an animal's paws.
potjie – (pronounced "poi-key") lit. the diminutive form of the English/Afrikaans word "pot", referring to the cooking utensil, but more specifically a
small-to-large sized cast iron pot that is traditionally used to make potjiekos, phutupap and samp (stampmielies).
Potjiekos – lit. "small pot food". Is a meat and vegetable dish that is specially cooked in a potjie. It is traditionally slow-cooked over an open fire for
a couple of hours before being served during a Braai (social gathering). Though it is similar to a stew, the main differences are: a stew has lots
of water/sauce, while a potjiekos has very little water/sauce; and you stir a stew, you don't stir potjiekos as it is intended to not have the
individual ingredients' flavor mixing.
pommie, pom – derogatory term for an English person (borrowed from Australia)
pong - refers to a strong sense of stench or bad odor.
poplap – derived from "lappop" (rag doll). It is a term of endearment towards young beautiful women, and can also extend to much younger girls
usually via a grandfather-figure. The closest English equivalent would be "poppet".
pouse - (pronounced "po-ze"). As an anglicism it is derived from its English counterpart which means to temporarily stop an audio or video, or a
musical break. In its Afrikaans pronunciation it refers specifically to an intermission in theatre and a school recess. Due to code-switching, the
English pronunciation (in its original meaning) is also regularly used by Afrikaners, though it is separated from the Afrikaans pronunciation's
meaning. For example: Ek moet die video pause (Eng pro.) omdat ons nou op pause (Afr pro.) gaan. (I have to pause the video because we're
going on recess now.)
praatsiek – lit. verbal diarrhea. A person who talks non-stop.
praat 'n gat innie kop – lit. "speaking a hole in someone's head". To strongly convince someone to agree with you.
quarter-past kaal arm – lit. "quarter-past naked arm". A sarcastic response to the question "What time is it?", whereby the user either doesn't
know the time or doesn't care. "Naked arm" refers to the person not wearing a wristwatch.
raining cats and dogs/reën katte en honde – lit. "excessive rain"
rammetjie-uitnek - lit "ram with its head held high". Big-headed. Refers more to sporadic bragging rights, than egocentrism.
rigting bedonnerd - lit. "directionless". Refers to any person who becomes easily disorientated when no visual references are helping their
navigation, i.e. they feel lost very easily. It can also be used to humorously describe a person's poor sense of direction, for example: "James
May can get lost in his own house."
rietkooi - lit. "Reed bed", i.e. "bunk bed", considered out-dated as references to bunk beds in general fell out of use in favour of the English term.
Original Afrikaans translation for "bunk-bed" is "stapelbed". Riet ("Reed") refers to the bunk bed frame's flimsy appearance while "kooi" is the
slang term for a bed (specifically a single-bed), derived from the Capetonian dialect. "Kooi" is still in use in the Southern regions.
robot – lit. Afrikaans for "a robot". Is also used exclusively in South Africa, to refer to a traffic light. Originating from traffic guards during the British
colonization period, for moving like a robot while directing traffic. Though the traffic guard has largely been replaced by the traffic light, the name
stuck.
rooinek – ("red neck") Afrikaner derogatory term for English person or English-speaking South African. Derived in the 19th century due to native
British not being used to the hot African sun and getting sunburnt, especially on the neck. Alternative explanation, reference to the fact that
British officers during the two Boer Wars had red collars. Early American usage of "redneck" referred to the farmers who were commonly
sunburned due to field work. The term later came to be used by liberals as an epithet for conservatives from the poor rural southern states, and
nowadays is expanded in use to label any conservatives from any state whose political views differ from that of liberals.
rooijasse/rooibaadtjies – lit. a red jacket/coat. Refers to the British soldiers of the Anglo-Boer Wars that wore red coats.
safari – a camping adventure into the African wilderness, including in a nature reserve
saffa – lit. "a South African". Taken from the initials "S.A.", the term refers to any South African-born person who also grew-up in the country. This
sometimes also extends to the South African Expats.
sakkie-sakkie - Also known as the Sokkie dans, is a style of sensual Ballroom dance.
Sannie sê, Sannie sal sewe sakke sout sleep, sewe sakke sout is swaar sowaar - lit. "Sannie says, she will drag seven sacks of salt,
and the sacks are heavy". Based on the popular song "Sewe Sakke Sout" by Afrikaans singer Anneli Van Rooyen, the phrase is a tongue-
twister commonly used in speech therapy for those who speak with a lisp. The song itself also describes the titular Sannie speaking with a lisp.
Sarie Marais - is a popular folk song. The song describes the relationship between an unnamed man and a beautiful young Afrikaans
Boeremeisie named Sarie Marais during the Anglo-Boer War period.
sat – tired, dead – "Ek is siek en sat van sy nonsens" – "I'm sick and tired of his nonsense", see 'vrek' below (pronounced as "sut" in English)
se gat – expression of strong disagreement often used in conjunction with "se moer" & "jou gat" (your arse).
sies, "sis" – expression of disgust, disappointment, annoyance, as in: Ag sies man.
Sie-sah – expression of goodness, or of disgust, depending on context.
schoepit - pronounced "s-choo-pit", is the informal pronunciation of the word "stupid".
scrompie – slang for "hobo" or bergie. (Liesl told her 7-year-old son, Karl, to walk away from the scrompie walking towards them.)
sharaap – informal pronunciation of the English phrase "shut up"
sien jou gat – lit. "seeing your own arse". Refers to making an enormous fool of yourself and being out-performed & out-classed.
soos Siebies se gat – lit. "like Siebies' arse". Refers to a job done badly and a messy room. Derived from a man of unknown origin known as
"Siebies" (short for Siebert or Sieberhagen)
soos 'n poep innie bad - lit "like a fart in a bathtub of water". Refers to something rising very quickly (literally like the bubbles caused by a fart),
for example: Soos wat die vliegtuig opgestyg het, toe klim ons soos 'n poep innie bad tot by ons cruising altitude. (As the plane took off, we
ascended like a fart in a bathtub to our cruising altitude).
sit gat, rus bene – lit. "sit arse, rest legs". Refers to relaxing after a long hard day.
skapie – someone who might be referred to as a "pussy". Literally "little sheep".
skeef – skewed, gay, as in: hy het 'n bietjie skeef voorgekom (he seemed a bit gay)
skief – to glare at someone (root: Afrikaans 'skeef', skew)
skiet kat - Vomiting
skop, skiet en boomklim – literally "kicking, shooting and climbing trees". A colloquial description of an action film, usually of the lighter, more
humorous kind. (Think Jackie Chan.)
skop, skiet en donner – literally "kicking, shooting and beating people up". A colloquial description of an action movie of the more violent kind.
(Think Jean-Claude Van Damme and Arnold Schwarzenegger.)
skelm – (pronounced: skellem) crook or trouble-maker, mistress, secret lover, on the sly
skilpad het nie vere nie, en appels is nie pere nie – lit. "tortoises don't have feathers, and apples aren't pears". It is a children's rhyme that
discusses a mistruth. It is the Afrikaans equivalent of "liar liar pants on fire."
skinner, skinder – gossip
skinderbek/skinnerbekkie - refers to the person(s) who is spreading gossip, not to be taken as a compliment.
skop – kick
skort – watch out, be careful or something is wrong here
skraal – "thin" or "emaciated"
skrik – fright; also used in the phrase skrik my gat af (very big fright)
skyf – cigarette, a puff, and also less commonly marijuana or dagga
skyrocket/sky-rocket - contrary to the original meaning of the English name, it refers to a portable toilet.
skuit – (pronounced "skate") lit. "to shit"; similar to "taking a dump"
skwaanz – to snitch and sue; a bru dat overreacts to situations or activities they themselves participate in, like, they choke out people in the
choking game and thinks dat is fun, but when someone chokes THEM out, they snitch and sue. Also, "squanz"; "Yo, dat bru is skwaanz! We
don't hang wit daardie fok."
slapgat – English translation is "lazy arse", also can refer to something badly put together, "Hy het dit slapgat gemaak" (he put it together
haphazardly)
slaptjips/ slapchips – (pronounced as "slup chips") similar to thick-cut British chips; usually soft, oily and soaked in vinegar. Slap is Afrikaans for
"limp". French fries refers to thinly cut chips. Crispy potato/corn chips are referred to as 'chips'.
smaak – "taste" also means, to like another person or thing.
smaak stukkend – to like very much or to love to pieces (literal meaning of stukkend). "Ek smaak you stukkend" = "I love you madly".
sneeudier – old person
snoepie - (pronounced "snoopy") refers almost exclusively to a tuck shop based in a school. Tuck shops that are outside school property are often
just called a "winkel" or "winkeltjie" (meaning "a small shop"), and sometimes also called a kafee (referring to a café, though not necessarily one
that serves coffee). The original English usage of the term "Tuck shop" stays intact.
snotklap - "i'll slap you so hard the snot will fly". Usually used to discipline a child.
sel – lit."cell" in all definitions of the word, i.e.: selfoon (cellphone); tronk sel (jail sel); plant sel (plant cell)
soek – to look for trouble with someone/to antagonise/to stir up trouble = "you soeking with me?" – Afrikaans: "to seek or look for".
sommer – for no particular reason, "just because"
soutpiel/soutie – derogatory term for English person, literally salty penis. Someone with one foot in England, the other in South Africa and their
penis hanging in the Atlantic Ocean.
soutpilaar – lit. "salt pillar". Refers to anyone who is standing and staring unnecessarily at something (whether it is at an object or into blank
space, i.e. daydreaming) and isn't paying attention to his/her surroundings. Based on the biblical figure Lot's wife, who turned into a pillar of salt
after disobeying God's command by looking back at the Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah.
spaarbussie/spaarbus – lit. "save-bus". Refers to a piggy bank.
spinning - alongside its original English meaning (to spin or turn), it also refers to a popular local motorsport culture. Whereby a driver would spin
his car's wheels while performing a doughnut and various other drift-style maneuvers for showcase value in front of an audience.
spookasem – lit. "ghost-breath". Refers to candy floss.
springbok - lit. "springbok". As the antelope is the national animal of South Africa, its name has been used in several specialized fields to indicate
a "belonging" to the country, incl: the former Springbok Radio (operated by the SABC), the South Africa national cricket team (was originally
 called the Sprinkboks, now called the Proteas due to disassociation with the Apartheid regime and the Springbok-emblem), the South Africa
National Rugby Union Team (commonly called "the Springboks, or Bokke") and the call sign of South African Airways.
spuitpoep - lit. "Diarrhea"
spyker – lit. "a nail". Can also refer to rough sex, similar to "naai".
steek – stab, poke (with a knife). "He/she steeked her/him" = "He/she poked her/him". Also see "naai" = Nick steeked me stukkend.
stukkie, stekkie – a woman (from the Afrikaans meaning "a piece") – mostly used when referring to a woman that you have/have casual
encounters with, girlfriend.
stompie – a cigarette butt, a short person or impolite term to refer to the remaining arm/leg/finger after an amputation.
stukkend – (Afrikaans) broken, a lot. Also commonly used when someone is hungover. For example, "I am so stukkend".
Stuur Groete aan Mannetjies Roux - lit. "Send greetings to Mannetjies Roux" a popular folk song by Laurika Rauch about the titular
Springbok Rugby Player. The song describes a young girl going to live on a farm with her aunt and uncle, who are avid supporters of South
African Rugby Union player Mannetjies Roux (pronounced Munne-keys (in Afrikaans) Roux (as in French)). A film based on the song was
eventually released in 2013.
suig 'n duik in my kop – lit. "sucking a dent in my skull". Refers to a very strong sucking sensation caused by a thick viscous drink when
drinking it through a straw, especially a McDonald's milkshake, which is famous for the sensation.
swak – broke. Original Afrikaans: weak. "I'm swak, ek sê". Also used to suggest that someone's behaviour was harsh (with varying degrees of
seriousness, depending on tone and context), for example: "It's swak that I failed the test."
sy naam is Kom Terug en sy van is Bloedbek/Bloedneus – lit. "its first name is Come Back, and its last name is Bloody-mouth/nose/Or
Else". A verbal warning given to a person who wants to borrow something.
tata/ta ta/ta-ta - Is a goodbye greeting of British origin. It is also the name of the Indian car manufacturer Tata.
tekkies – running shoes. (The Anglicised pronunciation tackies has become mainstream in South African English.) Sports shoes that are
specifically designed for running and often used for comfort.
tiet – English equivalent "boob" or "breast" (from "teat"); tiete (plural); tietie (diminutive) and tieties (plural diminutive)
tietie bottel - lit. "baby bottle".
tet – breast or boob
tjor/tjorretjie – diminutive description of a car, especially one that's being admired: This is a nice tjorretjie you got here!.
tjorts - refers to the sound droplets of liquid make, often referring to a very minimal amount of a liquid ingredient, similar to "kat spoegie".
toppie, ou toppie – father – see ouballie
tos – lit. to masturbate
Transkaroo - refers to a trans-Karoo rail-line that connects Cape Town and Pretoria, it more specifically refers to the train that ran on the line known as the Trans
Karoo Express. A popular song of the same name, describes the narrator's wishes of reuniting with his girlfriend by pleading to the train itself (personified), to bring
her home safely and quickly. Though the train itself is no longer in service, the rail-line is now operated under the Shosholoza Meyl train service, as well as being
used by the luxury Blue Train.
trek – to move or pull. (The word has become international with the meaning of "making a pioneering journey"; the slang usage more closely resembles the standard
Afrikaans meaning.)
trekker - lit. "mover". Also refers to a tractor, as it can be used to tow (pull) trailers and/or cars.
tannie – lit. "aunt/mother". Derived from the Dutch word tante (aunt), it refers to any older female authority figure. The female counterpart of "oom" (uncle). Though the
original English meaning stays intact, the term has come to indicate a sign of tremendous respect towards a much older woman. Rules in using the term correctly
are: The woman must be at least 10 years older than oneself, otherwise they might consider it offensive towards their age if they are young; unless she is one's real-
life aunt, referring to a woman as "tannie" is purely permission-based, i.e. if she doesn't accept the term (and she'll tell you), then you should refrain from using it
when addressing her.
tiekie/tie-kie/ticky – taken from the word "tiekieboks/ticky box", is the popular name of the now outdated streetside payphone. Though ticky boxes are still in use,
they have been largely replaced by cellphones. The ticky box takes its name from the limited time-period per call, based on the ticking of a timer. Also the name
given to the old 2 and a half cent piece and later the 5 cent piece.
tok-tok-tokkie – refers to a woodpecker, with "tok-tok" being the onomatopoeia of the sound the bird makes while pecking. Also refers to the woodpecker-style birds
used in some cuckoo clocks.
TVP (tiener velprobleem) – acne problems
vaalie – mildly derogatory term used by people on the coast for a tourist from inland (Root: Old Transvaal province)
vark – lit. "pig". Identical meaning to the English word in all of its interpretations, i.e.: pig, pork (varkvleis), arsehole (vulgar).
van die os op die wa af - lit. "from the ox onto the wagon and off". Similar to "speaking of which" and "while we're on the subject"
van toeka se dae af – lit. "since the olden days". Derived from the acronym "toeka", which is defined as the foundation of God's Word, which
means it has been used since biblical times.
veë jou gat aan dit af - lit. "wiping your arse on it". Refers to blatant ignorance against any person or object, no matter the consequences.
Closest English equivalent is: "You don't give a shit."
vellies – veldskoene, traditional Afrikaans outdoors shoes made from hide
verkramp – politically conservative or pessimistic, the opposite of verlig, or enlightened
vetkoek – a deep-fried pastry that can either have a sweet filling of jam, honey, and syrup, or a savory filling of beef, chicken, pork, etc. Though the name literally
translates as "fat cake", that name was already reserved by an English dessert, so in order to distinguish between the two very different dishes, vetkoek remains the
universal name across all languages.
voertsek, voetsek – get lost, buzz off, go away, run, scram, stuff off, bugger off (it can be considered rude, depending on the context) – usually used when
referring to an animal. From the Dutch "vort, zeg ik" – used with animals, meaning "Go away!" or "Get moving". Voetsek is considered to be far more assertive than
its English counterparts.
voetjie-voetjie – lit. a game of footsie
voël - lit. "bird". While the original meaning remains intact, it also refers to a penis (vulgar), due to "eiers" (eggs) being another nickname for
testicles.
voshaarnooi – lit. "a red-headed girl". Derived from the song of the same name, by Afrikaans singer Louis Van Rensburg, the song describes the
beauty of a young fiery red-headed girl (voshare = red hair). The original Afrikaans term for a "red-head" is a rooikop.
Volksie - (pronounced as "folk-see") Is the local name of the Volkswagen Type 1 "Beetle" (based on the German/Afrikaans pronunciation - "folks-
vach-en"). It essentially translates to "little Volkswagen". Also known as a "Volla".
vrek – Afrikaans, meaning an animal dying. Possibly from Dutch verrekken to dislocate?
vroeg ryp, vroeg vrot - lit. "the quicker the fruit ripens, the quicker it will rot". Refers to anything that is being rushed, and will be ruined because
of it, thus enforcing the ideology of thinking things through before big decisions are made, or as couples would call it: "taking it slow". It often
serves as a verbal warning against couples that have a whirlwind romance at first and then deciding unwisely, and without hesitation, to enter a
doomed marriage.
vrot – bad, rotten, putrid, sometimes drunk
vrotbek – someone who swears a lot or is swearing a lot at the moment, as well as someone with bad breath.
vry – to make out or courting (equivalent to American "necking", British "snogging" or Australian "pashing")
Vrystaat vernier – shifting spanner
viswyf - lit. "fish female", refers to a woman that throws a "bitch-fit" when she doesn't get her way. "Jy gaan soos 'n viswyf tekere!" (You're being
really bitchy now!).
waai – Afrikaans for "wave hello/goodbye". Slang for "to go". Durbanites like to say "Hey, let's waai pozzy." = "Let's go home." Also refers to the
blowing of wind.
waar val jy uit die bus uit/van die bus af? - lit. "Where did you fall off the bus?". Is a question usually asked when the person you are talking
to, wasn't paying attention to the topic changing when they joined the discussion, and as a result they usually interrupt the discussion with an
off-topic question.
watookal – lit. "whatever"
wakkerslaap - despite its original Dutch meaning "worry", it can also be used to verbally "wake-up" a drowsy person.
windgat – lit. "wind-arse". This is a man who is misbehaving yet manages to get away with it by utilizing a charming personality, even though he
can gain an inflated ego from it. It can also refer to people who regularly drive faster than the speed limit.
woes – wild, untidy, unkempt or irreverent. A general term pertaining to either a person, behaviour or situation.
word wakker, word wakker die dag word al swakker! - lit. "wake-up sleepyheads, the day is getting weaker and weaker!". A literal wake-
up call in military fashion, usually is accompanied with loud banging on the door.
wys – multiple meanings – to insult (see tune) or to say e.g. "Yoh, John wys me after I told him to shut up!". Also refers to "wysheid" (wisdom/wise)
in a sarcastic tone: "O jy dink jy's wys né! (You think you're smart huh, do you!)
yoh – an expression of surprise e.g., "Yoh, that was rude" "Yoh, you gave me a fright!", (Police-chief talking about the poor physique of his
policemen) "They should look at our men and say "yoh!".
ysterperd - "iron-horse", describes a motorcycle, specifically a Harley-Davidson-style "full-size" motorcycle. Is derived from the fact that a
motorcycle, with all its uses, is the modern day equivalent of a horse-and-rider.
ystervarkie(s) – lit. "iron piglets". Also known by their English/Australian name "Lamingtons", these are small cubes of sponge cakes dipped in
chocolate syrup and covered in desiccated coconut. It takes its Afrikaans name from the ystervark (Afrikaans for porcupine) due to its
resemblance to the animal.
zap - while the original English usage remains intact, though the term "to shock" is preferred, it also refers to one's obscene usage of the middle
finger, while a "double-zap" would be where both middle fingers are extended at the same time.
zef – from the Ford Zephyr car, cheap to tune up; cool, rough guy; common person; kitsch, trashy
zol – a homemade cigarette rolled with old newspaper or rizlas (likely marijuana-filled) joint (equivalent to American "doobie")

Words from Khoi San languages

aitsa – is usually used when exclaiming agreement like you would when saying "sweet!", "nice!", "lekker!", and "got it!".
buchu – name applied to a range of medicinal plants.
dagga – marijuana (has become a mainstream word in South African English) (from Khoe daxa-b for Leonotis plant)
eina – exclamation of pain, as in ouch (from Khoekhoe exclamation of pain or surprise)
gogga – bug (from Khoe xo-xo, creeping things, here the g is pronounced like ch in Scottish loch)
kaross – garment made of animal skin (from Khoe meaning skin blanket)
kierie - a walking stick, or cane, usually made of wood. Primarily used by the elderly as general usage of a cane fell out of fashion among younger
generations, though people still have a habit of when carrying a stick to use it as a walking stick, even though they don't necessarily need it.

Words from Xhosa, Zulu and the other Nguni Languages

The following lists slang borrowings from the Nguni Bantu languages (which include Zulu and Xhosa). They typically occur in use in South Africa's
townships, but some have become increasingly popular amongst white youth. Unless otherwise noted these words do not occur in formal South
African English.
aikona! – a strong refusal/disagreement, meaning "No!"
tjaila" – (pronounced: chai-la) "time to go home"
cava – meaning "to see: (the c is pronounced as a dental click). It can be used meaning both "to see" or "to understand" as in "Did you cav that ?"
or as in "Do you cav what I am saying?"
cocopan – small tip truck on rails used in mines (from Nguni nqukumbana, Scotch cart)
donga – ditch of the type found in South African topography. From Zulu, "wall"; this has become a mainstream word for such a feature.
eish! – an interjection expressing resignation
fundi – expert (from Nguni "umfundisi" meaning teacher or preacher) – used in mainstream South African English
faka – to put (pronounced as fuh-guh) from the common Nguni word meaning the same thing -faka
gogo – grandmother, elderly woman (from Zulu, ugogo)
hawu! – expression of disbelief, surprise. Pronounced like English "how!". From the Zulu "hawu".
hayibo! – wow! (from Zulu, 'definitely not')
indaba – conference (from Zulu, 'a matter for discussion'); has become a mainstream word in South African English
inyanga – traditional herbalist and healer (compare with sangoma)
jova – injection, to inject (from Zulu)
laduma! – a popular cheer at soccer matches, "he scores!" (literally: "it thunders", in Zulu)
muti – medicine (from Zulu umuthi) – typically traditional African
Mzansi – South Africa (uMzantsi in Xhosa means "south"), specifically refers to the south of Johannesburg.
Nca – (pronounced "Ntj-ah") an expression of appreciation or admiration, similar to "nice"
sangoma – traditional healer or diviner
shongololo (also spelt shongalolo) – millipede (from Zulu and Xhosa, ukushonga, 'to roll up')
spaza – an informal trading-post/convenience store found in townships and remote areas (also a term referring to something cheap and nasty –
i.e. of poor quality)
tokoloshe – a dwarf-like water sprite, taken from tokoloshe.
toyi-toyi – (more commonly spelt toi-toi) protest-dancing; used in mainstream South African English
tsotsi – gangster, layabout, no gooder
ubuntu – compassion or kindness, humanity
Vuvuzela – a traditional horn made from the hollowed-out horns of a Kudu bull. It produces a monotonous tone and is often used as a
summonings. A modernized version is made from plastic and more closely resembles a straight trumpet. The modern version is commonly used
by the audience at soccer games, though usage of it has been highly frowned upon and in some cases banned because of noise-regulations,
due to its incredibly loud blaring monotonous tone.
yebo – Zulu meaning yes
wena – Zulu meaning "you". Commonly used in a sentence "Haw wena!"

Original South African English coinages

aswell – increasingly pronounced with emphasis on the "as"
boykie or boytjie – meaning a young white male who is cool in the high-school stereotype kind of way. Sporty and tanned, uses a lot of slang.
From English "boy" and the Afrikaans diminutive "-tjie".
boi/boy –f a young black man or a young male of any ethnicity, depending on context
baff – Fart
boney – motorcycle
bra – male friend (shortening of brother, see also bru above)
canyon crab – derogatory term for Afrikaner
chase – leave, go; analogous to "blow" or "duck", as in "Bru, let's chase."; "This place is dof; I'm gonna chase, boet."
cherps or chips – "Watch out" or "Move out the way", as in "Chips chips everyone, here comes the teacher!" (distinct from the food or snack).
Also often used when something gets thrown, or to ask someone to step out the way. Compare "heads up!".
chop – idiot
chot – a very offensive term for a sexually active female
clutchplate – derogatory term for Afrikaner
cokie pen – a felt tip pen
connection – a friend, mate, chommie
cozzie – a swimsuit, short for swimming costume
crunchie – derogatory term for Afrikaner
diss – to intentionally disregard somebody else. That oke is totally dissing me
dof – stupid. "Are you dof?"
dop – Drink or to drink, primarily when talking about alcohol, from the Afrikaans "dop" (shell, referring to a small glass for alcohol).
flip – A euphemism for the vulgar f-word. Used in various phrases to express anger, annoyance, contempt, impatience, or surprise, or simply for
emphasis. force -when someone does something unnecessarily, too many times for the given situation or adds something to a conversation
that is not necessary (It is a noun and verb)
give rocks – to be indifferent. For example: I give rocks about your concerns! (I couldn't care about your concerns!) Can also be abbreviated to
"Give rocks.", and the negative version "I don't give rocks" means exactly the same thing.
giyn – a homosexual male
graze – a term used in reference to food. "I'm starving, let's go get some graze."
higher grade – a bit too complicated (from the South African matric division of exams into standard grade and higher grade. The system of
dividing subjects into higher and standard grade has become non-existent as of 2008.)
hundreds – good, fine. (As in 100 percent; for example: John: "Hey bru, howzit going?" Dominic: "I'm hundreds boet.")
jukka – a lazy person or a loser
just now, sometime in the near future or the near past, not necessarily immediately. Expresses an intention to act soon, but not necessarily
immediately, or expresses something that happened in the near past. Probably from the Afikaans netnou with the same meaning.
now now – an immediate but not literal declaration of impending action, may be past or future tense. From the Afrikaans expression "nou nou".
Dutchman – derogatory term for Afrikaner
isit – (pronounced: \izit\) the words "is" and "it" put together. Short term for "Is that so?" (For example: John: "Bra, I just found out I have a million
dollars!" Charles: "Isit?"; or: John: "Bru, you would not believe how amazing it felt to footskate in front of all those people." Charles: "Isit?") Also,
it can mean "really?"
location – a Bantu township
naai – derogatory for sex (as a noun) or have sex (as a verb), from the Afrikaans "naai" (same meaning, from the Afrikaans term for "to sew", from
the movement of the needle on a sewing machine)
nca – meaning something is nice (the nc is a nasalised dental click)
packet or "checkers" – a plastic bag
penalty – refers to someone tripping (usually shouted if someone almost trips)
pull through (pull in) – come or arrive, especially to a place/event that is amenable: "We're having a great jol here, boet. You should pull
through."
robot – traffic-light
rockspider / rock – derogatory term for Afrikaner. Though more well known as a national Battle of the Bands-style competition called
Rockspaaider that was hosted by JIP, a teen-based lifestyle series, on the Afrikaans music channel MK.
rop – nice, radical. (e.g. "That was such a rop wave.") Also used as a verb meaning 'to steal'. (e.g. "I will rop you of that kief watch.")
traffic circle – roundabout (road)
scheme – to think that (e.g. "I scheme we should go home now"; usage evolved from the hyperbole "What are you scheming?" asked of a person
deep in thought.)
siff – if something is gross or disgusting or ugly. "Did you see her oufit? It was totally siff!"
slops – flip-flops
speak goat – derogatory term for speaking Afrikaans
soapie – a soap opera
swak – see "swat". From the Afrikaans for "weak"
swat – carrying out an action resulting in an undesirable or negative outcome; "when you chaffed my cherrie the other day, it was swat oke. Totally
swat"; "Moderating a list of slang words is impossible and totally swat oke"; "Changing this word to swak would be totally swat oke".
Skommel(draadtrek) – to masturbate, from Afrikaans
takkies – sports shoes
tickey – Thruppence or 3 pennies, e.g. "You could get a tickey for returning a coke bottle and three tickeys would buy you an eskimo pie". Dated,
tickey-box is more recently used.
town - the city centre (CBD is used in more formal contexts), e.g. "It's too much of a headache to find parking in town, so I go to the mall instead"
tune – to give someone lip ("Are you tuning me?")
voetsek – impolite way to say "go away", commonly used with animals or as derogatory term. (from Dutch voort seg ik via Afrikaans)
saamie/saarmie – a sandwich
zamalek – Black Label Lager, locally brewed under licence (derived from the Egyptian football team of the same name because of the team
colours) A very popular local beer because of the high alcohol content.
Slang originating from other countries
The following slang words used in South African originated in other parts of the Commonwealth of Nations and subsequently came to South Africa.
bint – a girl, from Arabic ‫بِ ْنت‬. Usually seen as derogatory.
buck – the main unit of currency: in South Africa the rand, and from the American use of the word for the dollar.
china – friend, mate (from Cockney rhyming slang china [plate] = "mate")
chow – to eat
coaster – a state of affairs that surpasses cool
pom – name for an English person originating from England
shab short for shebeen.

Slang terms originating from ethnic minorities

South African Indian and Colored slang. The majority of Coloureds in South Africa speak Afrikaans. Those who speak English use the equivalent
English words as slang.
AAP – "Girl" or "girlfriend"
Aapedill – "Girl" or "girlfriend"
Awe – "Howzit", "hello"; a slang way of greeting someone
befok – "mad"; also possibly "super cool", as in My broe daai kar is befok. Pronounced \ber fork\.
betters – "To replenish" or "refill". Example: Ekse lets make a betters with the mineral
boss – "nice" – "that girl is boss, ek sê"
boppin – "Very Good", example: "awe ekse my brah, howzit your side?"; in reply: "nei, eks (i am) boppin brah"
bot – refer to gaam usually associated with a person, act or object that is either dodgy or gangster-like. (Originated from Afrikaans slang bot.)
bushie – derogatory term for a "Coloured" person. Derived from the word bushman. Bushman are predominantly light in complexion.
guy – similar to the American English word "dude"
bok – girlfriend
bolt/one out – used extensively in KZN. Means "by yourself" or "only one".
chop – "stupid" or "pathetic" – "don't be such a chop (idiot)"
chup – "tattoo" – "cool chup exse"
chow – "eat" or food
chuck – "leave". Equivalent of American "to bounce". Examples: "Come bru lets chuck" or "sorry can't go to the braai i gotta chuck." If you are
funny you might say, "boet, I have to make like Norris and Chuck."
crown/kroon – "money"; can also refer to virginity.
dobbel – "gamble"
dasifouti – "no problem", lit. "there is no fault"
duidelik – direct from Afrikaans, meaning "clear"; used to express clarity on something or excitement about something.
eksê – from Afrikaans, translated it means "I say". Used in greeting i.e. "Whakind eksê" or in general speech.
gaam – dodgy/gangster i.e. That person is gaam. (He is a gangster.)That place is gaam. (it is dodgy.)
gam – derogatory term for Coloured people in South Africa. Derived from "Gham" or "Ham" referring to Ham in the Old Testament. It is a reference
to the children of Noah's son Ham who were illegitimate and cursed into slavery by God.
gammie – diminutive of "Gam", derogatory term for coloured people in South Africa, particularly in Cape Town.
gatsby – large chip roll with meat and lekker sauces (Cape Town)
gully – "area" or "corner" (KZN)
hard up – "in love"
Hosh – "Hello"; also used before combat. Example in combat: Hosh, jy raak wys ("Hello, show me what you made of"). This gang-related word
occurs inside as well as outside of prison: use at own discretion.
jas – "horny". The first form occurs in Cape Town; the second predominates on the east coast of South Africa. May also mean "crazy" or "mad".
Examples: Person A: I want to get robbed Person B: Are you jas? or Person A: Ek wil my werk verloor Person B: Is jy jas?.
lekker/lukka – "nice" (from Afrikaans). The first form occurs more commonly; the second predominates in Kwa-Zulu Natal.
lappie(pronounced *luppee*) – "cloth", "dish towel", "face cloth"
maader – "the best", "excellent"
meet up – Used in the Kwa-Zulu Natal region, a term usually used when saying "goodbye". For example: Lukka meet up ekse.
miff – "gross", "disgusting". "That's completely miff!" "Oh my god it was so miff"
min – to be very interested or excited in something, or for something. For example, "so min for that jol" or "when you're min you win"
mineral – pronounced 'min ral'; used by Indians as well. "Fizzy drink" such as Coke, Fanta, Sprite, etc. (KZN)
motjie – wife/woman
naai – "sex" (Western Cape) Also used as a noun "Jou ou naai" (literally "You screw") and used in the plural: "naaie" (literally more than one
"screw"), meaning an undesirable person rather than the sexual act. Definitely not polite language.
oweh – pronounced \ow where\, a way of saying "oh yes" or expressing delight.
posie/pozzie – "home". Afrikaans-speakers tend to use the first for; English-speakers the second.
press – "sex", as in: "I want to press my young one tonight" (KZN)
shot – "good" or "correct" or "thanks" (depending on context). Example for the meaning "good" – Person A: What is 3+3? Person B: six Person A:
shot. Example for the meaning "thanks": – Person: A I have bought you a sweet Person B: Shot.
sunno – initially an insult, but now used amongst friends as a greeting, as in: Whakind son
Stukkie – "girl" or possibly "girlfriend"
Tannie – "aunt", used by Afrikaans-speakers
Taah-nie" – "Mother", used by some Cape Townians
tops – "excellent", "the best"
Toppie – "old man", used by Afrikaans-speakers, can also mean 'dad', ex: 'My friend recently became a Toppie'
Whakind – a greeting, usually used amongst guys only, and frowned upon when used in greeting women. This word can also express an enquiry
about something, especially when used outside the Kwa-Zulu Natal region.
What say/What you say/Wat sê jy – alternative for Whakind in the greeting-sense. English-speakers use the first and second forms;
Afrikaans-speakers the third.
Young one – Refer to "Stekkie"
Skommel – masturbate
onetime – of course, without delay; often used as a positive reply to a question
operate – lets perform or to have sex
ou – a boy/man/guy, homo sapiens
Charr Ou/Charou/charo – Charr is from charring from the sun like charcoal(burnt wood) derogatory word for a dark Indian person
Bruin Ou – a Coloured person – mixed race
Wit(pronounced as vit) Ou – a White person
Correct Ou – a good guy
Gorra Ou – a White person (insulting usage)
Darkie ou/ darky ou – an African/black person
Pekkie Ou – a Black African person (derogatory; from the Zulu word for "cook")
Slum Ou – a Muslim person (derived from the words Islam/Muslim)
Exploding Ou – a Muslim person (insulting usage)
boss – a salute to an unfamiliar person, or person in authority (usually to a male), as in 'you know what it is boss'.
bra – a way of addressing a friend, as in 'Howzit my bra'. 'bra' derived from 'brother'
bung – (from Afrikaans 'bang' — to be scared) to be afraid of someone.
condai – bus conductor.
graft – meaning work... "hey kazzie, im grafting at coconut grove, lakkaz ekse"
kêrel – police man / boyfiend
hit a luck – expression, to have met with good fortune. as in, 'hey my bru hit a luck, eee got graft at the Casino'. Also often noted in the form hit such a luck.
choon/tune – to tell someone something.
clips – Money, 1 clip = R100
laanie – From the Afrikaans word meaning "fancy", but used by Indian people to mean "smart guy" ("Smart" as in "well-to-do") or, more frequently,
"boss". Compare larnie.
lakkaz – meaning lekker from the Afrikaans language.
late – A euphemism for dead/deceased; as in 'My daddy is two years late'. (Unconnected with the idea of tardiness.)
lets waai – lets go; (waai pronounced as vuy same like buy) (From Afrikaans, "kom ons waai") Used mostly by Durban Indians.
maader – excellent, very good (used especially by Durban Indians)
min-rill – from the English word "mineral", meaning mineral water; taken to mean any fizzy drink in a bottle, normally Coke, Fanta, etc.
plot – pursue romantically, courting
poke – stab
pozzy – house or home; place where one lives or hangs out.
perrie – paranoid; "He is moerse perrie"
pehrer – a fight. (Often heard as "Who's gunning a pehrer?" meaning "Who's looking for a fight?")
slaan – wear (as in clothes), ex "He is ge(prefix) slat(slaan) clothingwise"; meaning "He's dressed well"
Vrou – my wife, as in 'Ek sê, I must first ask my Vrou'; from the Afrikaans word for 'wife"/"woman".
vying – going, as in we vying to the soccer
vriete – "food" from the Afrikaans word "Vreet" – "to eat like an animal". Used as a noun, ex: He must kyk(look) sy(his) eie(own)
vriete(food) translated: He must find his own food
dite – food(noun), ex: "i smaak(like to) a dite(food) kry(to get)"
dite – food(verb), ex: "ek(i) gaan(to go) eers (firstly) dite(to eat)"
speech – an argument
stekie – girl/girlfriend
swaai – to dance. (For example: "Lets vaai (go) swaai.")
swak – bad or weak
what kind – Greeting, similar to Howzit
what what – mostly used in arguments, meaning "this and that". Often heard as what you say what what
spiet – to fight
slow boat – Splif/joint – normally related to marajuana
para/pareh – to fight/argument
pulling moves – related to doing some sort of crime or fraud
100's / hundreds – relating to being ok, for example: "I am hundreds today after last night's jol"
bust up – big party involving lots of drugs and booze
pull in – literally means to invite; example: "Pull in to my pozzy tonight, gona have a bust up"
benou – (pronounce BER-NOW) – marijuana or dagga. Commonly used by Indians in Gauteng. "no benou there?"-do you have any dagga?
koex – drink ("what you koexing?" – what are you drinking?)
sharp – goodbye, ("shap im out" – goodbye I'm leaving)
aspriss (pron. arse-priss) – to intentionally do something ("I closed the door on him aspriss")
gusheshe – BMW 325is
g-string – BMW 3 Series E46 models. This car was believed to be a "woman getter" for any man driving it and therefore it was said to be a "g-
string dropper".
arrawise – greeting, derived from the English word 'otherwise' ("arrawise bra watse?")
Wyfie – woman
Salut – Hello, hi, as in a greeting, or "dis (it's) salut (good) my brah (friend/brother)"
Ben 10 – someone dating a woman who is 1–10 years older than him or a young male partner of a cougar
Blesser – This is a high level sugar daddy, but with a lot more money. He's filthy rich, and can set a lady up with clothing accounts, overseas
holidays and sometimes even a car in exchange for sex benefits. The lady is expected to be readily available at all times when the blesser
needs her.
Blessee – a lady who dates a blesser

South African Portuguese slang

maburro – slang for a white Afrikaans person, usually derogatory but sometimes used affectionately depending on context.
padece – slang for a white Afrikaans person, usually derogatory but sometimes used affectionately depending on context.
eh pá – a cry of exclamation. ("hey man!")

South African Indian slang

Many of these terms occur in the Cape Town and Durban areas, and few in Indian areas in Gauteng. Some words are shared with Coloured slang,
such as pozzie (in Durban) and let's waai.
cake – idiot
cameway – to go with someone, like come with me. Used in Durban.
Charo – a person of Indian origin. From the word "curry" (or tea).
eeuww man! – an informal way of greeting. The South African Indian equivalent of "Hey dude!"
guzzie – friend (from the Zulu guz'lam)
Jaaver – an Afrikaner person
kassam – serious, not joking. From Islamic meaning "oath".
mooing – to flirt. From the Afrikaans word
mooi meaning "nice"/"pretty".
nana – grandfather (Not a slang words, but a Hindi and Urdu word meaning maternal grandfather)
ou – person
Roti Ou / Bread Ou Hindi person
Wit Ou – a White person
paining – having pain
pano – money, from the Tamil word for "money". Commonly used by all South African Indian linguistic groups as a euphemism for money (not slang).
patla, flouie – usually refers to poor (unfunny) jokes.
Patla can also refer to any kind of damp squib.
Patla Patla often refers obliquely to having sex; imitating the sound of two bodies meeting.
potter-marie – means a dumbass (Hindu language roots)
right – an affirmation, mostly used while giving traffic directions, as in "Go straight, Right. Turn Left, Right."
sheila – an ugly woman
slaat – action like hit. For example: Don't choon me what what an' all, I slaat you one time laanie.
this thing/"dis ting" – watchamacallit

South African Jewish slang

chattis, khateis (plural chatteisim, khateisim. Yiddish: "a sinner"): approximately equivalent to "white trash". The word refers particularly to poor,
white, Afrikaans-speaking communities with endemic social problems. Sometimes used as an ethnic slur against Afrikaners in general. From
Talmudic phrase Eyn bor yerey khet – a bor – (uncouth ignoramus) is not afraid of sin. The bor-Boer assonance gives a case for quibble: if not
afraid of sin must be therefore a sinner.
kugel: an overly groomed, materialistic woman (from the Yiddish word for a plain pudding garnished as a delicacy). Older-generation Jews coined
this usage as a derogatory label for Jewish women who aspired to become part of the privileged English-speaking white community. Current
usage, often humorously intended, applies the word to any nouveau riche women in South African society who appear overly groomed and
materialistic.
Bagel and bagel-boy occur as labels for the male counterpart of the kugel. (Compare the American-English term Jewish-American princess
which has subtly differing connotations.)
Peruvian / Peruvnik: a low-class, unmannered and unsophisticated person regardless of wealth, usually Jewish. The etymology is unclear.
(Theories: (a) Yiddish corruption of Parvenu; (b) derives from an acronym for "Polish and Russian Union", supposedly a Jewish club founded in
Kimberley in the 1870s, according to Bradford's Dictionary of South African English.) The more assimilated and established Jews from Germany
and England looked down on this group, and their descendants remain stigmatised.
Schwarzer: Yiddish / German for "black" – a black person
shiksa: as in other Jewish communities, this means "non-Jewish girl". Traditionally "slave-girl", from the Yiddish version of the Hebrew word for
"dirty, unclean, loathsome" In South Africa, however, it has the additional meaning of a "female domestic worker".
weisser: Yiddish for "white" – a white person

South African Lebanese slang

bint : from the Lebanese word for "girl"; used in reference to women in general (as in "check out that hot bint over there.")
drib : from the Lebanese word for "hit" (as in "hey ghey... if you don't stop talking gara, I may have to drib you!")
gara : from the Lebanese word for "faeces" or "dung"; refers to something that is crap (as in "that guy is talking gara!")
ghey : literally translated from the Lebanese word for "brother"; in colloquial South African refers to "a tinted-windows, lots-of-jewellery" kinda guy
(pronounced like "gay" but with a /x/, like a guttural "g" or the "ch" in Scottish loch)
stiffle : so what: "if you don't like it stiffle!"
uhbed : from the Arabic word for "slave" (Arabic: ‫ – )عبد‬a black person

Special-use slang Kasi / township slang

411 – giving someone the latest news and gossip.
5 Tiger – R50 note
2 Bob – 20-cent coin
21 (two six) – lies or lying.
150 – Ladysmith/Emnambithi (KZN)
69 (Six nine) – It is to pee.
9 (nine) – Girlfriend as in a love relationship.
45 (Four Five) – Penis.
6 no 9 – "same difference". Like "potato, potatoe".
99 (nine nine) – "for real"
ayoba – expression of excitement
bokgata or Bo 4 – "the police"
cake/ikuku/kuku – Vagina
choc – R20 note
chommie – More likely to be used by young girls than guys, the word refers to a friend. A music artist goes by this name.
clipper – R100 note
doing a bafana – demanding more smeka (money) for being mediocre
doing a benni – The saying comes from the formerly much-lauded Bafana Bafana striker Benni McCarthy's "uncharitable habit of turning his
back on his country" following many instances of failing to turn up to play for South Africa's national football squad. Meaning "showing disloyalty
/ being irresponsible".
eish – [compare Bantu usage above] (pronounced like /aysh/ but also, less often, as /ish/) – Used to express everything ranging from frustration to
surprise to disapproval, but also just everyday acknowledgement of things you can't change like "Eish, the traffic is bad today". Heard frequently
each and every day! Also used to indicate displeasure. For example: 'At the time I was the only black guy and I used to ask myself "Eish, what
am I doing here?"'
fong kong – cheap and fake products that one can buy from vendors on the streets.
Tiger – R10 note (from the word "jacket")
juish (pronounced /Joowish/) – refers to nice and flashy clothes that someone has on.
moegoe – a fool, idiot or simpleton. For example: "moegoe of the week". Related to the Nigerian term mugu, fool, fraud victim.
mzansi – from the isiXhosa words, Mzantsi Afrika; a common term which means South Africa. [Mzansi] List of colloquial South African place
names first published in Y magazine.
Pinkies – R50 note, because of its colour
roogie – R50 note
Ova – To talk
skoon – Kaal voël steek (without a condom). Generally unprotected sex
starter pack – (Origins: Terminology first used by mobile-phone companies but quickly adapted by car thieves and car hijackers.) Refers to entry-
level cars, especially vehicle-makes occurring commonly on the road and therefore less easy to spot as stolen. Thieves can "chop up" the parts
at an illegal "chop shop" and used them for repairs on more expensive vehicles.
Stene (from the Afrikaans word for brick) – A stack of money amounting to R1000
umlungu – white South African or the boss (bass) of the company; isiXhosa word for the white foam that is left on the beach sand, once a wave
has retreated back into the sea. (foam is for unprofitable use)
yebo – a Zulu word which means "yes".
Z3 – refers to HIV and AIDS, because of its speed. This is a reference to the BMW Z3.
Coconut – Referring to an African black person who is dualistic in their nature. Black on the outside and White on the inside. (derogatory term
used amongst city dwelling Black South Africans).
Machangura money
Gay slang also called 'gayle'
abigail – abortion
ada – backside
agatha – a gossip
aida – AIDS
amanda – amazing
annie – anus
barbara – straight man
belinda – blind
bella – to hit or slap "I will bella you if you don't stop staring at that beulah."
bertha – Hilda's big sister (really, really ugly), after Big Bertha, the giant cannon
beulah – beautiful, usually referring to a good looking man
cilla – cigarette
betty bangles – policeman
carol – cry
chlora – coloured person
connie – come
cora – common
diana – disgusting or dead
dora – a drink; drunk
elsie geselsie – chatterbox
erica – erection
esterjie – ecstasy
ethel – old person
fiona – you can guess
frieda – sexually frustrated
fuella – furious
gail – chat
gayle – the name for this slang
gonda – a vagina
grazelda – extremely ugly
harriet – hairy man
hilda – ugly (or horrible), usually referring to a not-so good looking guy
iona – Indian
jenny – masturbate
jessica – jealous
julia – jewellery
lana – penis (from alliteration Lana Lunch)
laura – lover
lettie – lesbian
lisa – male model
lulu – laugh
marie – mad
marjorie – margarine
mary – obvious homosexual
mathilda – migraine
maureen – murder
mavis – effeminate queen
mildred – mentally deranged
milly – crazy (mad) – milder than mildred
mitzi – small
monica – money
nancy – no
natalie – native person
nelly – neurotic
nora – stupid or naive
olga – old and ugly
pandora – inquisitive queen
patsy – dance, party
polly – Portuguese homosexual
priscilla – policeman
reeva – revolting
rita – rent boy
sally – suck
sheila – shit (action or insult)
stella – steal
trudy – someone that's beyond help
ursula – understand/understanding
vast – very ("She's vast nora, my dear!")
vera – vomit
wendy – white (caucasian)
lodge – house
pram – car

Arabic botanical names

The following plant names entered medieval Latin texts from Arabic. Today, in descent from the medieval Latin, they are international systematic
classification names (commonly known as "Latin"names): Azadirachta, Berberis, Cakile, Carthamus, Cuscuta, Doronicum, Galanga,
Musa, Nuphar, Ribes, Senna, Taraxacum, Usnea, Physalis alkekengi, Melia azedarach, Centaurea behen, Terminalia
bellerica, Terminalia chebula, Cheiranthus cheiri, Piper cubeba, Phyllanthus emblica, Peganum harmala, Salsola kali,
Prunus mahaleb, Datura metel, Daphne mezereum, Rheum ribes, Jasminum sambac, Cordia sebestena, Operculina
turpethum, Curcuma zedoaria, Alpinia zerumbet + Zingiber zerumbet.
Over ninety percent of those botanical names were introduced to medieval Latin in a herbal medicine context. They include names of medicinal
plants from Tropical Asia for which there had been no prior Latin or Greek name, such as azedarach, bellerica, cubeba, emblica, galanga,
metel, turpethum, zedoaria and zerumbet. Another sizeable portion are ultimately Iranian names of medicinal plants of Iran. The Arabic-to-
Latin translation of Ibn Sina's The Canon of Medicine helped establish many Arabic plant names in later medieval Latin. A book about medicating
agents by Serapion the Younger containing hundreds of Arabic botanical names circulated in Latin among apothecaries in the 14th and 15th
centuries. Medieval Arabic botany was primarily concerned with the use of plants for medicines. In a modern etymology analysis of one medieval
Arabic list of medicines, the names of the medicines —primarily plant names— were assessed to be 31% ancient Mesopotamian names, 23%
Greek names, 18% Persian, 13% Indian (often via Persian), 5% uniquely Arabic, and 3% Egyptian, with the remaining 7% of unassessable origin.
The Italian botanist Prospero Alpini stayed in Egypt for several years in the 1580s. He introduced to Latin botany from Arabic from Egypt the names
Abrus, Abelmoschus, Lablab, Melochia, each of which designated plants that were unknown to Western European botanists before Alpini,
plants native to tropical Asia that were grown with artificial irrigation in Egypt at the time. In the early 1760s Peter Forsskål systematically cataloged
plants and fishes in the Red Sea area. For genera and species that did not already have Latin names, Forsskål used the common Arabic names as
the scientific names. This became the international standard for most of what he cataloged.
Forsskål's Latinized Arabic plant genus names include Aerva, Arnebia, Cadaba, Ceruana, Maerua, Maesa, Themeda, and others.
Some additional miscellaneous botanical names with Arabic ancestry include Abutilon, Alchemilla, Alhagi, Argania, argel, Averrhoa,
Avicennia, azarolus + acerola, bonduc, lebbeck, Retama, seyal. (List incomplete).

Arabic textile words

The list above included the six textile fabric names cotton, damask, gauze, macramé, mohair, & muslin, and the three textile dye names anil,
crimson/kermes, and safflower, and the garment names jumper and sash. The following are three lesser-used textile words that were not listed:
camlet, morocco leather, and tabby. Those have established Arabic ancestry. The following are six textile fabric words whose ancestry is
not established and not adequately in evidence, but Arabic ancestry is entertained by many reporters. Five of the six have Late Medieval start dates
in the Western languages and the sixth started in the 16th century. Buckram, Chiffon, Fustian, Gabardine, Satin, and Wadding
(padding). The fabric Taffeta has provenance in 14th-century French, Italian, Catalan, Spanish, and English, and today it is often guessed to
come ultimately from a Persian word for woven (tāftah), and it might have Arabic intermediation. Fustic is a textile dye. The name is traceable to
late medieval Spanish fustet dye, which is often guessed to be from an Arabic source. Carthamin is another old textile dye. Its name was
borrowed in the late medieval West from Arabic qartam | qirtim | qurtum = "the carthamin dye plant or its seeds". The textile industry was the largest
manufacturing industry in the Arabic-speaking lands in the medieval and early modern eras.

Arabic cuisine words

Part of the vocabulary of Middle Eastern cuisine is from Turkish, not Arabic. The following words are from Arabic, although some of them have
entered Western European languages via Turkish. Baba ghanoush, Couscous, Falafel, Fattoush, Halva, Hummus, Kibbeh, Kebab,
Lahmacun, Shawarma, Tabouleh, Tahini, Za'ata Some cuisine words of lesser circulation are Ful medames, Kabsa, Kushari,
Labneh, Mahleb, Mulukhiyah, Ma'amoul, Mansaf, Shanklish, Tepsi Baytinijan. For more see Arab cuisine. Middle Eastern cuisine
words were rare before 1970 in English, being mostly confined to travellers' reports. Usage increased rapidly in the 1970s for certain words.
Arabic music words
Some words used in English in talking about Arabic music: Ataba, Baladi, Dabke, Darbouka, Khaleeji, Maqam, Mawal, Mizmar,
Oud, Qanun, Raï, Raqs sharqi, Takht, Taqsim.
The list
English Word Origin of Word Phonetic Description
transliteration
Bok choy Cantonese baak choi A Chinese cabbage: lit. 'white vegetable'
Brainwashing Literal xǐnǎo A calque of Chinese (where literally means "wash", while means "brain", hence
translation brainwash), a term and psychological concept first used by the People's Volunteer
Army during the Korean War. It may refer to a forcible indoctrination to induce
someone to give up basic political, social, or religious beliefs and attitudes and to
accept contrasting regimented ideas; or persuasion by propaganda or salesmanship.
The term "brainwashing" came into the mainstream English language after Western
media sources first utilized the term to describe the attitudes of POWs returning from
the Korean War.
Catsup Cantonese ke jap see Ketchup. Ketchup is pidgin English for "kerjup" which means tomato ("ker")
sauce ("jup").
Char Cantonese cha Colloquial English word for 'tea'
Cheongsam Cantonese cheung saam lit. long clothes. Popular in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Ch'i or "qi" Mandarin qì Energy of an object or person, literally air or spirit. (This word is correctly represented
in Wade–Giles romanization by "ch'i," but the rough breathing mark (replaced by an
apostrophe in most texts) has disappeared in colloquial English.)
Chin chin, or Mandarin qǐng An exclamation used to express good wishes before drinking, lit. "please; to invite".
chin-chin While occasionally used in American English, chin-chin is an informal and outdated
British English usage, for instance, the TV sitcom As Time Goes By.
China Mandarin qín Via Latin Sina, Persian Cin, and Sanskrit चीन Chinas; ultimately from the name of the
Qin or Jin
Chop chop Cantonese chuk chuk lit. hurry, urgent
Chopsticks Pidgin from Chinese Pidgin English chop chop.
Chop suey Cantonese jaap seui lit. mixed pieces
Chow Cantonese chaau From "chao" which means cook, perhaps based on Cantonese. Lit. stir fry (cooking)
Chow chow Cantonese any of a breed of heavy-coated blocky dogs of Chinese origin
Chow mein Cantonese chau mein lit. stir fried noodle, when the first Chinese immigrants from Taishan came to the
(Taishanese) United States.
Confucius Jesuit kôngfūzî Latinized form of 'Master Kong'
latinization
coolie kǔlì
Cumshaw Hokkien (Amoy) kám siā feeling gratitude
Dalai Lama Mongolian and The name is a combination of the Mongolian word "Dalai" meaning "Ocean" and the
Tibetan Tibetan word "Blama" (with a silent b) meaning "chief" or "high priest." The name
literally means "Ocean Teacher."-, the lama who is the chief spiritual adviser of the
Dalai Lama.—Dalai Lama Etymology—Panchen from Chinese (Beijing). The word
Lama (Tibetan Blama) is used in an English translation of Martini's Conquest of
China in 1654-1698.
Dim sum and Cantonese dim sam lit. touches the heart
Dim sim
Fan-tan Cantonese faan taan lit. (take) turns scattering
Feng shui Mandarin fēngsh ǐ from feng, wind and shui, water; (slang) Denotes an object or scene which is
aesthetically balanced (generally used in construction or design)
Foo dog Mandarin fó Combination of ' ' (literally 'Buddha') and dog due to the statues resembling dogs.
Refers to statues of lions that serve as guardians of Buddhist temples.
Ginkgo Sino-Japanese mistransliteration of ginkyō or ginnan in Japanese
Ginseng Hokkien jîn sim Name of the plant. Some say the word came via Japanese (same kanji), although
now means 'carrot' in Japanese; ginseng is ('Korean carrot').
Go Sino-Japanese igo Japanese name of the Chinese board game. Chinese, Mandarin: Weiqi.
Guanxi Mandarin g ānxi Refers to connections or relationships in Chinese culture. It is occasionally a
reference to nepotism or cronyism among Chinese businesses and bureaucracies.
Gung-ho Mandarin gōng hé Short for
Gyoza Japanese gairaigo from Chinese (Mandarin: Jiaozi), stuffed dumpling. Gyoza in English refers to the
(Gairaigo) fried dumpling style (as opposed to water boiled).
Hanfu Mandarin hànfú lit. Han clothing. Traditional Chinese clothes; it includes several varieties for both
men and women.
Har gow Cantonese ha gaau lit. shrimp dumpling
Hoisin (sauce) Cantonese hoi sin lit. seafood
Kanji Sino-Japanese Japanese name for Chinese characters. Chinese: Hànzì.
Kaolin Mandarin lit. high mountain peak, the name of a village or suburb of Jingde Town, in Jiangxi
Province, that was the site of a mine from which kaolin clay gāo lǐng tǔ) was taken to
make the fine porcelain produced in Jingde.
Keemun Cantonese kei mun tea from Qimen in China
Ketchup Hokkien (Amoy) In the 17th century, the Chinese mixed a concoction of pickled fish and spices and
called it (in the Amoy dialect) kôe-chiap or kê-chiap meaning the brine of pickled fish
( salmon; juice) or shellfish.By the early 18th century, the sauce had made it to the
Malay states (present day Malaysia and Singapore), where it was later discovered by
English explorers. That word then gradually evolved into the English word "ketchup",
and was taken to the American colonies by English settlers.
Koan Sino-Japanese kōan From Chinese (Mandarin gōng'àn), lit. public record
Kowtow Cantonese kau tau lit. knock head
Kumquat or Cantonese gam gwat Name for tangerines
cumquat
Kung fu Cantonese gung fu the English term to collectively describe Chinese martial arts, lit. efforts
Lo mein Cantonese lou min literally scooped noodle
Longan Cantonese lung ngaan name of the fruit, literally "Dragon's eye"
Long time no Cantonese hou noi mougin a common greeting literally translated
see
Loquat Cantonese lou gwat old name of the fruit
Lychee Cantonese lai ji name of the fruit
Mao-tai or Mandarin máotái jiǔ liquor from Maotai (Guizhou province)
moutai
Mahjong Cantonese ma jeung lit. the mahjong game
Mu shu Mandarin mùxū lit. wood shredded pork
Nankeen Mandarin Nanking Durable cotton, buff-colored cloth originally made in the city Nanjing (Nánjīng,
previously romanized as Nanking).
No can do Literal m hoyi, or Bù Literal translation of no
translation kěyǐ
Nunchaku Hokkien nng-chat-kun Via Okinawan Japanese, lit. double jointed sticks
(Taiwan/Fujian)
Oolong Hokkien (Amoy) oo liong lit. dark dragon
Pai gow Cantonese paai gau a gambling game
Pekin Cantonese bak ging a patterned silk cloth
Pinyin Mandarin pīnyīn lit. put together sounds; spelled-out sounds
Pekoe Hokkien (Amoy) p khô lit. white downy hair
pongee Cantonese lit. our own loom, homespun, and so a kind of thin silk
Qi Mandarin qì air
Qipao Mandarin qípáo lit. Manchurian dress. Manchurian ethnic female clothing (male version: cheongsam)
Ramen Sino-Japanese lāmiàn The word for Japanese noodle (Japanese gairaigo) uses the sound from the Chinese
pronunciation of the characters, which means pulled noodle. Ramen refers to a
particular style flavored to Japanese taste and is somewhat different from Chinese
lamian.
Rickshaw Sino-Japanese rénlìchē A Japanese neologism, jinrikisha (c. 1887) composed of Chinese elements (rén/jin)
"human," (lì/riki) "power," and 車(chē sha) "vehicle."
Sampan Cantonese saan baan the name of such vessel.
Shanghai Mandarin shànghâi city of Shanghai, used as slang, meaning: to put someone aboard a ship by trickery
or intoxication; to put someone in a bad situation or press someone into work by
trickery. From an old practice of using this method to acquire sailors for voyages to
Shanghai.
shantung Mandarin shān ōng "shantung" (or sometimes "Shantung") is a wild silk fabric made from the silk of wild
silkworms and is usually undyed.
Shaolin Mandarin shàolín One of the most important Kungfu clans.
Shar Pei Cantonese sa pei lit. sand skin.
Shih Tzu Taiwanese shih tzu kou lit. lion child dog (Chinese lion)
Mandarin
Shogun Sino-Japanese lit. general (of) military. The full title in Japanese was Seii Taishōgun , "generalissimo
who overcomes the barbarians"
Siu mai Cantonese siu maai pork dumplings, lit. to cook and sell
Sifu Cantonese si fu master.
Souchong Cantonese siu jung cha lit. small kind tea
Soy Sino-Japanese Japanese pronunciation of shoyu
Tai Chi Mandarin tàijí T'ai chi "Great Ultimate" or T'ai Chi Ch'üan, usually miswritten as Tai Chi Chuan, a
form of physical discipline, from Mandarin，lit, "Great Ultimate(fist =) Fighting."
Tai-Pan Cantonese daai baan lit. big rank (similar to big shot)
Tangram Compound word tang from Tang + English gram
Tao and Mandarin dào The Way or the path
Taoism (also
Dao/Daoism)
Tea Hokkien tê In Portuguese, Tea is pronounced as Cha, so the earlier traders of Tea are probably
the Portuguese.
Tofu Sino-Japanese The Japanese pronunciation tōf from Mandarin pronunciation dòufu.
Tong Cantonese tong
tung oil Cantonese tung yau oil extracted from nuts of the tong tree
Tycoon Sino-Japanese / lit. high official; lit. great nobleman
Mandarin
Typhoon Hokkien thai-hong (usu. not to be confused with the monster: typhon.
(Taiwanese) or hong-thai in
Cantonese or Taiwanese
now); toi fung
Mandarin
(Cantonese)
Wok Cantonese wok lit. boiler or cauldron
Wonton Cantonese wan tan homophonous word in Cantonese of the original term wan4tan4, húntún
lit. 'cloud swallow' as a description of its shape
Wushu Mandarin wǔshù lit. martial arts
Wuxia Mandarin wǔxiá lit. martial arts and chivalrous
Yamen Mandarin yámén lit. court
Yen Cantonese yan Craving: lit. addiction (to opium)
Yen(Japanesecu Sino-Japanese en from Chinese, lit. round, name of currency unit
rrency)
Yin Yang Mandarin yīnyáng 'Yin' meaning feminine, dark and 'Yang' meaning masculine and bright
Zen Sino-Japanese chán from Chinese, originally from Sanskrit ध्यान Dhyāna / Pali झन jhāna.

List of English words of Etruscan origin

This is a list of English words that may be of Etruscan origin, and were borrowed through Latin, often via French. The Etruscan origin of most of
these words is disputed, and some may be of Indo-European or other origin. The question is made more complex by the fact that the Etruscans
borrowed many Greek words in modified form. Typically if a Latin word has an unknown, uncertain or disputed origin, it is considered a possible
candidate for deriving in whole or in part from an Etruscan word; however, native Etruscan must then be distinguished from Greek. If no Etruscan
word is clearly identifiable sometimes an attempt is made to reconstruct one. Etruscan derivations therefore are highly variable in probability; that is,
some are highly speculative and others more likely.
ace from Middle English aas, from Old French as, from Latin as, "a whole, a unit, copper coin", possibly Etruscan. As was a Roman coin and was
also a unit of weight equal to about one troy pound.
antenna from antenna<antemna, "yard-arm, sail." Possibly Etruscan *antithemna>*ant(th)emna from Greek ανάτηθήμένος anatithēm nos,
something set up.
arena from arēna "ar na"<harēna, "arena, sand"<archaic hasēna<Sabin fasēna, unknown Etruscan word as the basis for fas- with Etruscan
ending -ēna.
autumn from autumnus "autumn." Just as Etruscan veltha, an earth god, appears as Latin Vola or Olta and is in Voltumna and Vertumnus, so the
parallel construction autumnus ought to come from Etruscan autu-, related to avil, "year": *av(i)-to-m(e)nos, with loss of the l. There are some
names with both l and t: avlethaium, authnal, avtle, and so on, which appear related to autu or auta in Venetic, the idea being that autumn
signifies the passing of the year.
belt from balteus, "sword belt." The sole connection between this word and Etruscan is a statement by Marcus Terentius Varro that it was of
Etruscan origin. All else is speculation.
catamite Latin, from Etruscan catmite, from the Ancient Greek Ganymede, cupbearer to Zeus.
defenestration, fenestra
element from elementum, 'letter'
histrionic from histrionicus, from histrio, "actor"
letter from Old French lettre, from Latin littera, which may have derived, via Etruscan, from the Greek "διφθέρα" (writing tablet)
mantissa
market
military Etruscan or perhaps related to Greek homilos, "assembled crowd" (compare homily)
mundane from mundus, 'earth', from munth, 'land'
mutule
palace, palate One of the seven hills of Rome. Either from Latin palus "stake" or the Etruscan shepherd goddess Pales
people From Latin populus by way of Old French peuple, possibly of Etruscan origin.
person from Middle English persone, from Old French persone, from Latin persona, "mask", probably from Etruscan phersu, "mask".
satellite from Latin satelles, meaning "bodyguard, attendant", perhaps from Etruscan satnal.
scurrilous
Serge (first name)
spurious
triumph From Old Latin triumpus, probably a loan word via Etruscan from Greek thriambos, a hymn to Dionysus.
vernacular from vernaculus, 'domestic', from verna, 'a native slave'
viburnum This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

List of English words of Czech origin

This is a list of words coming to English from or via Czech, or originating in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown, often called Czech lands. Words and
expressions derived from the Czech language are called Bohemisms.
Absurdistan (in Czech Absurdistán) – word created by Eastern Bloc dissidents, passed into English mainly through works of Václav Havel.
Dollar – The word dollar is much older than the American unit of currency. It is an Anglicised form of "thaler", (pronounced taler, with a long "a"),
the name given to coins marked on reverse with the Czech lion, first minted in 1519 from locally mined silver in Joachimsthal in the Kingdom of
Bohemia.
háček – a diacritical mark, literally "little hook", e.g. č is letter c having háč k. Also known as "caron".
howitzer – from houfnice, a 15th-century Hussite catapult; houf meaning crowd or band
kolache – from koláč or koláček.
koczwarism – Sexual asphyxiophilia in medical slang; after Františ k Kočvara
pistol – from píšťala, a 15th-century Hussite firearm (alternative sources have been suggested, see the article for details)
polka – from Polák or polský, a Czech dance named in remembrance of the November Uprising of 1830; or from Půlka, in English half because of
its tempo
pram – from Czech prám, a flatbottomed boat, through Dutch praam and Middle Dutch praem
robot – from Czech robota (labour, drudgery), introduced in Karel Čap k's play R.U.R. from the 1920s.
Semtex – a plastic explosive named after Semtín, part of the city of Pardubice, Czech Republic, location of its manufacturer.
Sometimes it is mistakenly claimed hocus-pocus has Czech origin since pokus means trial (attempt) or experiment.
English words of Scandinavian origin
cog
cozy
flense
flounder
hug
lug (haul v.; handle n.)
maelstrom
midden
mink
nudge
rig (rigg, as in a ship's "riggings")
skua
snug
spry
wicker
English words of Danish origin
atto-
femto-

List of English words of Dutch origin

This article contains one or more incomplete lists which may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by
expanding it / them with entries that are reliably sourced.
This is an incomplete list of Dutch expressions used in English; some are relatively common (e.g. cookie), some are comparatively rare. In a survey
by Joseph M. Williams in Origins of the English Language it is estimated that about 1% of English words are of Dutch origin.
In many cases the loanword has assumed a meaning substantially different from its Dutch forebear. Some English words have been borrowed
directly from Dutch. But typically, English spellings of Dutch loanwords suppress combinations of vowels of the original word which do not exist in
English and replace them with existing vowel combinations respectively. For example, the oe in koekje or koekie becomes oo in cookie, the ij
(considered a vowel in Dutch) and the ui in vrijbuiter becomes ee and oo in freebooter, the aa in baas becomes o in boss, the oo in stoof becomes o
in stove.
As languages, English and Dutch are both West Germanic, and descend further back from the common ancestor language Proto-Germanic. Their
relationship however, has been obscured by the lexical influence of Old Norse as a consequence of Viking expansion from the 9th till the 11th
century, and Norman French, as a consequence of the Norman conquest of England in 1066. Because of their close common relationship - in
addition to the large Latin and French vocabulary both languages possess - many English words are essentially identical to their Dutch lexical
counterparts, either in spelling (plant, begin, fruit) or pronunciation (pool = pole, boek = book, diep = deep), or both (offer, hard, lip) or as false
friends (ramp = disaster, roof = robbery, mop = joke). These cognates or in other ways related words are excluded from this list.
Dutch expressions have been incorporated into English usage for many reasons and in different periods in time. These are some of the most
common ones:
From Old Dutch
Many Latinate words in the English lexicon were borrowed from Latin. Quite a few of these words can further trace their origins back to a Germanic
source - usually Old Low Franconian. Old Dutch is the western variant of this language. In cases it is not clear whether the loanword is from Old
Dutch (Old West Low Franconian) or another Germanic language, they have been excluded from the list. See also: List of English Latinates of
Germanic origin
Since speakers of West Germanic languages spoken along the North Sea coast from the 5th to the 9th century lived close enough together to form
a linguistic crossroads - water was the main way of transportation - Dutch and English share some traits that other West Germanic languages do
not possess. Lexical examples are Dutch vijf / English five (compare German: Fünf) and Dutch leef / English live (compare German Leben). These
words have been excluded from the list. See also: Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
Since the Norman conquest of 1066 many Latinate words entered the English lexicon via French, which has – via Old French – a substantial base
of Old Dutch (or Old Low Franconian) and Middle Dutch. For instance, French boulevard comes from Dutch bolwerk. In cases it is not clear whether
the loanword in French is from Dutch or another Germanic language, they have been excluded from the list. See also: Influence of Franconian
language on French
For some loanwords stemming from this period it is not always clear whether they are of Old Dutch, Old Norse, another Germanic language or an
unknown Old English origin. These words have been excluded from the list, or indicated as such.
From Middle Dutch
About one-third of the invading Norman army of 1066 came from Dutch speaking Flanders. Many Flemings stayed in England after the Conquest
and influenced the English language.
The main part of refugees to England, Wales and Scotland from the 11th till the 17th century were from the Low Countries; particularly Flemish
skilled weavers and textile workers immigrated as a result of floods, overpopulation and warfare in Flanders. In 1527, when England's population
numbered 5 million, London alone had tens of thousands of Flemings, while an estimated third of the Scottish population has a Flemish
background.
The Hanseatic League had in the late Middle Ages a trade network along the coast of Northern Europe and England, using to Dutch related Middle
Low German as lingua franca. Some loanwords from this period could come from either language. These words have been excluded from the list,
or indicated as such.
From Modern Dutch
In the Dutch Golden Age, spanning most of the 17th century, Dutch trade, science, military, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world,
and many English words of Dutch origin concerning these areas are stemming from this period.
English and Dutch rivalry at sea resulted in many Dutch naval terms in English. Via settlements in North America and elsewhere in the world Dutch
language influenced English spoken there, particularly American English. That resulted also in numerous place names based on Dutch words and
places. These are excluded from the list unless they are well known, like Brooklyn (from the Dutch town Breukelen) and Wall Street (from Dutch
Walstraat).
Due to contact between Afrikaans and English speakers in South Africa, many Dutch words entered English via Afrikaans, which has an estimated
90 to 95% vocabulary of Dutch origin. Only the words that entered standard English are listed here. Afrikaans words that do not stem from Cape
Dutch but from an African, Indian or other European language, are not listed here.
Aardvark from South African Dutch aardvark (earth + pig)
Afrikaans from Dutch Afrikaans (Africanish)
Aloof from Old French lof, based on Middle Dutch lof (windward direction) + Middle English a
Apartheid from Afrikaans Apartheid, from Dutch apart + suffix -heid (separate + -hood)
Avast from 17th century Dutch hou'vast (hold fast, hold steady)
Bamboo from 16th century Dutch bamboe, based on Malay mambu
Batik from Dutch batik, based on Javanese amba + titik (to write + dot, point)
Bazooka from US slang bazoo (mouth), based on Dutch bazuin (trompet)
Beaker from either Old Norse bikarr or Middle Dutch beker (mug, cup)
Beleaguer from 16th century Dutch belegeren (besiege)
Berm from French berme, based on Old Dutch b(a)erm
Bicker from Middle Dutch bicken (to slash, attack) + Middle English frequentative suffix -er
Blare from an unrecorded Old English *blæren or from Middle Dutch blaren and blèren (to bleat, to shout)
Blasé via French blasé, past participle of blaser (="to satiate"), perhaps from Dutch blazen (="to blow"), with a sense of "puffed up under the
effects of drinking"
Blaze (to make public, often in a bad sense, boastfully) from Middle Dutch blasen (="to blow, on a trumpet)
Blink perhaps from Middle Dutch blinken (="to glitter")
Blister via Old French blestre, perhaps from a Scandinavian source or from Middle Dutch blyster (="swelling")
Block (solid piece) via Old French bloc (="log, block"), from Middle Dutch blok (="trunk of a tree")
Bluff (poker term) from Dutch bluffen (="to brag, boast") or verbluffen (="to baffle, mislead")
Bluff (landscape feature) from Dutch blaf (="flat, broad"), apparently a North Sea nautical term for ships with flat vertical bows, later extended to
landscape features
Blunderbuss from Dutch donderbus, from donder (="thunder") + bus (="gun," originally "box, tube"), altered by resemblance to blunder
Boer (Dutch colonist in South Africa) from Dutch boer (="farmer"), from Middle Dutch
Bogart after Humphrey Bogart. Boomgaard means "orchard" ("tree-garden").
Bokkoms from Dutch bokking (="buckling"), a type of salter fish
Boodle from Dutch boedel (="property")
Boom from boom (="tree"); cognate to English beam
Boomslang from boomslang (="tree snake"), a type of snake
Booze from Middle Dutch busen (="to drink in excess"); according to JW de Vries busen is equivalent to buizen
Boss from baas
Boulevard from "bolwerk", which came as 'boulevard' into French, then into English. "Bolwerk" was also directly borrowed as bulwark
Bow (front of a ship) from Old Norse bogr, Low German boog or Dutch boeg
Brackish from Middle Dutch or Low German brac (="salty," also "worthless")
Brandy (wine) from brandewijn (literally "burning or fire wine")
Brooklyn after the town of Breukelen near Utrecht
Bruin/Bruins archaic English word for brown bear, derived from the Dutch word for brown bruin
Buckwheat from Middle Dutch boecweite (="beech wheat") because of its resemblance to grains and seed of beech wheat
Bully from boel (="lover," "brother").
Bulwark from bolwerk
Bumpkin from bommekijn (little barrel)
Bundle from Middle Dutch bondel or perhaps a merger of this word and Old English byndele (binding)
Bung from Middle Dutch bonge (="stopper")
Buoy from boei (="shackle" or "buoy")
Bush (uncleared district of a British colony) probably from Dutch bosch, in the same sense, since it seems to appear first in former Dutch colonies
Caboose from kambuis or kombuis (="ship's kitchen", "galley")
Cam from 18th century Dutch cam (cog of a wheel", originally comb, cognate of English comb) or from English camber (having a slight arch)
Cockatoo from kaketoe
Cashier from Middle Dutch cassier
Coleslaw from 18th century Dutch koolsla (cabbage salad)
Commodore probably from Dutch kommandeur, from French commandeur, from Old French comandeor
Cookie from koekje, or in informal Dutch koekie (="biscuit", "cookie")
Coney Island (English dialect word for Rabbit) from Conyne Eylandt (literally "Rabbit Island"), in modern Dutch konijn and eiland.
Cramp (metal bar bent at both ends) from Middle Dutch crampe or Middle Low German krampe.
Cricket from Old French criquet 'goal post', 'stick', perhaps from Middle Dutch cricke 'stick, staff'
Crimp from Old English gecrympan, perhaps reintroduced from Low German or Dutch krimpen (to shrink)
Croon via Scottish, from Middle Dutch kronen (= to lament, mourn)
Cruise from Dutch kruisen (="to cross, sail to and fro"), from kruis (="cross")
Cruller from 19th century Dutch krullen (to curl)
Dam from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German dam, or from Old Norse dammr
Dapper from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German dapper (bold, sturdy)
Deck from 16th century Middle Dutch dec or dekken (to cover)
Decoy possibly from 16th century Dutch de (the) + kooi (cage, used of a pond surrounded by nets, into which wildfowl were lured for capture). Or
from 16th century Dutch "eendekooi" (duck cage; a cage with an artificial duck to lure wild ducks); mistranslated as "een" dekooi; should have
been read as "eend (duck)" -e- "kooi (cage)"-> a (article) dekooi -> (a) decoycitation needed
Dock from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German docke
Dollar from Dutch (Rijks)daalder
Domineer from late 16th century Dutch dominieren (to rule), based on Middle French dominer
Dope from American English dope, based on Dutch doop (sauce) or dopen (to dip or to baptise)
Dredge from Scottish dreg-boat (boat for dredging), perhaps based on Middle Dutch dregghe (drag-net)
Drill (verb) from 17th century Dutch drillen
Drug from Old French drogue, based on Middle Dutch droge-vate (dry barrels, with first element mistaken as word for the contents)
Dune from French dune, based on Middle Dutch dune
Easel from ezel (=originally (and still) "donkey"; "(schilders)ezel"=easel, lit. "painter's donkey")
Elope from ontlopen (run away)
Etch from Dutch ets or etsen
Excise (noun) (="tax on goods") from Middle Dutch excijs, apparently altered from accijns (="tax"); English got the word, and the idea for the tax,
from Holland
Filibuster from Spanish filibustero from French flibustier ultimately from Dutch vrijbuiter (="pirate" or "freebooter")
Flushing, Queens from Vlissingen, a city in the Netherlands
Foist from Dutch vuisten (="take in hand"), from Middle Dutch vuist (="fist")
Forlorn hope from verloren hoop (literally "lost heap or group", figuratively "suicide mission," "cannon fodder") Forlorn also has identical
cognates in German and the Scandinavian languages.
Freebooter from vrijbuiter
Freight from vracht
Frolic from vrolijk (="cheerful")
Furlough from verlof (="permission (to leave)")
Galoot (="awkward or boorish man"), originally a sailor's contemptuous word (="raw recruit, green hand") for soldiers or marines, of uncertain
origin; "Dictionary of American Slang" proposes galut, Sierra Leone creole form of Spanish galeoto (="galley slave"); perhaps rather Dutch
slang kloot (="testicle"), klootzak (="scrotum"), used figuratively as an insult
Gas from gas, a neologism from Jan Baptista van Helmont, derived from the Greek chaos
Geek from geck (gek) (="fool")
Gherkin from Dutch plural of gurk "cucumber", shortened form of East Frisian augurk
Gimp (cord or thread) from Dutch gimp
Gin from jenever
Gnu from gnoe, earlier t’gnu, from a Khoikhoi word
Golf from kolf (="bat, club," but also a game played with these)
Grab from grijpen (="to seize, to grasp, to snatch")
Gruff from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German grof (="coarse (in quality), thick, large")
Guilder from gulden
Hale (verb) (="drag, summon"), from Old Frankonian haler (="to pull, haul"), from Frankonian *halon or Old Dutch halen, both from Proto Germanic
Hankering from Middle Dutch hankeren or Dutch hunkeren
Harlem called after the city of Haarlem near Amsterdam
Hartebeest from both Afrikaans (Hartebees) and Dutch (Hartenbeest)
Hoboken possibly named after the Flemish town Hoboken, from Middle Dutch Hooghe Buechen or Hoge Beuken (="High Beeches" or "Tall
Beeches")
Howitzer from Dutch houwitzer, which in turn comes from German Haussnitz and later Haubitze.
Hoist possibly from Middle Dutch hijsen
Holster from holster
Hooky from hoekje (=corner) in the sense of "to go around the corner"
Hoyden maybe from heiden (=backwoodsman), from Middle Dutch (=heathern)
Iceberg probably from Dutch ijsberg (literally ice mountain)
Ietsism from Dutch ietsisme (literally: somethingism) an unspecified faith in an undetermined higher or supernatural power or force
Isinglass from Dutch huizenblas (No longer used) from Middle Dutch huusblase, from huus sturgeon + blase bladder
Jeer (to deride, to mock) Perhaps from Dutch gieren "to cry or roar," or German scheren "to plague, vex," literally "to shear"
Jib (foresail of a ship) from Dutch gijben (boom or spar of a sailing ship)
Keelhauling from kielhalen (literally "to haul keel")
Keeshond prob. from special use of Kees (nickname corresponding to proper name Cornelis) + hond "dog"
Kill (body of water) from kil from Middle Dutch kille (literally "riverbed")
Kink from kink referring to a twist in a rope
Knapsack from Middle Dutch knapzak (snack + bag)
Knickerbocker The pen-name was borrowed from Washington Irving's friend Herman Knickerbocker, and literally means "toy marble-baker."
Also, descendants of Dutch settlers to New York are referred to as Knickerbockers and later became used in reference to a style of pants
Landscape from 16th century Dutch landschap (land + -ship)
Leak possibly from Middle Dutch leken (to leak, to drip)
Loiter from Middle Dutch loteren
Luck from Middle Dutch luc, shortening of gheluc (happiness, good fortune)
Maelstrom from 17th century Dutch mael + stroom (turning + current), possibly based on Old Norse mal(u)streymur
Manikin from Middle Dutch manneken (little man)
Mannequin from French Mannequin, based on Middle Dutch manneken (little man)
Marshal from Old French, based on Frankish (Old Dutch) marhskalk
Mart from Middle Dutch marct (market)
Measles possibly from Middle Dutch masel (blemish)
Meerkat from South African Dutch meer + kat (lake + cat), perhaps an alteration of Hindi markat (ape)
Morass from Middle Dutch marasch (swamp), partly based on Old French marais (marsh), in modern Dutch: moeras
Nasty perhaps from Old French nastre "miserly, envious, malicious, spiteful," or from Dutch nestig "dirty," literally "like a bird's nest."
Offal possibly from Middle Dutch afval (leftovers, rubbish)
Onslaught From Middle Dutch aanslag (attack')
Patroon from patroon (="patron")
Pickle c.1440, probably from Middle Dutch pekel
Pinkie Pinkje/Pinkie
Pit the stone of a drupaceous fruit : from pit
Plug from plugge, originally a maritime term.
Polder from polder
Poppycock from pappekak (=dialect for "soft dung")
Potassium from potaschen c. 1477 see Potash
Pump from pomp
Puss perhaps from early 16th century Dutch poes or Low German puus (pet name for cat), but probably much older than the record, because
present in many Indo-European languages.
Quack shortened from quacksalver, from kwakzalver (literally "someone who daubs ointments")
Roster from rooster (="schedule, or grating/grill")
Rover from rover (="robber")
Santa Claus from Middle Dutch Sinterklaas (="Saint Nicholas"), bishop of Minor Asia who became a patron saint for children. (Dutch and Flemish
feast celebrated on the 5th and 6 December respectively) (Origins of Santa Claus in US culture)
School (group of fish) from Dutch school (group of fish)
Scone via Scottish, shortened from Middle Dutch schoonbrood "fine bread", from schoon (bright) + brood (bread)
Scow from schouw (a type of boat)
Scum (as in lowest class of humanity) from schuim (froth, foam)
Shoal from Middle Dutch schole (="large number (of fish)") (modern Dutch: school) (etymology not sure)
Skate from schaats. The noun was originally adopted as in Dutch, with 'skates' being the singular form of the noun; due to the similarity to regular
English plurals this form was ultimately used as the plural while 'skate' was derived for use as singular."
Sketch from schets
Scour from Middle Dutch scuren (now "schuren")
Skipper from Middle Dutch scipper (now schipper, literally "shipper")
Sled, sleigh from Middle Dutch slede, slee
Slim "thin, slight, slender," from Dutch slim "bad, sly, clever," from Middle Dutch slim "bad, crooked,"
Sloop from sloep
Slurp from slurpen
Smack (boat) possibly from smak "sailboat," perhaps so-called from the sound made by its sails
Smearcase from smeerkaas (="cheese that can be spread over bread, cottage-cheese")
Smelt from smelten (="to melt")
Smuggler from Low German smukkelen and Dutch smokkelen (="to transport (goods) illegally"), apparently a frequentative formation of a word
meaning "to sneak"
Snack perhaps from Middle Dutch snakken (="to long" (snakken naar lucht="to gasp for air") originally "to eat"/"chatter")
Snap from Middle Dutch or Low German snappen (to bite, seize)
Snicker from Dutch snikken (="to gasp, sob")
Snoop from 19 century Dutch snoepen (to eat (possibly in secret) something sweet)
Snuff from snuiftabak (literally "sniff tobacco")
Splinter from splinter
Split from Middle Dutch splitten
Spook from spook (="ghost(ly image)")
Spoor from both Afrikaans and Dutch spoor (="track"/"trail")
Stoker from stoken (="stoke a fire")
Still life from Dutch stilleven
Stoop (steps) from stoep (=road up a dike, usually right-angled)
Stockfish from Dutch stokvis (= "stick fish")
Stove from Middle Dutch stove (="heated room"). The Dutch word stoof, pronounced similarly, is a small (often wooden) box with holes in it. One
would place glowing coals inside so it would emanate heat, and then put one's feet on top of it while sitting (in a chair) to keep one's feet warm.
Sutler from zoetelaar (="one who sweetens", sweetener, old-fashioned for "camp cook")
Tattoo (military term) from taptoe (literally "close the tap"). So called because police used to visit taverns in the evening to shut off the taps of
casks.
Tickle from kietelen
Trigger from trekker (Trekken ="to pull")
Upsy-daisy (baby talk extension of up) from late 17th century Dutch op zijn, and also occasionally as an adverb, "extremely"
Vang from Dutch vangen (=to catch)
Veld from Cape Dutch veldt, used in South African English to describe a field
Waffle (noun) from Dutch wafel, from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German wafel
Walrus from walrus
Wagon from Dutch wagen, Middle Dutch waghen (= "cart, carriage, wagon")
Wentletrap from Dutch wenteltrap: wentelen (= "winding, spiraling") and trap (= "stairway")
Wiggle from wiggelen (= "to wobble, to wiggle") or wiegen (= "to rock")
Wildebeest from Dutch "wilde" (= "wild") and "beest" (= "beast")
Witloof from Belgian Dutch witloof (literally wit "white" + loof "foliage"), Dutch witlof
Yacht from Dutch jacht, short for jachtschip (literally "hunting ship")
Yankee from Jan Kees, a personal name, originally used mockingly to describe pro-French revolutionary citizens, with allusion to the small
keeshond dog, then for "colonials" in New Amsterdam. This is not the only possible etymology for the word yankee, however; the Oxford
English Dictionary has quotes with the term from as early as 1765, quite some time before the French Revolution. Nowadays it commonly refers
to Americans from the United States.

List of English words of Finnish origin

The Finnish language has lent few loanwords to the English language; Finnish is rather a net importer of words from English.
However the following words of Finnish origin are some examples: The most commonly used Finnish word in English is sauna, which has also been
loaned to many other languages.
Specialized Words derived from Finnish used in more specialized fields:
aapa mire - a marsh type, in biology
palsa - low, often oval, frost heaves occurring in polar and subpolar climates
pulk - a type of toboggan (derivative of word pulkka)
Rapakivi granite - a granite rock in petrology
Cultural
In English, Finnish words used with reference to the Finnish culture, but not nativized in English and not used in other contexts:
sisu - the Finnish state of mind about strong character and 'grim forbearance,' has been documented in English since at least 1940.
kantele - a Finnish zither
motti - a Finnish military tactic
salmiakki - a salty liquorice and popular Finnish candy
List of English words of French origin
The % of modern English words derived from each language group are as follows:French: ~29%
Latin (including words used only in scientific, medical or legal contexts): ~29%
Germanic: ~26%
Others: ~16%
A great number of words of French origin have entered the English language to the extent that many Latin words have
come to the English language. According to different sources, 45% of all English words have a French origin.This
suggests that 80,000 words should appear in this list; this list, however, only includes words imported directly
from French, such as both joy and joyous, and does not include derivatives formed in English of words
borrowed from French, including joyful, joyfulness, partisanship, and parenthood. It also excludes both
combinations of words of French origin with words whose origin is a language other than French e. g.:
ice cream, sunray, jellyfish, killjoy, lifeguard, and passageway and English-made
combinations of words of French origin e. g.: grapefruit (grape + fruit), layperson (lay + person),
mailorder, magpie, marketplace, surrender, petticoat, and straitjacket. This list also excludes words that come from French but
were introduced into the English language via a language other than French, which include commodore, domineer, filibuster, ketone,
loggia, lotto, mariachi, monsignor, oboe, paella, panzer, picayune, ranch, vendue, and veneer.
Although French is mainly from Latin (which accounts for about 60% of English vocabulary either directly or via a Romance language), it also
includes words from Gaulish and Germanic languages (especially Old Frankish). Since English is of Germanic origin, words that have entered
English from the Germanic elements in French might not strike the eye as distinctively from French. Conversely, as Latin gave many derivatives to
both the English and the French languages, ascertaining that a given Latinate derivative did not come to the English language via French can be
difficult in a few cases.
Historical context
Most of the French vocabulary now appearing in English was imported over the centuries following the Norman Conquest of 1066, when England
came under the administration of Norman-speaking peoples. William the Conqueror invaded the island of Britain, distributing lands and property to
the Normans. As a result, French became the language of culture and the administration. The majority of the population of England continued to
use their Anglo-Saxon language, but it was influenced by the language of the ruling elite, resulting in doublets. Consider for example the words for
the meats eaten by the Anglo-Norman nobility and the corresponding animals raised by the Anglo-Saxon peasants: beef / ox, mutton / sheep, veal /
calf, pork / pig, or pairs of words pertaining to different registers of language: commence / start, continue / go on, disengage / withdraw, encounter /
meet, vend / sell, purchase / buy, commerce / trade. Words of French origin often refer to more abstract or elaborate notions than their Anglo-Saxon
equivalents (e.g. liberty / freedom, justice / fairness), and are therefore of less frequent use in everyday language. This may not, however, be the
case for all English words of French origin. Consider, for example: able, car, chair, city, country, fine, fruit, journey, juice, just, part,
people, real, stay, table, travel, use, very, and wait.
After the rise of Henry Plantagenet to the throne of England, other forms of dialectal French may have gained in influence to the detriment of
Norman French (notably the variants of Anjou where the House of Plantagenet came from, and possibly Poitevin, the tongue of Eleanor of
Aquitaine). With the English claim to the throne of France, the influence of the language in use at the royal court of France in Paris increased. The
cultural influence of France remained strong in the following centuries and from the Renaissance onward borrowings were mainly made from
Parisian French, which became the de facto standard language of France.
Notable fields of French influence
Feudalism Norman rule of England had a lasting impact on British society. Words from Anglo-Norman or Old French include terms related to
Chivalry (homage, liege, peasant, government, seigniorage, suzerain, vassal, villain) and other institutions (bailiff, chancellor, council,
government, mayor, minister, parliament), the organisation of religion (abbey, clergy, cloister, diocese, friar, mass, parish, prayer, preach, priest,
sacristy, vestment, vestry, vicar), the nobility (baron, count, dame, duke, marquis, prince, sir), and the art of war (armour, baldric, dungeon,
hauberk, mail, portcullis, rampart, surcoat). Many of these words related to the feudal system or medieval warfare have a Germanic origin
(mainly through Old Frankish) (see also French words of Germanic origin). The Norman origin of the British monarchy is still visible in
expressions like Prince Regent, heir apparent, Princess Royal where the adjective is placed after the noun, like in French.
Heraldry The vocabulary of heraldry has been heavily influenced by French (blazon, or, argent, sable, gules, passant), for more details see
tinctures, attitudes, and charges of heraldry. Sometimes used in heraldry, some mythological beasts (cockatrice, dragon, griffin, hippogriff,
phoenix) or exotic animals (lion, leopard, antelope, gazelle, giraffe, camel, zebu, elephant, baboon, macaque, mouflon, dolphin, ocelot, ostrich,
chameleon) draw their name from French. It is also the case of some animals native of Europe (via Anglo-Norman: eagle, buzzard, falcon,
squirrel, coney, rabbit, leveret, lizard, marten, ferret, salmon, viper).
Military The vocabulary of warfare and the military include many words of French origin (battalion, dragoon, soldier, marine, grenadier, guard,
officer, infantry, cavalry, army, artillery, corvette, musketeer, carabineer, pistol, fusilier, squad, squadron, platoon, brigade, corps, sortie,
reconnaissance/reconnoitre, surrender, surveillance, rendezvous, espionage, volley, siege, terrain, troop, camouflage, logistics, matériel,
accoutrements, bivouac, latrine, aide-de-camp, legionnaire, morale, esprit de corps, cordon sanitaire. See also military ranks: corporal,
sergeant, lieutenant, captain, colonel, general, admiral. Many fencing terms are also from French.
Politics and economics The political/economic lexicon include many words of French origin like money, treasury, exchequer, commerce,
finance, tax, liberalism, capitalism, materialism, nationalism, plebiscite, coup d'état, regime, sovereignty, state, administration, federal,
bureaucracy, constitution, jurisdiction, district.
Law The judicial lexicon has also been heavily influenced by French (justice, judge, jury, attorney, court, case).
Diplomacy attaché, chargé d'affaires, envoy, embassy, chancery, diplomacy, démarche, communiqué, aide-mémoire, détente, entente,
rapprochement, accord, treaty, alliance, passport, protocol.
Arts art, music, dance, theatre, author, stage, paint, canvas, perform, harmony, melody, rhythm, trumpet, note, director, gallery, portrait, brush,
pallet, montage, surrealism, impressionism, fauvism, cubism, symbolism, art nouveau, gouache, aquarelle, collage, render, frieze, grisaille.
Architecture aisle, arcade, arch, vault, voussoir, belfry, arc-boutant, buttress, bay, lintel, estrade, facade, balustrade, terrace, lunette, niche,
pavilion, pilaster, porte cochère ;
Aviation and automobile engineering France played a pioneering role in the fields of aviation (nacelle, empennage, fuselage, aileron,
altimeter, canard, decalage, monocoque, turbine) and automobile engineering or design (chassis, piston, arbor, grille, tonneau, berline, sedan,
limousine, cabriolet, coupé, convertible) ;
Cuisine baba au rhum, beef, beef bourguignon, boudin, caramel, casserole, cassoulet, clafoutis, confit, consommé, cream, croissant, custard, foie
gras, flognarde, fondant, fondue, gateau, gratin, marmalade, mayonnaise, meringue, mille-feuille, mustard, mutton, navarin, pâté, pastry, petit
four, pork, ragout, roux, salad, sauce, sausage, soufflé, stew, terrine, trifle, veal …
Colours and Other Influences Other influences include color names (ecru, mauve, beige, carmine, maroon, blue, orange, violet, vermilion,
turquoise, lilac, perse, scarlet, cerise) ; vegetables or fruits (courgette, aubergine, cabbage, carrot, cherry, chestnut, cucumber, nutmeg, quince,
spinach, lemon, orange, apricot); months of the year (January, March, May, July, November, December).
Terms coined by French people Some of the French words that made their way into the English language were coined by French inventors,
discoverers or pioneers, or scientists: cinema, television, helicopter, parachute, harmonium, bathyscaphe, lactose, lecithin, bacteriophage,
chlorophyll, mastodon, pterodactyl, oxide, oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, photography, stethoscope, thermometer, stratosphere, troposphere.
Named after French people Some French words were named after French people (from their family name), especially in the fields of science
(ampere, appertisation, baud, becquerel, braille, coulomb, curie, daguerreotype, pascal, pasteurise, vernier), botany and mineralogy (begonia,
bougainvillea, clementine, magnolia, dolomite, nicotine), fashion and style or any other cultural aspect (lavalier, leotard, recamier, mansard,
chauvinism, kir, praline, saxophone, silhouette, guillotine).
Proper names The names of certain cities in non-francophone regions/countries entered English with French spelling (Constance, Ypres,
Bruges, Louvain, Turin, Milan, Plaisance, Florence, Rome, Naples, Syracuse, Vienna, Prague, Munich, Cologne, Aix-la-Chapelle, Seville,
Constantinople. In North America, the names of some of the Native American peoples or First Nations the French came in contact with first are
from French (Sioux, Saulteaux, Iroquois, Nez Perce, Huron, Cheyenne, Algonquin). It is also the case of some place names such as Canada,
Arkansas, Michigan, Illinois, Maine, Vermont, Des Moines, Detroit, Chicago and Baton Rouge.

Main patterns of influence

Some words from Old French have been imported again from Middle French or Modern French, but have generally taken a more restrictive or
specialised meaning the second time. Consider for instance : chief / chef, luminary / luminaire, liquor / liqueur, castle / château,
hostel / hotel, mask / masque, necessary / nécessaire, petty / petit, ticket / etiquette, troop / troupe, vanguard / avant-
garde. Note that the word in French has kept the general meaning: e.g. château in French means castle and chef means chief. Even when not
imported several times in different forms, loanwords from French generally have a more restrictive or specialised meaning than in French: e.g.
legume (in Fr. légume means vegetable), gateau (in Fr. gâteau means cake).
In some cases, the English language has been more conservative than the French one with Old French words, at least in spelling if not in
pronunciation: e.g. apostle (O.Fr. apostle / M.Fr. apôtre), castle (O.Fr. castel or chastel / M.Fr. château), forest (O.Fr. forest / M.Fr. forêt), vessel
(O.Fr. vaissel / M.Fr. vaisseau). Other Old French words have even disappeared from Modern French: dandelion.
On the other hand, a move to restore the classical roots (Latin or Ancient Greek) occurred in the 16th and 17th centuries. Thus words from Old
French saw their spelling re-Latinized. Although in most cases this did not affect their pronunciation (e.g. debt, doubt, indict, mayor), in some
cases it did (e.g. abnormal, adventure, benefit). The ph transcription of words of Greek etymology was restored instead of the f. Thus fantosme
became phantom, fesan became pheasant. This move occurred also in French, although less systematically (Old French farmacie became
pharmacie ("pharmacy"), fenix became phénix ("phoenix"), but fantosme became fantôme ("phantom, ghost") and fesan became faisan
("pheasant").
Beside re-Latinization that blurred the French origin of some words (e.g. peradventure), other modifications in spelling have included folk etymology
alterations (see belfry, crayfish, gillyflower, gingerbread, penthouse, pickaxe).
Furthermore, the spelling of some words was changed to keep the pronunciation as close to the original as possible (e.g. leaven), whereas in other
cases the French spelling was kept and resulted in totally different pronunciation than French (e.g. leopard, levee). Terms that most recently
entered the English language have kept French pronunciation and spelling (ambiance, aplomb, arbitrage, armoire, barrage, bonhomie,
bourgeoisie, brochure, bureau, café, camaraderie, catalogue, chauffeu, collage, critique, debris, décor, dossier, élite,
entourage, ennui, entrepreneur, espionage, expertise, exposé, financier, garage, genre, glacier, intrigue, liaison, lingerie,
machine, mirage, montage, panache, penchant, plaque, promenade, repertoire, reservoir, sabotage, souvenir, terrain,
tranche), though this may change with time (e.g. the initial h in hotel is not silent anymore, consider also the evolving pronunciation of herb, or
garage). Expressions like femme fatale, bête noire and enfant terrible are still recognisably French.
Borrowings are not a one-way process (See Reborrowing), some words of French origin ultimately come from Old English (Anglo-Saxon words) :
e.g. : bateau, chiffon, gourmet. While conversely English words of French origin made their way "back" into Modern French : budget, challenge,
design, discount, fuel, gay, gin, humour, interview, jury, management, mess, pedigree, record, reporter, spleen, sport,
squat, standard, suspense, tennis, ticket, toast, toboggan, tunnel, vintage.

Used in English and French

à gogo in abundance. In French this is colloquial.
à la short for à la manière de; in the manner of/in the style of
à la carte lit. "on the card, i.e. menu"; In restaurants it refers to ordering individual dishes rather than a fixed-price meal.
à propos regarding/concerning (the correct French syntax is à propos de)
accouchement confinement during childbirth; the process of having a baby; only this latter meaning remains in French
acquis communautaire used in European Union law to refer to the total body of EU law accumulated thus far.
aide-de-camp lit. "camp helper"; A military officer who serves as an adjutant to a higher-ranking officer, prince or other high political dignitary.
aide-mémoire lit. "memory aid"; an object or memorandum to assist in remembrance, or a diplomatic paper proposing the major points of
discussion
Allons-y! "Let's go!" The letter "y" is the place.
amour propre "Self-love", Self-respect.
amuse-bouche or amuse-gueule lit. "mouth-amuser"; a single, bite-sized hors 'œ vr . In France, the exact expression used is amuse-
gueule, gueule being slang for mouth (gueule is the mouth of a carnivorous animal; when used to describe the mouth of a human, it is vulgar),
although the expression in itself is not vulgar (see also: cul-de-sac). The expression refers to a small mouthful of food, served at the discretion
of the chef before a meal as an hors d'oeuvre or between main courses.
ancien régime a sociopolitical or other system that no longer exists, an allusion to pre-revolutionary France (used with capital letters in French
with this meaning: Ancien Régime)
aperçu preview; a first impression; initial insight.
apéritif or aperitif lit. "[drink] opening the appetite", a before-meal drink. In colloquial French, un apéritif is usually shortened to un apéro.
appellation contrôlée supervised use of a name. For the conventional use of the term, see Appellation d'origine contrôlée
appetence A natural craving or desire 2. An attraction or affinity; From French word "Appétence", derived from "Appétit" (Appetite).
après moi, le déluge lit. "After me, the deluge", a remark attributed to Louis XV of France in reference to the impending end of a functioning
French monarchy and predicting the French Revolution. It is derived from Madame de Pompadour's après nous, le déluge, "after us, the
deluge". The Royal Air Force No. 617 Squadron, famously known as the "Dambusters", uses this as its motto.
arête a narrow ridge. In French, also fishbone; edge of a polyhedron or graph; bridge of the nose.
armoire a type of cabinet; wardrobe.
arrière-pensée ulterior motive; concealed thought, plan, or motive.
art nouveau a style of decoration and architecture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It takes a capital in French (Art nouveau).
attaché a person attached to an embassy; in French it is also the past participle of the verb attacher (= to fasten, to tighten, to be linked)
attaque au fer an attack on the opponent's blade in fencing, e.g. beat, expulsion, pressure.
au contraire on the contrary.
au courant up-to-date; abreast of current affairs.
au fait being conversant in or with, or instructed in or with.
au gratin "with gratings", anything that is grated onto a food dish. In English, specifically 'with cheese'.
au jus lit. "with juice", referring to a food course served with sauce. Often redundantly formulated, as in 'Open-faced steak sandwich, served with
au jus.' No longer used in French, except for the colloquial, être au jus (to be informed).
au naturel a. Nude. b. In a natural state: an au naturel hairstyle. 2. Cooked simply.
au pair a young foreigner who does domestic chores in exchange for room and board. In France, those chores are mainly child care/education.
au revoir ! "See you later!" In French, a contraction of Au plaisir de vous revoir (to the pleasure of seeing you again).
avant-garde (pl. avant-gardes) applied to cutting-edge or radically innovative movements in art, music and literature; figuratively "on the edge",
literally, a military term, meaning "vanguard" (which is a corruption of avant-garde) or "advance guard", in other words, "first to attack" (antonym
of arrière-garde).
avant la lettre used to describe something or someone seen as a forerunner of something (such as an artistic or political movement) before that
something was recognized and named, e.g., "a post-modernist avant la lettre", "a feminist avant la lettre". The expression literally means
"before the letter", i.e., "before it had a name". The French modern form of this expression is avant l'heure.
avoirdupois used in Middle English, avoir de pois = commodities sold by weight, alteration of Old French aveir de peis = "goods of weight"
baguette a long, narrow loaf of bread with a crisp crust, often called "French bread" or "French stick" in the United Kingdom. In French, a baguette
is any long and narrow stick-like object.
banquette a long upholstered bench or a sofa.
beaucoup de Used interchangeably with the English equivalent of "lots of/many/a great number of". Appropriate when the speaker wants to
convey a greater positive connotation and/or greater emphasis. Often used as an informal expression, mostly in small regional dialect-pockets
in the Canadian Prairies and the American South, especially in Alberta and Louisiana respectively.
beau geste lit. "beautiful gesture", a gracious gesture, noble in form but often futile or meaningless in substance. This French expression has
been pressing at the door of standard English with only partial success, since the appearance of P. C. Wren's Beau Geste (1924), the first of his
Foreign Legion novels.
Beaux-Arts monumental architectural style of the early 20th century made famous by the Académie des Beaux-Arts.
bel esprit (pl. beaux esprits) lit. "fine mind"; a cultivated, highly intelligent person.
Belle Époque a period in European social history that began during the late 19th century and lasted until World War I.
belles-lettres lit. "fine letters"; literature regarded for its aesthetic value rather than its didactic or informative content; also, light, stylish writings,
usually on literary or intellectual subjects
bien entendu well understood, well known, obvious - "of course"
bien pensant lit. "well thinking"; right thinking, orthodox. Formerly implied willful blindness to dangers or suffering faced by others but, nowadays
corresponds to "politically correct". The noun form bien-pensance is rarely seen in English.
billet-doux lit. "sweet note", love letter
blasé unimpressed with something because of overfamiliarity, jaded.
bon appétit lit. "good appetite"; "enjoy your meal".
bon mot (pl. bons mots) well-chosen word(s), particularly a witty remark ("each bon mot which falls from his lips is analysed and filed away for
posterity", The European Magazine, 29 August – 4 September 1996)
bon vivant one who enjoys the good life, an epicurean.
bon voyage lit. "good journey"; have a good trip!
bourgeois member of the bourgeoisie, originally shopkeepers living in towns in the Middle Ages. Now the term is derogatory, and it applies to a
person whose beliefs, attitudes, and practices are conventionally middle-class.
bric-à-brac small ornamental objects, less valuable than antiques; a collection of old furniture, china, plates and curiosities. Cf. de bric et de broc,
corresponding to English "by hook or by crook," and brack, refuse.
bricolage to improvise or assemble something useful from what happens to be at hand; to expedite or economize a project with readily available
components, versus a kit or outside sources; to reuse spare parts for other than their original purpose; to create something new by arranging
old material; to create a new, valuable purpose for an object that has completed its original purpose and otherwise be discarded. Connotes an
intrepid do-it-yourself spirit or clever repurposing. Differs from tinkering which merely modifies an existing arrangement. The term is used
metaphorically to describe inventive philosophy, theories, and practices in business and academic fields, where new concepts are found in
interactions of old ideas.
brioche a sweet yeast bun, kind of a crossover between a popover and a light muffin; French also use the term as slang for 'potbelly', because of
the overhang effect.
bureau (pl. bureaux) government office; an agency for information exchange. Also means "desk" in French, and in the U.K.
ça ne fait rien "that doesn't matter"; rendered as san fairy Ann in British World War I slang.
cache a collection of items of the same type stored in a hidden or inaccessible place (such as in an oubliette)
cachet lit. "stamp"; a distinctive quality; quality, prestige.
café a coffee shop (also used in French for "coffee").
café au lait coffee with milk; or a light-brown color. In medicine, it is also used to describe a birthmark that is of a light-brown color (café au lait
spot).
calque a copied term/thing.
canard (canard means "duck" in French) an unfounded rumor or anecdote. a leading airfoil attached to an aircraft forward of the main wing. a
slang word for "newspaper". a piece of sugar slighly soused with coffee or cognac (or another strong alcohol).
canapé A small, prepared and usually decorative food, held in the fingers and often eaten in one bite. In French, it can also refer to a "sofa".
carte blanche lit. "white card" (i.e. blank check); unlimited authority.
carte de visite lit. "visiting card" ; a calling card.
c'est la guerre: "That's war!", or...
c'est la vie: "That's life!" or "Such is life!" Though either foreign expression can be used to say that life is harsh but that one must accept it, the
former may imply a more deliberate cause thereof, while the latter, more accidental.
chaise longue a long chair for reclining; sometimes misstated as "chaise lounge"
Champs-Élysées lit. "Elysian Fields"; Avenue des Champs-Élysées, one of the broadest boulevards in Paris. Often referred to as simply les
Champs.
chanteuse a female singer.
chargé d'affaires a diplomat left in charge of day-to-day business at a diplomatic mission. Within the United States Department of State, a
"chargé" is any officer left in charge of the mission in the absence of the titular chief of mission.
chauffeur driver.
chef d'œuvre a masterpiece.
cherchez la femme "look for / seek the woman", in the sense that, when a man behaves out of character or in an otherwise apparently
inexplicable manner, the reason may be found in his trying to cover up an illicit affair with a woman, or to impress or gain favour with a woman.
This expression was first used in a novel by Alexandre Dumas (père), in the third chapter of Les Mohicans de Paris (1854), in the form of
cherchons la femme ("let's look for the woman"). The expression is found in John Latey's 1878 English translation: "Ah! Monsieur Jackal, you
were right when you said, 'Seek the woman.'" The phrase was adopted into everyday English use and crossed the Atlantic by 1909.
chez at the house of: often used in the names of restaurants and the like; Chez Marie = "Marie's".
chic stylish.
chignon a hairstyle worn in a roll at the nape of the neck.
cinéma pur an avant-garde film movement which was born in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s.
cinéma vérité realism in documentary filmmaking. "Vérité" means "truth".
cliché originally referred to a printer's block used to reproduce type, compare the original meaning of stereotype. A phrase that has become trite
through overuse; a stereotype.
clique a small exclusive group of friends; always used in a pejorative way in French.
cloisonné an ancient technique for decorating metalwork objects.
commandant a commanding officer. In France, used for an airline pilot (le commandant de bord), in the Army as appellative for a chef de
bataillon or a chef d'escadron (roughly equivalent to a major) or in the Navy for any officer from capitaine de corvette to capitaine de vaisseau
(equivalent to the Army's majors, lieutenant-colonels and colonels) or for any officer heading a ship.
comme ci, comme ça lit. "like this, like that"; neither good nor bad, so-so.
communiqué lit. "communicated"; an official communication.
concierge a receptionist at a hotel or residence.
concordat an agreement; a treaty; when used with a capital C in French, it refers to the treaty between the French State and Judaeo-Christian
religions during the French Empire (Napoleon): priests, ministers and rabbis became civil servants. This treaty was abolished in 1905 (law
Church-State separation) but is still in use in Alsace-Lorraine (those territories were under German administration during 1871–1918).
confrère (also confrere) a colleague, an associate
contre-coup against the blow. This word describes the repercussion of a physical or mental shock, or an indirect consequence of an event.
contre-jour against daylight. This word (mostly used in art namely photography, cinema or painting) describes the light that illumines an object
from the other side of your own point of view.
contretemps an awkward clash; a delay.
coquette a flirtatious girl; a tease.
cordon bleu a cordon bleu may refer to several things, both in French and in English : A person who excels in cooking. An award given to such a
person. An international group of hospitality management and cooking schools teaching French cuisine, founded in France. An escalope of
veal, chicken or pork stuffed with ham and cheese, then breaded and fried.
cordon sanitaire a policy of containment directed against a hostile entity or ideology; a chain of buffer states; lit. "quarantine line".
corniche a road that clings like a ledge to the side of a cliff or mountain.
cortège a funeral procession; in French has a broader meaning and refers to all kinds of processions.
coup de foudre lit. "thunderbolt" ("strike of thunder"); a sudden unforeseen event, usually used to describe love at first sight.
coup d'état political coup, government overthrow
coup de grâce the final blow that results in victory (lit. "blow of mercy"), historically used in the context of the battlefield to refer to the killing of
badly wounded enemy soldiers, now more often used in a figurative context (e.g., business).
coup de main (lit. "a blow with the hand."), means "help from someone". Example : "Besoin d'un coup de main ?" means "Need help ?"
coup de maître stroke of the master, master stroke. This word describes a planned action skilfully done. See also tour de force below
coup de théâtre a dramatic turn of events.
coup d'œil lit. "a blow (or touch) of the eye"; a glance.
couture fashion (usually refers to high fashion).
couturier a fashion designer (usually refers to high fashion, rather than everyday clothes design. In French, it means 'tailor'; a couturière is a
seamstress.
crèche a nativity display; more commonly (in the United Kingdom), a place where children are left by their parents for short periods in the
supervision of childminders; both meanings still exist in French.
crème brûlée lit. "burnt cream"; a dessert consisting primarily of custard and toasted sugar, that is, caramel.
crème de la crème best of the best, "cream of the cream," used to describe highly skilled people or objects. A synonymous expression in French
is fin du fin.
crème fraîche lit. "fresh cream," a heavy cream slightly soured with bacterial culture, but not as sour or as thick as sour cream and does not
curdle.
crêpe a thin sweet or savoury pancake eaten as a light meal or dessert.
crêperie a takeaway restaurant or stall, serving crêpes as a form of fast food or street food, or may be a more formal sit-down restaurant or café.
critique a critical analysis or evaluation of a work, or the art of criticizing. From Latin criticus, from Ancient Greek κριτικός (kritikos).
croissant a crescent-shaped bread made of flaky pastry; in French also the word for crescent.
cul-de-sac originally "bottom of sack" and used in English in anatomy since 1738. Used for dead end (street) since 1800 in English, since 14th
century in French. The often heard erroneous folk etymology "arse [buttocks] of the sack" is based on the current meaning of cul in French, but
cul-de-sac is used to refer to dead ends in modern French and is not vulgar (see also amuse-gueule) though the terms impasse and voie sans
issue are more common in modern French.
de rigueur required or expected, especially in fashion or etiquette.
de trop unnecessary, unwanted, or more than is suitable.
déclassé of inferior social status.
décolleté a woman's garment with a low-cut neckline that exposes cleavage, or a situation in which a woman's chest or cleavage is exposed;
décolletage is dealt with below.
décor the layout and furnishing of a room.
découpage decoration with cut paper.
demi-glace a reduced wine-based sauce for meats and poultry.
demi-sec semi-dry, usually said of wine.
déjà vu lit. "already seen": an impression or illusion of having seen or experienced something before.
dénouement lit. "untying": the resolution of a narrative.
dépanneur (Quebec English) a convenience store.
dérailleur a bicycle gear-shift mechanism.
dernier cri lit. "latest scream": the latest fashion.
derrière lit. "behind": rear, buttocks.
déshabillé partially clad or scantily dressed; also a special type of garment.
détente easing of diplomatic tension.
digestif a digestive aid, esp., an after-dinner drink, as brandy.
directeur sportif lit. "sports director". A person responsible for the operation of a cycling team during a road bicycle race. In French, it means any
kind of sports director.
divertissement an amusing diversion; entertainment.
dossier a file containing detailed information about a person. In modern French it can be any type of file, including a computer directory. In slang,
J'ai des dossiers sur toi ("I have files about you") means having materials for blackmail.
doyen the senior member of a group; the feminine is doyenne. Also dean (of faculty, or medicine).
dressage a form of competitive horse training, in French has the broader meaning of taming any kind of animal.
droit du seigneur lit. "right of the lord": the purported right of a lord in feudal times to take the virginity of one of his vassals' brides on her
wedding night (in precedence to her new husband). The French term for this hypothetical custom is droit de cuissage (from cuisse: thigh).
du jour lit. "of the day": said of something fashionable or hip for a day and quickly forgotten; today's choice on the menu, as soup du jour.
eau de Cologne a type of perfume, originating in Cologne. Its Italian creator used a French name to commercialize it, Cologne at that time being
under the control of France.
eau de toilette lit. "grooming water." It usually refers to an aromatic product that is less expensive than a perfume because it has less of the
aromatic compounds and is more for an everyday use. Cannot be shortened to eau, which means something else altogether in French (water).
eau de vie lit. "water of life" (cf. Aquavit and whisky), a type of fruit brandy.
écarté a card game; also a ballet position.
échappé dance movement foot position.
éclair a cream and chocolate icing pastry.
éclat great brilliance, as of performance or achievement. Conspicuous success. Great acclamation or applause.
écorché flayed; biological graphic or model with skin removed.
élan a distinctive flair or style.
élan vital lit. "vital ardor"; the vital force hypothesized by Henri Bergson as a source of efficient causation and evolution in nature; also called "life-
force"
éminence grise lit. "grey eminence": a publicity-shy person with little formal power but great influence over those in authority.
en banc court hearing of the entire group of judges instead of a subset panel.
en bloc as a group.
en garde "[be] on [your] guard". "On guard" is of course perfectly good English: the French spelling is used for the fencing term.
en passant in passing; term used in chess and in neurobiology ("synapse en passant.")
en pointe (in ballet) on tiptoe. Though used in French in this same context, it is not an expression as such. A pointe is the ballet figure where one
stands on tiptoes. The expression "en pointe," though, means "in an acute angle," and, figuratively, it qualifies the most progressive or modern
things (ideas, in stry…).
en route on the way
enfant terrible lit. "terrible child;" a disruptively unconventional person.
ennui A gripping listlessness or melancholia caused by boredom; depression
entente diplomatic agreement or cooperation. L'Entente cordiale (the Cordial Entente) refers to the good diplomatic relationship between France
and United Kingdom before the first World War.
entre nous lit. "between us"; confidentially.
entrée lit. "entrance"; the first course of a meal (UK English); used to denote the main dish or course of a meal (US English).
entremets desserts/sweet dishes. More literally, a side dish that can be served between the courses of a meal.
entrepreneur a person who undertakes and operates a new enterprise or venture and assumes some accountability for the inherent risks.
embonpoint a plump, hourglass figure.
épater la bourgeoisie or épater le bourgeois lit. "to shock the middle classes," a rallying cry for the French Decadent poets of the late 19th
century including Charles Baudelaire and Arthur Rimbaud.
escargot snail; in English, used only as a culinary term.
esprit de corps lit. "spirit of the body [group]": a feeling of solidarity among members of a group; morale. Often used in connection with a military
force.
esprit de l'escalier lit. "wit of the stairs"; a concise, clever statement you think of too late, that is, on the stairs leaving the scene. The expression
was created by French philosopher Denis Diderot. Very rarely used in Frenchcitation needed.
l'État, c'est moi ! lit. "I am the state!" — attributed to the archetypal absolute monarch, Louis XIV of France.
étude a musical composition designed to provide practice in a particular technical skill in the performance of an instrument. French for "study."
étui small ornamental case for needles or cosmetics.
excusez-moi "Excuse me".
extraordinaire extraordinary, usually as a following adjective, as "musician extraordinaire."
façade the front view of an edifice (from the Italian facciata, or face); a fake persona, as in "putting on a façade" (the ç is pronounced like an s)
fait accompli See also: Fait Accompli (disambiguation) lit. "accomplished fact"; something that has already happened and is thus unlikely to be
reversed; a done deal. In French used only in the expression placer/mettre quelqu'un devant le fait accompli meaning to present somebody with
a fait accompli. Also see point of no return.
faute de mieux for want of better.
faux false, ersatz, fake.
faux pas lit. "false step": violation of accepted, although unwritten, social rules.
femme fatale lit. "deadly woman": an attractive woman who seduces and takes advantage of men for her personal goals, after which she discards
or abandons them. It extends to describe an attractive woman with whom a relationship is likely to result, or has already resulted, in pain and
sorrow.
feuilleton lit. "little leaf of paper": a periodical, or part of a periodical, consisting chiefly of non-political news and gossip, literature and art criticism,
a chronicle of the latest fashions, and epigrams, charades and other literary trifles.
fiancé(e) betrothed; lit. a man/woman engaged to be married.
film noir Lit. "black film": a genre of dark-themed movies from the 1940s and 1950s that focus on stories of crime and immorality.
fils lit. "son": used after a man's surname to distinguish a son from a father, as Alexandre Dumas, fils.
fin de siècle The end of the century, a term which typically encompasses both the meaning of the similar English idiom turn of the century and
also makes reference to the closing of one era and onset of another.
flambé a cooking procedure in which alcohol (ethanol) is added to a hot pan to create a burst of flames, meaning "flamed" in French. Also used
colloquially in reference to something on fire or burned.
flambeau a lit torch.
flâneur a gentleman stroller of city streets; an aimless idler.
fleur-de-lis a stylized-flower heraldic device; the golden fleur-de-lis on an azure background were the arms of the French Kingdom (often spelled
with the old French style as "fleur-de-lys").
fleur de sel lit. "flower of salt," hand-harvested sea salt collected by workers who scrape only the top layer of salt before it sinks to the bottom of
large salt pans. Is one of the more expensive salts; traditional French fleur de sel is collected off the coast of Brittany most notably in the town of
Guérande (Fleur de Sel de Guérande being the most revered), but also in Noirmoutier, Île de Ré and Camargue.
foie gras fatty liver; usually the liver of overfed goose, hence: pâté de foie gras, pâté made from goose liver.
folie à deux a simultaneous occurrence of delusions in two closely related people, often said of an unsuitable romance. In clinical psychology, the
term is used to describe people who share schizophrenic delusions. The derived forms folie à trois, folie à quatre, folie en famille or even folie à
plusieurs do not exist in French where "collective hysterics" is used.
force majeure an overpowering and unforeseeable event, especially when talking about weather (often appears in insurance contracts).
forte Lit. "strong point" (of a sword). Strength, expertise, one's strong point.
froideur coldness (for behavior and manners only).
gaffe blunder
garçon lit. "boy" or "male servant"; sometimes used by English speakers to summon the attention of a male waiter (has a playful connotation in
English but is condescending and possibly offensive in French).
gauche lit. "left". Clumsy, tactless.
gaucherie boorishness, clumsiness.
gendarme a member of the gendarmerie; colloquially, a policeman
gendarmerie a military body charged with police duties
genre a type or class, such as "the thriller genre".
gîte furnished vacation cottage typically in rural France.
glissade slide down a slope.
Grand Prix lit. "Great Prize"; a type of motor racing.
Grand Guignol a horror show, named after a French theater famous for its frightening plays and bloody special effects. (Guignol can be used in
French to describe a ridiculous person, in the same way that clown might be used in English.)
grenadier a specialized soldier, first established for the throwing of grenades and later as elite troops.
habitué one who regularly frequents a place.
haute couture lit. "high sewing": Paris-based custom-fitted clothing; trend-setting fashion
haute école lit. "high school": advanced components of Classical dressage (horseback riding); when capitalized (Haute Ecole), refers to France's
most prestigious higher education institutions (e.g., Polytechnique, ENA, Les Mines)
hauteur lit. "height": arrogance.
haut monde lit. the "high world": fashionable society.
Honi soit qui mal y pense "Shamed be he who thinks ill of it"; or sometimes translated as "Evil be to him who evil thinks"; the motto of the
English Order of the Garter (modern French writes honni instead of Old French honi and would phrase "qui en pense du mal" instead of "qui
mal y pense").
hors de combat lit. "out of the fight": prevented from fighting or participating in some event, usually by injury.
hors concours lit. "out of competition": not to be judged with others because of the superiority of the work to the others.
hors d'œuvre lit. "outside the [main] work": appetizer.
idée fixe lit. "fixed idea": obsession; in music, a leitmotiv.
impasse a situation offering no escape, as a difficulty without solution, an argument where no agreement is possible, etc.; a deadlock.
ingénu(e) an innocent young man/woman, used particularly in reference to a theatrical stock character who is entirely virginal and wholesome.
L'Ingénu is a famous novella written by Voltaire.
j'accuse "I accuse"; used generally in reference to a political or social indictment (alluding to the title of Émile Zola's exposé of the Dreyfus affair, a
political scandal that divided France from the 1890s to the early 1900s (decade) and involved the false conviction for treason in 1894 of Alfred
Dreyfus, a young French artillery officer of Jewish background).
j'adoube In chess, an expression, said discreetly, that signals the intention to straighten the pieces without committing to move or capturing the
first one touched as per the game's rules; lit. "I adjust," from adouber, to dub (the action of knighting someone).
je ne regrette rien "I regret nothing" (from the title of a popular song sung by Édith Piaf: Non, je ne regrette rien). Also the phrase the UK's then
Chancellor of the Exchequer Norman Lamont chose to use to describe his feelings over the events of September 16, 1992 ('Black
Wednesday').
je ne sais quoi lit. "I-don't-know-what": an indescribable or indefinable 'something' that distinguishes the object in question from others that are
superficially similar.
jeu d'esprit lit. "play of spirit": a witty, often light-hearted, comment or composition
jeunesse dorée lit. "gilded youth"; name given to a body of young dandies, also called the Muscadins, who, after the fall of Robespierre, fought
against the Jacobins. Today used for youthful offspring, particularly if bullying and vandalistic, of the affluent.
joie de vivre "joy of life/living".
l'appel du vide lit. "call of the void"; used to refer to intellectual suicidal thoughts, or the urge to engage in self-destructive (suicidal) behaviors
during everyday life. Examples include thinking about swerving in to the opposite lane while driving, or feeling the urge to jump off a cliff edge
while standing on it. These thoughts are not accompanied by emotional distress.
Laïcité separation of the State and the different Churches (at first, it concerned especially Catholicism). In France, where the concept originated, it
means an absence of religious interference in government affairs and government interference in religious affairs. But the concept is often
assimilated and changed by other countries. For example, in Belgium, it usually means the secular-humanist movement and school of thought.
laissez-faire lit. "let do"; often used within the context of economic policy or political philosophy, meaning leaving alone, or non-interference. The
phrase is the shortcut of Laissez faire, laissez passer, a doctrine first supported by the Physiocrats in the 18th century. The motto was invented
by Vincent de Gournay, and it became popular among supporters of free-trade and economic liberalism. It is also used to describe a parental
style in developmental psychology, where the parent(s) does not apply rules or guiding. As per the parental style, it is now one of the major
management styles.
laissez-passer a travel document, a passport
laissez les bons temps rouler Cajun expression for "let the good times roll": not used in proper French, and not generally understood by
Francophones outside Louisiana, who would say profitez des bons moments (enjoy the good moments).
lamé a type of fabric woven or knit with metallic yarns.
lanterne rouge the last-place finisher in a cycling stage race; most commonly used in connection with the Tour de France.
lèse majesté an offense against a sovereign power; or, an attack against someone's dignity or against a custom or institution held sacred (from
the Latin crimen laesae maiestatis: the crime of injured majesty).
liaison a close relationship or connection; an affair. The French meaning is broader; liaison also means "bond"' such as in une liaison chimique (a
chemical bond)
lingerie a type of female underwear.
littérateur an intellectual (can be pejorative in French, meaning someone who writes a lot but does not have a particular skill).
louche of questionable taste, but also someone or something that arouses somebody's suspicions.
Louis Quatorze "Louis XIV" (of France), the Sun King, usually a reference to décor or furniture design.
Louis Quinze "Louis XV" (of France), associated with the rococo style of furniture, architecture and interior decoration.
macramé coarse lace work made with knotted cords.
madame a woman brothel-keeper (Fowler's Modern English Usage, 3rd edition, p. 475). In French, a title of respect for an older or married
woman (literally "my lady").
mademoiselle lit. "my noble young lady": young unmarried lady, miss.
malaise a general sense of depression or unease.
mange tout another phrase describing 'peas' (lit. "eat-all," because some peas can be cooked and eaten with their pod).
manqué unfulfilled; failed.
Mardi gras Fat Tuesday or Shrove Tuesday, the last day of eating meat before Lent.
marque a model or brand.
matériel supplies and equipment, particularly in a military context (French meaning is broader and corresponds more to "hardware")
mauvais quart d'heure lit. "bad quarter hour": a short unpleasant or uncomfortable moment.
mdr Alt., MDR. Abbreviation in SMS, akin to LOL; for mort de rire (mort, adj. or verb, past tense), or mourir de rire (mourir, verb, infinitive). Lit., as
adjective or past tense, dead or died of laughing, so "died laughing" or "dying of laughter"; compare mort de faim for starve.
mélange a mixture.
mêlée a confused fight; a struggling crowd.
ménage à trois lit. "household for three": a sexual arrangement between three people.
métier a field of work or other activity; usually one in which one has special ability or training.
milieu social environment; setting (has also the meaning of "middle" in French).
milieu intérieur the extra-cellular fluid environment, and its physiological capacity to ensure protective stability for the tissues and organs of
multicellular living organisms.
mirepoix a cooking mixture of two parts onions and one part each of celery and carrots.
mise en place an assembly of ingredients, usually set up in small bowls, used to facilitate cooking. This means all the raw ingredients are
prepared and ready to go before cooking. Translated, "put in place."
mise en scène the process of setting a stage with regard to placement of actors, scenery, properties, etc.; the stage setting or scenery of a play;
surroundings, environment.
mise en table table setting.
montage editing.
le mot juste lit. "the just word"; the right word at the right time. French uses it often in the expression chercher le mot juste (to search for the right
word).
motif a recurrent thematic element.
moue a pursing together of the lips to indicate dissatisfaction, a pout.
mousse a whipped dessert or a hairstyling foam; in French, however, it refers to any type of foam or moss.
né, née lit. "born": a man's/woman's birth name (maiden name for a woman), e.g., "Martha Washington, née Dandridge."
n'est-ce pas? "isn't it [true]?"; asked rhetorically after a statement, as in "Right?".
noblesse oblige "nobility obliges"; those granted a higher station in life have a duty to extend (possibly token) favours/courtesies to those in
lower stations. Used in French with the definite article ("La noblesse oblige").
nom de guerre pseudonym to disguise the identity of a leader of a militant group, literally "war name," used in France for "pseudonym".
nom de plume originally a "back-translation" from the English "pen name": author's pseudonym.
nonpareil Unequalled, unrivalled; unique ; more usual in modern French would be sans pareil (literally "without equal").
nouveau (pl. nouveaux; fem. nouvelle; fem. pl. nouvelles) new.
nouveau riche lit. "newly rich", used to refer particularly to those living a garish lifestyle with their newfound wealth; see also arriviste and
parvenu.
nouvelle vague lit. "new wave." Used for stating a new way or a new trend of something. Originally marked a new style of French filmmaking in
the late 1950s and early 1960s, reacting against films seen as too literary.
objet d'art a work of art, commonly a painting or sculpture; also a utilitarian object displayed for its aesthetic qualities
œuvre "work," in the sense of an artist's work; by extension, an artist's entire body of work.
opéra bouffe comedy, satire, parody or farce.
outré exceeding the lines of propriety; eccentric in behavior or appearance in an inappropriate way
pain au chocolat lit. "bread with chocolate." Despite the name, it is not made of bread but puff pastry with chocolate inside. The term chocolatine
is used in some Francophone areas (especially the South-West) and sometimes in English.
pain aux raisins raisin bread.
panache verve; flamboyance.
papier-mâché lit. "chewed paper"; a craft medium using paper and paste.
par avion by aircraft. In English, specifically by air mail, from the phrase found on air mail envelopes.
par excellence better than all the others, quintessential.
parc fermé lit. "closed park". A secure area at a Grand Prix circuit where the cars may be stored overnight.
parkour urban street sport involving climbing and leaping, using buildings, walls, curbs to ricochet off much as if one were on a skateboard, often
in follow-the-leader style. Originally a phonetic form of the French word parcours, which means "a run, a route" Also known as, or the
predecessor to, "free running", developed by Sébastien Foucan.
Parole (in linguistics) speech, more specifically the individual, personal phenomenon of language;2) (in criminal justice) conditional early release
from prison; see parole.
parvenu a social upstart.
pas de deux lit. "step for two"; in ballet, a dance or figure for two performers, a duet; also a close relationship between two people.
pas de trois lit. "step for three"; in ballet, a dance or figure for three performers.
passe-partout a document or key that allows the holder to travel without hindrance from the authorities or enter any location.
pastiche a derivative work; an imitation.
patois a dialect; jargon.
père lit. "father", used after a man's surname to distinguish a father from a son, as in Alexandre Dumas, père.
peloton in cycling, the main group of riders in a road race.
petite bourgeoisie often anglicised as "petty bourgeoisie", used to designate the middle class.
la petite mort lit. "the little death"; an expression for orgasm.
Pied-Noir lit. "black foot," a European Algerian in the pre-independence state.
pied-à-terre (also pied à terre) lit. "foot-on-the-ground"; a place to stay, generally applied to the city house as opposed to the country estate of
the wealthy.
pince-nez lit. "nose-pincher", a type of spectacles without temple arms.
piste lit. "trail" or "track"; often used referring to skiing at a ski area (on piste) versus skiing in the back country (off piste).
plage beach, especially a fashionable seaside resort.
plat du jour lit. "dish of the day"; a dish served in a restaurant on a particular day but separate from the regular menu.
plongeur (fem. plongeuse) a male (or female) dishwasher.
plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose (or plus ça change, plus c'est pareil) (often abbreviated to just plus ça change) the more things
change, the more they stay the same.
point d'appui a location where troops assemble prior to a battle. While this figurative meaning also exists in French, the first and literal meaning
of point d'appui is a fixed point from which a person or thing executes a movement (such as a footing in climbing or a pivot).
porte cochère an architectural term referring to a kind of porch or porticolike structure.
poseur lit. "poser": a person who pretends to be something he is not; an affected or insincere person; a wannabe.
pot-au-feu stew, soup.
pour encourager les autres lit. "to encourage others"; said of an excessive punishment meted out as an example, to deter others. The original
is from Voltaire's Candide and referred to the execution of Admiral John Byng.
pourboire lit. "for drink"; gratuity, tip; donner un pourboire: to tip.
prairie lit. "meadow"; expansive natural meadows of long grass.
prêt-à-porter lit. "ready to wear"; clothing off the shelf, in contrast to haute couture.
prie-dieu lit. "pray [to] God"; a type of prayer desk.
prix fixe lit. "fixed price"; a menu on which multi-course meals with only a few choices are charged at a fixed price.
protégé(e) lit. "protected"; a man/woman who receives support from an influential mentor.
provocateur an agitator, a polemicist.
Quai d'Orsay address of the French foreign ministry in Paris, used to refer to the ministry itself.
Quatorze juillet "14th of July," usually called Bastille Day in English. The beginning of the French Revolution in 1789; used to refer to the
Revolution itself and its ideals. It is the French National Day.
quelle bonne idée ! What a good idea!
quel dommage ! What a sad thing! (can be used sarcastically).
quelle horreur ! What a horrible thing! (can be used sarcastically).
quelle surprise ! What a surprising thing!
raconteur a storyteller.
raison d'être "reason for being": justification or purpose of existence.
rapprochement the establishment of cordial relations, often used in diplomacy.
refoulement the expulsion of persons who have the right to be recognised as refugees.
reportage reporting; journalism.
répondez s'il-vous-plaît. (RSVP) Please reply. Though francophones may use more usually "prière de répondre" or "je vous prie de bien
vouloir répondre", it is common enough.
restaurateur a restaurant owner.
Rive Gauche the left (southern) bank (of the River Seine in Paris). A particular mindset attributed to inhabitants of that area, which includes the
Sorbonne
roi fainéant lit. "do-nothing king": an expression first used about the kings of France from 670 to 752 (Thierry III to Childeric III), who were puppets
of their ministers. The term was later used about other royalty who had been made powerless, also in other countries, but lost its meaning when
parliamentarism made all royals powerless.
roman à clef lit. "novel with a key": an account of actual persons, places or events in fictional guise.
roué an openly debauched, lecherous older man.
roux a cooked mixture of flour and melted butter (or other fat) used as a base in soups and gravies.
sang-froid lit. "cold blood": coolness and composure under strain; stiff upper lip. Also pejorative in the phrase meurtre de sang-froid ("cold-
blooded murder").
sans without.
sans-culottes lit. "without knee-breeches," a name the insurgent crowd in the streets of Paris gave to itself during the French Revolution,
because they usually wore pantaloons (full-length pants or trousers) instead of the chic knee-length culotte of the nobles. In modern use:
holding strong republican views.
sauté lit. "jumped", from the past participle of the verb sauter (to jump), which can be used as an adjective or a noun; quickly fried in a small
amount of oil, stir-fried. ex: sauté of veau.
savant lit. "knowing": a wise or learned person; in English, one exceptionally gifted in a narrow skill.
savoir-faire lit. "know how to do"; to respond appropriately to any situation.
savoir-vivre fact of following conventional norms within a society; etiquette (etiquette also comes from a French word, étiquette).
sobriquet an assumed name, a nickname (often used in a pejorative way in French).
soi-disant lit. "oneself saying"; so-called; self-described.
soigné fashionable; polished.
soirée an evening party.
sommelier a wine steward.
soupçon a very small amount. (In French, it can also mean "suspicion".)
soupe du jour lit. "soup of the day", the particular kind of soup offered that day.
succès d'estime lit. "success of esteem; critical success"; sometimes used pejoratively in English.
tableau chalkboard. The meaning is broader in French: all types of board (chalkboard, whiteboard, notice boar …). Refers also to a painting (see
tableau vivant, below) or a table (chart).
tableau vivant lit. "living picture"; the term describes a striking group of suitably costumed actors or artist's models, carefully posed and often
theatrically lit.
tenné orange-brown, "rust" colour, not commonly used outside heraldic emblazoning.
tête-à-tête lit. "head to head"; an intimate get-together or private conversation between two people.
toilette the process of dressing or grooming. Also refers in French, when plural (les toilettes), to the toilet room.
torsades de pointes lit. "twisting around a point", used to describe a particular type of heart rhythm.
touché lit. "touched" or "hit!": acknowledgment of an effective counterpoint or verbal riposte; comes from terminology in the sport of fencing. Not
understandable in modern French, as "touché" means "emotionally touched".
tour de force (also tour-de-force) lit. "feat of strength": a masterly or brilliant stroke, creation, effect, or accomplishment.
tout court lit. "all short": typically used in philosophy to mean "nothing else", in contrast to a more detailed or extravagant alternative. For instance,
"Kant does not believe that morality derives from practical reason as applied to moral ends, but from practical reason tout court".
tout de suite right now, immediately. Often mangled as "toot sweet".
tranche lit. "slice": one of several different classes of securities involved a single financial transaction.
triage during a medical emergency or disaster, the process of determining the priority of medical treatment or transportation based on the severity
of the patient's condition.
tricoteuse a woman who knits and gossips; from the women who knitted and sewed while watching executions of prisoners of the French
Revolution.
trompe-l'œil lit. "trick the eye"; photographic realism in fine-art painting or decorative painting in a home.
trou de loup lit. "wolf hole"; a kind of booby trap.
va-et-vient lit. "goes and comes" ; the continual coming and going of people to and from a place.
venu(e) an invited man/woman for a show, or "one who has come"; the term is unused in modern French, though it can still be heard in a few
expressions like bienvenu/e (literally "well come": welcome) or le premier venu (anyone; literally, "the first who came").
vin de pays lit. "country wine"; wine of a lower designated quality than appellation contrôlée.
vinaigrette diminutive of vinaigre (vinegar): salad dressing of oil and vinegar.
vis-à-vis (also vis-a-vis) lit. "face to face [with]": in comparison with or in relation to; opposed to. From vis, an obsolete word for "face", replaced
by visage in contemporary French. In French, this is also a real estate vocabulary word, meaning that your windows and your neighbours' are
within sighting distance (more precisely, that you can see inside of their home).
vive […]! "Long liv …!"; lit. "Live"; as in "Vive la France !", Vive la République !, Vive la Résistance !, Vive le Canada !, or Vive le Québec libre !
(long live free Quebec, a sovereigntist slogan famously used by French President Charles de Gaulle in 1967 in Montreal). Unlike viva (Italian
and Spanish) or vivat (Latin), it cannot be used alone; it needs a complement.
vive la différence ! lit. "[long] live the difference"; originally referring to the difference between the sexes; the phrase may be also used to
celebrate the difference between any two groups of people (or simply the general diversity of individuals).
voilà ! lit. "see there"; in French it can mean simply "there it is"; in English it is generally restricted to a triumphant revelation.
volte-face frenchified form of Italian volta faccia, lit. "turn face", an about-face, a maneuver in marching; figuratively, a complete reversal of
opinion or position.
voulez-vous coucher avec moi (ce soir)? "Do you want to sleep with me (tonight)?" or more appropriately, "Will you spend the night with
me?" In French, coucher is vulgar in this sense. In English it appears in Tennessee Williams's play A Streetcar Named Desire, as well as in the
lyrics of a popular song by Labelle, "Lady Marmalade."
voyeur lit. "someone who sees"; a Peeping Tom.
zut alors! "Darn it!" or the British expression "Blimey!" This is a general exclamation (vulgar equivalent is merde alors ! "Damn it!"). Just plain zut
is also in use, often repeated for effect: zut, zut et zut ! There is an album by Frank Zappa, punningly titled Zoot Allures. The phrase is also used
on the Saturday Night LiveWeekend Update sketch by recurring character Jean K. Jean, played by Kenan Thompson.

Not used as such in French

Through the evolution of the language, many words and phrases are no longer used in modern French. Also there are expressions that, even
though grammatically correct, do not have the same meaning in French as the English words derived from them. Some older word usages still
appear in Quebec French.
à la mode fashionable; in the US it also describes a dessert with ice cream (as in "apple pie à la mode") or, in some US regions, with cheese. In
French, it mainly means "fashionable", "trendy", but is occasionally a culinary term usually meaning something cooked with carrots and onions
(as in bœuf à la mode). It can also mean "in the style or manner [of]" (as in tripes à la mode de Caen), and in this acceptation is similar to the
shorter expression "à la".
accoutrement personal military or fighting armaments worn about one's self; has come to mean the accompanying items available to pursue a
mission, or just accessories in general. In French, means a funny or ridiculous clothing; often a weird disguise or a getup, though it can be said
also for people with bad taste in clothing.
appliqué an inlaid or attached decorative feature. Lit. "applied," though this meaning does not exist as such in French. However "appliqué inversé"
exists and has the same meaning than a reverse appliqué. Also an "applique murale" is a decorative light fixture attached on a wall.
après-ski lit. "after skiing", socializing after a ski session; in French, this word refers to boots used to walk in snow (e.g. MoonBoots). Commonly
used for the same thing as in English in Quebec.
arrêt à bon temps A counterattack that attempts to take advantage of an uncertain attack in fencing. Though grammatically correct, this
expression is not used in French. The term arrêt exists in fencing, with the meaning of a "simple counteroffensive action"; the general meaning
is "a stop". A related French expression: s'arrêter à temps (to stop in time).
artiste a skilled performer, a person with artistic pretensions. In French: an artist. Can be used ironically for a person demonstrating little
professional skill or passion in both languages.
au naturel nude; in French, literally, in a natural manner or way (au is the contraction of à le, masculine form of à la). It means "in an unaltered
way" and can be used either for people or things. For people, it rather refers to a person who does not use make-up or artificial manners (un
entretien au naturel = a backstage interview). For things, it means that they have not been altered. Often used in cooking, like thon au naturel:
canned tuna without any spices or oil. Also in heraldry, meaning "in natural colours," especially flesh colour, which is not one of the "standard"
colours of heraldry.
auteur A film director, specifically one who controls most aspects of a film, or other controller of an artistic situation. The English connotation
derives from French film theory. It was popularized in the journal Cahiers du cinéma: auteur theory maintains that directors like Hitchcock exert
a level of creative control equivalent to the author of a literary work. In French, the word means "author", but some expressions like cinéma
d'auteur are also in use.
bête noire a scary or unpopular person, idea, or thing, or the archetypal scary monster in a story; literally "black beast." In French, être la bête
noire de quelqu'un ("to be somebody's black beast") means that you're particularly hated by this person or this person has a strong aversion
against you, regardless of whether you're scary or not. The dictionary of the Académie française admits its use only for people, though other
dictionaries admits it for things or ideas too. It also means that one is repeatedly defeated by a person, who is thus considered their archenemy
(for instance, "Nadal is the bête noire of Roger Federer").
boutique a clothing store, usually selling designer/one off pieces rather than mass-produced clothes. Can also describe a quirky and/or upmarket
hotel. In French, it can describe any shop, clothing or otherwise. The expression hôtel-boutique can be used to refer to upmarket hotels, but the
word is recent and not as widespread as the equivalent expression boutique hotel.
boutonnière In English, a boutonnière is a flower placed in the buttonhole of a suit jacket. In French, a boutonnière is the buttonhole itself. Yet the
French expression "Une fleur à la boutonnière" has an equivalent meaning.
c'est magnifique, mais ce n'est pas la guerre "it is magnificent, but it is not war" — quotation from Marshal Pierre Bosquet commenting on
the charge of the Light Brigade. Unknown quotation in French.
cause célèbre An issue arousing widespread controversy or heated public debate, lit. 'famous cause'. It is correct grammatically, but the
expression is not used in French.
chacun à son goût the correct expressions in French are chacun ses goûts / à chacun ses goûts / à chacun son goût: "to each his/her own
taste(s)".
chanson a classical "art song," equiv. to the German Lied or the Italian aria; or, in Russian, a cabaret-style sung narrative, usually rendered by a
guttural male voice with guitar accompaniment. In French, it can be used to refer to any song, but it also refers to the same music genre as in
English (someone practicing this genre being generally called a chansonnier in Quebec, especially if they sing at a restaurant or cabaret).
château a manor house or a country house of nobility or gentry, with or without fortifications, originally—and still most frequently—in French-
speaking regions. The word château is also used for castles in French, so where clarification is needed, the term château fort ("strong castle") is
used to describe a castle.
chef in English, a person who cooks professionally for other people. In French, a professional cook is a cuisinier (lit. "cook"), chef-cuisinier referring
to a head cook. Also, sous-chef, the second-in-command, directly under the head chef. Traditionally, chef used to means the head, for
example a "couvre-chef" is a headgear, but by extension it's often used in job titles, military ranks, for a person in charge or who leads a group
of people: "chef d'État" (lit. "Head of State" and "Chief of State"), "chef d'entreprise" ("Business executive"), "chef d'orchestre" (Conductor of an
Orchestra), "sergeant-chef" (Staff Sergeant), "chef de gare" (stationmaster), "chef de famille" (head of household), etc. More casually in a work
context, a chef is a boss.
cinq à sept extraconjugal affair between five and seven pm. In French, though it can also mean this, it primarily means any relaxing time with
friends between the end of work and the beginning of the marital obligations.
claque a group of admirers; in French, la claque is a group of people paid to applaud or disturb a piece at the theatre, though the common
meaning of "claque" is "a slap"; clique is used in this sense (but in a pejorative way).
connoisseur an expert in wines, fine arts, or other matters of culture; a person of refined taste. It is spelled connaisseur in modern French (lit.
"someone who knows").
corsage A bouquet of flowers worn on a woman's dress or worn around her wrist. In French, it refers to a woman's chest (from shoulder to waist)
and, by extension, the part of a woman's garment that covers this area.
coup de main (pl. coups de main) a surprise attack. In French, [donner] un coup de main means "[to give] a hand" (to give
assistance). Even if the English meaning exists as well (as in faire le coup de main), it is old-fashioned.
coup d'état (pl. coups d'État) a sudden change in government by force; literally "hit (blow) of state." French uses the capital É, because the
use of a capital letter alters the meaning of the word (État: a State, as in a country; état: a state of being). It also cannot be shortened as coup,
which literally means a "hit" in French, but can be used figuratively to mean many more things.
début first public performance of an entertainment personality or group. In French, it means "beginning." The English meaning of the word exists
only when in the plural form: [faire] ses débuts [sur scène] (to make one's débuts on the stage).
décolletage a low-cut neckline, cleavage. In French it means: 1. action of lowering a female garment's neckline; 2. Agric.: cutting leaves from
some cultivated roots such as beets, carrots, etc.; 3. Tech. Operation consisting of making screws, bolts, etc. one after another out of a single
bar of metal on a parallel lathe.
démarche a decisive step. In French, it means a preparing step (often used in the plural form), a specific set of steps to get a specific result (can
be used in the singular form, sometimes the expression "marche à suivre" (lit. "step to follow") will be preferred), or a distinctive way of walking.
dépanneur a neighbourhood general/convenience store, term used in eastern Canada (often shortened to dép or dep). This term is commonly
used in Canadian French; however, in France, it means a repairman. In France, a convenience store would be a supérette or épicerie [de
quartier].
émigré one who has emigrated for political reasons. French also use the word exilé (exiled) or réfugié (refugee) or even "exilé politique" or "réfugié
politique".
encore A request to repeat a performance, as in Encore!, lit. 'again'; also used to describe additional songs played at the end of a gig.
Francophones would say « Une autre ! » ('Another one!') or «Bis !» to request « un rappel » or « un bis ».
en masse in a mass or group, all together. In French, masse refers only to a physical mass, whether for people or objects. It cannot be used for
something immaterial, like, for example, the voice: "they all together said 'get out'" would be translated as ils ont dit 'dehors' en chœur ([like a
chorus]). Also, en masse refers to numerous people or objects (a crowd or a mountain of things). In colloquial Québécois French, it means "a
bunch" (as in il y avait du monde en masse, "there was a bunch of people").
en suite as a set (not to be confused with ensuite, meaning "then"). Can refer, in particular, to hotel rooms with attached private bathroom,
especially in Britain where hotels without private facilities are more common than in North America. In French, suite, when in the context of a
hotel, already means several rooms following each other. J'ai loué une suite au Ritz would be translated as "I rented a suite at the Ritz." En
suite is not grammatically incorrect in French, but it is not an expression in itself and it is not used.
entrée lit. "entrance"; in French, the first dish that starts a meal, i.e. the entrance to the meal. It can refer to a set of bites or small snacks, or a
small dish served before a main course. The main dish or "plat de résistance" comes after the entrée. In American English, the meaning has
migrated to "main dish". In other varieties of English it maintains its French meaning.
épée a fencing weapon descended from the duelling sword. In French, apart from fencing (the sport) the term is more generic: it means sword.
escritoire a writing table. It is spelt écritoire in modern French.
exposé a published exposure of a fraud or scandal (past participle of "to expose"); in French refers to a talk or a report on any kind of subject.
femme a stereotypically effeminate gay man or lesbian (slang, pronounced as written). In French, femme (pronounced 'fam') means "woman."
fin de siècle comparable to (but not exactly the same as) turn-of-the-century but with a connotation of decadence, usually applied to the period
from 1890 through 1910. In French, it means "end of the century," but it isn't a recognized expression as such. The French expression
"ambiance [de] fin de règne" (lit. "end-of-reign atmosphere") also has a light connotation of boredom and decadence.
forte a strength, a strong point, typically of a person, from the French fort(e) (strong) and/or Italian forte (strong, esp. "loud" in music) and/or Latin
forte (neuter form of fortis, strong). French uses fort(e) for both people and objects. According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, "In forte we have
a word derived from French that in its "strong point" sense has no entirely satisfactory pronunciation. Usage writers have denigrated \'for-"tA\
and \'for-tE\ because they reflect the influence of the Italian-derived forte. Their recommended pronunciation \'fort\, however, does not exactly
reflect French either: the French would write the word le fort and would rhyme it with English for [French doesn't pronounce the final "t"]. All are
standard, however. In British English \'fo-"tA\ and \'fot\ predominate; \'for-"tA\ and \for-'tA\ are probably the most frequent pronunciations in
American English." The New Oxford Dictionary of English derives it from fencing. In French, le fort d'une épée is the third of a blade nearer the
hilt, the strongest part of the sword used for parrying.
hors d'oeuvre term used for the snacks served with drinks before a meal. Literally "outside of the work". The French use apéritif to refer to the
time before a meal and the drinks consumed during that time, yet "hors 'œ vr " is a synonym of "entrée" in French and means the first dish
that starts a meal. In Québécois French, apéritif refers to the drink only, and hors-d'œuvre (usually plural) refers to a set of bites, while an
entrée is a small dish (an entrée can be made as hors-d'œuvres, but not all of them are).
la sauce est tout "The sauce is everything!" or "The secret's in the sauce!" Tagline used in a 1950s American television commercial campaign
for an American line of canned food products. Grammatically correct but not used in French, where one might say Tout est dans la sauce or
C'est la sauce qui fait (passer) le poisson.
Lavatoire or Lavatory A once commonly used British term for a toilet or water closet. Before the age of the internet, it was commonly believed,
and widely taught in schools in Britain, that the word Toilet was a rather vulgar, impure, corruption of the French word "Toilettes" and that
Lavatory was the correct expression to use because it was much closer in meaning to the French the word it was derived from, "Lavatoire",
which was supposed to mean "to wash, or to clean, yourself". Actually, though the word Lavatoire does exist in French, it never meant a toilet or
a bathroom. The Lavatoire was the holy stone upon which the bodies of ecclesiastics, priest and members of the clergy, were once washed
after their deaths, in order to prepare them for the afterlife, for their journey to heaven.
marquee the sign above a theater that tells you what is playing. From marquise, which means not only a marchioness but also an awning. Theater
buildings are generally old and nowadays there is never such a sign above them; there is only the advertisement for the play (l'affiche).
nostalgie de la boue "yearning for the mud"; attraction to what is unworthy, crude or degrading. Though grammatically correct, it is not used in
French.
objet trouvé an ordinary object, such as a piece of driftwood, a shell, or a manufactured article, that is treated as an objet d'art because it is
aesthetically pleasing. In French, les objets trouvés, short for le bureau des objets trouvés, means the lost-and-found, the lost property.
outré out of the ordinary, unusual. In French, it means outraged (for a person) or exaggerated, extravagant, overdone (for a thing, esp. a praise, an
actor's style of acting, etc.); in that second meaning, belongs to "literary" style.
passé out of fashion. The correct expression in French is passé de mode. Passé means past, passed, or (for a colour) faded.
peignoir a woman's dressing gown. It means bathrobe. In French, both peignoir and robe de chambre are used interchangeably, though the latter
is generally considered formal and the former is generally seen as colloquial.
pièce d'occasion "occasional piece"; item written or composed for a special occasion. In French, it means "second-hand hardware." Can be
shortened as pièce d'occas' or even occas' (pronounced /okaz/).
portemanteau (pl. portemanteaux) in English a portmanteau is a large piece of luggage for clothes that opens (like a book or a diptych) into
two parts. From this literal sense, Lewis Carroll, in his novel Through the Looking Glass playfully coined a further figurative sense for
portmanteau meaning a word that fuses two or more words or parts of words to give a combined meaning. In French, lit. a 'coat-carrier',
originally a person who carried the royal coat or dress train, now a large suitcase; more often, a clothes hanger. The equivalent of the English/
Lewis-Carroll portemanteau is un mot-valise (lit. a suitcase word).
potpourri medley, mixture; French write it pot-pourri, literally 'rotten pot': primarily a pot in which different kinds of flowers or spices are put to dry
for years for the scent.
précis a concise summary. In French, when talking about a school course, it means an abridged book about the matter. Literally, précis means
precise, accurate.
première refers to the first performance of a play, a film, etc. "La première" can be used in same way in French, but it more generally means "the
first".
raisonneur a type of author intrusion in which a writer inserts a character to argue the author's viewpoint; alter ego, sometimes called 'author
avatar'. In French, a raisonneur is a character in a play who stands for morality and reason, i.e., not necessarily the author's point of view. The
first meaning of this word though is a man (fem. raisonneuse) who overdoes reasonings, who tires by objecting with numerous arguments to
every order.
recherché lit. searched; obscure; pretentious. In French, means 'sophisticated' or 'delicate', or simply 'studied', without the negative connotations
of the English.
rendezvous lit. "present yourself" or "proceed to"; a meeting, appointment, or date in French. In English, it generally endorses a mysterious
overtone and refers to a one-on-one meeting with someone for another purpose than a date. Always hyphenated in French: rendez-vous. Its
only accepted abbreviation in French is RDV.
reprise repetition of previous music in a suite, programme, etc. In French, it may mean an alternate version of a piece of music, or a cover version,
or the rebroadcast of a show, piece or movie that was originally broadcast a while ago (although the term rediffusion is generally preferred,
especially when talking about something on television). To express the repetition of a previous musical theme, French would exclusively use the
Italian term coda.
résumé in North American English, a document listing one's qualifications for employment. In French, it means summary; French speakers would
use instead curriculum vitæ, or its abbreviation, C.V. (like most other English speakers).
risqué (also risque) sexually suggestive; in French, the meaning of risqué is "risky," with no sexual connotation. Francophones use instead osé
(lit. "daring") or sometimes dévergondé (very formal language). Osé, unlike dévergondé, cannot be used for people themselves, only for things
(such as pictures) or attitudes.
rouge (lit. "red") a rouge is red makeup, also called blusher. Rouge à lèvres is French for "lipstick", even if the lipstick is not red at all. The French
equivalent to the English meaning is "fard à joues" ; 2) in Canadian football, a rouge is awarded when the ball is kicked into the end zone by any
legal means, other than a successful field goal, and the receiving team does not return or kick the ball out of its end zone..
séance a gathering, usually using a 'medium', attempting to communicate with the dead. In French, the word means 'sitting' and usually refers to
any kind of meeting or session.
table d'hôte (pl. tables d'hôte) in English, when used it usually refers to type of meal: a full-course meal offered at a fixed price. However, in
French, it refers to a type of lodging: the closest English equivalent would be "a bed & breakfast" or "B&B." The origin of the meaning (for
French speakers) is that at a table d'hôte (literally "table of the house" or "table of the host"), unlike at a full-service purpose-built hotel, all
patrons eat together at the host's table, whatever the family have prepared for themselves (typically traditional regional dishes). Indeed, in
France today a lodging labeled "table d'hôte" might perhaps not even offer food; the appellation meaning what an English-speaker would think
of as a "bed & breakfast -style" family-home lodging (as opposed to a purpose-built hotel). In Quebec, table d'hôte generally has the same
meaning as in English, the expression couette et café (lit. "duvet and coffee") is generally used to talk about B&B style accommodations, where
the English expression is not used.
tableau vivant (pl. tableaux vivants, often shortened as tableau) in drama, a scene where actors remain motionless as if in a picture. Tableau
means painting, tableau vivant, living painting. In French, it is an expression used in body painting.
touché acknowledgment of an effective counterpoint. In French, used for "emotionally touched".
vignette a brief description; a short scene. In French, it is a small picture or a thumbnail. By extension a vignette is the name of a compulsory road
tax in the form of a small sticker affixed to a vehicle windscreen, which is now also used in several European countries.

Found only in English

aide-de-camp "camp assistant"; in the army, a military assistant to a senior military officer (heads of State are considered military officers
because of their status as head of the army). In Canada, it may also refer to the honorary position a person holds as a personal assistant to a
high civil servant. It exists in French too but is written aide de camp (without any hyphens).
cinquefoil five-petal, five-leaf flower of the genus Potentilla, family Rosaceae; also a circular 5-lobed ornamental design. Spelled quintefeuille in
French.
cri de cœur "cry from the heart": an impassioned outcry, as of entreaty or protest. In French, the exact expression is cri du cœur.
demi-monde a class of women of ill repute; a fringe group or subculture. Fell out of use in the French language in the 19th century. Frenchmen
still use une demi-mondaine to qualify a woman that lives (exclusively or partially) off the commerce of her charms but in a high-life style.
double entendre a figure of speech wherein a word or phrases can be taken to have two distinct coherent meanings, most often in a fashion that
is suggestive and/or ironic. "Entendre" is an infinitive verb ("to hear"), not a noun; a correct rendering would be "à double entente", an adjectival
phrase meaning "of a double understanding or double interpretation" (literally, "with a double hearing"). The modern French phrase is "à double
sens".
in lieu (of) "in place (of)": a hybrid phrase, partially translated from the existing French phrase au lieu.
léger de main (legerdemain) "light of hand": sleight of hand, usually in the context of deception or the art of stage magic tricks. Meaningless in
French, and has no equivalent.
maître d' translates as master o'. Francophones would say maître d'hôtel (literally "master of the house" or "master of the establishment") instead
(French never uses "d'" alone). In French as in English, "maître d'" means the "head waiter", the manager of the service side.
negligée A robe or a dressing gown, usually of sheer or soft fabric for women. French uses négligé (masculine form) or nuisette. In French, the
word négligée qualifies a woman who neglects her appearance.
pièce de résistance (piece de resistance) the best; the main dish in a meal, or the main item in a series, literally "a piece that resists."
Francophones use plat de résistance (main dish).
succès de scandale "Success through scandal"; Francophones might use succès par médisance.
voir dire a trial within a trial, or (in America) jury selection (Law French). Literally "to speak the truth." (Anglo-Norman voir [truth] is etymologically
unrelated to the modern French voir [to see].) In modern American court procedure, the examination of prospective jurors for their qualification
to serve, including inherent biases, views and predelictions; during this examination, each prospective juror must "speak the truth" so that
counsel and the court may decide whether they should remain on the jury or be excused. In England and Wales, the expression is used to refer
to a "trial within a trial," during which a judge hears evidence in the absence of the jury, typically to decide whether a certain piece of evidence
should be allowed to be presented to the jury or not. For example, a judge might hold a "voir dire" to determine whether a confession has been
extracted from a defendant by an unfair inducement in order to decide whether the jury should hear evidence of the confession or not.

French phrases in international air-sea rescue

International authorities have adopted a number of words and phrases from French for use by speakers of all languages in voice communications
during air-sea rescues. Note that the "phonetic" versions of spelling are presented as shown and not the IPA.
SECURITAY (sécurité, "safety") the following is a safety message or warning, the lowest level of danger.
PAN PAN (panne, "breakdown") the following is a message concerning a danger to a person or ship, the next level of danger.
MAYDAY ([venez] m'aider, come to help me"; aidez-moi means "help me") the following is a message of extreme urgency, the highest level of
danger. (MAYDAY is used on voice channels for the same uses as SOS on Morse channels.)
SEELONCE (silence, "silence") keep this channel clear for air-sea rescue communications.
SEELONCE FEE NEE (silence fini, "silence is over") this channel is now available again.
PRU DONCE (prudence, "prudence") silence partially lifted, channel may be used again for urgent non-distress communication.
MAY DEE CAL (médical, "medical") medical assistance needed.
It is a serious breach in most countries, and in international zones, to use any of these phrases without justification.
See Mayday (distress signal) for a more detailed explanation.

Celtic Gaulish language, entering English via Old Frankish or Vulgar Latin and Old French
ambassador from Old French embassadeur, from Latin ambactus, from Gaulish *ambactos, "servant", "henchman", "one who goes about".
beak from Old French bec, from Latin beccus, from Gaulish beccos.
bilge from Old French boulge, from Latin bulga, from Gaulish bulgā, "sack".
bran from Gaulish brennos, through the French bren, "the husk of wheat", "barley...".
brave from Prov/Cat brau, from Gaulish bragos.
budge (lambskin) from Old French bulge, from Latin bulga, from Gaulish bulgā, "sack".
budget from Old French bougette, from bouge, from Latin bulga, from Gaulish bulgā.
bulge from Old French boulge, from Latin bulga, from Gaulish bulgā, "sack".
car from Norman French carre, from L. carrum, carrus (pl. carra), orig. "two-wheeled Celtic war chariot," from Gaulish karros.
cream from Old French cresme, from the Latin word of Gaulish origin crāmum.
change from Old French changier, "to change, alter", from the late Latin word cambiare derived from an older Latin word cambire, "to barter,
exchange", a word of Gaulish origin, from PIE root *kemb- "to bend, crook".
embassy from Middle French embassee, from Italian ambasciata, from Old Provençal ambaisada, from Latin Ambactus, from Gaulish *ambactos,
"servant", "henchman", "one who goes about".
glean from Old French glener, from Late Latin glennare, from Gaulish glanos, "clean".
gob from Old French gobe, likely from Gaulish *gobbo-.
palfrey from Old French palefrei, from Latin paraverēdus from Greek para + Latin verēdus, from Gaulish *vorēdos.
piece from Old French, from Vulgar Latin *pettia, likely from Gaulish.
quay from Old French chai, from Gaulish caium.
truant from Old French, from Gaulish *trougo-, "miser".
valet from French, from Gallo-Romance *vassallittus, from Middle Latin vassallus, from vassus, from Old Celtic *wasso-, "young man", "squire".
varlet from Middle French, from Gallo-Romance *vassallittus, from Middle Latin vassallus, from vassus, from Old Celtic *wasso-, "young man",
"squire".
vassal from Old French, from Middle Latin vassallus, from vassus, from Old Celtic *wasso-, "young man", "squire".

German terms commonly used in English

Most of these words will be recognized by many English speakers; they are commonly used in English contexts. Some, such as wurst and
pumpernickel, retain German connotations, while others, such as lager and hamburger, retain none. Not every word is recognizable outside its
relevant context. A number of these expressions are used in American English, under the influence of German immigration, but not in British
English.
Food and drink- Main articles: List of German dishes, Austrian cuisine, and Swiss cuisine
Berliner Weisse, sour beer often infused with fruit syrup (German spelling: Berliner Weiße)
Biergarten, open-air drinking establishment
Braunschweiger, a liverwurst cold-cut (though in Germany Braunschweiger describes a smoked ground beef sausage)
Bratwurst (sometimes abbrev. brat), type of frying sausage
Budweiser, beer, after Budweis, the German name of B ějovic , a city in Southern Bohemia
Bundt cake, a ring cake (from Bundkuchen – in Germany, a Gug(e)lhupf)
Delicatessen, speciality food retailer, fine foods (modern German spelling Delikatessen)
Emmentaler (or Emmental), a yellow, medium-hard Swiss cheese that originated in the area around Emmental, Canton Bern
Frankfurter, type of sausage, sometimes shortened to "frank" or "frankfurt"
Gummi bear, also found with the Anglicized spelling gummy bear, German spelling: Gummibär
Hamburger, sandwich with a meat patty and garnishments
Hasenpfeffer, type of rabbit (or hare) stew
Hefeweizen, unfiltered wheat beer (containing yeast)
Kipfel, also kipferl, a horn-shaped type of pastry
Kinder Surprise, also known as a "Kinder Egg", a chocolate egg containing a small toy, usually requiring assembly (in Germany: Kinder-
Überraschung)
Kirschwasser, spirit drink made from cherries (hard liquor / booze)
Knackwurst, cooked sausage
Kohlrabi, type of cabbage (aka "cabbage turnip")
Kommissbrot, a dark type of German bread, baked from rye and other flours
Lager, beer made with bottom-fermenting yeast and stored for some time before serving (in Germany, an Export).
Leberwurst, pork-liver sausage
Maß, a unit of volume used for measuring beer; typically 1 litre (0.22 imp gal; 0.26 US gal), but probably evolved from the old Bavarian unit of
measure (Maßeinheit) called Quartl (quart)
Mozartkugel, literally "Mozart ball", a small, round sugar confection made of pistachio marzipan, and nougat, covered with dark chocolate
Muesli, breakfast cereal (Swiss German spelling: Müesli, standard German: Müsli)
Noodle, from German Nudel, a type of food; a string of pasta.
Pfeffernüsse, peppernuts
Pilsener (or Pils, Pilsner), pale lager beer named after Pilsen, the German name of Plz ň, a city in Western Bohemia; contains higher amounts of
hops than usual Lager (or Export) beer, and therefore is a tad more bitter.
Pretzel (Standard German spelling: Breze(l)), flour and yeast based pastry
Pumpernickel, type of sourdough rye bread, strongly flavoured, dense, and dark in colour
Quark, a type of fresh cheese (curd)
Radler, a mixture of beer and lemonade
Rollmops, rolled, pickled herring fillet
Sauerkraut (sometimes shortened to Kraut, which in German would mean cabbage in general), fermented cabbage
Schmalz, lard (rendered fat of animal origin), from Old High German smalz through Yiddish. (Note: If a German speaks of Schmalz without
additional qualifiers, he usually means lard from pigs. In English, Schmalz is from geese, as Jews do not eat pigs.)
Schnapps (German spelling: Schnaps), distilled alcoholic drink (hard liquor, booze)
Seltzer, carbonated water, a genericized trademark that derives from the German town Selters, which is renowned for its mineral springs
Spritzer, chilled drink from white wine and soda water (from spritzen = "to spray"; the term is most commonly used in Vienna and its surroundings;
in Germany: "(Wein-)Schorle", rarely "Gespritzter")
Stein, large drinking mug, usually for beer (from Steingut = "earthenware", referring to the material); proper German word: Steinkrug (earthenware
jug).
Streusel, crumb topping on a cake
Strudel (e. g. Apfelstrudel, milk-cream strudel), a filled pastry
Süffig, if a beverage is especially light and sweet or palatable; only the latter meaning is connoted with German süffig
Wiener, hot dog (from Wiener Würstchen = Viennese sausage)
Wiener Schnitzel, crumbed veal cutlet
Wurst, sausage, cold cuts
Zwieback, a "twice baked" bread; rusk, variants: German hard biscuits; Mennonite double yeast roll

Sports and recreation

Abseil (German spelling: sich abseilen, a reflexive verb, to rope (seil) oneself (sich) down (ab)); the term "abseiling" is used in the UK and
Commonwealth countries, "roping (down)" in various English settings, and "rappelling" in the US.
Blitz, taken from Blitzkrieg (lightning war). It is a team defensive play in American or Canadian football in which the defense sends more players
than the offense can block. The term Blitzkrieg was originally used in Nazi Germany during World War 2, describing a dedicated kind of fast and
ferocious attack.
Foosball, probably from the German word for table football, Tischfußball, although foosball itself is referred to as Kicker or Tischfußball in
German. Fußball is the word for soccer in general.
Karabiner, snaplink, a metal loop with a sprung or screwed gate, used in climbing and mountaineering; modern short form/derivation of the older
word 'Karabinerhaken'; translates to 'riflehook'. The German word can also mean a Carbine firearm.
Kutte (literally "frock" or "cowl"), a type of vest made out of denim or leather and traditionally worn by bikers, metalheads and punks; in German the
word also refers to the clothes of monks.
Kletterschuh, climbing shoe (mountaineering)
Mannschaft, German word for a sports team.
Rucksack (more commonly called a backpack in American English)
Schuss, literally: shot (ski) down a slope at high speed
Turner, a gymnast
Turnverein, a gymnastics club or society
Volksmarsch / Volkssport / Volkswanderung, people's march / popular sports (competitive) / people migrating

Animals
Dachshund, a dog breed, literally "badger dog" (usually referred to as Dackel in German usage)
Doberman Pinscher, a dog breed (usually referred to as Dobermann in German)
Hamster, a hamster is the furry little creature many people keep as pets
Poodle, a dog breed, from German Pudel
Rottweiler, a dog breed
Schnauzer, a dog breed (though in German, Schnauzer could also be short for Schnauzbart, meaning "moustache")
Siskin, several species of birds (from Sisschen, dialect for Zeisig)
Spitz, a dog breed

Philosophy and history

Antifa, short for "Antifaschistische Aktion" (anti-fascist action)
Lebensraum, literally "living space"; conquered territory, now exclusively associated with the Nazi Party in that historical context. In Germany, the
word now has a more neutral connotation.[citation needed]
Nazi, short for Nationalsozialist (National Socialist)
Neanderthal (modern German spelling: Neandertal), for German Neandertaler, meaning "of, from, or pertaining to the Neandertal ("Neander
Valley")", the site near Düsseldorf where early Homo neanderthalensis fossils were found. (Also German slang for someone considered
particularly ignorant, primitive or backwardly.)
Schadenfreude, "joy from pain" (literally "harm joy"); delight at the misfortune of others
Wanderlust, the yearning to travel
Zeitgeist, spirit of the time

Society and culture

Doppelgänger, literally "double-goer", also spelled in English as doppelgaenger; a double or look-alike. However, in English the connotation is
that of a ghostly apparition of a duplicate living person.
Dreck, literally "dirt" or "smut", but now meaning trashy, awful (through Yiddish, OED s.v.)
Dummkopf, literally "stupid head"; a stupid, ignorant person, similar to "numbskull" in English
Fest, festival
Fingerspitzengefühl (literally "finger-tip feeling", in German used to mean "empathy", "sensitivity" or "tact")
Gemütlichkeit, coziness
Gesundheit, literally health; an exclamation used in place of "bless you!" after someone has sneezed
Hausfrau, pejorative: frumpy, petty-bourgeois, traditional, pre-emancipation type housewife whose interests centre on the home, or who is even
exclusively interested in domestic matters (colloquial, American English only), sometimes humorously used to replace "wife", but with the same
mildly derisive connotation. The German word has a neutral connotation.
Kaffeeklatsch, literally "coffee gossip"; afternoon meeting where people (usually referring to women, particularly Hausfrauen) chitchat while
drinking coffee or tea and having cake.
Kindergarten, literally "children's garden"; day-care centre, playschool, preschool
Kitsch, cheap, sentimental, gaudy items of popular culture
Kraut, literally "cabbage"; derogatory term for a German
Lederhosen (short leather pants for men and boys, often worn with suspenders)
Meister, "master", also as a suffix: –meister; in German, Meister typically refers to the highest educational rank of a craftsperson. Note: Meister
does not refer to the academic master degree (which is now Master or formerly Magister, Diplom-engineer and so forth); it is considered, at
most, to be the equivalent of a bachelor's degree.
Oktoberfest, Bavarian folk festival held annually in Munich during late September and early October
Poltergeist, literally "noisy ghost"; an alleged paranormal phenomenon where objects appear to move of their own accord
Spiel, an attempt to present and explain a point in a way that the presenter has done often before, usually to sell something. A voluble line of often
extravagant talk, "pitch"
uber, über, "over"; used to indicate that something or someone is of better or superior magnitude, e.g. Übermensch
Wiener, used pejoratively, signifying a spineless, weak person; the closest originally English equivalent somewhat funnily being "vegetable". Not
used in German in this meaning, though terms like Würstchen (the diminutive form of Wurst) are, and Wiener does happen to be a kind of
sausage.
Wunderkind, literally "wonder child"; a child prodigy

Technology
–bahn as a suffix, e.g. Infobahn, after Autobahn
Blücher, a half-boot named after Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher (1742–1819); also a hand in the British card game
Napoleon.
Ersatz, replacement; usually implying an artificial and inferior substitute or imitation. In German, the word has a neutral connotation, e.g. Ersatzrad
simply means "spare wheel" (not an inferior one).
Flak, Flugabwehrkanone, literally: air-defence cannon, for anti-aircraft artillery or their shells, also used in flak jacket; or in the figurative sense:
"drawing flak" = being heavily criticized
Kraft as in kraft paper the strong paper used to make sacks; Kraft in German just means "strength" or "power".
Volkswagen, literally "people's car"; brand of automobile
Zeppelin, type of rigid airship named after its inventor
Other aspects of everyday life
erlaubt, allowed, granted; opposite of verboten.
kaput (German spelling: kaputt), out-of-order, broken, dead
nix, from German nix, dialectal variant of nichts (nothing)
Scheiße, an expression and euphemism meaning "shit", usually as an interjection when something goes amiss
Ur– (German prefix), original or prototypical; e.g. Ursprache, Urtext
verboten, prohibited, forbidden, banned. In English this word has authoritarian connotations.

German terms common in English academic context

German terms sometimes appear in English academic disciplines, e.g. history, psychology, philosophy, music, and the physical sciences; laypeople
in a given field may or may not be familiar with a given German term.
Academia
Ansatz, basic approach
Doktorvater, doctoral advisor
Festschrift, book prepared by colleagues to honor a scholar, often on an important birthday such as the sixtieth.
Gedenkschrift, memorial publication
Leitfaden, guideline
Methodenstreit, disagreement on methodology
Privatdozent, in German it describes a lecturer without professorship (typically requires German Habilitation degree).
Professoriat, the entity of all professors of a university

Architecture
Angstloch, literally "fear hole", a small hole in the floor of a medieval castle or fortress through which a basement room (popularly described as a
"dungeon") can be accessed
Bauhaus, a German style of architecture begun by Walter Gropius in 1918
Bergfried, a tall tower typical of Central European medieval castles
Biedermeier, of or relating to a style of furniture developed in Germany in the 19th century; in German, it might also derogatively describe a
certain old-fashioned, ultra-conservative interior styling
Hügelgrab, in archaeology, burial mound
Jugendstil, art nouveau
Pfostenschlitzmauer, in archaeology, a method of construction typical of prehistoric Celtic hillforts of the Iron Age
Plattenbau, building made from prefabricated slabs; a typical building style of the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, particularly associated
with East Germany.
Sondergotik, a Late Gothic architectural style found in Central Europe between 1350 and 1550
Stolperstein, literally "stumbling stone", metaphorically a "stumbling block" or a stone to "stumble upon", a cobblestone-size (10by10 centimetres
(3.9 in × 3.9 in)) concrete cube bearing a brass plate inscribed with the name and life dates of victims of Nazi extermination or persecution
Viereckschanze, in archaeology, a Celtic fortification of the Iron Age

Arts
Gesamtkunstwerk, "the whole of a work of art", also "total work of art" or "complete artwork"
Gestalt (lit. "shape, figure"), a collection of entities that creates a unified concept (where "the whole is more than the sum of its parts")
Heraldry
Seeblatt
Schwurhand

Music
Affektenlehre, the doctrine of the affections in Baroque music theory
Almglocken, tuned cowbells
Alphorn, a wind instrument
Augenmusik, eye music
Ausmultiplikation, a musical technique described by Karlheinz Stockhausen
Blockwerk, medieval type of church organ featuring only labial pipes
Crumhorn, from German Krummhorn, a type of woodwind instrument
Fach, method of classifying singers, primarily opera singers, by the range, weight, and color of their voices
Fife, from Pfeife, a small transverse flute often used in military and marching bands
Flatterzunge (literally "flutter tongue"), playing technique for wind instruments
Flugelhorn (German spelling: Flügelhorn), a type of brass musical instrument
Glockenspiel, a percussion instrument
Heldentenor, "heroic tenor"
Hammerklavier, "hammer-keyboard", an archaic term for piano or the name of a specific kind of piano, the fortepiano; most commonly used in
English to refer to Beethoven's Hammerklavier Sonata
Hosenrolle, a term for male character, literally "trousers' role"
Kapellmeister, "music director"
Katzenjammer, hubbub or uproar; in German, the term Katzenjammer could also mean hangover.
Katzenklavier, cat organ, a conjectural instrument employing live cats
Kinderklavier, piano for children
Klangfarbenmelodie, a term coined by Arnold Schönberg regarding harmonic theory
Konzertmeister, concert master
Kuhreihen, song originally used for gathering cows for milking
Leitmotif (German spelling: Leitmotiv) a musical phrase that associates with a specific person, thing, or idea
Lied (pronounced "leet"), "song"; specifically in English, "art song"
Lieder ohne Worte, "songs without words"
Liederhandschrift, a manuscript containing medieval songs
Liederkranz, (originally male) singing club
Liedermacher, Singer-songwriter
Marktsackpfeife, a type of bagpipes
Meistersinger, Master-singer
Mensurstrich, barline that is drawn between staves
Minnesang, medieval love poetry
Musikalisches Würfelspiel, a composing technique featuring the use of random number generators, i.e. dice (Würfel)
Ohrwurm, catchy tune
Orgelbewegung, a movement of organ building featuring a more baroque sound and organ architecture
Rauschpfeife, a type of woodwind instrument.
Rückpositiv (also rendered as Ruckpositiv)
Sängerfest, a Central European tradition of music festivals that also spread to North America
Schlager, "a hit" (German schlagen, to hit or beat)
Schottische, literally "Scottish", a folk dance
Schuhplattler, a regional dance from Upper Bavaria and Austria
Singspiel, German musical drama with spoken dialogue
Sitzprobe, rehearsal of a musical stage work where singers are sitting and without costumes
Sprechgesang and Sprechstimme, forms of musical delivery between speech and singing
Strohbass
Sturm und Drang, "storm and stress", a brief aesthetic movement in German literature, just before Weimar Classicism
Urtext, "original text" (of the composer)
Volksmusik, traditional German music
Walzer (Waltz)
Zukunftsmusik, music of the future
Genres
Kosmische Musik: a Krautrock-associated genre of electronic music pioneered by Popol Vuh
Krautrock: German-like English name for a variety of German rock
Neue Deutsche Härte (NDH): "New German Hardness"; a genre of German rock that mixes traditional hard rock with dance-like keyboard parts.
Recently it has begun to appear in English.
Neue Deutsche Todeskunst: "New German Death Art": a movement within the darkwave and gothic rock scenes
Neue Deutsche Welle (NDW): "New German Wave". A genre of German music originally derived from punk rock and new wave music.
Neue Slowenische Kunst: "New Slovenian Art". An art collective dating back to the 1980s, when Slovenia was part of Yugoslavia. Most
prominently associated with the band Laibach, named after the German name for Slovenia's capital city, Ljubljana.
Romantische Oper: genre of early nineteenth-century German opera
Schranz: a type of techno

Selected works in classical music

Johann Sebastian Bach's Das wohltemperierte Klavier (The Well-Tempered Clavier);
Jesus bleibet meine Freude (Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring)
Brahms's Schicksalslied Song of Destiny
Kreisler's Liebesleid {Pain of Love),
Liebesfreud (Joy of Love")
Liszt's Liebesträume (Dreams of Love)
Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik (A Little Serenade);
Die Zauberflöte (The Magic Flute)
Gustav Mahler's Kindertotenlieder (Songs on Dead Children)
Schubert's Winterreise (Winter Journey)
Schumann's Dichterliebe (The Poet's Love)
Richard Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier (Cavalier of the Rose);
Also sprach Zarathustra (Thus Spoke Zarathustra);
"Vier letzte Lieder" (Four last songs)
Johann Strauss II's Die Fledermaus (The Bat);
An der schönen blauen Donau (On The Beautiful Blue Danube)
Richard Wagner's Die Walküre (The Valkyrie);
Götterdämmerung (Twilight of the Gods);
both from his opera cycle "Der Ring des Nibelungen" (The Ring of the Nibelung)
Carols
Stille Nacht: "Silent Night"
Tannenbaum: "O Christmas Tree"

Modern songs
99 Luftballons: "99 Balloons" (English title: "99 Red Balloons") by Nena
Schrei nach Liebe: "Scream for Love" by Die Ärzte
Feuer frei!: "Fire at will" (literally, "fire freely!") by Rammstein
Der Kommissar "The Commissioner" by Falco

Theatre
Theaterpädagogik, "theatre pedagogy," the use of theatre as a means for teaching and learning in non-theatrical areas of study
Verfremdungseffekt, effect of disassociation or alienation

Typography
Fraktur, a style of blackletter typeface
Schwabacher, a style of blackletter typeface, from the Franconian town of Schwabach

Biology
Ahnenreihe, line of ancestors
Ahnenschwund, pedigree collapse
Ahnentafel, line of ancestors
Anlage in genetics; also used in the sense of primordium in embryology and temperament in psychology; literal meaning "disposition" or "rudiment"
Aufwuchs, growth
Aurochs (Modern German: Auerochse), urus
Bauplan, body plan of animals
Bereitschaftspotential, readiness potential
Edelweiss, German spelling Edelweiß, Leontopodium alpinum
Einkorn, Triticum boeoticum or Triticum monococcum, a type of wheat
Krummholz, crooked or bent wood due to growth conditions of trees and bushes
Lagerstätte, repository; sedimentary deposit rich in fossils
Lammergeier or lammergeyer (German: Lämmergeier, also Bartgeier), the bearded vulture
Molosser, a type of dog, literally "Molossian", from Molossus, the name of an ancient dog breed which the modern molossers descend from
Oberhäutchen (often written oberhautchen in newer literature), the outermost layer of reptile skin; literally "small top skin" (Häutchen is the
diminutive of Haut, the German word for "skin")
Schreckstoff (lit. "scream stuff"), a chemical alarm signal emitted by fish
Spitzenkörper, structure important in hyphal growth
Spreite, laminae found in trace fossils, going back to animal burrows
Unkenreflex, a defensive posture adopted by several branches of the amphibian class
Waldsterben, forest dieback
Zeitgeber (chronobiology), external clue that helps to synchronize the internal body clock
Zugunruhe (ornithology), pre-migration anxiety in birds and other migratory animals

Chemistry
Bismuth
Darmstadtium
Einsteinium
Meitnerium
Roentgenium
Wolfram

Chess
Allumwandlung
Blitz chess, from German Blitzschach, literally "lightning chess", also known as Fast chess
Fingerfehler: slip of the finger
Kibitz, from German Kiebitz (see de:Kiebitz (Spielbeobachter)), a spectator making comments on the game that can be heard by the players
Luft
Patzer
Sitzfleisch: patience during slow play
Zeitnot
Zugzwang
Zwischenschach
Zwischenzug

Economics
Dollar (German Thaler, Czech: tolar), from Joachimsthal (Czech: Jáchymov), name for the silver coin mined in Bohemia in the 16th century in
Joachimsthal (through Dutch (Rijks)daalder)
Energiewende, stands for Energy transition
Freigeld
Freiwirtschaft
Heller (German also Häller), from Hall am Kocher, name for the coin
K: In economics, the letter K, from the German word Kapital, is used to denote Capital
Lumpenproletariat
Mittelstand
Takt
Wirtschaftswunder

Geography
Hinterland
Inselberg
Knickpoint (German Knickpunkt, from knicken "to bend sharply, fold, kink"), a point where the slope of a river changes suddenly
Massenerhebung effect
Mitteleuropa
Mittelgebirge
Schlatt (also Flatt; from Low German)
Steilhang (steep slope or face)
Thalweg (written "Talweg" in modern German)

Geology
Aufeis, sheets of layered ice formed from groundwater discharge or upwelling of river water behind ice dams during freezing temperatures
Bergschrund
Dreikanter
Fenster, also known as a window, a geologic structure formed by erosion or normal faulting on a thrust system
Firn
Flysch
Gneiss (German Gneis)
Graben
Horst
Karst
Loess (German: Löss)
Randkluft, gap between the rock face and the side of the glacier
Sturzstrom
Urstrom, a large glacial age river in Northern Europe
Urstromtal

Minerals including:
Feldspar (German Feldspat)
Hornblende
Meerschaum
Moldavite (German Moldavit), from Moldau (Czech: Vltava)
Quartz (German Quarz)
Wolframite (German Wolframit)
Zinnwaldite (German Zinnwaldit), from Zinnwald (Czech: Cínovec)

History (Some terms are listed in multiple categories if they are important to each.)
The Third Reich
Alltagsgeschichte, literally "everyday history" a type of microhistory
Aufklarung, in German: Aufklärung, "enlightenment", short for Zeitalter der Aufklärung, "age of enlightenment"
Biedermeier, era in early 19th century Germany
Chaoskampf (mythology)
Diktat
Gründerzeit, the period in German history of great artistic and economic developments
Junker
Kaiser, "emperor" (derived from the title "Caesar")
Kleinstaaterei, the territorial fragmentation of Germany in the early modern period
Kulturgeschichte
Kulturkampf, literally the 'struggle for culture'; Otto von Bismarck's campaign for secularity which mostly went against Catholics in the newly
formed German state, ostensibly a result of Bismarck's suspicion of Catholic loyalty
Kulturkreis, a theory in anthropology and ethnology
Kulturkugel, literally "culture bullet" or "cultural bullet", a neologism coined by archaeologist J. P. Mallory for his model of cultural diffusion
Landflucht
Landnahme
Nordpolitik
Ostflucht
Ostpolitik
Ostalgie (nostalgia for the former Eastern Bloc, specifically for the GDR)
Perserschutt, "Persian rubble", sculptures that were damaged by the invading Persian army on the Acropolis of Athens in 480 BC
Quellenforschung, "research of sources", the study of the sources of, or influences upon, a literary work
Regenbogenschüsselchen, a type of prehistoric gold coin of the Celtic Iron Age
Realpolitik (political science: "real politics"); usually implies the way politics really works, i.e. via the influence of power and money, rather than a
principled approach that the public might expect to be aligned with a party's or nation's values, or rather than a political party's given
interpretation.
Reichstag (Imperial Diet; see Reichstag building, Imperial Diet, Reichstag, and the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic)
Sammlungspolitik
Sippe, an ancient Germanic clan
Urmonotheismus
Urreligion
Völkerschlacht – the "Battle of the Nations" (that is, the Battle of Leipzig, 1813)
Völkerwanderung – the migration (and invasions) of the Germanic peoples in the 4th century
Weltpolitik – the politics of global domination; contemporarily, "the current climate in global politics".

Glossary of German military terms

Blitzkrieg (literally "lightning war")
Flak (Flugabwehrkanone), anti-aircraft gun (for derived meanings see under Other aspects of everyday life)
Fliegerhorst, another word for a military airport (Horst = predator bird's nest)
Karabiner, a carbine (a firearm). For the climbing hardware, see carabiner above
Kriegsspiel, in English also written Kriegspiel, war game (different meanings)
Luftwaffe, air force (since WW II, with East Germany and the earlier German Empire using the term Luftstreitkräfte instead for their air services)
Panzer refers to tanks and other armored military vehicles, or formations of such vehicles
Panzerfaust, "tank fist": anti-tank weapon, a small one-man launcher and projectile.
Strafe, punishment, extracted from the slogan Gott strafe England (May God punish England)
U-Boot (abbreviated form of Unterseeboot – submarine, but commonly called U-Boot in Germany as well)
Vernichtungsgedanke (thought of annihilation)

Linguistics
Ablaut
Abstandsprache
Aktionsart
Ausbausprache
Dachsprache
Dreimorengesetz, "three-mora law", the rule for placing stress in Latin
Gleichsetzung or Gleichung, "equation" (of cognates, in etymology)
Grammatischer Wechsel, "grammatical alternation", a pattern of consonant alternations found in Germanic strong verbs and also in Germanic
nouns
Grenzsignal, "boundary signal"
Gruppenflexion, "group inflection", the attachment of an affix to an entire phrase instead of individual words
Junggrammatiker, literally "Young Grammarians", a formative German school of linguists in the late 19th century
Loanword (ironically not a loanword but rather a calque from German Lehnwort)
Mischsprache, mixed language
Nebenüberlieferung or "secondary transmission", linguistic material such as names (place-names, personal names etc.), loanwords or glosses
from a particular language found in texts composed in other languages (e. g., Hesychius' glossary)
Primärberührung, "primary contact", the development of certain consonant clusters (stop consonant + /t/) in Proto-Germanic
Rückumlaut, "reverse umlaut", a regular pattern of vowel alternation (of independent origin from usual ablaut patterns) in a small number of
Germanic weak verbs
Sitz im Leben (Biblical linguistics mainly; the study of pragmatics has a similar approach)
Sprachbund, "speech bond" or"language union", a sociolinguistic term for a group of languages that have become similar because of
geographical proximity
Sprachgefühl (de), the intuitive sense of what is appropriate in a language
Sprachraum
sprachwirklich (said of words and structures: actually attested as opposed to, e. g., merely postulated on theoretical grounds, or as opposed to
artificial coinages and inventions by ancient grammarians that were never used in reality)
Stammbaumtheorie, also Stammbaum alone, for a phylogenetical tree of languages
Suffixaufnahme
Trümmersprache, fragmentarily attested language
Umlaut
Urheimat, "original homeland", the area originally inhabited by speakers of a (reconstructed) proto-language
Ursprache, "proto-language"
Verschärfung, "sharpening", several analogous phonetic changes in Gothic, North Germanic and modern Faroese
Wanderwort, "migratory term/word", a word which spreads from its original language into several others
Winkelhaken, a basic element in the ancient cuneiform script

Literature
Bildungsroman
Knittelvers
Künstlerroman
Leitmotiv, a recurring theme
Leitwortstil
Nihilartikel, a fake entry in a reference work
Quellenkritik, source criticism
Sturm und Drang, an 18th-century literary movement; "storm and stress" in English, although the literal translation is closer to "storm and urge".
Urtext, "original text"
Vorlage, original or mastercopy of a text on which derivates are based
Wahlverwandtschaft (pronounced with a [v]) (from Goethe's Die Wahlverwandtschaften)
Q, abbreviation for Quelle ("source"), a postulated lost document in Biblical criticism

Mathematics and formal logic

Ansatz (lit. "set down", roughly equivalent to "approach" or "where to begin", a starting assumption) – one of the most-used German loan words in
the English-speaking world of science.
"Eigen-" in composita such as eigenfunction, eigenvector, eigenvalue, eigenform; in English "self-" or "own-". They are related concepts in the
fields of linear algebra and functional analysis.
Entscheidungsproblem
Grossencharakter (German spelling: Größencharakter)
Hauptmodul (the generator of a modular curve of genus 0)
Hauptvermutung
Hilbert's Nullstellensatz (without apostrophe in German)
Ideal (originally ideale Zahlen, defined by Ernst Kummer)
Krull's Hauptidealsatz (without apostrophe in German)
Möbius band (German: Möbiusband)
Positivstellensatz
quadratfrei
Stützgerade
Vierergruppe (also known as Klein four-group)
"Neben-" in composita such as Nebentype {\displaystyle \mathbb {Z} } \mathbb {Z} from (ganze) Zahlen ((whole) numbers), the integers
{\displaystyle \mathbb {K} } \mathbb {K} from Körper ("field"), used for one of the two basic fields {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} } \mathbb {R} or
{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } \mathbb {C} not specifying which one

Medicine
Anwesenheit
Diener, autopsy assistant
Entgleisen
Gedankenlautwerden
Gegenhalten
Kernicterus (German spelling: Kernikterus)
Kleeblattschädel
Mitgehen
Mitmachen
Mittelschmerz ("middle pain", used to refer to ovulation pain)
Pfropfschizophrenie
Rinderpest
Schnauzkrampf
Sensitiver Beziehungswahn
Sitz Bath
Spinnbarkeit
Verstimmung
Vorbeigehen
Vorbeireden
Wahneinfall
Witzelsucht
Wurgstimme

Philosophy
An sich, "in itself"
Dasein
Ding an sich, "thing in itself" from Kant
Geist, mind, spirit or ghost
Gott ist tot!, a popular phrase from Nietzsche; more commonly rendered "God is dead!" in English.
Übermensch, also from Nietzsche; the ideal of a Superhuman or Overman.
Weltanschauung, calqued into English as "world view"; a comprehensive view or personal philosophy of human life and the universe
Welträtsel, "world riddle", a term associated with Nietzsche and biologist Ernst Haeckel concerning the nature of the universe and the meaning of
life
Wertfreiheit, Max Weber's postulate: statements of science should be kept separate from value judgments (value neutrality)
Wille zur Macht, "the will to power", central concept of Nietzsche's philosophy

Physical sciences
Ansatz, an assumption for a function that is not based on an underlying theory
Antiblockiersystem
Aufbau principle (physical chemistry) (German spelling: Aufbauprinzip)
Bremsstrahlung literally, "brake radiation", electromagnetic radiation emitted from charge particles stopping suddenly
Durchmusterung, the search for celestial objects, especially a survey of stars
Entgegen and its opposite zusammen (organic chemistry)
Farbzentrum (Solid-state physics)
Foehn wind, also "foehn" (German spelling Föhn), a warm wind which sometimes appears on the northern side of the Alps in south Germany and
Austria
Fusel alcohol (German: Fuselalkohol), from German Fusel, which refers to low-quality liquor
Gedanken experiment (German spelling: Gedankenexperiment); more commonly referred to as a "thought experiment" in English
Gegenschein, a faint brightening of the night sky in the region of the antisolar point
Gemisch (chemistry: a randomized mixture of components)
Gerade and its opposite ungerade (quantum mechanics)
Graupel, a form of precipitation
Heiligenschein (lit. "Saint's shine")
Hohlraum, a radiation cavity used in thermonuclear weapons design
Kirchweger-Kondensationseinrichtung
Kugelblitz (the German term for ball lightning), in theoretical physics: a concentration of light so intense that it forms an event horizon and
becomes self-trapped
Kugelrohr, distillation apparatus
Mischmetall (lit. "mixed metal"), alloy
Rocks and minerals like Quartz (German spelling: Quarz), Gneiss and Feldspar (originally Gneis and Feldspat respectively), Meerschaum
Reststrahlen (lit. "residual rays")
Schiefspiegler, special type of telescope
Schlieren, inhomogeneities in transparent material
Sollbruchstelle, predetermined breaking point
Spiegeleisen
Trommel
Umklapp process (German spelling: Umklappprozess)
Umpolung (organic chemistry)
Vierbein, and variations such as vielbein
Zitterbewegung
Zwitterion

Politics
Befehl ist Befehl
Berufsverbot
Kritik, a type of argument in policy debates
Lumpenproletariat
Machtpolitik, power politics
Putsch, overthrow of those in power by a small group, coup d'état. (Although commonly understood and used in contemporary High German, too,
the word putsch originates from Swiss German and is etymologically related to English "push".)
Realpolitik, "politics of reality": foreign politics based on practical concerns rather than ideology or ethics.
Rechtsstaat, concept of a state based on law and human rights
Siegerjustiz
Überfremdung
Vergangenheitsbewältigung

Psychology
Aha-Erlebnis (lit. "aha experience"), a sudden insight or epiphany, compare eureka
Angst, feeling of fear, but more deeply and without concrete object
Eigengrau (lit. "intrinsic grey") or also Eigenlicht (lit. "intrinsic light"), the colour seen by the eye in perfect darkness
Einstellung effect, from Einstellung, which means "attitude" here
Erlebnis, from erleben for "experience", meaning a lived through conscious experience
Ganzfeld effect, from German Ganzfeld (lit. "complete field"), a phenomenon of visual perception
Gestalt psychology (German spelling: Gestaltpsychologie), holistic psychology
Gestaltzerfall (lit. "shape decomposition"), a kind of visual agnosia where a complex, holistic shape (Gestalt) dissolves into its parts for the perceiver
Haltlose personality disorder, from haltlos (lit. "not stopping"), aimless
Merkwelt, "way of viewing the world", "peculiar individual consciousness"
Schadenfreude, gloating, a malicious satisfaction obtained from the misfortunes of others
Sorge, a state of worry, but (like Angst) in a less concrete, more general sense, worry about the world, one's future, etc.
Umwelt, environment, literally: "surrounding world"; in semiotics, "self-centred world"
Weltschmerz (lit. "world-pain"), kind of feeling experienced by someone who understands that physical reality can never satisfy the demands of
the mind
Wunderkind (lit. "wonder child"), child prodigy
Zeitgeber (lit. "time-giver"), something that resets the circadian clock found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Sociology
Gemeinschaft, community
Gesellschaft, society
Herrschaft, reign
Männerbund, elite male society
Verstehen, understanding
Zeitgeist, spirit of the times or age
Theology
Gattung, genre
Heilsgeschichte (salvation history, God's positive saving actions throughout history)
Kunstprosa, artistic prose
Sitz im Leben (setting in life, context)

German terms mostly used for literary effect

There are a few terms which are recognised by many English speakers but are usually only used to deliberately evoke a German context:
Autobahn – particularly common in British English and American English referring specifically to German motorways.
Achtung – lit. "attention"
Frau and Fräulein – woman and young woman or girl, respectively, in English. Indicating marital state, with Frau – Mrs. and Fräulein – Miss; in
Germany, however, the diminutive Fräulein lapsed from common usage in the late 1960s. Regardless of marital status, a woman is now
commonly referred to as Frau, because from 1972 the term Fräulein has been officially phased out for being politically incorrect and should only
be used if expressly authorized by the woman concerned.
Führer (umlaut is usually dropped in English) – always used in English to denote Hitler or to connote a fascistic leader – never used, as is possible
in German, simply and unironically to denote a (non-fascist) leader or guide (e.g. Bergführer: mountain guide, Stadtführer: city guide [book],
Führerschein: driving licence, Geschäftsführer: managing director, Flugzeugführer: Pilot in command)
Gott mit uns – meaning "God be with us", the motto of the Prussian king was used as a morale slogan amongst soldiers in both World Wars. It
was bastardized as "Got mittens" by American and British soldiers, and is usually used nowadays, because of the German defeat in both wars,
derisively to mean that wars are not won on religious grounds.
Hände hoch – "hands up"
Herr – in modern German either the equivalent of Mr. (Mister), to address an adult man, or "master" over something or someone (e.g. Sein eigener
Herr sein: to be his own master). Derived from the adjective hehr, meaning "honourable" or "senior", it was historically a nobleman's title,
equivalent to "Lord". (Herr der Fliegen is the German title of Lord of the Flies.) In a religious context it refers to God.
Ich bin ein Berliner – famous quotation by John F. Kennedy
Leitmotif (German spelling: Leitmotiv) – any sort of recurring theme, whether in music, literature, or the life of a fictional character or a real person.
Meister – used as a suffix to mean expert (Maurermeister) or master; in Germany it means also champion in sports (Weltmeister, Europameister,
Landesmeister)
Nein – no
Raus – meaning Out! – shortened (colloquial) (depending on where the speaker is, if on the inside "get out!" = hinaus, if on the outside "come out!"
= heraus). It is the imperative form of the German verb hinausgehen (getting out (of a room/house/etc.) as in the imperative gehen Sie raus!).
Reich – from the Middle High German rich, as a noun it means "empire" or "realm", cf. the English word bishopric. In titles as part of a compound
noun, for example Deutsche Reichsbahn, it is equivalent to the English word "national" or possibly federal (the words "Reich" and "Bund" are
somewhat exchangeable in recent history, with the exception of the Nazi state which continued to call itself Reich despite abolishing states). For
instance Reichsbahn ([German] National/Federal Railway), or Reichspost (National/Federal Postal Service), specifically indicating in either case
that the respective institutions were organised by central authority (called the German Reich at the time), not the states. To some English - and
German - speakers, Reich (wrongly) strongly connotes Nazism and is sometimes used to suggest fascism or authoritarianism, e.g. "Herr
Reichsminister" used as a title for a disliked politician.
Ja – yes
Jawohl – a German term that connotes an emphatic yes – "Yes, Indeed!" in English. It is often equated to "yes sir" in Anglo-American military
films, since it is also a term typically used as an acknowledgement for military commands in the German military.
Schnell! – "Quick!" or "Quickly!"
Kommandant – commander (in the sense of person in command or Commanding officer, regardless of military rank), used often in the military in
general (Standortkommandant: Base commander), on battleships and U-Boats (Schiffskommandant or U-Boot-Kommandant), sometimes used
on civilian ships and aircraft.
Schweinhund (German spelling: Schweinehund) – literally: Schwein "pig" and Hund "dog", vulgarism like in der verdammte Schweinehund ("the
damned pig-dog"). But also used to describe the lack of motivation (for example to quit a bad habit): den inneren Schweinehund bekämpfen ("to
battle the inner pig-dog").
Verschlimmbessern – to make something worse in an honest but failed attempt to improve it
Weltschmerz – world-weariness, world-pain, angst, despair with the world (often used ironically in German)
Wunderbar – wonderful

Terms rarely used in English

Ampelmännchen
Besserwisser – someone who always "knows better"
Bockmist, lit. "billy goat's dung", meaning "nonsense" or "rubbish"
Eierlegende Wollmilchsau – literally "egg-laying wool-milk-sow", a hypothetical solution, object or person fulfilling unrealistically many different
demands; also referring sometimes to a (really existing) object, concept or person like this, for example a multi-tool or exceptionally versatile
person (jack of all trades)
Fahrvergnügen – "driving pleasure"; introduced in a Volkswagen advertising campaign
Gastarbeiter – "guest worker", foreign-born worker
Geisterfahrer – "ghost driver", a wrong-way driver; one who drives in the direction opposite to that prescribed for the given lane.
Götterdämmerung – "Twilight of the Gods", a disastrous conclusion of events
Kobold – small mischievous fairy creature, traditionally translated as "goblin", "hobgoblin" or "imp"
Ordnung muss sein – "There must be order." This proverbial phrase illustrates the importance that German culture places upon order.
Schmutz – smut, dirt, filth
... über alles – "above all", originally from "Deutschland über alles", the first line of Hoffmann von Fallersleben's poem "Das Lied der Deutschen"
(The Song of the Germans); see also Über Alles (disambiguation).
Vorsprung durch Technik – "competitive edge through technology", used in an advertising campaign by Audi
Zweihänder – two-handed sword

German quotations used in English

Some famous English quotations are translations from German. On rare occasions an author will quote the original German as a sign of erudition.
Muss es sein? Es muss sein!: "Must it be? It must be!" – Beethoven
Der Krieg ist eine bloße Fortsetzung der Politik mit anderen Mitteln: "War is politics by other means" (literally: "War is a mere
continuation of politics by other means") – Clausewitz
Ein Gespenst geht um in Europa – das Gespenst des Kommunismus: "A spectre is haunting Europe – the spectre of communism" –
The Communist Manifesto
Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt euch!: "Workers of the world, unite!" – The Communist Manifesto
Gott würfelt nicht: "God does not play dice" – Einstein
Raffiniert ist der Herrgott, aber boshaft ist er nicht: "Subtle is the Lord, but malicious He is not" – Einstein
Wir müssen wissen, wir werden wissen: "We must know, we will know" – David Hilbert
Was kann ich wissen? Was soll ich tun? Was darf ich hoffen? Was ist der Mensch?: "What can I know? What shall I do? What
may I hope? What is Man?" – Kant
Die ganzen Zahlen hat der liebe Gott gemacht, alles andere ist Menschenwerk: "God made the integers, all the rest is the work of
man" – Leopold Kronecker
Hier stehe ich, ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir. Amen!: "Here I stand, I cannot do differently. God help me. Amen!" – attributed to
Martin Luther
Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muss man schweigen: "Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent" –
Wittgenstein
Einmal ist keinmal: "What happens once might as well never have happened." literally "once is never" – a common German phrase and the
theme of The Unbearable Lightness of Being by Milan Kundera
Es lebe die Freiheit: "Long live freedom" – Hans Scholl
blitz or "the Blitz" (chiefly British use) – The sustained attack by the German Luftwaffe during 1940–1941, which began after the Battle of Britain. It
was adapted from "Blitzkrieg" (lightning war). The word "Blitz" (a bolt of lightning) was not used in German in its aerial-war aspect; it acquired an
entirely new usage in English during World War II. In British English, blitz is also used as a verb in a culinary context, to mean liquidise in a
blender, a food processor or with a handheld blender stick. In American football, a blitz occurs when some defensive players (other than those
on the defensive line) abandon their normal positions, attack the offensive backfield, and try to overwhelm the offensive blockers before the
quarterback or ball carrier can react. A blitz could cause a loss of yards, a sack, a risky throw, an incompletion, a fumble, or an interception.
Because it can leave the defensive structure undermanned, a blitz is a high-risk, high-reward defensive strategy that can be used against either
the passing game or the running game.
hock (British only) – A German white wine. The word is derived from Hochheim am Main, a town in Germany.
stein or beer stein – A beer mug made of stoneware or earthenware. The term is derived from German Steinzeug, "stoneware," a material that
went out of fashion for beer mugs at the end of the 19th century and was replaced by glass. See Humpen.
Mox nix! – From the German phrase, "Es macht nichts!" Often used by U.S. servicemen to mean "It doesn't matter" or "It's not important".
strafe – In its sense of "to machine-gun troop assemblies and columns from the air", strafe is an adaptation of the German word strafen (punish).

Common morphemes
Morpheme Definition Example word
Andr Man Android: a machine made to look like a man
Anthrop Humankind Anthropology: the study of humankind (see logy)
Arch Rule; govern Gynarchy: Government by a woman [see gyn]
Archae Ancient; old Archaeology: The science or study of antiquities, esp. prehistoric antiquities, such as the remains of buildings
or monuments of an early epoch, inscriptions, implements, and other relics, written manuscripts, etc. [see logy]
Bath Depth Bathometer: a device measuring depth (see meter)
Biblio Book Bibliophobia: the fear of books [see phobia]
Caco Bad Cacography: poor handwriting [see graph]
Centr Center Centerpiece: an ornamental object used in a central position, esp. on the center of a dining-room table
Chrom Color Polychrome: having many colors [see poly]
Chron Time Chronological: being in time order
Cycl Circle Bicycle: a vehicle with two wheels in tandem, usually propelled by pedals connected to the rear wheel by a
chain, and having handlebars for steering and a saddlelike seat. [see bi]
Dem People Democracy: Government by the people; a form of government in which the supreme power is retained and
directly exercised by the people
Di Two Dichromatic: having two colors [see chrom]
Dyn Power Dynasty: a sequence of rulers from the same family, stock, or group
Erg Work Ergonomics: the science of equipment design, intended to maximize productivity, especially in the workplace
Eu Good Euphony: pleasant combinations of sound [see phon]
Gen Origin; kind Genesis: the first book in the Bible
Geo Earth Geology: the study of the earth [see logy]
Gon Angle Polygon: a many sided shape [see poly]
Graph; Write; draw; Telegraph: the long-distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters [see tele]
gram record
Gyn Woman Misogyny: The hatred of women [see miso]
Helio Sun Heliotherapy: therapeutic exposure to sunlight [see therap]
Hem; Blood Hemorrhage: a profuse discharge of blood
haem
Hemi Half Hemisphere: one of the halves into which the earth is divided
Hetero Unlike; different Heterogeneous: Differing in kind; having unlike qualities; possessed of different characteristics; differing in
origin [see gen]
Homo Same Homogenous: Having a resemblance in structure, due to descent from a common progenitor with subsequent
modification [see gen]
Iso Equal Isography: Imitation of another's handwriting [see graph]
Latry Worship Idolatry: the religious worship of idols
Log Word; idea; study Dialog: A conversation between people. (dia: through) + (logos: speech, reason) = ("exchange of thoughts")
Logy; Discourse; learn Trilogy: a set of three works of art that are connected
ology
Macro Long Macrocosm: any large thing; universe
Mancy Prophecy Bibliomancy: prophesying by use of books [see biblio]
Mania Madness Pyromaniac: A person suffering from pyromania; A person who is obsessed with fire; one who lights things on
fire
Mega Large Megalomania: a mental disorder characterized by delusions of power [see mania]
Meter Measure Diameter: the length of a straight line passing from side to side of any figure or body, through its center
Micro Small Microscopic: so small it's hard to see [see scop]
Miso Hate Misology: the dislike of arguments (see log)
Mono One Monopoly: an exclusive privilege to carry on a business, traffic, or service, granted by a government
Olig Few Oligarchy: a form of government all the power resides with few people [see arch]
Ortho Correct; straight Orthodontics: the branch of dentistry dealing with the prevention and correction of irregular teeth
Pan All Pandemic: prevalent throughout an entire country, continent, or the whole world [see dem]
Para Beside; beyond; Paralysis: loss of muscle function for one or more muscles
abnormal
Path Feeling; disease Sociopath: a person, whose behavior is antisocial and who lacks a sense of moral responsibility or social
conscience.
Phil Friend Philanthropy: the desire to help others [see anthrop]
Phobia Fear of Arachnaphobia: The fear of spiders
Phon Sound Euphonic: Pleasing to the ear [see eu]
Poly Many Polymath: a person whose expertise spans a significant number of different subject areas
Rhe Flood; flow; gush; Logorhea: a flood of words spoken quickly (see log)
burst
Scop; Look at; examine Kaleidoscope: A toy in which reflections from mirrors make patterns
scept
Stat; stas Stop Static: showing little or no change
Tel; tele Far; distant Telephone: Apparatus designed to convert sound waves into electrical waves which are sent to and
reproduced data distant point [see phon]
Theo God Atheist: one who believes in no gods
Therap Cure Therapy: Treatment of illness or disability
Hawaiian words
Vowel Pronunciation
a [aː], [ɐ] or [ə]
e [ ː], [ɛ], or [e]
i [iː] or [i]
o [oː] or [o]
u [ ː] or [u]
Hawaiian word Meaning Pronunciation
(IPA)
ʻAʻa A kind of rough-surface volcanic rock (in Hawaiian: 'a'ā). Note that there are two glottal stops [ʔəˈʔaː]
before and after the first "a". Thus, it is not spoken as "ahh", but as "ah-ah".
Akamai Intelligent, clever, smart. [ʔɐkəˈmɛi]
Aloha Hello, goodbye, and love; outside of Hawaiʻi, only the first two meanings are used. [ʔəˈlohə]
ʻAwa A Polynesian shrub, Piper methysticum, of the pepper family, the aromatic roots of which are [ˈʔɐwə]
used to make an intoxicating beverage
Haole Foreigner or outsider. Usually directed towards Caucasians or people from the mainland. [ˈhɑol ]
May be said offensively, but is commonly said familiarly. Derived frim haʻole, meaning
"without breath"; allegedly, the word was originally used to describe Captain Cook's
crewmen, as they had button shirts that would go all the way up to the neck.
Honu Green sea turtle. [ˈhon ]
Hula Ancient Hawaiian form of dance. In the older days, men used to do hula as a sign of [ˈh lə]
masculinity and as a war dance. Also see haka. Many people get confused between the
Hawaiian hula (more graceful and slow) and the Tahitian hula (quicker and more hip
movements)
Humuhumunukunu The reef triggerfish. The humuhumunukunukuapua'a is notorious for its long name, which [ˌh m ˌh m ˌn k ˌ
many struggle to pronounce correctly (Humu (HOO-moo) + humu (HOO-moo) + nuku n k ˌwaːp ˈwɐʔ
kuāpuaʻa
(NOO-koo) + nuku (NOO-koo) + wa (WAH) + pua'a (poo-WUH'-uh)) ə]
Kahuna Hawaiian priest, wizard, or shaman; used in the slang phrase "big kahuna" [kəˈhunə]
Kamaʻāina A local; someone who has lived in Hawaii for a long time [kɐməˈʔɛinə]
Keiki A child. [ˈk iti]
Kukui The candlenut tree, state tree of Hawaii, so named because the nuts were used as candles. [k ˈk wi]
Kukui nut leis were worn by celebrities such as Jessica Simpson and Tyra Banks in
2005-07 and became popular must-have accessories.
Lānai A veranda or patio, from the word lānai (not to be confused with the island, Lānaʻi) [laːˈnɛi]
Laniakea The galaxy supercluster that is home to the Milky Way. It means "immeasurable heaven". [la:niakæ]
Lei A garland of flowers and/or leaves to be worn around the neck. [ˈl i]
Luau A Hawaiian feast (Hawaiian: lūʻau). [l ːˈʔɔu]
Mahalo Thank you. [məˈhɐlo]
Mahi-mahi Dolphin fish; the word means "very strong." [ˈmɐhiˈmɐhi]
Mana Magical or spiritual power. [ˈmɐnə]
Mano Shark (Hawaiian: manō) (not to be confused with the Spanish "mano", meaning "hand"). [ˈmɐno]
Muʻumuʻu A loose gown or dress incorrectly pronounced moo-moo in English, but properly pronounced [ˈm ʔ ˈm ʔu]
(Muumuu) "muʻumuʻu" in Hawaiian.
ʻOhana Family, neighborhood. May also mean a guest house where family members stay. [ʔoˈhɐnə]
Ono Good to eat. May also refer to the Scombrid Fish, also known as the Wahoo. [ˈono]
Pahoehoe A kind of smooth-surface volcanic rock. [paːˈhow ˈhow ]
Pele's hair A type of volcanic glass fibers named after Pele, the Hawaiian fire goddess of volcanoes [ˈpɛlɛ]
(see also limu o Pele).
Pele's tears Solidified pieces of lava named after Pele. —
Poi A type of Hawaiian food made from mashing corms of the taro plant. [ˈpoi]
Puka A hole or perforation. Puka shells are round shells with center holes, strung together to make [ˈp kə]
popular necklaces.
Shaka A hand gesture common in Hawaii by raising the thumb and pinky fingers to make a sign —
similar to the American Sign Language symbol for "Y".
Taboo From Hawaiian "kapu". Also Māori, Tongan, Samoan, Tahitian "tapu" or Fijian "tabu". [ˈkɐpu]
Ukulele A small guitar-like musical instrument that resembles the Portuguese cavaquinho (lit. [ʔ k ˈlɛlɛ]
"jumping flea")
Wahine A (Polynesian) woman, a female surfer. [waːˈɦiːn ]
Wiki Fast; used in the "Wiki Wiki Shuttle" and "English Wikipedia" [ˈviti], [ˈwiki]

From Hebrew words

abacus from Greek ἄβαξ abax 'slab', probably from ‫' אבק‬abaq 'dust'
agora (currency) from agorah 'small coin'
aliyah from 'aliyah 'ascent'
almemar from 'almemar 'bema', from Arabic ‫ المنبر‬al-minbar 'pulpit'
amen from 'amen 'certainly', 'verily'
baal from ba'al 'lord'
babel from balal 'confound' (SC) + in part from Akkadian bāb-ilu 'gate of god'
bar mitzvah from bar miṣwah 'son of the commandment'
bath (volume) from bath '10 gallons liquid measure'
bat mitzvah from bath miṣwah 'daughter of the commandment'
behemoth from behemoth 'beasts'
bethel from beth'el 'house of God'
bethesda (chapel) from Greek Bethesda 'Bethesda' (, probably from bayith chesed 'house of kindness' (SC)
bris from b'rith 'covenant'
brith milah from b'rith milah 'covenant of circumcision'
brouhaha perhaps from barukh hab-ba 'blessed be he who comes'
cab (volume) from qab 'hollow vessel'
cabal from qabbalah 'received (lore)'
challah from ḥallah 'egg-rich yeast-leavened bread'
chazan, hazan from ‫ חזן‬ḥazzan 'cantor' + in part from Aramaic, both from Akkadian
cherub from kerubh 'celestial hierarchy angel'
chutzpah from ḥuṣpah 'supreme self-confidence'
cider from shekhar 'strong drink'
copacetic disputed + perhaps from kol beṣedeq 'all with justice'
cor (volume), kor (volume) from kor, '100 gallons capacity'
corban from qorban 'offering'
dybbuk from dibbuq 'wandering soul'
edenic from 'eden 'delight'
ephah from ephah '1/10 homer dry measure', from Egyptian
galilee from Latin galilaea, MW), from galiyl 'circle', 'circuit' (SC)
ganef from gannabh 'thief'
gerah from gerah 'grain', 'bean'
get (divorce document) from ‫ גט‬get 'document of release'
golem from golem 'shapeless mass'
goy from goy 'nation'
gun moll from gannabh 'thief' + from Miryam 'Miriam' (MW, OED) (='rebelliously') (SC) + perhaps from Egyptian (HH)
habdalah from habhdalah 'separation'
haftarah, haphtarah from () patar 'separate', 'discharge'
haggadah from heged 'a saying' (
halacha from halakhah 'way'
hallelujah, alleluia from halleluyah 'praise the LORD'
halutz from hlṣ 'be in the vanguard' (
hebraize from ‫' י‬ibri 'region across [descendant]' (SC)
heder from hedher 'room'
homer (volume) from hamar 'surge up', 'swell up' (
hora from horah 'circle dance of Romania and Israel', from Romanian horă, from Turkish hora, perhaps from Greek χορός khoros 'round dance'
hosanna from hoshi'ah-nna 'save please'
jubilee from yobhel 'ram's horn'
judas from yehuda 'celebrated' (SC)
kabbalah, cabala from qabbalah 'received (lore)'
kaddish from qds 'sanctify' (
kashrut from ksr 'be appropriate' (
kibbutz from qibbuṣ 'gathering'
kibitz from Yiddish kibeṣn, from German gibitz 'peewit' + in part from qabazh 'grasp', 'collect'citation needed
kibosh disputed + perhaps from kabash 'tread down', 'disregard'citation needed
kiddush from qiddush 'sanctification'
klezmer from k'ley zemer 'musical instruments'
knesset from kanas 'assemble',
kosher from ksr 'be appropriate' (
lambdacism perhaps from lamedh 'whip, 'club' ( + from Phoenician
lambdoid perhaps from lamedh 'whip, 'club' ( + from Phoenician
lehayim from l'ḥaim 'to life' (
leviathan from liwyathan 'sea monster, whale'
macabre from French (danse) macabre, MW), probably from Latin (Chorea) Machabaeorum, from ‫ מקבה‬maqqaba 'hammer' (, from ‫ נקב‬naqab
'perforate' (SC)
maftir from maphtir 'one that dismisses' (NI)
mahzor from ḥzr 'return' (
manna from ‫ מן‬man (SC)
matzo from maṣah 'unleavened bread'
maven from mebhin 'one who is experienced', 'one who understands'
mazeltov from mazzal tob 'good luck'
mazuma from mezumman 'fixed'
megillah from galal 'roll'
menorah from menorah 'candlestick'
meshuga from meshugga 'crazy'. Source: from Deuteronomy (in Hebrew: Devarim, the 5th book of the Torah) 28:34: You will go mad (=
meshuga) from the sight of your eyes that you will see. Apparently this is the only place where the word appears.
messiah from mashiaḥ 'anointed' + in part from Aramaic meshiha 'anointed'
mezuzah from mezuzah 'doorpost'
midrash from midrash 'exposition', 'explanation'
mikvah from miqwah 'purification bath'
minyan from minyan 'number', 'count', from Aramaic
mitzvah from ‫ מצוה‬miṣwah 'commandment'
mohel from ‫ מוהל‬mohel 'person qualified to perform circumcision' (
momser from momser 'bastard' (
mishpachah from mishpahah 'family', 'clan' (NI)
moshav from moshabh 'dwelling'
nabla probably from nebhel 'harp' (NI)
nachas pleasure, satisfaction, delight; proud enjoyment (usage: I have nachas from you) (from Hebrew ‫ נחת‬pronounced 'nachat')
nebel from nebhel 'harp'
omer from 'omer '1/10 ephah dry capacity'
parashah from parashah 'explanation' ()
pascal from 'Pascal', MW), from ‫ פסח‬pesah 'passover'
paschal from pasah al 'passed over'
pharaoh from par'oh 'ruler of ancient Egypt', from Egyptian pr-'o 'great house'
pharisee from Aramaic perisha 'separated', from ‫ פרש‬parash 'separate' (SC), 'cleave' (
rabbi from, rabh 'master'
rebbe from, rabh 'master'
rebbetzin from rabh 'master'
rhotacism perhaps from rosh 'head' ( + from Phoenician
sabbatical from shabbat 'day of rest'
sabra from ṣabar 'prickly pear'
satanic from satan 'adversary', 'devil'
schmooze from ‫ שמועות‬shemu'oth 'news', 'rumor'
schwa from schewa' 'unstressed mid-central vowel', probably from Syriac ‫ ܥܗܘܐܝܝܐ‬sewayya 'equal'
seder from seder 'order'
selah from selah 'suspension', 'pause' (SC)
seraph from saraph 'celestial being'
shadchan from shiddekh 'arrange a marriage' (NI)
shadrach from shadrach 'captive' (
shalom from shalom 'peace'
shalom aleichem from shalom 'alekhem 'peace unto you'
shammes from shammash 'sexton'
shamus perhaps from ‫ שמש‬shammash 'sexton'
shegetz from sheqes 'blemish', 'abomination'
shekel from saqal 'weigh', from Canaanite tql
sheol from se'ol 'underworld' , perhaps from shaal 'dig' (
shibboleth from shibboleth 'stream', 'ear of grain'
shiksa from, sheqes 'blemish', 'abomination'
shivah from shibh'ah 'seven'
shofar from shophar 'ram's horn'
siddur from siddur 'arrangement' , 'order'
sukkah from sukkah 'booth', 'shelter'
sycamine from shiqmah 'mulberry tree'
tallith from tillel 'cover'
talmudism from lamad 'learn'
teraph from teraphim 'household god'
tom from te'om 'twin'
torah from tora 'law', 'instruction'
tref from taraph 'tear'
tsuris from ṣarah 'calamity' (
tush from tahath 'under', 'beneath'
tzitzit, zizith from ṣiṣith 'fringes', 'tassels'
ulpan from aleph 'ox', 'leader' (
yanqui from 'Yankee', probably from Yohanan 'John' (='the LORD is gracious') (HH)
yeshiva from yeshibhah 'talmudic school'
yid from yehudah 'celebrated' (SC)
zaddik from ṣaddiq 'just', 'righteous'
From Hebrew names
abelia from 'Abel', MW), from Hebhel 'Abel' (='emptiness') (SC)
abelian from 'Abel', MW), from Hebhel 'Abel' (='emptiness') (SC)
abigail from (SC) Avigail 'Abigail' (='father of exaltation') (HH)
adam-and-eve from Adam 'Adam' (='earth') (HH) + from Hawwah 'Eve' (='living') (HH)
ammonite from ‫ עַ ּמֹון‬Ammon, Biblical tribe
bedlam from Beth Leḥem 'Bethlehem' (='house of bread')
bejesus from ַ‫ יֵׁשּוע‬Yeshu'a 'Jesus' (='Jehovah-saved') (SC)
benday from Binyamin 'Benjamin' (='son of [the] right hand') (SC) + from Old English
cassia from qəṣi`â
davit from Dawid 'David' (='loving') (SC)
hamantasch from Haman 'Haman' (='vizier') (SC) + from Yiddish
hansom from 'Hansom', from 'Hans', from Yohanan 'John' (='the LORD is gracious') (HH)
jack 1 from ‫ יוחנן‬Yohanan 'John' (='the LORD is gracious') (HH)2 perhaps from ‫ ַיעֲקֹב‬Ya'aqobh 'Jacob' (='he has protected')
jacket from ‫ ַיעֲקֹ ב‬Ya'aqobh 'Jacob' (='he has protected')
jacobean from ‫ ַיעֲקֹב‬Ya'aqobh 'Jacob' (='he has protected')
jacquard from 'Jacquard', MW), from ‫ ַיעֲקֹב‬Ya'aqobh 'Jacob' (='he has protected')
jacquerie from ‫ ַיעֲקֹב‬Ya'aqobh 'Jacob' (='he has protected')
jakes perhaps from ‫ ַיעֲקֹב‬Ya'aqobh 'Jacob' (='he has protected')
jeez from ַ‫ יֵׁשּוע‬Yeshu'a 'Jesus' (='Jehovah-saved') (SC)
jehu from ‫ יהוא‬Yehu 'Jehu' (='Jehovah [is] He') (SC)
jeremiad from ‫ י ְִר ְמיָה‬Yirmeyah 'Jeremiah' (='the LORD will rise') (SC)
jeroboam from ‫ י ָָר ְבעָ ם‬Yarobh'am 'Jeroboam' (='people will contend') (SC)
jesuit from ַ‫ יֵׁשּוע‬Yeshu'a 'Jesus' ('Jehovah-saved') (SC)
jezebel from ‫ איזבל‬Izebhel 'Jezebel' (='chaste') (SC)
jimmy from 'James' , from ‫ ַיעֲקֹב‬Ya'aqobh 'Jacob' (MW, OED) (='he has protected')
jockey from ‫ יוחנן‬Yohanan 'John' (='the LORD is gracious') (HH)
joe from ‫ יֹוסֵ ף‬Yoseph 'Joseph' (='he shall add') (HH)
john (washroom) from ‫ יוחנן‬Yohanan 'John' (='the LORD is gracious') (HH)
johnny (gown) from ‫ יוחנן‬Yohanan 'John' (='the LORD is gracious') (HH)
jorum perhaps from Yehoram 'Joram' (='Jehovah-raised') (SC)
joseph from ‫ יֹוסֵ ף‬Yoseph 'Joseph' (='he shall add') (HH)
lazar from ‫ אלעזר‬El'azar 'Lazarus' (='God is my help') (HH)
lazaretto from ‫ אלעזר‬El'azar 'Lazarus' (='God is my help') (HH) + from ‫ נָצְ ַרת‬natzerath 'Nazareth' (
macadam from 'McAdam', in part from Adham 'Adam' (='earth') (HH)
macadamia from 'Macadam', in part from Adham 'Adam' (='earth') (HH)
marionette from ‫ ִמ ְריָם‬Miryam 'Miriam' (MW, OED) (='rebelliously') (SC) + perhaps from Egyptian (HH)
marry (interjection)
from ‫ ִמ ְריָם‬Miryam 'Miriam' (MW, OED) (='rebelliously') (SC) + perhaps from Egyptian (HH)
mick from Mikha'el 'Michael' (='who [is] like God?') (SC)
mickey (drink) perhaps from Mikha'el 'Michael' (='who [is] like God?') (SC)
miquelet probably from Catalan Miquel (NI), from Mikha'el 'Michael' (='who [is] like God?') (SC)
moll from ‫ ִמ ְריָם‬Miryam 'Miriam' (MW, OED) (='rebelliously') (SC) + perhaps from Egyptian (HH)
nance from 'Nancy' (MW, AHD), probably in part from ‫ חנה‬Ḥannah 'Anna' (='favored') (HH, SC)
nimrod from ‫ נמרוד‬Nimrodh 'Nimrod' (='hunter')
philistine 1 from ‫ פלשתים‬Pelistim 'Philistines' 'Aegean people who settled Philistia' 2 from ‫ פלשת‬Pelesheth 'Philistia' (='rolling', 'migratory') (SC)
rube from ‫ ְראּובֵ ן‬Re'ubhen 'Reuben' (='see ye a son') (SC)
samaritan from ‫ ׁש ְֹמרֹון‬Shomron 'Samaria' (='watch-station') (SC)
semitist from ‫ שם‬Shem 'Shem' (='name') (SC)
simony from ‫ ִׁש ְמעֹון‬Shim'on 'Simon' (='hearing') (HH, SC)
sodom from ‫ סדום‬s'dom 'Sodom', OED) (='burnt') (SC)
toby from ‫ טוביה‬Toiah 'Tobias' (='goodness of Jehovah') (SC)
Letter names
aleph, beth, gimel, daleth, he, waw, zayin, heth, teth, yod, kaph, lamed, mem, nun, samekh, ayin, pe, sadhe, qoph, resh,
shin, taw
alpha from Greek Άλφα alpha, perhaps from ‫ אלוף‬aleph 'ox', 'leader' ( + from Canaanite 'alp 'ox'
beta from Greek Βήτα beta, from ‫ בית‬bet 'house', probably from Phoenician ( + from Canaanite bet 'house'
gamma from Greek Γάμμα gamma, perhaps from ‫ גמל‬gimel 'ruminant beast' ( + from Phoenician
delta from Greek Δέλτα delta , perhaps from ‫ דלת‬deleth 'door' ( + of Semitic origin, akin to Phoenician dalt 'door'
eta from Greek eta, perhaps from chet ( 'terror' (SC) + from Phoenician
iota from Greek Ιώτα iota, perhaps from ‫ יד‬yodh 'hand' ( + from Phoenician
kappa from Greek Κάππα kappa, perhaps from ‫ כף‬kaph ( 'palm of the hand' + from Phoenician
lambda from Greek Λάμβδα lambda, perhaps from ‫ למד‬lamedh 'whip', 'club' ( + from Phoenician
nu from Greek Νυ nu, perhaps from ‫ נון‬nun 'fish' ( + of Semitic origin
pi from Greek Πι pi, perhaps from ‫ פה‬pe 'mouth' ( + from Phoenician
rho from Greek Ρω rho, perhaps from ‫ ראש‬rosh 'head' ( + from Phoenician
tau from Greek Ταυ tau, perhaps from taw ( 'mark', 'cross' + from Phoenician

List of English words of Hindi or Urdu origin

Avatar From Hindi अवतार, from Sanskrit, descent of a deity from a heaven
Aiyo from South Indian, In southern India and Sri Lanka, expressing distress, regret, or grief; ‘Oh no!’ or ‘Oh dear
Bandanna from bandhna (बाांधना) to tie.
Bangle from bāngṛī बाांगडी, a type of bracelet.
Blighty "Britain" (as a term of endearment among British troops stationed in Colonial India): from Hindi-Urdu vilāyatī (ववलायती, ‫" )واليتى‬foreign",
ultimately from Arabo-Persian ‫" واليتى‬provincial, regional".
Bungalow from बांगला banglA and Urdu ‫ بنگلہ‬banglA, literally, "(house) in the Bengal style".
Cheetah from cītā, चीता, meaning "variegated".
Chit from वचट्ठी Chitthi, a letter or note.
Chutney from चटनी chatni, meaning "to crush"
Cot from Khāt, खाट, a bed.
Chowkat from Chokath, Urdu, a door frame.
Cummerbund from kamarband, cf. कमरबन्द - Urdu meaning "waist binding" [ultimately from Persian]
Cushy probably from khushi, cf. Hindi ख़ुशी - Urdu "easy, happy, soft" [ultimately from Persian]; but some sources prefer an origin from "cushion"
Dacoit from Daku, meaning a member of a class of criminals who engage in organized robbery and murder. Hence also dacoity(banditry)
Dekko (UK slang for 'a look') from देखो Dekho, the imperative 'look', (देखो ) meaning look at or study something.
Dinghy from Dinghi, small boat, wherry-boat
Dungaree Heavy denim fabric, also referring to trousers made thereof, from Hindi डांगरी (ḍūṅgrī, “coarse calico”), the name of a village.
Garam masala from Hindi and Urdu गरम मसालाा garam masālā, literally "hot ( = spicy) mixture", from Persian garm 'warm, hot' and Arabic
maṣāliḥ 'benefits, requirements, ingredients'.
Guru from Hindi guru "teacher, priest," from Sanskrit गुरुः guruḥ "one to be honored, teacher," literally "heavy, weighty."
Gymkhana A term which originally referred to a place where sporting events take place and referred to any of various meets at which contests
were held to test the skill of the competitors. In English-speaking countries, a gymkhana refers to a multi-game equestrian event performed to
display the training and talents of horses and their rider [-khānā from Pers. khānāh ‫" خانه‬house, dwelling"]
Ghee from Sanskrit, An oil with a rich history in Ayurvedic medicine, ghee remained In ia’s culinary star for centuries till it was sidelined in the
1980s by vegetable oils because of its high saturated fat. A word with Sanskrit origins, it is described by the dictionary as “clarifi butter made
from the milk of a buffalo or cow”.
Jaconet modification of Sanskrit jagannaath, from Jagannath (Puri), [India], where such cloth was first made.
Jodhpurs Full-length trousers, worn for horseback riding, that are close-fitting below the knee and have reinforced patches on the inside of the
leg. Named after Jodhpur, where similar garments are worn by Indian men as part of everyday dress.
Juggernaut from Jagannath (Sanskrit: जगन्नाथ jagannātha), a form of Vishnu particularly worshipped at the Jagannath Temple, Puri, Odisha
where during Rath Yatra festival thousands of devotees pull temple carts some 14m (45 feet) tall, weighing hundreds of tons through the
streets. These carts seat three images of the deity, meant to be brothers for a 'stroll' outside after the ritual worship session. They are fed by
thousands and thousands of worshipers with holy food, as if the icons were living. Early European visitors witnessed these festivals and
returned with—possibly apocryphal—reports of religious fanatics committing suicide by throwing themselves under the wheels of the carts. So
the word became a metaphor for something immense and unstoppable because of institutional or physical inertia; or impending catastrophe
that is foreseeable yet virtually unavoidable because of such inertia.
Jungle from ‫ جنگل‬जङल् jangal, another word for wilderness or forest.
Khaki from खकक khākī "of dust colour, dusty, grey", cf. Hindi खाकी - Urdu ‫[ خاکی‬ultimately from Persian].
Karakul A hat shaped like a fez but made of real or imitation karakul and worn by Pakistani Muslims on occasion. It is called a "Karakulli topi"
(Topi meaning cap).
Karma from Sanskrit, the result of a person's actions as well as the actions themselves. It is a term about the cycle of cause and effect.
Loot from Loot ‫ لوٹ‬लट, meaning 'steal'. Robbery
Multan from Multan, Pakistan: A kind of rug prevalent there.
Mogul from Hindi and Urdu: An acknowledged leader in a field, from the Mughal rulers of India like Akbar and Shah Jahan, the builder of the Taj
Mahal.
Maharaja from Hindi and Sanskrit: A king.
Mantra from Hindi and Sanskrit: a word or phrase used in meditation.
Nirvana (in Hinduism and Buddhism) a transcendent state in which there is neither suffering, desire, nor sense of self, and the subject is released
from the effects of karma and the cycle of death and rebirth. It represents the final goal of Hinduism and Buddhism.
Pashmina from Hindi पश्मीना, Urdu ‫پشمينه‬, ultimately from Persian ‫پشمينه‬.
Poori from Hindi poori, from Sanskrit पुर (pura) or "cake".
Punch from Hindi and Urdu panch ‫پانچ‬, meaning "five". The drink was originally made with five ingredients: alcohol, sugar, lemon, water, and tea or
spices. The original drink was named paantsch.
Pundit from पवडडत Pandit, meaning a learned scholar or Priest.
Pukka (UK slang: "genuine") from Pakkā पक्का,‫ پکا‬cooked, ripe, solid.
Pyjamas from Hindi and Urdu, पैजामा (paijaamaa), meaning "leg garment", coined from Persian ‫" پاى‬foot, leg" and ‫" جامه‬garment".
Raita from Hindi and Urdu रायता ‫ ريتا‬rayta. yogurt based dish, some add sliced/chopped/diced, cucumbers, onions, tomatoes, pineapples,
pomegranate or other salads to complement rice or roti meals.
Roti from Hindi and Urdu रॊटी ‫ روٹی‬roti "bread"; akin to Prakrit रॊट्ट rotta "rice flour", Sanskrit रोटटका rotika "kind of bread".
Shampoo Derived from Hindustani chāmpo (चााँपो [tʃãːpoː]) (verb imperative, meaning "rub!"), dating to 1762.
Thug from Thagi ठग, meaning "thief or con man".
Tickety-boo from Hindi ठीक है, बाब (ṭhīk hai, bābū), meaning "it's all right, sir".
Toddy (also Hot toddy) from Tārī ताडी, juice of the palmyra palm.
Typhoon from Urdu ‫ طوفان‬toofaan. A cyclonic storm.
Veranda from Hindi baramdaa बरामदा or another Indian language, but ultimately probably from Portuguese or Spanish.
Yoga From Sanskrit term (योग) for ancient Hindu spiritual practices common in India that have become internationally popular.
Yaar From Hindi In the dictionary, the colloquial Indian word, yaar, has been defined as a noun to refer to a ‘familiar form of address: friend, mat ’.
According to research, yaar was first spotted in English usage in the year 1963.

This is a partial list of known or supposed Hungarian loanwords in English:

biro From László Bíró, the Hungarian inventor of the ballpoint pen. Bíró originally means judge.
coach From kocsi, a horse‐drawn wagon with springs above the axles. Named after the village of Kocs in which this type of vehicle was invented.
The verb 'to coach' is also derived from this root.
czardas From csárdás, a Hungarian folk dance. Csárda also means 'tavern'.
Dobos torte or Dobosh From Dobos torta, "Dobos cake". After confectioner József C. Dobos.
fogas an Eastern European species of fish (Sander lucioperca), cf. zander.
forint the currency of Hungary since 1946 (cf. p ngő)
friska From friss, a fast section of music, often associated with czardas dances (cf. lassan).

GOULASH
From gulyás, a type of stew known in Hungarian as gulyás. In Hungary, 'gulyásleves' is a soup dish; leves meaning soup. Gulyás also means
'herdsman' dealing with cattle, as the noun gulya is the Hungarian word for cattle herd. (This can cause confusion with native Hungarian speakers,
as Hungarians generally understand unqualified "gulyás" to mean "gulyásleves", the soup, instead of referring to the international goulash as
"pörkölt".)
Hajduk From hajdúk, "bandits". Outlaw, guerilla fighter. The original Hungarian meaning was "cattle drover".
Halászlé or Fisherman's Soup, a very hot and spicy river fish soup with a lot of paprika. (The actual Hungarian halászlé is not always made with
hot paprika, unlike the internationally-known soup.)
Hussar From Hungarian huszár, a light cavalry soldier. The Hungarian word originally meant "freebooter" and was further derived via Old Serbian
husar, gusar, gursar ("pirate") from Italian corsaro ("pirate"), i.e. the same root as that of English corsair.
Itsy-bitsy is sometimes linked to Hungarian ici-pici ("tiny") by popular sources, but is regarded as an unrelated English formation by English
dictionaries.
Komondor A big Hungarian breed of livestock guardian dog, looking like a big mop, always white.
Kuvasz A big Hungarian breed of shepherd dog, always white.
Lassan From lassú, "slowly". a slow section of music, often associated with czardas dances (cf. friska).
Palacsinta a form of pancake popular throughout central Europe
Paprika a spice produced from the ground, dried fruits of Capsicum annuum, a red pepper
Pengő the currency of Hungary between 1925 and 1946 (cf. forint).
Puli A small Hungarian breed of shepherd dog, also looking like a mop, usually black or white.
pusta or puszta From puszta, a kind of Hungarian steppe.
Rezbanyite a mineral (consisting of lead, copper, and bismuth sulfide), named after Rézbánya ("copper mine")
sabre (UK) or saber (US) From French (sabre, sable), ultimately from an unknown source in a language of Eastern origin, possibly through
Hungarian szablya.
shako or tsako From csákó süveg, 'peaked cap', a stiff military hat with a high crown and plume.
tokaji or tokay From tokaji aszú, the name of the wine from Tokaj, the centre of the local wine-growing district Tokaj-Hegyalja.
Vashegyite a mineral (hydrated basic aluminum phosphate), named after Vashegy ("iron mountain"), the old Hungarian name for the village of
Ž l zník, Slovakia where it was discovered.
Verbunkos a Hungarian men's folk dance and musical style (itself coming from German Werbung - meaning "military recruitment" here).[citation
needed]
vizsla or vizla From vizsla, a Hungarian breed of hunting dog.

Dravidian languages
Aiyo, a word used to express distress, regret and fear, either from Tamil aiyō or Sinhalese ayiyō.
Betel, a leaf of a vine belonging to the Piperaceae family; from Portuguese betel, which probably comes from Tamil or Malayalam.
Candy, crystallized sugar or confection made from sugar; via Persian qand, which is probably from a Dravidian language, ultimately stemming
from the Sanskrit root word 'Khanda'.
Coir, cord/rope, fibre from husk of coconut; from Malayalam kayar (കയർ) or Tamil kayiru (கயிறு). The origin of this word cannot be conclusively
attributed to Malayalam or Tamil.
Congee, porridge, water with rice; uncertain origin, possibly from Tamil kanji (கஞ்சி), Telugu or Kannada gañji, or Malayalam kaṇni
Coolie, a labourer or slave, a South Asian person; possibly from Tamil cooli (கூலி) "labour", or possibly from Koḷī "Gujarati people" in Gujarati,
which is not a Dravidian language
Cot, a bedstead or a portable bed; via Hindi from Sanskrit, which in turn may have come from a Dravidian source such as Tamil kattil
Cowry, the shells of certain sea snails, or the snails themselves; via Hindi and Urdu from Sanskrit kaparda (कपदद), which may be related to Tamil
kotu (ககோது) "shell"
Curry, a variety of dishes flavored with a spicy sauce; cognates exist in several Dravidian languages.
Ginger, a fragrant spice; exact route from Dravidian is uncertain, but possibly from Tamil inchi (இஞ்சி) or Malayalam inchi (ഇഞ്ചി)
Godown, synonym to warehouse; English from Malay, which in turn may have borrowed it from Telugu giḍangi or Tamil kiṭanku
Gunny, an inexpensive bag; from Tulu word goni.
Hot toddy, beverage made of alcoholic liquor with hot water, sugar, and spices; from Hindi tari "palm sap", probably from a Dravidian language
Jaggery, coarse brown sugar made from palm and sugarcane; from Malayalam sharkara (ശർക്കര) or Kannada sharkare, having its origins in
Sanskrit,ultimately originating from Tamil sakkarai (சக்கரை) - meaning sugar in modern use.
Mango, A tropical fruit;origin probably from Malayalam or Tamil
Mongoose, a small carnivorous mammal from southern Eurasia or Africa, known for killing snakes; probably ultimately from a Dravidian language,
with spelling influenced by the English word goose
Mung, a type of bean; ultimately from Sanskrit mudga (मुद्ग), which is the name of the bean and the plant, perhaps via Tamil mūngu (முங்கு) "soak",
or perhaps from mũg (माँग), the name of the bean in Hindi, which is not a Dravidian language
Orange, a citrus fruit, or a color named for the fruit; cognates exist in several Dravidian languages
Pagoda, a religious building; etymology uncertain but perhaps influenced by Tamil pagavadi (பகோவடி) "house belonging to a deity"
Pariah, a social outcast; from Tamil paṟaiyar (பரையர்) or Malayalam paṟayan, "drummer"
Peacock, a type of bird; from Old English pawa, the earlier etymology is uncertain, but one possible source is Tamil tokei (க ோரக) "peacock
feather", via Latin or Greek
Sambal, a spicy condiment; from Malay, which may have borrowed the word from a Dravidian language such as Tamil or Telugu
Teak, a tropical hardwood tree; called tekku (க க்கு) in Tamil, tekka in Malayalam, Telugu teku, and Kannada tegu
Malayalam
English word Word Transliteration Meaning in Malayalam
Copra കൊപ്ര kopra copra; coconut kernel
Coir കയർ kayaṟ cord; coir
Teak തേക്ക് tēkka teak
Mango മാങ്ങ māṅṅa mango
Betal വിറ്റില vittila betel
Areca അടയ്ക്ക adekka areca nut
Catechu കശൂ cashoo catechu
Calico കോഴിക്കോട് kēāḻikkēāṭ name of the place it originates from (Calicut)
Papadum, Poppadom പപ്പടം pappaṭaṁ poppadom
Jackfruit ചക്ക Chakka jackfruit tree or fruit
Tamil
Gregory James, a professor with the language center of Hong Kong university believes that more than 100 words in the Oxford English Dictionary
have Tamil origin, and there could be even more. The third edition of the OED, published online since 2000, contains approximately 400,000 words.
English word Tamil word Transliteration Meaning in Tamil
Clay களி Kali
Catamaran கட்டுமைம் kattumaram tied wood
Cheroot சுருட்டு s r ṭṭ roll
Corundum குருந் ம்/குருவிந் ம் kuruntham/kuruvintham ruby
Mulligatawny மிளகுத் ண்ணி muligai-taṇṇīr m ligai-thanni herb water
Patchouli பச்ரசർஇரை pachchai ilai green leaf
Pandal பந் ல் pandhal temporary shelter
Culvert கல்வவட்டு kalvettu Carved/Cut Stone
Telugu
English word Telugu word Transliteration Meaning in Telugu
Bandicoot పందికొక్కు pandi-kokku "pig-rat"
Mongoose ము౦గిస mungeesa mongoose
Pitta పిట్ట pitta young bird
Kannada
English word Kannada word Transliteration Meaning in Kannada
Bamboo ಬಂಬು baṃb bamboo
Dhole ತ ೋಳ tōḷa wolf
Hijra ಹಿಜಡಾ Hijaḍā impotent man

Animals
Babirusa, compound word from babi (pig) and rusa (deer)
Banteng
Bantam, from the town of Banten
Binturong
Cassowary from kasuari (Papuan)
Cockatoo from kakatua
Dugong from duyung
Komodo dragon, from Komodo
Orangutan
Pangolin from pengguling or trenggiling
Siamang
Tapir
Tokay (gecko) from tokek (Javanese)
Trepang from teripang
Plants and trees
Bamboo from bambu
Gambier from gambir
Gutta percha from getah perca
Kapok from kapuk
Meranti a kind of tropical tree
Merbau a kind of tropical tree
Paddy from padi (Indonesian) / pari (Javanese)
Pandanus from pandan
Ramie from rami
Rattan from rotan
Sago from sagu
Cajuput from kayu Putih
Fruits
Cempedak
Durian
Langsat
Mangosteen from manggis (manggustan)
Rambutan
Salak, also known as Zalacca
Papaya from pepaya
Foods
Agar
Ketchup from kecap (soy sauce, not tomato sauce)
Sambal
Satay from sate (Javanese)
Tempeh from tempe

Clothes and textiles

Batik from Batik (Javanese)
Canting from canting (Javanese)
Gingham from genggang
Ikat
Koteka (Papuan)
Sarong from sarung
Songket
Musical instruments
Angklung
Gamelan
Gong
Ships
Junk from jong
Proa (also 'prahu' or 'prau') from prahu (Javanese) or perahu (Indonesian) (via Portuguese Proa via Latin Prora).
Weapons
Kris from keris (Javanese)
Parang
Sjambok from cambuk in Indonesia, where it was the name of a wooden rod for punishing slaves
Person name
Mata Hari from matahari (sun)
Units
Catty from kati, ultimately derived from Chinese unit
Picul: traditional Asian weight unit, derived from Javanese pikul
Ribu: topographic prominence unit of mountain or volcano more than 1,000 metres, derived from Indonesian ribu (thousand)
Behavior and psychology
Amok from amuk
Latah

Sports
Bantam, from bantam chicken, ultimately Banten town
Silat
Sepak takraw

Others
Balanda to refer whiteman, from belanda (Dutchman)
Camphor, from kapur barus ("Barus' chalk"), which refers to the port of Barus in Sumatra as the source of camphor
Damar, plant resin
Lahar from lahar (Javanese)
Tombac from tembaga
Compound from kampung, which is Indonesian for "village".

List of English words of Irish origin

For English words that originated in Ireland from other sources, see Hiberno-English.
This is a list of English language words from the Celtic Irish language, ("Irish", The Scots dialect is Gaelic)
Banshee (from Irish bainsídhe/beansídhe, "female fairy") (M-W), "woman of the fairies" or "...of a fairy mound" (RH). The Modern Irish word for
woman is bean /bæn/ and síd(h) (or sí in modern spelling) is an Irish term referring to a 'fairy mound'. (See Sidhe.) However, in traditional Irish
mythology a banshee is seen as an omen of death.
Bog (from bogach meaning "marsh/peatland") a wetland.
Boreen (from bóithrín meaning "small road") a narrow rural road in Ireland.
Boycott abstaining from using, buying, or dealing with a person, organization, or country as an expression of protest. (from Captain Charles
Boycott, a 19th-century British land agent)
Brat a cloak or overall - now only in regional dialects (from Old Irish bratt meaning "cloak, cloth" OED)
Brogues (from bróg meaning "shoe") a type of shoe.
Brogue A strong regional accent, especially an Irish or Scots one. Presumably used originally with reference to the footwear of speakers of the
brogue.
clabber, clauber (from clábar) wet clay or mud; curdled milk.
Clock O.Ir. clocc meaning "bell"; into Old High German as glocka, klocka (whence Modern German Glocke) and back into English via Flemish; cf
also Welsh cloch but the giving language is Old Irish via the hand-bells used by early Irish missionaries.
Colleen (from cailín meaning "young woman") a girl (usually referring to an Irish girl).
corrie a cirque or mountain lake, of glacial origin. Irish or Scots Gaelic coire 'Cauldron, hollow'
craic fun, used in Ireland for fun/enjoyment. The word is actually English in origin; it entered into Irish from the English "crack" via Ulster Scots. The
Gaelicised spelling craic was then reborrowed into English. The craic spelling, although preferred by many Irish people, has garnered some
criticism as a faux-Irish word.
cross The ultimate source of this word is Latin crux, the Roman gibbet which became a symbol of Christianity. Some sources say the English
wordform comes from Old Irish cros. Other sources say the English comes from Old French crois and others say it comes from Old Norse
kross.
drum (ridge), drumlin (from drom/druim meaning "ridge") a ridge often separating two long narrow valleys; a long narrow ridge of drift or diluvial
formation. Drumlin is a linguistic diminutive of drum, and it means a small rounded hill of glacial formation, often seen in series. A landscape of
many Drumlins occurs in some parts of Ireland (including counties Cavan and Armagh). Drumlin is an established technical word in geology, but
drum is almost never used.
drisheen (from drisín or drúishin).
dulse (from Old Irish duilesc).
esker (from eiscir) an elongated mound of post-glacial gravel, usually along a river valley. Esker is a technical word in geology.
Fenian (from Fianna meaning "semi-independent warrior band") a member of a 19th-century Irish nationalist group.
fiacre a small four-wheeled carriage for hire, a hackney-coach. Saint Fiacre was a seventh-century Irish-born saint who lived in France for most of
his life. The English word fiacre comes from French.
Gallowglass (from gallóglach) a Scottish Gaelic mercenary soldier in Ireland between mid 13th and late 16th centuries.
galore (from go leor meaning "til plenty") a lot.
gob (literally beak) mouth, though used in colloquial Irish more often to refer to a 'beaky' nose, i.e. a sticky-beak. Perhaps from Irish.
griskin (from griscín) a lean cut of meat from the loin of a pig.
hooligan (from the Irish family name Ó hUallacháin, anglicised as O'Houlihan) one who takes part in rowdy behaviour and vandalism.
keening (from caoinim (Irish pronunciation: [ˈkˠiːnʲimʲ]) meaning "I wail") to lament, to wail mournfully. No relation to "keen" = eager.
kibosh, kybosh to finish, to put an end to: "That's put the kibosh on it". The OED says the origin is obscure and possibly Yiddish. Other sources,
suggest that it may be from the Irish an chaip bháis meaning "the cap of death" (a reference to the "black cap" worn by a judge passing
sentence of capital punishment, or perhaps to the gruesome method of execution called pitchcapping); or else somehow connected with "bosh",
from Turkish "boş" (empty). (Caip bháis - pronounced as kibosh - is also a word in Irish for a candle-snuffer.)
Leprechaun (from leipreachán', based on Old Irish luchorpán, from lu 'small' + corp 'body' (ODE).
Limerick (from Luimneach)
lough (from loch) a lake, or arm of the sea. According to the OED, the spelling "lough" was originally a separate word with a similar meaning but
different pronunciation, perhaps from Old Northumbrian: this word became obsolete, effectively from the 16th century, but in Anglo-Irish its
spelling was retained for the word newly borrowed from Irish.
phoney (probably from the English fawney meaning "gilt brass ring used by swindlers", which is from Irish fainne meaning "ring") fake.
poteen (from póitín) hooch, bootleg alcoholic drink
shamrock (from seamróg) a clover, used as a symbol for Ireland.
Shan Van Vocht (from sean-bhean bhocht meaning "poor old woman") a literary name for Ireland in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Shebeen (from síbín meaning "a mugful") unlicensed house selling alcohol.
shillelagh (from sailéala meaning "a club") a wooden club or cudgel made from a stout knotty stick with a large knob on the end.
Sidhe (Irish pronunciation: [ʃiː]) the fairy folk of Ireland, from (aos) sídhe. See banshee.
sleveen, sleiveen (from slíghbhín/slíbhín) an untrustworthy or cunning person. Used in Ireland and Newfoundland.
slew (from sluagh meaning "a large number") a great amount. Note: as in a slew of new products, not as in slay.
slob (from slab) mud. Note: the English words slobber and slobbery do not come from this; they come from Old English.
slogan (from sluagh-ghairm meaning "a battle-cry used by Gaelic clans") Meaning of a word or phrase used by a specific group is metaphorical
and first attested from 1704.
smithereens small fragments, atoms. In phrases such as 'to explode into smithereens'. This is the word smithers (of obscure origin) with the Irish
diminutive ending. Whether it derives from the modern Irish smidrín or is the source of this word is unclear.
tilly (from tuilleadh meaning "a supplement") used to refer to an additional article or amount unpaid for by the purchaser, as a gift from the vendor.
Perhaps more prevalent in Newfoundland than Ireland. James Joyce, in his Pomes Penyeach included a thirteenth poem as a bonus (as the
book sold for a shilling, twelve poems would have come to a penny each), which he named "Tilly," for the extra sup of milk given to customers
by milkmen in Dublin.
tory originally an Irish outlaw, probably from the Irish verb tóir meaning "pursue".
turlough a seasonal lake in limestone area Irish tur loch 'dry lake'
whiskey (from uisce beatha meaning "water of life").

Italian words adapted in English

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Acciaccatura
Adagio
Allegretto
Allegro
Alto
Andante
Appoggiatura
Aria
Arpeggio
Ballerina and Prima ballerina
Baritone (from Italian baritono – from Greek βαρύτονος – through French)
Bass (from Latin bassus, influenced by Italian basso)
Basso
Bel canto
Bravo
Bravura
Brio
Cadenza
Cantata
Castrato
Celesta
Cello (from Italian violoncello)
Coda
Coloratura
Concert (from Italian concerto through French)
Concertante
Concerto
Continuo
Contralto
Contrapuntal (Italian: contrappuntistico)
Cornetto
Crescendo
Diminuendo
Diva
Duet (from Italian duetto through French)
Duo
Falsetto
Fantasia
Fermata
Fiasco (whose Italian basic meaning is "flask, bottle")
Finale
Forte
Fortissimo
Glissando
Impresario
Intermezzo
Largo
Legato
Librettist (Italian: librettista)
Libretto
Madrigal (Italian: madrigale)
Maestro
Mandolin (from Italian mandolino through French)
Mezzo-soprano (in Italian without hyphen)
Obbligato
Oboe
Ocarina
Opera
Operetta
Oratorio
Pianissimo
Piano
Piccolo (in Italian means "small")
Pizzicato
Presto
Prima ballerina
Prima donna
Quartet (from Italian quartetto through French)
Quintet (Italian: quintetto)
Scherzo (in Italian means "joke")
Semibreve
Sextet (Italian: sestetto)
Sol-fa, Solfa, Solfeggio, Solfège (the last one through French)
Solo (in Italian means "alone")
Soloist (Italian: solista)
Sonata
Soprano
Sotto voce (in Italian literally means "under voice" i.e. "whisper"; often written without spaces)
Staccato
Tarantella after the city of Taranto
Tempo (in Italian means "time")
Timpani (Italian timpano, pl. timpani)
Toccata
Tremolo
Trio
Trombone
Vibrato
Viola
Violin (from Italian violino through French)
Violoncello
Virtuoso
Art and architecture
Antics (from Italian antico, meaning "old, ancient")
Apartment (from Italian appartamento through French appartement)
Arabesque (from Italian arabesco through French arabesque)
Architrave
Archivolt (Italian: archivolto)
Balcony (from Italian balcone)
Bas-relief (from Italian bassorilievo through French)
Belvedere (in Italian means a view point)
Bust (from Italian busto through French)
Cameo (Italian: cameo or cammeo)
Campanile
Caricature (from Italian caricatura through French)
Carton (from Italian cartone through French)
Cartoon (from Italian cartone through French)
Chiaroscuro: From chiaro-oscuro, "light-dark". An art technique making strong use of bold stadow and harsh lighting
Corridor (from Italian corridoio through French)
Cupola
Dado (in Italian meaning "dice")
Fresco (Italian: affresco from the expression a fresco)
Gesso
Graffiti (Italian: graffito, pl. graffiti)
Grotto (in Italian grotta, meaning "cave")
Impasto
Intaglio
Loggia (from French loge)
Madonna (in Medieval Italian meant Lady, in Modern Italian indicates Mary the Virgin)
Magenta called after the Italian town
Mezzanine (Italian mezzanino, from mezzano "middle")
Modello (Italian modello, "model, sketch")
Moresco
Parapet (from Italian parapetto through French)
Patina
Pergola
Piazza
Pietà (in Italian means "pity")
Portico
Putto (Italian putto, "baby", "cherub")
Replica (in Italian means "repeat performance")
Sgraffito (Italian sgraffiare, "to scratch, write")
Stucco (in Italian means "plaster")
Tempera
Terra-cotta (in Italian without hyphen)
Terrazza (in Italian means "terrace", "balcony")
Torso
Veranda
Villa
Literature and language
Canto From canto "song," originally from Latin. A section of a long or epic poem
Ditto (Old Italian for "said")
Lingua franca (Italian lingua Franca, "Frankish language"). Its usage to mean a common tongue originated from its meaning in Arabic and Greek
during the Middle Ages, whereby all Western Europeans were called "Franks" or Faranji in Arabic and Phrankoi in Greek.
Motto (Italian motto, "word")
Novel (Italian novella, "tale")
Ottava rima
Rodomontade (From Rodomonte, a character in Italian Renaissance epic poems Orlando innamorato and its sequel Orlando furioso).
Sestina
Sonnet (From Italian sonetto through French)
Stanza
Theatre and dramatic arts
Cantastoria: From canta historia, "sung story" or "singing history". A theatrical form In modern Italian: cantastorie.
Extravaganza (in Italian stravaganza, meaning "extravagance")
Finale, Series finale
Imbroglio (in Italian means "cheat")
Punch (from the Italian character Pulcinella)
Scenario (in Italian also meaning "scenery")
Sotto voce (Italian sottovoce, "under voice")
Arts in general and aesthetics
Burlesque (from Italian burlesco through French)
Capriccio: From capriccio, "sudden motion". In music, a free composition; in art, a juxtaposing of elements to create a fantastic or imagined
architecture
Cinquecento (Italian Cinquecento from millecinquecento, "1500") The culture of the 16th century
Grotesque (from Italian grottesco through French)
Pastiche (from Italian pasticcio through French)
Picturesque (from Italian pittoresco through French)
Quattrocento (Italian Quattrocento from millequattrocento, "1400") The culture of the 15th century
Studio
Colours
Orange
Lava (color)
Magenta
Rosso corsa
Sepia (Italian: seppia, meaning "cuttlefish")
Sienna (Italian terra di Siena, "earth of Siena")
Terra cotta (color)
Umber (from Latin umbra, "shadow", and the region of its origin, Umbria)
Cuisine
Al dente
Al fresco
Antipasto
Artichoke from articiocco, Northern Italian variant of Old Italian arcicioffo
Baguette (through French baguette from Italian bacchetta)
Banquet (from Italian banchetto through French)
Barista: From barista, "bartender". A preparer of espresso-based coffee
Bergamot (Italian: bergamotto)
Biscuit (through French from Italian biscotto, meaning "cooked twice")
Bologna after the Italian city
Bruschetta
Broccoli (Italian: broccolo, pl. broccoli)
Candy :from Middle English sugre candy, part translation of Middle French sucre candi, from Old French çucre candi, part translation of Italian
zucchero candito, from zucchero sugar + Arabic ‫ قاندل‬qandI candied, from Persian ‫ قند‬qand cane sugar; ultimately from Sanskrit खुड् khanda
"piece of sugar," perhaps from Dravidian.
Cannelloni (Italian: cannellone, pl. cannelloni)
Cantaloupe (after the Italian village of Cantalupo in Sabina through French; in Italian the fruit is simply called melone or "Cantalupo")
Cappuccino: From cappuccino, "little hood" or "Capuchin". A reference to the similarity between the drink's colour and that of the brown hoods of
Capuchin friars
Cauliflower (originally cole florye, from Italian cavolfiore meaning "flowered cabbage"
Chipolata (from Italian cipolla, meaning "onion")
Ciabatta (whose Italian basic meaning is "slipper")
Coffee (from Italian caffè, from Turkish kahveh, and Arabic qahwah, perhaps from Kaffa region of Ethiopia, a home of the plant)
Espresso (from espresso, "expressed")
Fava
Fusilli (Italian fuso, "spindle")
Gelatine (from Italian gelatina through French)
Gnocchi (Italian: gnocco, pl. gnocchi)
Gorgonzola after the village near Milan
Granita
Grappa
Gusto
Lasagne (Italian: lasagna, pl. lasagne)
Latte (or "Caffè latte") (Italian: caffellatte or caffè e latte, "coffee and milk")
Latte macchiato (Italian latte macchiato, "stained milk")
Macaroni (Italian maccherone, pl. maccheroni)
Macchiato (or Caffè macchiato) From macchiato, "stained". Espresso coffee with a small dash of milk
Maraschino
Marinate (Italian: marinare)
Marzipan (through German from Italian marzapane)
Martini cocktail named after the famous brand of vermouth
Minestrone
Mozzarella (from Italian mozzare, "to cut")
Muscat (through French from Italian moscato)
Orange (through French from Italian arancia, from Arabic naranj)
Panini (Italian: panino, pl. panini)
Parmesan (through French from Italian parmigiano, meaning "from the city of Parma")
Pasta
Pepperoni (from Italian peperone, pl. peperoni, meaning "bell pepper")
Pesto (from Italian pestare, "to crush (with mortar and pestle)")
Pistachio (Italian: pistacchio)
Pizza
Pizzeria
Polenta
Provolone
Radicchio
Ravioli
Risotto
Salami (Italian: salame, pl. salami)
Salumi (Italian pl. of salume, "salted meat")
Scampi (Italian: scampo, pl. scampi)
Semolina (Italian: semolino)
Sfogliatelle (Italian sfogliatelle, "many layers")
Sorbet (through French from Italian sorbetto, which in turn comes from Turkish, Persian and Arabic)
Spaghetti (Italian: spaghetto, pl. spaghetti)
Spumoni (Italian: spumone, pl. spumoni)
Sultana (in Italian is the female of "sultan"; the grape is called sultanina)
Tagliatelle (Italian tagliare, "to cut")
Tortellini (Italian tortellino, pl. tortellini)
Trattoria
Tutti frutti
Vermicelli
Vino
Zucchini (Italian: zucchina, pl. zucchine)

Clothes, accessories, furniture

Baldachin (from Italian baldacchino; Baldacco is an old Italian name for Baghdad)
Brocade (from Italian broccato through Spanish)
Costume (through French)
Jeans (after the city of Genoa through French Gênes)
Muslin (through French mousseline from Italian mussolina after the city of Mosul)
Organza (after the city of Urg nč)
Parasol (from Italian parasole through French)
Stiletto (in Italian means "thick dagger", while the shoes are called tacchi a spillo, literally "needle heels")
Umbrella (from Italian ombrello)
Valise (from Italian valigia through French)

Geography and geology

Archipelago (through Italian arcipelago, from Greek "arkhipélagos")
Lagoon (Italian: laguna)
Littoral (Italian: litorale)
Marina (from Italian "mare", "sea")
Riviera (from Italian "riviera", coming from Latin ripa, "coastline")
Sirocco (Italian: scirocco, from Arabic)
Terra rossa

Some toponym of Latin, Greek, Slavic or Arabic origin referring to non-Italian places entered English through Italian:
Angora
Cairo
Crimea
Monaco
Monte Carlo
Montenegro
Tripoli
Valletta
Vienna

territories named after Italian explorers:

America after Amerigo Vespucci
Colombia after Christopher Columbus
British Columbia after Christopher Columbus
Commerce and finance
Bank (Italian: banco or banca)
Bankrupt (Italian: bancarotta)
Capitalism (from Italian capitale)
Carat / karat (from Italian carato – from Arabic – through French)
Cartel (through French and German, from Italian cartello, meaning "poster")
Cash (from Italian cassa through French caisse and Provençal)
Credit (from Italian credito through French)
Del credere (Italian: star del credere)
Ducat (from Italian ducato, whose main meaning is "duchy")
Florin (through French from Italian fiorino)
Finance (from Italian affinare, meaning 'do something precisely' in economy)
Lira
Lombard (through French, from Italian lombardo meaning an inhabitant of Lombardy or also Northern Italy)
Mercantile (through French)
Management (from Italian mano for "maneggiamento", meaning "hand" for 'handlement')
Merchandise (from Italian merce)
Money (from Italian Moneta)
Post (from Italian Posta through French "Poste")

Military and weaponry

Arsenal (Italian: arsenale, from Arabic)
Brigade (through French from Italian brigata)
Brigand (through French from Italian brigante)
Cannon (through French from Italian cannone)
Cavalier (Italian: cavaliere)
Cavalry (through French cavalerie from Italian cavalleria)
Catapult (through Latin catapulta from Italian catapulta)
Citadel (through French citadelle from Italian cittadella)
Colonel (through French from Italian colonnello)
Condottieri (Italian: condottiero, pl. condottieri)
Infantry (through French infanterie from Italian infanteria; Modern Italian: fanteria)
Generalissimo
Salvo (Italian: salva)
Scimitar (through Italian: Scimitarra from ancient Persian shamshir)
Stiletto (Italian stiletto, "little stylus, an engraving tool)
Stratagem (through French stratagème from Italian stratagemma, in its turn from Latin and Greek)
Venture (Italian: ventura)

Crime and immorality

Assassination (from Italian: assassinio. The first to use this Italian word was William Shakespeare in Macbeth. Shakespeare introduced a lot of
ّ ‫ح‬, ħashshāshīyīn, also
Italian or Latin words in English language. Assassin and assassination to derive from the word Hashshashin (Arabic: ‫شاشين‬
Hashishin, Hashashiyyin, means Assassins),and shares its etymological roots with hashish. It referred to a group of Nizari Shia Persians who
worked against various Arab and Persian targets.
Assassin (from Italian: assassino)
Bandit (Italian: bandito)
Bordello
Casino (in Italian means "hunting cottage" or "brothel", and – figuratively – "mess" or "a lot")
Charlatan (through French from Italian ciarlatano)
Cosa nostra
Mafia and Mafioso

Politics
Doge
Discrimination (from Italian discriminazione)
Embassy (through French embassée from Italian ambasciata)
Fascism (Italian: fascismo)
Fascist (Italian: fascista)
Ghetto
Machiavellian and Machiavellianism after Niccolò Machiavelli
Manifesto (in Italian means "poster")
Nuncio (Italian: nunzio)
Politico (in Italian means "politician")
Segregation (from Italian "segregazione")
Sociology (from Italian "sociologia")

Love and sex

Bimbo (from Italian bimbo, "child")
Casanova
Dildo (from Italian diletto, meaning "pleasure")
Inamorata (from Italian innamorata, a female lover)
Lothario (Italian: Lotario; however, in Italian it is a first name, but it doesn't mean "lady-killer")
Ruffian (Italian: m. ruffiano, f. ruffiana)

Science and nature

Belladonna
Cascade (from Italian cascata through French)
Flu (from influenza)
Influenza
Lava
Lazaret (Italian: lazzaretto)
Manganese
Malaria
Medico
Neutrino
Parma violet (Italian: violetta di Parma, after the city of Parma)
Pellagra
Quarantine (Italian: quarantena)
Tarantula (through Medieval Latin from Italian tarantola, after the city of Taranto)
Volcano (Italian: vulcano derived from the name of Vulcano, a volcanic island in the Aeolian Islands)
Zebra (through Portuguese)
Zero
words after Italian scientist names:
Eustachian tube after Bartolomeo Eustachi
Fermium after Enrico Fermi
Fibonacci series after Leonardo Fibonacci
Galvanic after Luigi Galvani
Galvanize after Luigi Galvani
Volt after Alessandro Volta
Religion, rituals, holidays
Biretta (Italian: berretta)
Camerlengo
Carnival (through French from Italian carnevale)
Confetti (from Italian confetto, pl. confetti, meaning "dragée"; in Italian confetti are called coriandoli)
Intaglio (burial mound) (from the art usage)
Masquerade (through French from Italian mascherata)
Monsignor (Italian: monsignore)
Padre (in Italian means "father")
Promession (Italian promessa, "promise")

Games and sports

Catenaccio: From catenaccio, "door-bolt". A defensive tactic in association football
Curva, a curved stadium grandstand
Fianchetto (Italian fianchetto, "little flank") A chess tactic
Lottery (Italian: lotteria)
Tarot (through French) and Taroc (Italian tarocco)
Tifo and Tifosi (literally meaning "typhus"; Italian tifosi, "sports fans", "supporters")
Tombola
Zona mista (literally meaning "mixed zone"; often referred to as "Gioco all'italiana" or "The Game in the Italian style")
Libero from Italian libero "free", a defensive specialist posit position in modern volleyball

Others
Armature (through Italian plural armature singular armatura; in English rebar, short for reinforcing bar)
Berlinetta: From berlinetta, "little saloon". A two-seater sports car
Bravado (through French bravade from Italian bravata)
Brave (through French from Italian bravo)
Capisci ("understand", often misspelled kapish, or kapeesh)
Ciao: From ciao, an informal greeting or valediction, originally from Venetian sciavo, "(your humble) servant". Goodbye.
Cognoscente (in Italian conoscitore)
Dilemma (in Italian means "alternativa tra due posizioni inaccettabili")
Dilettante (in Italian means "amateur")
Ditto
Genoa after the city
Gonzo (in Italian means "simpleton", "diddled")
Humanist (through French from Italian umanista)
Inferno (in Italian means "hell")
Latrine (through Italian plural latrine from Latin lavatrina)
Lido (in Italian means "coast", usually "sandy coast")
Lipizzan (Italian: lipizzano)
Major-domo (Italian maggiordomo)
Mizzen (through French misaine from Italian mezzana)
Paparazzi (Italian paparazzi, plural of paparazzo, the name of a character in the film La Dolce Vita)
Poltroon (through French poltron from Italian poltrone)
Pronto
Regatta (Italian: regata)
Vendetta (in Italian means "vengeance")
Vista (in Italian means "sight")
Viva

List of English words of Japanese origin

Words of Japanese origin have entered many languages. Some words are simple transliterations of Japanese language words for concepts
inherent to Japanese culture, but some are actually words of Chinese origin that were first exposed to English via Japan. The words on this page
are an incomplete list of words which are listed in major English dictionaries and whose etymologies include Japanese. The reverse of this list can
be found at List of gairaigo and wasei-eigo terms.
bokeh (from boke), subjective aesthetic quality of out-of-focus areas of an image projected by a camera lens.
bonsai listen (help·info), "tray gardening"; the art of tending miniature trees. Originated from Chinese 盆栽 penzai
bunraku , a form of traditional Japanese puppet theatre, performed by puppeteers, chanters, and shamisen players.
haiku a very short poem consisting of three lines of 5, 7, and 5 morae (not syllables as commonly thought) each; see also tanka below.
ikebana flower arrangement.
imari Japanese porcelain wares (made in the town of Arita and exported from the port of Imari, particularly around the 17th century).
kabuki a traditional form of Japanese theatre; also any form of elaborate theatre, especially metaphorically.
kakemono a vertical Japanese scroll, of ink-and-brush painting or calligraphy, that hangs in a recess on a wall inside a room.
kakiemon Japanese porcelain wares featuring enamel decoration (made in Arita, using the style developed in the 17th century by Sakaida
Kakiemon).
karaoke "empty orchestra"; entertainment where an amateur singer accompanies recorded music.
kirigami similar to origami, but involves cutting in addition to folding.
koto a traditional stringed musical instrument from Japan, resembling a zither with 13 strings.
makimono a horizontal Japanese hand scroll, of ink-and-brush painting or calligraphy
manga Japanese comics; refers to comics in general in Japanese
netsuke , a toggle used to tie the sash of a kimono also to attach small items such as inro and kinchaku: sometimes beautifully carved.
noh nō, a major form of classical Japanese music drama
origami artistic paper folding
otaku a geeky enthusiast, especially of anime and manga.
senryu , a form of short poetry similar to haiku.
shamisen , a three-stringed musical instrument, played with a plectrum.
sumi-e a general term for painting with a brush and black ink.
tanka "short poetry"; an older form of Japanese poetry than haiku, of the form 5-7-5-7-7 morae (not syllables; see also haiku above).
ukiyo-e , a type of woodblock print art or painting.
waka , "Japanese poetry"; a word used primarily to describe tanka (see above) written between the 9th and 19th centuries.
wabi-sabi a world view or aesthetic centered on the acceptance of transience and imperfection.
Business
kaizen , literally "change for the better." In practice, a Japanese business philosophy of continuous improvement of working practices, personal
efficiency, etc. Initially made famous by the 1986 book of same name.
kanban , literally a "signal" or "sign" signals a cycle of replenishment for production and materials and maintains an orderly and efficient flow of
materials throughout the entire manufacturing process. Part of Six Sigma
karoshi (Japanese: death by overwork / stress death)
keiretsu , a set of companies with interlocking business relationships and shareholdings
Poka-yoke "mistake-proofing" or "inadvertent error prevention".
tycoon (from "taikun"), "great prince" or "high commander", later applied to wealthy business leaders
zaibatsu , a "money clique" or conglomerate
Clothing
geta , a pair of Japanese raised wooden clogs worn with traditional Japanese garments, such as the kimono
inro inrō, a case for holding small objects, often worn hanging from the obi; (traditional Japanese clothes didn't have pockets)
kimono, a traditional full-length robe-like garment still worn by women, men and children
obi , a wide belt which is tied in the back to secure a kimono
yukata, a casual or simplified summer style of kimono
zori zōri, sandals made from rice straw or lacquered wood, worn with a kimono for formal occasions
Culinary
adzuki, azuki bean type of bean grown in eastern Asia and the Himalayas, used in Chinese, Korean, &Japanese cuisines, usually served sweet
arame , a type of edible seaweed
bento bentō, a single-portion takeout meal, box lunch
daikon a kind of white radish
dashi a simple soup stock considered fundamental to Japanese cooking
edamame soybeans boiled whole in the green pod and served with salt
enokitake, enoki mushroom long, thin white mushrooms, used in Japanese, Korean and Chinese cuisines
fugu the meat of the toxic pufferfish, must be prepared by specially trained chefs by law. Also means pufferfish itself.
ginkgo ginnan, a gymnospermous tree (Ginkgo biloba) of eastern China that is widely grown as an ornamental or shade tree and has fan-shaped
leaves and yellow fruit (the word is derived from 17th Century Japanese 銀杏 ginkyō)
gyoza gyōza, Japanese name for Chinese dumplings, jiaozi (jiǎozi); may also be called pot stickers in English if they are fried
hibachi a small, portable charcoal grill; used in North America to refer to a teppan or a small shichirin-like aluminium or cast iron grill
hijiki a type of edible seaweed commonly found on rocky coastlines
katsuo a skipjack tuna
katsuobushi dried and smoked skipjack tuna (katsuo), which is shaved and then used in dashi
koji kōji, a fungus that is the active agent in the fermentation processes, of producing miso and soy sauce from soybeans, and of producing sake
and shōchū from rice.
kombu dried kelp, which can be eaten or used as dashi
matsutake a type of edible mushroom, with a magnificently spicy aroma similar to cinnamon, considered to be a great delicacy and the most
coveted mushroom in Japan
mirin an essential condiment of the Japanese cuisine, a kind of rice wine similar to sake with a slightly sweet taste
miso a thick paste made by fermenting soybeans with salt
mizuna an edible plant, with flavor akin to the mustard plant
nappa, napa cabbage 菜っ葉, Chinese cabbage, (in Japan, it is a generic term for leaf vegetables.)
nashi (pear) a species of pear native to eastern Asia, which are juicy, round and shaped like apples. Often simply referred to as "asian pear(s)".
nori food products created from the seaweed laver by a shredding and rack-drying process that resembles papermaking.
panko Japanese white bread flakes. Panko is made from bread without crusts, thus it has a crisper, airier texture than most types of breading
found in Western cuisine.
ramen rāmen, the Japanese version of Chinese noodle soup, not limited to the instant variety
sake nihon-shu, an alcoholic beverage, brewed from rice. In Japanese, the word commonly refers to alcoholic drinks in general
sashimi a Japanese delicacy primarily consisting of the freshest raw seafoods thinly sliced and served with only a dipping sauce and wasabi.
satsuma (from Satsuma, an ancient province of Japan), a type of mandarin orange (mikan) native to Japan
shabu shabu a meal where each person cooks their own food in their own cooking pot from an assortment of raw ingredients
shiitake mushroom an edible mushroom typically cultivated on the shii tree
shoyu shōyu, Japanese soy sauce
soba thin brown buckwheat noodles
soy from shoyu
sukiyaki a dish in the nabemono-style (one-pot), consisting of thinly sliced beef, tofu, konnyaku noodles, negi, Chinese cabbage (bok choy), and
enoki mushrooms among others
surimi processed meat made from cheaper white-fleshed fish, to imitate the look of a more expensive meat such as crab legs
sushi a dish consisting of vinegared rice combined with other ingredients such as raw fish, raw or cooked shellfish, or vegetables
takoyaki literally fried or baked octopus
tamari liquid obtained by pressing soybeans
tempura classic Japanese deep fried batter-dipped seafood and vegetables. The word may be from Portuguese tempêro/seasoning.
teppanyaki a type of Japanese cuisine that uses a hot iron griddle (teppan) to cook food
teriyaki a cooking technique where fish or meat is being broiled/grilled in a sweet soy sauce marinade; in Japanese, it is used exclusively refer to
poultry cooked in this manner.
tofu bean curd. Although the word is originally Chinese, it entered English via Japanese.
udo an edible plant found on the slopes of wooded embankments, also known as the Japanese Spikenard
udon a type of thick wheat-based noodle
umami the taste sensation produced by some condiments such as monosodium glutamate; a basic flavor in sea weed (昆布 kombu)
umeboshi pickled ume
wakame a type of edible kelp, often used in miso soup (Japan), and salads
wasabi a strongly flavoured green condiment also known as Japanese horseradish
yakitori a type of chicken kebab
Government and politics
daimyo daimyō, "great names"; the most powerful Japanese feudal rulers from the 12th century to the 19th century
genro genrō, retired elder Japanese statesmen, who served as informal advisors to the emperor, during the Meiji and Taisho eras
mikado a dated term for "emperor"; specifically for the Emperor of Japan
shogun shōgun the title of the practical ruler of Japan for most of the time from 1192 to the Meiji Era
tenno a term for the Emperor of Japan
Martial arts
aikido aikidō
dojo dōjō
judo jūdō, refers to the Olympic sport.
jujutsu jūjutsu, alternately spelt, through mutation, as jiu-jitsu in English.
karate a fighting style which includes the use of hands and feet to strike the opponent, without any weapon, and is also a popular international
sports event. Literally means "empty handed".
kendo kendō
sumo sumō
Religion
bonze (from bonsō), a Buddhist monk
koan kōan, a paradoxical story or statement used during meditation in Zen Buddhism. Inspired the hacker koan tradition among computing circles.
satori enlightenment in Zen Buddhism
shinto shintō, the native religion of Japan
torii traditional Japanese gates commonly found at the gateway to Shinto shrines
zen from Chinese (Mandarin Chán), originally from ध्यान Sanskrit Dhyāna / Pali झान Jhāna, a branch of Mahāyāna Buddhism.
Other
akita (from akitainu or akitaken), the Akita Inu, a large breed of Japanese dog
bukkake a sex act portrayed in pornographic films, in which several men ejaculate on a woman, or another man. Note that in Japanese it has a
broader meaning of "to pour" or "to splash".
domoic acid (from doumoi in the Tokunoshima dialect of Japanese: a type of red algae)
emoji ideograms used in electronic messages and webpages.
futon (from a flat mattress with a fabric exterior stuffed with cotton, wool, or synthetic batting that makes up a Japanese bed.)
geisha traditional Japanese artist-entertainers
hentai listen (help·info), Western usage: pornographic Anime, usually either Japanese in origin or drawn in a Japanese style; Japanese usage:
metamorphosis, transformation, abnormality, or perversion
hikikomori a psychological condition where the affected individual lives an extremely socially isolated lifestyle, a decision of preference not by
default
honcho hanchō, head, chief
kamikaze the literal meaning is "divine wind"; used to refer to a Japanese soldier in World War II who crashed an airplane into a target,
committing suicide; also refers to the airplane used in the suicide crash
katana (literally sword) A Japanese sword that has been forged using traditional Japanese methods. This is referred to as nihontō in Japanese.
katsura (tree) large deciduous trees, native to eastern Asia
kawaii cute and/or lovely.
koi Western usage: ornamental varieties of the common carp (but in Japan this just means "carp" – the ornamental variety are called "nishikigoi")
kudzu (from kuzu) A climbing vine found as an invasive species in the south-eastern US, which is native to Japan and south-eastern China
moxa mogusa, mugwort or cotton wool or other combustible material, burned on skin during moxibustion
moxibustion (from moxa + (com)bustion), an oriental medicine therapy which involves the burning of moxa (see above)
ninja Japanese covert agent of the feudal era
rickshaw (from jinrikisha/ninryokusha), a human-pulled wagon
sayonara sayōnara the Japanese term for "goodbye"
samurai Japanese knight
sensei the Japanese term for "master", "teacher" or "doctor". It can be used to refer to any authority figure, such as a schoolteacher, professor,
priest, or politician.
senpai the Japanese term for "upperclassman" or "senior".
shiatsu a form of massage
shiba inu the smallest of the six original and distinct Japanese breeds of dog
shinro a logic puzzle related to sudoku
skosh A small amount, from sukoshi, meaning "a bit" or "a few"
sudoku sūdoku listen (help·info), a number placement puzzle, also known as Number Place in the United States.
tanuki the Japanese name for the animal, Nyctereutes procyonoides, known as a raccoon dog in English
tsunami literally "harbor wave"; Large wave caused by earthquakes or other underwater disturbances.
urushiol (from urushi, a plant that gives a skin rash on contact) a chemical substance found in poison-ivy, used to make lacquer-ware

List of English words of Korean origin

Word Korean word Explanation Remarks
Chaebol Jaebeol a large, usually family-owned, business group in South Korea (cognate with Japanese "Zaibatsu")
Hangul Hangeul Korean alphabet
Jeonse Jeonse a long-held renting arrangement where tenants pay lump-sum deposit for usually two years
Korea Goryeo a historic dynasty of Korea (see Names of Korea)
Won Won the basic monetary unit of North and South Korea
Culture and martial arts
Word Korean word Explanation Remarks
Hapkido Hapgido a Korean martial art
Kisaeng Gisaeng (archaic) a female entertainer who pours drinks to guests and entertain them with songs and dances
Manhwa Manhwa a style of Korean comic books, cartoons and animated cartoons (cognate with Japanese manga)
Mukbang Meokbang an online broadcast in which a host eats food while interacting with the audience
Ondol Ondol a system of underfloor heating
Sijo Sijo an unrhymed three-verse poetry (usually in 6 shorter lines in English translations)
Taekwondo Taegwondo a Korean martial art
Food
Word Korean word Explanation Remarks
Bibimbap Bibimbap a dish of rice topped with sautéed vegetables, meat, egg, and chilli paste
Bulgogi Bulgogi a dish of thin beef slices marinated and grilled on a barbecue
Galbi Galbi a dish of beef or pork ribs marinated and grilled on a barbecue
Gochujang gochu-jang Korean red chili paste
Kimchi Gimchi a vegetable pickle that is the national dish of Korea
Makkoli Makgeolli an alcoholic drink made from fermented rice
Soju Soju a distilled liquor, usually made from rice or sweet potatoes
Clothing
Word Korean word Explanation Remarks
Hanbok Hanbok traditional Korean clothes
Ideology and religion
Word Korean word Explanation Remarks
Moonie Mun Seonmyeong a member of the Unification Church, founded by Sun Myung Moon
Juche juche sasang a political thesis formed by the former North Korean leader Kim Il-sung which states that the
Korean masses are the masters of the country's development
Other
Word Korean word Explanation Remarks
Chobo Chobo a novice
Gosu Gosu a person with great skill
Hantaan Hantan-gang a virus species transmitted by rodents (The rodents carrying the virus were
virus collected near Hantan River.)
Hantavirus Hantan-gang a genus of viruses transmitted by rodents (The rodents carrying the virus were
collected near Hantan River.)
Hwabyeong Hwabyeong a mental illness occurring when anger builds up in mind without being vented
Minjung Minjung the mass of the people (See also: minjung theology and minjung art)

List of Latin words with English derivatives

Ancient orthography did not distinguish between i and j or between u and v. Many modern works distinguish u from v but not i from j. In this article,
both distinctions are shown as they are helpful when tracing the origin of English words. See also Latin
Nouns and adjectives
The citation form for nouns (the form normally shown in Latin dictionaries) is the Latin nominative singular, but that typically does not exhibit the root
form from which English nouns are generally derived.
Latin nouns and adjectives
A–M
Citation form Declining stem Meaning English derivatives
abdomen abdomin- belly abdomen, abdominal, abdominous, intraabdominal
accipiter accipitr- hawk Accipiter, accipitrine
acer acer- maple aceric
ācer ācr- sharp acrid, acridine, acridity, acrimonious, acrimony, acritude, acrity, acrolein, eager,
vinegar
acerbus acerb- bitter acerbic, acerbity, exacerbate, exacerbation
acerbior
acerbissimus
acervus acerv- heap acerval, acervate, acervation, acervative, acervose, Acervulinacea, acervuline,
acervulus acervul- acervulus, coacervate, coacervation
acētum acēt- vinegar acetabuliform, acetabulum, acetate, acetic, acetone, aceturic, triacetate
acinus acin- berry acinaceous, acinar, acinarious, aciniform, acinose, acinous, acinus, interacinous
acus acer- chaff acerose
acus acū- needle acicular, acuity, aculeate, aculeolate, aculeus, acumen, acuminate, acupuncture,
 acicula acicul- acusector, acutance, acute, acutifoliate, acutilingual, acutilobate, aiguille, cute,
acula acul- eglantine, nonacuity, peracute, subacute
adeps adip- fat adipocere, adipose
aedes, aedis aed- building aedicule, aedile, cavaedium, edification, edifice, edile
aedicula aedicul-
aemulus aemul-, im- emulate, emulation, emulator, emulous, image, imagerial, imagery, imagination,
imaginative, imagine, imitable, imitate, imitation, inimitable, preimage, subimago
aequus aequ-, -iqu- even, level adequacy, adequality, adequate, disequilibrium, equable, equal, equality,
equanimity, equant, equation, equational, equative, equator, equatorial,
equilibrium, equitable, equity, equivalence, equivalent, inadequacy, inadequate,
inequality, iniquitous, iniquity
aes aer- ore aeneator, aeneous, aeruginous, aerugite, aerugo, aim, disesteem, eruginous, esteem,
estimable, estimate, inestimable
aestas aest- summer aestival, aestivate, aestivation, estivate, estivator
aestus aestu- estuarial, estuarine, estuary
aetās aet- age coetaneity, coetaneous
aevum aev- age, eon age, coeternal, coeval, coevality, eternal, eterne, eviternal, grandevity, grandevous,
longevity, longevous, mediaeval, nonage, premediaeval, primaeval, primeval
ager agr-, -egr- field agrarian, agrestal, agricultural, agriculture, nonagrarian, nonagricultural,
agrellus agrell- peragration, peregrine, peregrinus, pilgrim, pilgrimage
āla [note 1] āl- wing aileron, aisle, alar, alate, aliferous, aliform, aligerous
alacer alacr- quick alacritous, alacrity, allegresse, allegretto, allegro
alacrior
albus alb- dull white alb, alba, albarium, albedo, albino, albite, album, albumen, albumin, aubade
albior
albissimus
alga alg- seaweed algae, algal, algicidal, algicide
alius ali- other abalienate, alias, alibi, alien, alienability, alienable, alienate, alienation, aliquot,
inalienability, inalienable, nonalien
allium, ālium alli- garlic Allium
alter alter- other adulterant, adulterate, adulteration, adulterine, adulterous, adultery, alter, alter ego,
alterability, alterable, alterant, alteration, alterative, inalterable
alternus altern- altern, alternant, alternate, alternation, alternative, alternator, bialternant
alumus alumn- alumnus alumni
alveus alve- alveolar, alveolate, alveolus, interalveolar, postalveolar
alveolus alveol-
amārus amar- bitter amarelle, amaretti, amaretto, amarine, amaritude, amaro
ambō amb- both ambient, ambiguous
amoenus amoen- amenity
amplus ampl- ample ample, ampliate, ampliation, amplification, amplitude
amplior
amplissimus
anas anat- duck Anas, anatine
ancūla ancūl- ancillary
ancilla ancill-
anguis angu- snake Anguidae, anguiform, Anguilla, anguilliform, anguine, anguineous
anguiculus anguicul-
anguilla anguill-
angulus angul- corner angular, angularity, angulose, biangular, biangulate, equiangular, equiangularity,
angellus angell- multangular, multiangular, nonrectangular, octangle, octangular, quadrangle,
quadrangular, quinquangular, rectangle, rectangular, semiangle, semiangular,
septangle, septangular, sexangle, sexangular, triangle, triangular, triangularity,
triangulation
anima anim- breath, life, anima, animal, animalcule, animate, animation, animato, animator, exanimate,
soul inanimate, reanimate
animus anim- mind, anger animadversion, animose, animosity, animus, equanimity, equanimous,
multanimous, nonunanimous, pusillanimity, pusillanimous, unanimity, unanimous
annus ann-, -enn- year annals, annates, anniversary, annotinous, annual, annuity, biannual, bicentennial,
biennial, biennium, bimillennial, centennial, decennial, millennial, millennium,
octennial, per annum, perennate, perennial, quadrennial, quadrennium,
quinquennial, quinquennium, semiannual, septennial, sexennial, superannuate,
superannuation, triennial, triennium
ānser ānser- goose Anser, anserine
anserculus ansercul- gosling
antenna antenn- antenna, antennal, antennule
ānus an- ring anal, annelid, Annelida, annular, annulate, annulation, annulus, anus, biannulate,
ānulus anul- circumanal, exannulate, penannular, semiannular, subanal
ānellus anell-
apis ap- bee apian, apiarian, apiary, apiculture
aqua aqu- water acquacotta, akvavit, aqua vitae, aquaculture, aquamanile, aquamarine, aquarelle,
aquula aquul- aquarial, aquarium, Aquarius, aquatic, aquatile, aqueduct, aqueous, aquifer,
aquiferous, aquiform, ewer, gouache, semiaquatic, sewage, sewer, sewerage
aquila aquil- eagle Aquila, aquiline, aquilinity
arbor, arbōs arbor- tree arboraceous, arboreal, arboreality, arboreous, arborescence, arborescent,
arbuscula arbuscul- arboretum, arboricide, arboriculture, arborous, arborvitae, arbuscle, arbuscular
arcus arc- bow arc, arciform, arco, arcuate
arduus ardu- steep arduous
argentum argent- silver argent, argentate, argenteous, argentiferous, Argentina, argentite
arma arm- arms alarm, ambry, armada, armadillo, armament, armamentarium, armarium, armature,
(weapons) armiferous, armiger, armigerous, armipotent, armistice, armor, armorial, armory,
army, disarm, disarmament, gendarme, gendarmerie, nonarmigerous, rearm,
rearmament
armus arm- shoulder armill, armillary, armillifer
armilla armill-
ars art- art, skill artifact, artifice, artificial, artificiality, artisan, artisanal, artisanality, inartificial,
-ert- inert, inertia, inertial, noninert, noninertial
artus art- tight arctation, coarct, coarctate, coarctation
artūs art- joint article, articulable, articulacy, articular, articulate, articulation, articulative,
articulus articul- articulator, articulatory, biarticular, biarticulate, coarticulation, disarticulation,
inarticulable, inarticulacy, inarticulate, interarticular, intra-articular, multiarticular,
multiarticulate, quinquarticular, subarticle, triarticulate
arvus arv- plowed arval
as ass- ace, decussate, decussation, semis, tremissis
-uss-
asinus asin- donkey Aselli, asinine, Asinus, easel
asellus asell-
asper asper- rough asperate, asperatus, asperity, exasperate, exasperation
astus ast- astute
audāx audāc- brave, bold audacious, audacity
audācior
audācissimus
auris aur- ear aural, auricle, auricular, auriculate, auriform, auscultation, biauricular, biauriculate,
auricula auricul- binaural, circumaural, interauricular, scout
aurum aur- gold aurate, aureate, aureole, auriferous, aurification, aurous, dory, inaurate, inauration,
oriole, orpiment
avēna avēn- oat Avena, avenaceous, avenary, avener
avis avi- bird aucupation, augur, auspex, auspicate, auspice, auspicious, Aves, avian, aviary,
aucella aucell- aviation, aviator, aviatrix, avicide, Avicula, aviculture, avifauna
avicula avicul-
avunculus avuncul- uncle, avuncular, avunculate, avunculicide, avunculocal, uncle
mother's
brother
axis axi- axle abaxial, adaxial, axial, axiality, axifugal, axile, biaxial, biaxiality, coaxial,
interaxial, multiaxial, semiaxis, triaxial, triaxiality, uniaxial
baca bac- berry baccalaureate, baccate, bacciferous, bacciform, baccivorous, bagasse, bagatelle
bacula bacul-
baculum bacul- staff bacillary, bacilliform, bacillus, baculiform, baculine, baguette, debacle, imbecile,
bacillum bacill- imbecility
bāiulus, bājulus bāiul- carrier bail, bailee, bailie, bailiff, bailiwick, bailliage, baillie, bailment, bailor
barba barb- beard barb, barbate, barbel, barbellate, barber, barbet, barbicel, barbine, barbule,
barbula barbul- rebarbative
bassus bass- low abase, abasement, bas-relief, base, basset, basso, bassoon, bassus, debase,
debasement
beatus beat- blessed beatification, Beatitudes
bellum bell- war antebellum, bellic, bellicose, bellicosity, belligerence, belligerent, debellatio,
imbellic, rebel, rebellion, revel, revelment, revelry
bellus bell- pretty embellish, embellishment
bene ben- good benediction, benedictional, benedictory, benefaction, benefactive, benefactor,
benefactrix, benefic, benefice, beneficence, beneficent, benefit, benign, benignity
bestia besti- animal beast, bestial, bestiary
bini bin- two each binary, binate, combination, combinatorial, combine, recombinant
bonus bon- good bonbon, bonify, bonitary, bonus, boon, debonair
melior melior- better ameliorate, amelioration, meliority
optimus optim- best optimal, optimate, optimum, suboptimal
bōs bov- cow, ox bovine, bovinic acid
botulus botul- sausage botulin, boudin
botellus botell-
bracchium brac- arm, support embrace, braces, bracelet
brevis brev- brief, short abbreviate, abbreviation, breve, brevet, breviary, brevity, brief, debrief
bucca bucc- cheek, mouth, buccal, buccinator muscle, buckle, debouch, debuccalization
buccula buccul- cavity
bulbus bulb- bulbous bulb, bulbar, bulbose, bulbous, bulbule
bulbulus bulbul-
bulla bull- bubble, flask bill, billet, boil, boilery, bola, bolillo, bouillon, bowl, bull, bulla, bullion,
ebullience, ebullient, ebullition, garboil
bursa burs- pouch, purse bolson, bourse, bursa, bursar, bursary, disbursal, disburse, disbursement, imburse,
reimburse, reimbursement
caballus caball- horse caballero, cavalcade, cavalero, cavalier, cavalry, chevalier, chivalrous, chivalry
calvus calv- bald calvarium, Calvary, Calvin, calvities, calvity, calvous
calx calc- heel calcaneal, calcaneum, calcaneus, calque, calzone, caulk, inculcate, inculcation,
-culc- recalcitrance, recalcitrant, retrocalcaneal
calx calc- limestone, calcareous, calciferous, calcific, calcification, calciform, calcite, calcium,
calculus calcul- pebble calculability, calculable, calculate, calculation, calculator, calculus, caliche, chalk,
decalcification, incalculable, precalculate, recalcification, recalculate
camera camer- vault antechamber, bicameral, cabaret, camaraderie, camber, camera, chamber,
chamberlain, comrade, concamerate, concameration, multicamera, multicameral,
tricameral, unicameral
camisia camisi- shirt camisade, camisado, Camisard, camisole, chemise
campus camp- field camp, campaign, campesino, campestral, campo, campsite, campus, champart,
champarty, champertous, champerty, champignon, champion, decamp,
decampment, encamp, encampment
cancer cancr- crab cancer, cancerate, cancerous, cancriform, cancrine, canker, precancerous
candēla candēl- candle candela, candelabra, candelabrum, chandelier, chandler, chandlery
canis can- dog canaille, canary, canicular, canicule, canid, canine, Canis, Canis Major, postcanine
cānus cān- gray, grey canescence, canescent
capanna capann- cabana, cabin, cabinetry
caper, capra capr- goat cabriole, cabriolet, caper, capreolate, capric, Capricorn, caprid, caprifig, capriform,
capellus capell- caprigenous, caprine, capriole
capreolus, capreol-
capreola
capillus capill- hair capellini, capillaceous, capillarity, capillary, capilliform, capillose, dishevel,
dishevelment, precapillary
capsa caps- box, case caisson, cajón, capsicum, capsular, capsule, case, cashier, cassette, cassone,
capsella capsell- chassis, encapsulant, encapsulate, encapsulation, encase, encasement, incase,
capsula capsul- incasement, intracapsular, subcapsular
caput capit-, -cipit- head achievable, achieve, achievement, ancipital, ancipitous, biceps, bicipital, cabotage,
capitellum capitell- cad, caddie, cadet, cape, cap, capital, capitular, capitulary, capitulate, capitulation,
capitulum capitul- capitule, capitulum, capo, capodecina, caporegime, captain, captaincy, cattle,
caudillo, centicipitous, chapter, chaptrel, chattel, chef, chief, chieftain, co-captain,
co-captaincy, decapitate, decapitation, occipital, occiput, per capita, precipice,
precipitando, precipitation, precipitous, quadriceps, quadricipital, recapitulate,
sincipital, sinciput, sous-chef, subcaptain, tri-captain, triceps, tricipital, unicipital,
vice-captain, vice-captaincy
carbo carbon- coal bicarbonate, carbon, carbonate, carbonation, Carboniferous, carbuncle,
radiocarbon
carcer, cancer carcer- jail cancel, cancellable, cancellate, cancellation, cancellous, cancellus, chancel,
cancelli cancell- chancellery, chancellor, chancery, incarcerate, incarceration, subchancel
cardo cardin- hinge cardinal, cardinality, kern
carduus cardu- thistle card
cariēs cari- decay cariosity, carious
carīna carīn- careen
caro carn- flesh carnage, carnal, carnary, carnate, carnation, carneous, carnival, carnivore, carnose,
carnosity, carrion, caruncle, carunculate, charcuterie, charnel, discarnate,
incarnadine, incarnate, incarnation, reincarnate, reincarnation
carrus, carrum carr- car, career, cargo, caricature, carriage, carry, charge, chargé, chargée, chariot,
charioteer, charrette, countercharge, discharge, dischargee, encharge, multicar,
recharge, surcharge
cartilago cartilagin- cartilage, cartilaginous, noncartilaginous, precartilage
cārus cār- dear caress, caressive, charitable, charity, cherish, cherishable, noncharitable
cārior
cārissimus
casa cas- house casino
cāseus cāse- cheese caseic, casein, caseous, cheese, quesadilla
castrum castr- -caster, castellan, castellation, castle, chateau, chatelain, Chester
castellum castell-
castus cast-, -cest- pure caste, castigate, castigation, castigator, chaste, chasten, chastenment, chastity,
castior incest, incestuous
castissimus
catēna catēn- chain catenary, catenate, catenation, catenative, catenulate, chain, concatenate,
catēnula catēnul- concatenation, enchain, enchaînement, nonconcatenative
cauda caud-, cod- tail cauda, caudal, caudate, caudicle, coda, codetta, curvicaudate, dequeue, enqueue,
caudicula caudicul- queue
caulis caul-, col- stalk, stem caulescent, caulicle, cauliflorous, cauliflory, cauliform, cauline, choux
cauliculus caulicul-
causa caus-, -cus- accusal, accusation, accusative, accusativity, accusatory, accuse, causality,
 causation, causative, causativity, excusable, excuse, inexcusable, irrecusable,
recusal, recusancy, recusant, recuse, ruse, rush
cavus cav- hollow biconcave, biconcavity, cage, cajole, cajolement, caval, cavate, cavatina, cave,
cavea, cavern, cavernicolous, cavernous, cavernulous, cavicorn, cavitation, cavity,
concave, concavity, encage, excavate, excavation, excavator, quasiconcave,
quasiconcavity
celeber celebr- famous celebrant, celebrate, celebration, celebratory, celebrity, concelebration
celer celer- quick, swift accelerando, accelerant, accelerate, acceleration, accelerator, celerity, decelerando,
celerior decelerate, deceleration, decelerator
celerrimus
centeni centen- hundred each bicentenary, centenarian, centenary, centenionalis, supercentenarian,
ultracentenarian
centesimus centesim- hundredth centavo, centesimal, centesimation, centime, céntimo
centum cent- hundred cent, centennial, centifidous, centillion, centurial, centurion, century,
semicentennial, sesquicentennial, tricentennial
cera cer- wax ceraceous, cereous, ceresin, inceration
cerebrum cerebr- brain cerebellar, cerebellum, cerebral, cerebrifugal, cerebripetal, intracerebral
cerebellum cerebell-
certus cert- certain ascertain, ascertainable, certificate, certification, certiorari, certitude,
decertification, incertitude, recertification
cervīx cervīc- neck cervical, cervix, intracervical
cervus cerv- deer cervid, Cervidae, cervine
ceterus ceter- other et cetera
cibus cib- food cibarious, cibarium, cibation
cicātrīx cicātrīc- scar cicatrice
cilium cili- eyelash cilia, ciliary, ciliate, ciliation, supercilious
cinis ciner- ashes cinerarium, cinerary, cinereous, cinerin, incinerate, incineration, incinerator
cippus cipp- cep
circus circ- circle bicircular, circa, circinate, circular, circularity, circulate, circulation, circulator,
circulus circul- circulatory, circumcircle, circus, cirque, encircle, encirclement, multicircular,
circellus circell- noncircular, quasicircle, recirculate, recirculation, recirculator, research, ricercar,
search, searchable, semicircle, semicircular, tricircular
cirrus cirr- curl, tentacle cirrate, cirriform, cirriped, cirrose, cirrous, cirrus
citer citr- on this side
citerior citerior- • citerior
citimus citim- • •
cīvis cīv- citizen citadel, city, civil, civilian, civility, incivil, incivility, intercity
clārus clār- clear chiaroscuro, clairaudience, claircognizance, Claire, clairgustance, clairolfactus,
clārior clairsentience, clairvoyance, clairvoyant, Clara, clarain, claret, clarificant,
clārissimus clarification, clarify, clarinet, clarion, Clarissa, claritude, clarity, clear, clearage,
clearance, cleartext, declarable, declaration, declarative, declaratory, declare,
éclair, glair, glaireous, redeclare
clavis clav- key claves, clavicle, clavier, enclave, exclave
clāvicula clāvicul-
clemens clement- mild clemency, clement, inclemency, inclement
codex codic- code, codex, codical, codicil
codicillus codicill-
collis coll- hill colliculus
colliculus collicul-
collum coll- neck collar
color color- color bicolor, Colorado, coloration, coloratura, concolorous, decolor, discolor,
discoloration, multicolor, tricolor, unicolor, versicolor
cōlum cōl- strainer colander, coulee, coulis, coulisse, couloir, cullender, cullis, percolate, percolation,
percolator, piña colada, portcullis
columba columb- dove columbarium, columbary, Columbella, columbine
cor cord- heart accord, accordance, accordant, accordatura, concord, concordance, concordant,
corcillum corcill- concordat, corcle, cordate, cordial, cordiality, cordiform, core, courage,
corculum corcul- courageous, discord, discordance, discordant, discourage, discouragement,
encourage, encouragement, nonaccordant, obcordate, record, scordatura
corbis corb- basket corb, corf
corium cori- coriaceous, excoriate
cornū corn- horn bicorn, bicorne, Capricorn, cornea, corneal, corneous, corner, cornicle, corniculate,
corniculum cornicul- corniferous, cornification, corniform, cornucopia, quadricorn, quadricornous,
tricorn, tricorne, tricornigerous, tricornute, unicorn, unicornous
cornus corn- dogwood cornaceous, cornel, Cornus
cornicula cornicul-
corona coron- crown corolla, corollaceous, corollarial, corollary, corona, coronamen, coronary,
corolla coroll- coronate, coronation, coronavirus, coroner, coronet, coroniform, Coronilla, crown,
incoronate
corpus corpor- body accorporate, bicorporal, concorporate, concorporation, corporal, corporality,
corpusculum corpuscul- corporate, corporation, corporative, corporature, corporeal, corporeality,
corporeity, corps, corpse, corpulence, corpulent, corpus, corpuscle, corpuscular,
 disincorporate, disincorporation, extracorporeal, incorporal, incorporality,
incorporate, incorporation, incorporeal, incorporeality, incorporeity, tricorporal
cortex cortic- bark, rind cortical, corticate, corticiform, corticifugal, corticipetal, decorticate, decortication,
decorticator
coruscus corusc- coruscant, coruscate, coruscation
corvus corv- raven corbel, cormorant, corvine
corvellus corvell-
costa cost- rib accost, bicostate, coast, coastal, costa, costal, costate, curvicostate, entrecôte,
infracostal, intercostal, intracoastal, multicostate, quadricostate, supracostal,
tricostate, unicostate
cotoneum cotōne- quince cotoneaster
coxa cox- hip coxal
crapula crapul- crapulence, crapulent
cras cras- tomorrow crastination, procrastinate, procrastination, procrastinator
crassus crass- thick crass, crassitude, crassulaceous
crātis crāt- crate, grate, graticulation, graticule, griddle, grill, grillade, grillage, grille
craticula craticul-
crēna crēn- notch bicrenate, crena, crenate, crenation, crenature, crenulate, crenulation
crēnula crēnul-
creta cret- chalk cretaceous
cribrum cribr- sieve cribble, cribellum, cribrate, cribriform, garble
cribellum cribell-
crimen [note 2] crimin- criminal, criminality, criminate, incriminate, recriminate, recrimination
crīnis crīn- hair crinel, crinigerous, crinite, crinoline, crinose, crinosity
crispus crisp- curled crape, crepe, crêpe, crisp, crispate, crispation
crista crist- crest crease, crest, cristate
crus crur- leg, shank bicrural, crural, crus, equicrural
crusta crust- crostata, croustade, croûte, crouton, crust, crustacean, crustaceous, crustal,
crustation, crustific, crustose, custard, duricrust, encrust, encrustation, incrust,
incrustation
crux cruc- cross crucial, cruciate, crucifer, cruciferous, crucifix, crucifixion, cruciform, crucify,
crucigerous, crusade, cruzeiro, discruciate, excruciate
cucullus cucull- hood cowl, cucullate
cuculus cucul- cuckoo cuculiform
cucurbita cucurbit- gourd cucurbit, Cucurbita, cucurbitaceous
culcita culcit- quilt
culex culic- gnat Culex, culiciform, culicifuge, culicine, Culicivora
culina culin- kitchen culinarian, culinary, kiln
culpa culp- blame, fault culpability, culpable, culprit, exculpate, exculpatory, inculpable, inculpate,
inculpatory, mea culpa
culter cultr- colter, coulter, cultellus, cutlass
cultellus cultell-
cūlus cul- culet, culottes, recoil
cumulus cumul- accumulate, accumulation, accumulator, cumulate, cumulative, cumulativity,
cumuliform, cumulose, cumulous, cumulus
cūnae cūn- cradle cunabula, incunable, incunabula, incunabular, incunabulum
cuneus cune- wedge coign/coigne, coin, cuneate, cuneiform, cuneus, encoignure, obcuneate, precuneus,
quoin, sconcheon/scuncheon
cūpa cūp- cooper, cooperage, cup, cupel, cupellation, cupola, cupule
cūpella cūpell-
cūpula cūpul-
cura cur- care accuracy, accurate, assecure, assurance, assure, curable, curate, curative, curator,
cure, curettage, curette, curio, curiosity, curious, ensure, inaccurate, incurable,
insecure, insecurity, insurability, insurable, insurance, insure, pococurante, proctor,
proctorage, procurable, procuracy, procuration, procurator, procure, procurement,
proxy, reassurance, reassure, reinsurance, reinsure, scour, scourage, secure,
security, sinecural, sinecure, sure, surety
currus curr- chariot corral, curule
curtus curt- shortened curt, curtail, curtate, decurt
curvus curv- bent curb, curvate, curvation, curvature, curve, curviform, curvilinear, curvity,
incurvate, incurvature, incurve, recurvate, recurve, recurvous
cuspis cuspid- tip bicuspid, bicuspidate, cusp, quadricuspid, tricuspid
custos custod- custodial, custodian, custody, noncustodial
cutis cut- hide, skin cutaneous, cuticle, cuticolor, cuticular, cutin, cutis, cutisector, subcutaneous
cuticula cuticul-
damnum damn- harm condemn, condemnation, damage, damnation, damnific, damnify, indemnification,
-demn- indemnify, indemnity
decem decem- ten dean, deanery, decan, decanal, December, decemfid, decempedal, decemvirate,
decemviri, decennary, decennial, decennium, decuple, decurion, decurionate,
decury, dicker, doyen, doyenne
decimus decim- tenth decimal, decimate, decimation, dime
decus decor- decor, décor, decorament, decorate, decoration, decorative, decorator, decorous,
decorum, redecorate
deni den- ten each denar, denarian, denarius, denary, denier, dinar, dinero, dinheiro
dens dent- tooth bident, bidental, dental, dentate, denticity, denticle, denticulate, dentiferous,
denticulus denticul- dentiform, dentifrice, dentil, dentin, dentinal, dentition, denture, indent,
indentation, indenture, interdental, intradental, multidentate, quadridentate, trident,
tridentate
densus dens- thick condensable, condensate, condensation, condense, dense, density, nondense
deter deter-
dēterior deterior- worse deterior, deteriorate, deterioration
dēterrimus deterrim- worst •
deus de- god deicidal, deicide, deific, deification, deiform, deity
dexter dextr- right ambidextrous, dexterity, dexterous, dextral, dextrality, dextrin, dextrorse, dextrose
dexterior dexterior- •
dextimus dextim- •
diēs diē- day adjourn, adjournment, aggiornamento, antemeridian, circadian, dial, diary, diurnal,
diurnality, infradian, jornada, journal, journey, meridian, meridional, nundinal, per
diem, postmeridian, quotidian, semidiurnal, sojourn, transmeridional, triduan,
triduum, ultradian
digitus digit- finger, toe bidigitate, digit, digital, digitate, digitiform, digitigrade, multidigit, multidigitate
dignus dign- worthy condign, deign, dignify, dignitarial, dignitary, dignity, disdain, indign, indignance,
indignant, indignation, indignity
dirus dir- dire
discipulus discipul- student disciple, disciplinarian, disciplinary, discipline, interdisciplinarity,
interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, transdisciplinarity
divus div- god divination, divinatory, divine, divinity
dominus domin- lord beldam/beldame, codomain, codominance, codominant, condominium, dam, dame,
damsel, demesne, demoiselle, domain, dominance, dominant, dominate,
domination, dominative, dominator, dominatrix, domine, domineer, dominicide,
dominion, dominium, domino, duenna, madam, madame, mademoiselle, madonna,
predominance, predominant, predominate, semidominance, subdominant,
superdominant
domus dom- house domal, dome, domestic, domesticate, domestication, domesticity, domestique,
domicile, domiciliary, major-domo, semidome
dōnum dōn- gift condonation, condone, donation, donative, donator, donatory, pardon, pardonable
dorsum dors- back disendorse, dorsal, dorsum, dossier, endorse, endorsee, endorsement, indorse,
indorsement, reredos
dos dot- dowry dotal, dotation
drappus drapp- drab, drape, drapery
dulcis dulc- sweet billet-doux, dolce, dolcetto, douce, doux, dulcet, dulcian, dulcify, dulcimer,
edulcorant, edulcorate, subdulcid
duo du- two deuce, doubt, dual, duality, dubiety, dubious, duet, duo, duplex, duumvirate,
duumviri, nonduality
duodecim duodec- twelve dozen, duodecennial, duodecillion
duodecimus duodec- twelfth duodecimal
duodeni duoden- twelve each duodenal, duodenary, duodenum
duplus dupl- twofold dobla, double, doubloon, doublure, duplation, duple, redouble, semidouble
durus dur- hard dour, durability, durable, duration, durative, duress, durum, endurable, endurance,
endurant, endure, indurate, induration, nondurable, obdurate, obduration,
perdurable, perdurance, perdure, subdural
ebrius ebri- inebriant, inebriate, inebriation, inebriety, sober, sobriety
ensis ens- sword ensiferous, ensiform
equus equ- horse equestrian, equine
eruca eruc- caterpillar eruciform
exterus exter- extern, external, externality
exterior exterior- outer exterior
extremus extrem- outmost extreme, extremity, extremum
faba fab- bean faba bean, fabaceous
faber fabr- fabric, fabrication, fabricator
faenum faen- hay fennel, sainfoin
falx falc- sickle defalcation, falcate, falciform
fames fam- hunger famine, famish
fanum fan- temple profane, profanity
fascis fasc- bundle fasces, fascicle, fascicular, fasciculation, fascine
fasciculus fascicul-
fatuus fatu- foolish, fatuous, infatuation
useless
fauces fauc-, -foc- throat faucal, suffocate, suffocation
febris febr- fever antefebrile, febrifacient, febriferous, febrifuge, febrile
fēlēs fēl- cat felid, Felinae, feline
fēlix fēlic- happy felicitations, felicitous, felicity
fēmina fēmin- woman effeminacy, effeminate, feminine, femininity
femur femor- thigh femoral, femur
fenestra fenestr- window defenestration
ferox feroc- fierce ferocious, ferocity
ferrum ferr- iron farrier, farriery, ferrate, ferrite, ferreous, ferrous, ferruginous, ferrugo, nonferrous
ferus fer- wild feral, ferine, ferocious, ferocity, fierce
festūca festūc- fescue, Festuca
festus fest- feast, festal, festival, festive, festivity, festivous, festoon, Festus, fete, fiesta,
infestive
feudum feud- fee feodary, feudal, feudary, feudatory, subinfeudation
fibra fibr- defibrillate, defibrillation, defibrillator, fiber, fibre, fibriform, fibril, fibrillar,
fibrilla fibrill- fibrillate, fibrin, fibrinous, fibrous, multifibrous
fībula [note 3] fībul- clasp, fastener fibula, fibular, infibulate, infibulation
ficus fic- fig Ficus
fidēs fid- faith, trust affiance, affiant, affidavit, confidant, confidante, confide, confidence, confident,
confidential, confidentiality, defiance, defiant, defy, diffide, diffidence, diffident,
faith, feal, fealty, fiancé, fiancée, fidelity, fiducial, fiduciary, infidel, infidelity,
interfaith, multifaith, perfidious, perfidy, prefident
fīlia fīli- daughter affiliate, affiliation, affiliative, disaffiliate, disaffiliation, filial, filiate, filiation,
fīlius fīli- son filicide, filiety, nonaffiliation
filum fil- thread bifilar, defilade, defile, enfilade, filament, filarial, filariform, filet, filiferous,
filiform, filigree, fillet, multifilament, profile, unifilar
fimbriae fimbri- fimbria, fimbrial, fimbriate, fimbriation, fimbrillate, fringe
fimus fim- dung fimicolous
fīnis fīn- end, limit affinal, affine, affinitive, affinity, confine, confinement, confines, confinity, define,
definiendum, definiens, definite, definition, definitive, equifinality, final, finality,
finance, fine, finery, finesse, finis, finish, finite, finito, finitude, indefinite,
indefinitude, infinite, infinitesimal, infinitive, infinitude, infinity, nonaffinity,
nonfinal, nonfinite, prefinite, raffinate, raffinose, redefine, redefinition, refinance,
refine, refinement, refinery, semidefinite, semifinal, superfine, transfinite
firmus firm- firm affirm, affirmance, affirmant, affirmation, affirmative, affirmatory, confirm,
confirmation, confirmational, confirmatory, disaffirm, disaffirmation, farm,
fermata, firmament, infirm, infirmarian, infirmary, infirmity, nonaffirmation,
obfirm, obfirmation, reaffirm, reaffirmation, reconfirm, reconfirmation
fiscus fisc- basket confiscate, confiscation, confiscatory, fisc, fiscal, fiscus
fistula fistul- pipe, tube fistula, fistulate, fistuliform, fistulose, fistulous
flaccus flacc- flabby flaccid, flaccidity
flagrum flagr- flagellant, flagellar, flagellate, flagellation, flagelliform, flagellin, flagellum, flail,
flagellum flagell- multiflagellate, uniflagellate
flamma [note 4] flamm- flame flamage, flambé, flambeau, flamboyance, flamboyant, inflame, inflammable,
inflammation, inflammatory, oriflamme
flavus flav- yellow flavin, flavivirus, flavonoid
floccus flocc- tuft deflocculant, deflocculation, floc, floccillation, floccinaucinihilipilification,
flocculus floccul- floccose, flocculant, floccular, flocculation, floccule, flocculent, floccus, flock
flōs flōr- flower counterflory, deflorate, defloration, effleurage, effloresce, efflorescence,
floscellus floscell- efflorescent, fiori, fioritura, fleur-de-lis, fleury, flora, floral, florescence, florescent,
floret, floriculture, florid, floridean, floridity, floriferous, floriform, florilege,
florilegium, florin, floruit, florulent, flory, flour, flourish, flower, inflorescence,
multiflora, multiflorous, pauciflor, pluriflor, uniflorous
focus foc- hearth bifocal, confocal, defuel, focaccia, focal, focus, foyer, fuel, fusillade, multifocal,
omnifocal, parfocal, refocus, refuel, trifocal, varifocal
foedus foeder- confederate, confederation, federacy, federal, federation
folium foli- leaf bifoliate, bifoliolate, centifolious, cinquefoil, counterfoil, defoliant, defoliate,
foliolum foliol- leaflet defoliation, exfoliant, exfoliate, exfoliation, exfoliative, feuilleton, foil, folate,
foliage, foliar, foliate, foliation, foliature, folic, foliferous, folio, foliolate, foliole,
foliose, foliosity, folivore, folivorous, folivory, multifoil, multifoliate, octofoil,
perfoliate, portfolio, quadrifoliate, quadrifolium, quatrefoil, septifolious, trefoil,
trifoliate, trifoliolate, trifolium, unifoliate
follis foll- bellows follicle, follicular, follis, folly, fool, foolery
folliculus follicul-
fons font- fountain, font, fontal, fontanelle
spring
foris for- outdoors afforest, afforestation, deforest, deforestation, disforest, foreclose, foreign,
forensic, forest, forfeit, forum, reforest, reforestation
fōrma fōrm- form, shape biform, biformity, conform, conformable, conformance, conformant, conformity,
formella formell- counterreformation, deform, deformable, deformation, deformity, disinformation,
formula formul- formable, formal, formality, formant, format, formation, formative, formula,
formulary, formulation, inform, informal, informality, informant, information,
informative, irreformable, malformation, nonconformance, perform, performance,
preform, preformat, reform, reformable, reformat, reformation, reformatory,
transform, transformable, transformation, transformational, transformative, triform,
triformity, uniform, uniformity
formica formic- ant formic
formus form- warm
fornix fornic- vault fornication, forniciform
fors fort- luck fortuitous, fortuity, fortunate, fortune
fortis fort- strong comfort, effort, force, forcible, forte, fortification, fortify, fortis, fortissimo,
fortitude
fovea fove- shallow round fovea, foveal, foveole
depressio
n
frāter frātr- brother fraternal, fraternity, fratricide, friar, friary
fraus fraud- fraud defraud, defraudation, fraud, fraudulent
frēnum frēn- bridle frenal, frenate, frenulum, frenum, refrain, refrainment
frenulum frenul-
frequēns frequent- often frequency, frequent, frequentation, frequentative, infrequency, infrequent
frequentior
frequentissimus
fretum fret- strait transfretation, transfrete
frīgus frigor- cold frigorific
frīgusculum friguscul-
frōns, fruns frond- frond, frondent, frondescence, frondiferous, frondlet, frondose
frōns front- brow, affront, affrontive, bifront, confront, confrontation, confrontational, effrontery,
forehead front, frontage, frontal, frontier, frontispiece, nonconfrontational, nonfrontal,
prefrontal, quadrifrons, transfrontier
frustum frust- piece bifrustum, frustule, frustulent, frustulum, frustum
frustillum frustill-
frustulum frustul-
frutex frutic- shrub frutescence, frutescent, fruticose, fruticulose, suffrutescent, suffruticose,
fruticulus fruticul- suffruticulose
frūx frūg- fruit frugal, frugality, frugiferous, frugivore, frugivorous, frumenty, infrugiferous
fulvus fulv- tawny fulvic, fulvid, fulvous
fulvissimus
fūmus fūm- smoke fumacious, fumade, fumage, fumarine, fumarole, fumatorium, fumatory, fume,
fumeuse, fumid, fumidity, fumiferous, fumigant, fumigate, fumigation, fumigator,
infumate, infumation, perfume, perfumery, suffumigate, suffumigation
fundus fund- bottom cofound, defund, found, foundation, foundational, founder, fund, fundament,
fundulus fundul- fundamental, fundoplication, fundus, profound, profundal, profundity
fungus fung- mushroom fungal, fungicidal, fungicide, fungiform, fungus
fūnis fūn- rope funambulatory, funicle, funicular, funiculate, funiform
fūniculus fūnicul-
fūnus funer- funeral, funerary, funerate, funereal
fur fur- thief furuncle
furca furc- fork bifurcation, fourchette, furcate, furcula, furcular, multifurcate, trifurcate,
furcilla furcill- trifurcation
furcula furcul-
furtum furt- theft furtive
fuscus fusc- dark fuscation, fuscine, fuscous, infuscate, infuscation, obfuscate, obfuscation,
fuscior subfuscous
fūstis fūst- cudgel fustigate, fustigation
fusticulus fusticul-
fūsus fūs- spindle fusain, Fusarium, fusarole, fusee, fuselage, fusilli, fusula, fuze
galbus galb- yellow jaundice
galea gale- helmet galea, galeate, galeiform
galēna galēn- lead ore galena, galenic
gallīna gallīn- hen gallinacean, gallinaceous, gallinule
gallīnula gallīnul-
gelu gel- congeal, congelation, gel, gelati, gelatin, gelatinous, gelation, gelato, gelée, gelid,
gelifluction, gelignite, jellification, jelly
geminus gemin- twin bigeminal, bigeminy, gemel, gemelli, gemelliparous, geminal, geminate,
gemellus gemell- gemination, gemini, gimmal, ingeminate, quadrigeminal, trigeminal, trigeminy
gemma gemm- bud gem, gemma, gemmaceous, gemmate, gemmiferous, gemmiform, gemmiparous,
gemmula gemmul- gemmulation, gemmule, gemmuliferous
gena gen- cheek fixigena, gena, genal, librigena
gens gent- gens, genteel, gentile, gentility, gentle, gentrice, gentrification, gentry
genū genū- knee genicular, geniculate, geniculation, geniculum, genu, genual, genucubital,
geniculum genicul- genuflect, genuflection, genuflexion
genus gener- birth, congener, congeneric, degenerate, degenerative, engender, gender, general,
offspring, generality, generate, generation, generational, generative, generator, generatrix,
creation generic, generosity, generous, genre, genuine, genus, intergenerational,
intergeneric, regenerate, regenerative, subgenre, subgenus, transgender
germen germin- sprout germ, germane, germicide, germinal, germinate, germination, nongermane,
regerminate
gibbus gibb- hump gibbose, gibbosity, gibbous
glaber glabr- smooth glabella, glabellar, glabrate, glabrescent, glabrous
glabellus glabell-
glacies glaci- ice englacial, glacé, glacial, glaciation, glacier, glacious, glacis, glance, interglacial,
interglaciation, postglacial, subglacial, supraglacial
gladius gladi- sword gladiate, gladiator, gladiatory, gladiature, gladiolus
glāns gland- acorn eglandular, eglandulose, gland, glandiferous, glandula, glandular, glandule,
glandula glandul- glanduliferous, glandulose, glans
glēba, glaeba glēb- clod gleba, glebal, glebe, glebosity
globus glob- conglobate, global, globate, globe, globose, globosity, globular, globule, globulin,
globulus globul- inglobate
glomus glomer- agglomerate, agglomeration, agglomerative, glomerate, glomerular, glomerulation,
glomerulus glomerul- glomerulus, juxtaglomerular
gluten glutin- glue agglutinant, agglutinate, agglutination, agglutinative, deglutination, glutelin,
gluten, glutinosity, glutinous, nonagglutinative
gracilis gracil- slender engrail, engrailment, gracile, gracility
gracilior
gracillimus
gradus grad- step aggradation, aggradational, aggrade, antegrade, anterograde, centigrade,
degradable, degradation, degradational, degrade, degree, digitigrade, gradation,
grade, gradient, gradine, gradual, graduality, graduand, graduate, graduation, gree,
laterigrade, multigrade, nongraduate, plantigrade, postgraduate, progradation,
prograde, retrogradation, retrograde, saltigrade, tardigrade
grandis grand- aggrandise, aggrandisement, grandee, grandeur, grandific, grandiloquent,
grandior grandiose, grandiosity, grandioso, grandity, grandmaster
grandissimus
granum gran- grain degranulation, engrain, filigree, garner, garnet, grain, granary, grange, granger,
granulum granul- granite, granivore, granivorous, granivory, granular, granularity, granulate,
granulation, granule, grenade, grenadier, grogram, grosgrain, ingrain, multigrain,
pomegranate
grātus grāt- aggrace, agree, agreeable, agreeance, agreement, congratulant, congratulate,
gratissimus congratulations, congratulatory, disgrace, grace, graciosity, gracious, gratify,
gratification, gratis, gratitude, gratuitous, gratuity, gratulant, gratulate, gratulation,
gratulatory
gravis grav- heavy aggravate, aggravation, degravation, gravamen, grave, gravid, gravida, gravidity,
gravior gravitas, gravitate, gravitation, gravitational, gravity, grief, grieve, grievance,
gravissimus grievant, grievous, ingravescence, ingravescent, multigravida, multigravidity,
nongravitational, nulligravida, primigravida, reaggravate, supergravity
grex greg- flock, herd aggregate, aggregation, aggregator, congregate, congregation, congregational,
desegregate, desegregation, disaggregate, egregious, gregarious,
intercongregational, segregate, segregation
grossus gross- thick engross, engrossment, grocer, grocery, grosgrain, gross
grossior
gula gul- gula, gular, gullet, gully, subgular
gurges gurgit- demigorge, disgorge, disgorgement, engorge, engorgement, gorge, gorgeous,
gorget, ingurgitate, ingurgitation, regurgitate, regurgitation
gustus gust- taste disgust, gustatory, gusto, gustoso
gutta gutt- drop gout, gutta, guttate, gutter, guttifer, guttiform
guttur guttur- throat goitre, guttural
hallux halluc- big toe hallucal, hallux
hāmus hām- hook hamate, hamiform, hamular, hamulate, hamulus
hāmulus hāmul-
harena haren- sand arena, arenaceous, arenite, arenose
hasta hast- spear hasta, hastate, hastatic, hastile
hebes hebet- blunt, dull hebetate, hebetude
hedera heder- ivy Hedera, hederaceous
herba herb- grass herbaceous, herbal, herbarium, herbicide, herbivore, herbivorous, herbivory, non-
herbal
hērēs hērēd- disinherit, heir, hereditable, hereditament, hereditary, heredity, heritability,
heritage, inherit, inheritable, inheritance, inheritor, inheritrix, nonhereditary,
noninheritable
hibernus hibern- hibernacle, hibernal
hiems hiem- winter hiemal
hircus hirc- goat hircine
homō homin- man (human bonhomie, homage, hombre, homicide, hominid, homuncular, homunculus,
homunculus homuncul- being) human, humane, humanitarian, humanity, inhuman, inhumane, inhumanity, Nemo,
nonhuman, prehuman, subhuman, superhuman, transhuman
honor honor- honor honorable, honorarium, honorary, honorific
hortus hort- garden cohort, court, courteous, courtesan, courtesy, courtier, curtain, horticulture
hostis host- enemy hostile, hostility
humus hum- ground exhumation, exhume, humate, humation, humic, humiliate, humility, inhumation,
inhume
ignis ign- fire igneous, ignite, ignition
imbecillus imbecill- weak imbecile, imbecility
inanis inan- inane, inanity
inferus infer-
inferior inferior- lower inferior, inferiority
infimus infim- lowest •
inguen inguin- groin inguinal
īnsula īnsul- island insular, insulate, insulation, peninsula, peninsular, isolate, isolation
interus inter- entrail, intern, internal, internality
interior interior- • interior
intimus intim- • intima, intimacy, intimate, intimation
iocus joc- jest jocular, jocularity, joke
jocus
joculus jocul-
iūdex iūdic- judge adjudicate, adjudication, adjudicative, adjudicator, adjudicatory, extrajudicial,
jūdex [note 5] injudicious, judge, judgement, judgment, judgmental, judicable, judicative,
judicator, judicatory, judicature, judicial, judiciary, judicious, nonjudicial,
prejudge, prejudgment, prejudice, prejudicial
iugum iug- yoke conjugacy, conjugal, conjugate, conjugation, jugal, jugate, jugular
jugum
iūs iūr- law, right abjuration, abjure, conjure, de jure, jurat, juration, juratory, jurisdiction, jury,
justice
iuvenis juven- young junior, juniorate, juniority, juvenile, juvenilia, juvenility, rejuvenate
juvenis
jejunus jejun- jejunal, jejune, jejunity, jejunum
labia labi- lip labial, labium
labor labor- toil collaboration, collaborative, collaborator, elaboration, laboratory, laborious
labrum labr- lip labrose, labrum
lac lact- milk lactate, lactic, lactose
lacrima lacrim- tear lachrymose
lacus lac- lacuna, lacustrine, lagoon, lake
lapis lapid- stone dilapidate, lapidary
lassus lass- lassitude
latex latic- liquid laticifer
latus lat- broad, wide latifoliate, latitude
latus later- side collateral, lateral
laus laud- praise laud, laudable, Lauds
laxus lax- loose laxity, relax
lenis leni- gentle leniency, lenient, leniment, lenis, lenition, lenitive, lenitude, lenity
lens lent- lentil lens, lenticel, lenticular, lentiform
lentus lent- lentic, relent
leo leon- lion leonine
lepus lepor- hare leporid, leporine
levis lev- light (weight) levity, relieve
lēx lēg- law alleged, extralegal, illegal, legal, legality, legislation, legislator, privilege
liber liber- free illiberal, illiberality, liberal, liberality, liberate, liberation, liberator
liber libr- book librarian, library, libretto
libra libr- balance, deliberate, deliberation, deliberative, equilibrium, libration
scales
lignum lign- wood ligneous, ligniform, lignin, lignite, lignose
limbus limb- edge limbate, limbic, limbo
limes limit- delimit, limes, limit, limitation
linea line- line align, collinear, collineation, linea, lineage, linear, linearity, multicollinearity
lingua lingu- tongue bilingual, bilinguality, bilinguous, collingual, elinguation, interlanguage, language,
lingula, ligula lingul- ligula, ligular, ligule, lingua franca, lingual, linguiform, linguine, multilingual,
prelingual, quadrilingual, sublingual, trilingual
lira lir- furrow delirament, delirant, delirate, deliration, deliriant, delirifacient, delirious, delirium
littera litter- letter alliteration, alliterative, biliteral, illiteracy, illiterate, literacy, literal, literary,
literate, literature, obliterate, obliteration, transliteracy, transliteration, triliteral
locus loc- place accouchement, couch, dislocation, local, locality, locate, location, locative,
loculus locul- translocate, translocation
longus long- long allonge, elongate, elongation, longa, longanimity, longe, longeron, longinquity,
longior longitude, longitudinal, longum, lunge, lungo, oblong, prolong, prolongation,
longissimus purloin
lūbricus lūbric- slippery lubricant, lubricate, lubrication, lubricator, lubricity, lubricous
lucrum lucr- gain, profit lucrative, lucre, lucrific
lucellum lucell-
lūmen [note 6] lūmin- light dislimn, enlumine, illuminable, illuminance, illuminant, illuminate, illuminati,
illumination, illumine, intraluminal, limn, lumen, luminaire, luminal, luminance,
luminant, luminaria, luminary, lumination, lumine, luminescence, luminescent,
luminiferous, luminosity, luminous, relumine, subluminal, subluminous,
superluminal, transillumination, transluminal, ultraluminous
lūna [note 7] lūn- Moon circumlunar, cislunar, demilune, interlunar, interlunation, lunar, lunate, lunatic,
lunation, lune, lunette, luniform, lunisolar, mezzaluna, mezzelune, plenilunary,
semilunar, sublunar, sublunary, superlunary, translunar
lupus lup- wolf lupine
lūtra lūtr- otter Lutra, lutrine
lutum lut- mud lutaceous, lutite
lux luc- light elucidate, elucidation, elucubrate, elucubration, lucent, lucid, lucidity, Lucifer,
luciferous, lucifugal, noctilucent, pellucid, pellucidity, semipellucid, translucency,
translucent, translucid, translucidity, translucidus
luxus lux- luxuriant, luxurious, luxury
macula macul- spot immaculate, macula, macular, maculate, maculation, maculature, macule,
maculose
magister magistr- master maestro, magisterial, magistery, magistracy, magistral, magistrate, magistrature,
master, mastery, mistral, quartermaster, remaster
magnus magn- big, great magnanimity, magnanimous, magnate, magnificent, magnitude
māior māior- greater maestoso, majesty, major, majorate, majordomo, majoritarian, majority,
maximus maxim- greatest majuscule, mayor, mayoral, mayoralty, semimajor, supermajority
maxim, maximal, maximum
malleus malle- hammer malleability, malleable, mallet
malus mal- bad dismal, grand mal, malady, malaise, malevolence, malevolent, malice, malicious,
peior peior- worse malignancy, malignant, nonmalignant, petit mal, premalignant
pessimus pessim- worst impair, impairment, pejoration, pejorative
pessimal
mantum mant- dismantle, dismantlement, manta, mantel, mantelet, mantilla, mantle
mantellum mantell-
manus manu- hand amanuensis, Bimana, bimanous, bimanual, mainour, maintain, manacle, manage,
manicula manicul- manageable, management, managerial, mandamus, mandate, maneuver, manicure,
manifer, manifest, manifestation, manifesto, maniform, maniple, manipulation,
manner, manual, manuary, manubrium, manuduction, manufacture, manumission,
manumit, manus, manuscript, Quadrumana, quadrumanous
mare mar- sea marinade, marinate, marine, mariner, maritime, submarine, ultramarine
Mars marti- Mars martial, Martian
māter mātr- mother immaterial, material, materiality, maternal, maternity, matricide, matriculant,
matriculate, matrilocal, matrimonial, matrimony, matrix, matron, matter
maturus matur- ripe immature, immaturity, maturant, maturate, maturation, mature, maturescent,
maturity, premature
medius medi- middle antemeridian, dimidiate, dimidiation, immediacy, immediate, intermediary,
intermediate, intermedio, intermezzo, mean, media, medial, median, mediant,
mediation, mediator, mediatrix, mediety, medieval, mediocre, mediocrity, medium,
meridian, mezzanine, postmeridian
mel mell- honey melliferous, mellific, mellifluence, mellifluent, mellifluous, melliloquent,
mellivorous
membrum membr- bimembral, dismember, dismemberment, member, membral, membrane,
membranous, nonmember, semimembranous, transmembrane
memor memor- mindful commemorate, commemoration, commemorative, immemorial, memoir,
memorabilia, memorability, memorable, memorandum, memorial, memory,
remember, remembrance, rememorate
menda mend- blemish emend, emendation
mendicus mendic- beggar mendicant, mendicate, mendication, mendicity
mens ment- mind comment, commentary, dementia, mental, mentality
merus mer- pure mere
mēta met- goal mete
miles milit- soldier militant, military, militate, militia
mīlle mīll- thousand bimillennium, mile, mileage, miliarense, miliaresion, millefeuille, millefiori,
millefleur, millennial, millennium, milli-, million, millionaire, millipede, milreis,
multimillion, postmillennial, premillennial
millēnī millēn- a thousand bimillenary, millenarian, millenary, postmillenarian
each
millēsimus millēsim- thousandth mil, millesimal
mirus mir- admirability, admirable, admiration, admirative, admire, marvel, miracle,
miraculum miracul- miraculous, mirage, Miranda, mirative, mirativity, mirror
miser miser- wretched commiserate, commiseration, miser, miserable, misericord, misery
miserior
miserrimus
misellus misell-
missa miss- Mass missal, missificate
mitis mit- mitigant, mitigate, mitigation
mitissimus
modus mod- accommodate, accommodation, accommodative, accommodator, bimodal,
modulus modul- bimodality, commode, commodification, commodious, commodity,
decommodification, demodulate, demodulation, demodulator, immodest,
immodesty, intermodal, intermodulation, modal, modality, mode, model, modern,
 modernity, modest, modesty, modicum, modification, modify, modiolus, modular,
modularity, modulate, modulation, modulator, module, modulo, modulus,
multimodal, multimodality, postmodern, postmodernity, Quasimodo, remodel,
remodulate, supermodel, trimodal, trimodality, ultramodern, unimodular,
unimodularity
moles mol- mass bimolecular, demolition, mole, molecule
mollis moll- soft emollient, mollient, mollify, mollitude, mollusc, molluscicide, molluscivore,
mollusk
mons mont- mountain cismontane, dismount, montage, montane, monticello, monticule, montiform,
monticellus monticell- montigenous, mount, piedmont, submontane, surmount, tramontane, transmontane,
monticulus monticul- ultramontane
mora mor- delay demur, demure, demurrage, demurral, moratorium
morbus morb- sickness morbid, morbidity
mors mort- death immortal, immortality, mortal, mortality, mortician, rigor mortis
mortuus mort- dead mortgage, mortuary, morgue, postmortem
mōs mōr- custom immoral, immorality, moral, morale, morality, mores, morigerous, morose,
morosity
mucrō mucrōn- point mucro, mucronate, mucronation, mucronulate, mucronule
mūcus mūc- mucic, muciferous, muciform, mucigel, mucilage, mucilaginous, mucivore,
mucosa, mucous, muculent, submucosa
mulier muli- woman muliebrity, mulierose
multa, mulcta mult- penalty mulct
multus mult- many multiplex, multiplicity, multitude
plūs plūr- more nonplus, plural, plurality, pluriform, plus, surplus
plūrimus plūrim- most plurimal
mūlus mūl- mule mular
mundus mund- world antemundane, demimondaine, demimonde, extramundane, intramundane,
mondain, mondaine, mondial, mondo, mundane, mundanity, ultramundane
mūrex mūric- murex, muricate, muriculate
muria muri- brine muriate, muriatic
murmur murmur- murmur, murmuration, murmurous
murmurillum murmurill-
mūrus, moerus mūr- wall antemural, immuration, immure, immurement, intramural, murage, mural
mūs mūr- mouse intermuscular, murine, muscular, muscularity, musculature
mūsculus mūscul-
musca musc- fly Musca, muscarine, Muscicapa, Muscidae, musciform, mosquito
mūscus mūsc- moss
mustus must- new must
mutilus mutil- mutilate, mutilation, mutilous
mūtulus mūtul- modillion intermutule, modillion, mutular, mutule
mūtus mūt- mute

Citation form Declining stem Meaning English derivatives

nāpus nāp- turnip neep
nāris nār- nostril internarial, nares, narial, prenarial
nāsus nās- nose intranasal, nasal, nasalance, nasality, nonnasal
nāvis nāv- ship antenave, naval, nave, navicular, navigable, navigate, navy, nonnavigable
nāvicella nāvicell-
nāvicula navicul-
nebula nebul- nebula, nebular, nebulous
necesse [note 8] necess- necessary, necessitarian, necessitate, necessitude, necessity, nonnecessity
nepōs nepōt- grandnephew, nephew, nepoticide
nervus nerv- innervate, nerval, nervate, nerve, nervose, nervosity, trinervate
neuter neutr- neither neutral, neutrality, nonneutrality
nīdor nīdor- nidor, nidorose
nīdus nīd- nest denidation, niche, nidicolous, nidificate, nidification, nidifugous, nidulant, nidulate
nidulus nidul-
niger nigr- black denigrate, denigration, denigrative, denigrator, negrita, nigrities, negrito, negritude,
nigrescence, nigrescent, nigrine, nigritude
nihil nihil- nothing annihilate, annihilation, annihilator, nihil, nil
nodus nod- knot acnode, crunode, denouement, internodal, internode, nodal, node, nodose,
nodulus nodul- nodosity, nodular, nodule, nodulose, tacnode
nomen nomin- name agnomen, agnominal, agnomination, binomen, binominal, denomination,
denominational, denominative, denominator, ignominious, ignominy,
interdenominational, multidenominational, multinominal, nominal, nomination,
nominative, nominator, nominee, nondenominational, noun, postnominal,
praenomen, prenominal, pronominal, pronoun, redenomination, renown,
surnominal, trinomen, trinominal
nonageni nonagen- ninety each nonagenarian, nonagenary
nonagesimus nonagesim- ninetieth nonagesimal
nōnus non- ninth nonary, None, noon
norma norm- carpenter's abnormal, abnormality, denormal, enormity, enormous, nonnormal, nonnormative,
square norm, normal, normality, normative, seminorm, seminormal, subnormal
noster nostr- our nostrum
novem novem- nine November, novennial
novemdecim novemdec- nineteen novemdecillion
noveni noven- nine each Novena, novenary
novus nov- new innovate, innovation, innovational, innovative, innovator, innovatory, nova,
novior novation, novel, novella, novelty, novice, novitiate, renovatable, renovate,
novissimus renovation, renovative, renovator, supernova
novellus novell-
nox noct- night equinoctial, equinox, noctambulous, noctiluca, noctilucent, noctule, nocturn,
nocturnal, nocturnality, nocturne, notturno, seminocturnal, trinoctial
nūbēs nūb- cloud enubilate, enubilous, nuance, nubilose, nubilous, obnubilate
nudus nud- naked denudation, denude, nonnude, nude, nudity, seminude, seminudity
nugae nug- trifles nugacious, nugacity, nugation, nugatory
nūmen nūmin- nod numen, numinous
numerus numer- number denumerable, enumerable, enumerate, enumeration, enumerative, enumerator,
equinumerant, equinumerous, innumerable, innumeracy, innumerate, innumerous,
nonenumerative, numerable, numeracy, numeral, numerary, numerate, numeration,
numerative, numerator, numerical, numero, numerosity, numerous, renumerate,
supernumerary
nux nuc- nut enucleate, enucleation, extranuclear, internuclear, intranuclear, nucament, nucellus,
nucula nucul- nucifer, nuciferine, nuciferous, nuciform, Nucifraga, nucivorous, nuclear, nucleate,
nucleation, nucleus, nucleolar, nucleolate, nucleolus
octāvus octav- eighth octaval, octave, octavo
octō oct- eight octal, octangular, octavalent, octennial, October, octofid, octopartite, octuped,
octuple, octuplet, octuplicate
octōdecim octodecim- eighteen octodecillion, octodecimo
octogeni octogen- eighty each octogenarian, octogenary
octōgēsimus octogesim- eightieth octogesimal
octōni octon- eight each octonary, octonion
oculus ocul- eye binocular, circumocular, inoculation, intraocular, inveigle, ocular, oculus
ocellus ocell-
odium odi- hatred annoy, ennui, odious, odium
odor odor- deodorant, malodor, malodorous, odoriferous, odorous
oleum ole- oil oleose, oleosity, oleum
omen omin- abominable, abomination, omen, ominous
omnis omn- all omnibenevolence, omniform, omnipotence, omnipresence, omniscience, omnivore
onus oner- burden, load exonerate, exoneration, onerous, onus
opacus opac- shady opacity, opaque
ops op- copious, inopulent, opulence, opulent
opus oper- work chef-d'oeuvre, cooperate, cooperation, cooperative, hors d'oeuvre, inoperable,
opusculum opuscul- interoperability, interoperable, inure, inurement, manoeuvre, oeuvre, opera,
operability, operable, operand, operant, operate, operation, operational, operative,
operator, operose, operosity, opus, opuscule, postoperative, preoperative
orbis orb- ring deorbit, orb, orbicle, orbicular, orbiculate, orbit, orbital, postorbital, suborbital,
orbiculus orbicul- superorbital
ordo ordin- order coordinal, coordinate, coordination, disorder, extraordinary, incoordinate,
incoordination, infraorder, inordinate, inordination, insubordinate, insubordination,
ordain, ordainment, order, ordinal, ordinance, ordinary, ordinate, ordination,
ordinative, ordnance, ornery, parvorder, preordain, preorder, preordination,
quasiorder, reordain, reorder, reordination, suborder, subordinate, subordination,
superordain, superorder, superordinate, superordination
os or- mouth adorable, adoral, adoration, adore, adosculation, exorable, inexorable, inosculate,
osculum oscul- inosculation, interosculate, intraoral, oral, oration, orator, oratorio, oratory, orifice,
oscitate, oscitation, osculant, oscular, oscularity, osculate, osculation, osculator,
osculatory, osculatrix, oscule, osculum
os oss- bone exossation, interosseous, osseous, ossicle, ossicular, ossiferous, ossification,
ossiculum ossicul- ossifrage, ossify, ossuary
ōscen ōscin- songbird oscine
ostium osti- ostiary, ostiolar, ostiole, ostium
ostiolum ostiol-
otium oti- leisure negotiable, negotiate, negotiation, nonnegotiable, otiose, otiosity, renegotiate,
renegotiation
ovis ov- sheep ovile, ovine
ovicula ovicul-
ovum ov- egg oval, ovarian, ovary, ovicapsule, ovicidal, ovicide, oviduct, oviferous, oviform,
ovulum ovul- oviposition, ovipositor, ovolo, ovular, ovulation, ovulatory, ovule, ovum,
pluriovulate
pagus pag- pagan, paisano, peasant, peasantry
pala pal- spade palette
palatum palat- roof of the impalatable, palatability, palatable, palatal, palate
 mouth
palla pall- circumpallial, pall, pallial, palliate, palliative, pallium
pālus pāl- stake impale, impalement, pale, palisade, pole, travail
pălus palūd- marsh paludose
paluster palustr- palustral, palustrine
panis pan- bread accompaniment, accompany, appanage, companion, company, empanada,
impanate, pannier, pantry
pannus pann- empanel, impanel, pane, panel, repanel, subpanel
panus pan- panicle
panicula panicul-
papaver papaver- poppy papaveraceous, papaverine
papilio papilion- butterfly pavilion
par par- equal comparative, comparator, disparage, disparagement, disparity, impar, imparity,
nonpareil, pair, par, parile, parity, peer, peerage, subpar, umpire
parcus parc- parcity
paries pariet- wall biparietal, parietal
pars part- piece apart, apartment, apportion, apportionment, bipartient, bipartisan, bipartite,
-pert- bipartition, champerty, compart, compartition, compartment, compartmental,
particella particell- coparcenary, coparcener, counterpart, counterparty, depart, department,
particula particul- departmental, departure, dispart, disproportionate, equipartition, ex parte, impart,
impartial, intraparty, jeopardous, jeopardy, multipartite, nonpartisan, parcel,
parcenary, parcener, parse, partial, partiality, participate, participle, particle,
particular, particularity, particulate, partisan, partita, partite, partition, partitive,
partner, party, passel, portion, proportion, proportional, proportionality, purpart,
purparty, quadripartite, reapportion, reapportionment, repartee, repartition,
superparticular, tripartient, tripartite, unipartite
parvus parv- small parvifoliate, parvity, parvovirus
minor min- less administer, administration, administrative, administrator, administratrix,
minimus minim- least maladminister, minister, ministerial, ministrant, ministrative, ministry, minor,
minority, minstrel, minstrelsy, minus, minuscule, semiminor
minim, minimal, minimum
passer passer- sparrow passerine
passus pass- compass, encompass, pace, passage, passant, passement, passementerie, passenger
pater patr- father Jupiter, paternal, paternity, patrician, patrilineal, patrilocal, patrilocality,
patrimonial, patrimony, patron, patronage, perpetrate, repatriation
paucus pauc- few paucal, pauciloquent, paucity, poco
pauper pauper- impoverish, impoverishment, pauperage, poor, poverty
pausa paus- compose, composure, counterpose, counterproposal, disposable, disposal, dispose,
pos- disposure, exposal, expose, exposé, exposure, imposable, impose, imposure,
interposal, interpose, multipurpose, opposable, opposal, oppose, posada, pose,
poseur, poseuse, predispose, proposal, propose, purpose, reimpose, reposal, repose,
repurpose, supposal, suppose, transposable, transposal, transpose
pavo pavon- peacock pavone, pavonine
pax pac- peace appease, appeasement, copayment, pacific, pacify, pay, payment, repay, repayment
pectus pector- chest pectoral
pecu pecu- impecunious, peculiar, pecuniary
penna penn- feather pen, pennage, pennate, penniform, pennigerous, pennon
perca perc- perch Perca, Percidae, perciform, percoid, Percoidea
persona person- person impersonate, impersonation, impersonator, person, personable, personage,
personal, personality, personification, subpersonality, transpersonal
pēs ped- foot biped, bipedal, expedient, expedite, expedition, impeach, impeachment,
pediculus pedicul- impediment, inexpedient, oppidum, pawn, pedal, pedestal, pedestrian, pedicel,
pedicle, pedicure, pediform, pedigerous, pedigree, peon, peonage, piedfort,
piedmont, pioneer, quadruped, quadrupedal, tripedal
pestis pest- pest pesticide, pestiferous, pestilence
pila pil- ball pellet, pelota, peloton, pill
pilula pilul-
pileus pile- cap Pilea, pileate, pileum, pileus
pilus pil- hair depilation, depilatory, epilation, piliferous, piliform, pilose, pilosity
pinna pinn- feather panache, pinnacle, pinnal, pinnate, pinniform, pinniped
pinnaculum pinnacul-
pinus pin- pine, pineal
pirus pir- pear piriform
piscis pisc- fish pisces, pisciform, piscine, piscivore
pius pi- dutiful piety, pious, pittance, pity
pix pic- Picea, picene, piceous, pitch
planca planc- plank planch
planta plant- sole implant, implantable, implantation, plant, plantar, plantation, plantigrade, supplant,
supplantation, transplant, transplantation
planus plan- flat applanate, applanation, complanar, complanate, coplanar, coplanarity, esplanade,
explain, explanation, explanatory, piano, pianoforte, plain, plaintext, planar,
planary, planate, planation, plane
platea plate- place displace, displacement, emplacement, piazza, placement, plaza, replace,
replacement, transplace
plēbs pleb- common plebeian, plebiscite, plebs
people
plenus plen- full plenary, plenipotent, plenipotentiary, plenish, plenishment, plenitude,
plenitudinous, plenum
plūma plūm- feather deplumation, deplume, displume, plumage, plume, plumose, plumosity,
plūmula plūmul- plumulaceous, plumular, plumule, plumulose, semiplume, superplume
plumbum plumb- lead plumb, plumbaginous, plumbago, plumbeous, plummet, plunge, replumb
pluvia pluvi- rain compluvium, displuviate, impluvium, plover, pluvial, pluviosity
pōculum pōcul- cup poculent, poculiform
pōcillum pōcill-
pollen pollin- polenta, pollen, pollinate, pollination, pollinator, polliniferous
pollex pollic- thumb pollex, pollical, pollicate, prepollex
pondus ponder- weight imponderable, ponder, ponderable, ponderance, ponderation, ponderosa,
ponderosity, ponderous, pound, preponderance, preponderate
pons pont- bridge pons, pontage, pontic, pontile, pontine, pontonier, pontoon, punt
populus popul- depopulate, depopulation, people, populace, popular, popularity, populate,
popellus popell- population, pueblo, repopulate, repopulation, subpopulation
pōpulus pōpul- poplar populetum, Populus
porca, porcus porc- pig porcine, porcupine, pork
porta port- gate anteporch, anteport, anteportico, porch, portal, portcullis, portico, portière
portula portul-
portus port- importune, importunity, opportune, opportunity, port
posterus poster- posterity
posterior posterior- • a posteriori, posterior, posteriority
postremus postrem- • postremogeniture
potis pot- compossible, idempotence, idempotent, impossible, impotence, impotency,
impotent, nilpotence, nilpotent, posse, possible, potence, potency, potent,
potentate, potential, potentiality, puissance, puissant, subpotency, superpotency,
superpotential, unipotent
prandium prandi- lunch prandial, preprandial
pravus prav- crooked depravity
pretium preti- price appreciate, appreciation, depreciation, precious
prex prec- prayer preces
prior prior- former a priori, prior, priority, priory, subprior
prīmus prīm- first prima facie, primacy, primal, primary, primate, prime, primer, primine, primitive,
primogeniture, primordial, primrose, Primula, subprimal, subprime
privus priv- own privacy, private, privy
probrum probr- opprobrium
probus prob- approbation, approval, approve, improbability, improbable, probability, probable,
proband, probate, probation, probationary, probative, probity, reprobate, reproval
prope prop- near, nigh propinquity, propitiation, propitiatory, propitious
propior propior- nearer approach, rapprochement, reproach
proximus proxim- nearest proximal, proximate, proximity
proprius propri- proper appropriate, appropriation, impropriety, inappropriate, propriety
prunus prun- plum prune
publicus public- public, publican, publication, publicity
puer puer- boy puerile, puerility, puerperant
pulcher pulchr- beautiful pulchritude, pulchritudinous
pullus pull- poultry, pullet, pullorum, pullulate, pullulation, repullulate, repullulation
pullulus pullul-
pulmo pulmon- lung extrapulmonary, intrapulmonary, pulmonary
pulvinus pulvin- cushion, pulvilli, pulvinar, pulvinated, pulvinus
pillow
pulvis pulver- dust, powder pulverize, pulverulence, pulverulent
pumex pumic- pumice stone pumicate, pumice, pumiceous, pumiciform, pumicite
pupa pup- doll pupae, pupal, puparium, pupation, pupil
purus pur- pure depurate, depuration, impure, impurity, pure, purification, purity
pus pur- pus purulence, purulent
quadrageni quadragen- forty each quadragenarian, quadragenary
quadrāgēsimus quadrāgēsim- fortieth Quadragesima, quadragesimal
quadrāgintā quadrāgint- forty quarantine
quadrini quadrin- four each carillon, carillonneur, quadrin
quadrum, quadr- square biquadrate, biquadratic, cadre, conquadrate, escadrille, intrasquad, quadrance,
quadrus quadrate, quadratic, quadratrix, quadrature, quadrel, quadric, quadrille, quarry,
quadrellus quadrell- squad, squadron, squarable, square, subsquadron
quartus quart- fourth inquartation, interquartile, quadroon, quart, quartal, quartan, quartary, quarter,
quartet, quartic, quartile, quartine, quarto, semiquartile
quaternī quatern- four each biquaternion, quatern, quaternary, quaternate, quaternion, quaternity, quire
quattuor quadr- four quadrangle, quadrennial, quadriceps, quadrifarious, quadrifid, quadrifolium,
 quadrifrons, quadrilateral, quadrilingual, quadriliteral, quadrillion, quadrinational,
quadrinodal, quadrinomial, quadrinominal, quadripara, quadrireme, quadrisection,
quadrivalent, quadrivium, quadruped, quadruple, quadruplet, quadruplex,
quadruplicate, quatrain, quatre, quatrefoil
quattuordecim quattuordecim- fourteen quatorzain, quatorze, quattuordecillion
quiēs quiēt- rest acquiesce, acquiescence, acquiescent, acquit, acquittal, acquittance, inquietude,
quiescence, quiescent, quiet, quietude, quietus, quit, requiem, requiescat, requital,
requite, requitement
quīndecim quīndecim- fifteen quindecennial, quindecillion, quindecimal, quindecimvir, quinzaine, quinze
quindēni quindēn- fifteen each quindenary
quingēnī, quingēn- five hundred quingenary
quingentēnī each
quīnī quīn- five each biquinary, quinarius, quinary, quinate
quinquageni quinquagen- fifty each quinquagenarian, quinquagenary
quintus quint- fifth biquintile, quint, quinta, quintal, quintan, quintant, quinte, quintessence,
quintessential, quintic, quintile, quintipara, quintus, semiquintile
radius radi- ray, spoke biradial, circumradius, interradial, irradiance, irradiate, irradiation, multiradial,
nonradiative, nonradioactive, radial, radian, radiance, radiant, radiation, radiator,
radio, radioactive, radioactivity, radius, raion, ray, semiradial, transradial
rādīx rādīc- root biradical, deracinate, deracination, eradicable, eradicate, radical, radicand,
radicula radicul- radicant, radicate, radicel, radicle, radicular, radicule, radiculose, radish,
ultraradical
rāmus rām- branch biramous, ramada, ramage, ramal, ramate, ramification, ramiform, ramon, ramose,
rāmulus rāmul- ramosity, ramulose, ramulus, ramus, ramuscule, uniramous
rāna rān- frog ranula, ranunculaceous, ranunculus
rānula rānul-
rānunculus rānuncul-
rāpa, rāpum rāp- turnip rape, ravioli
rāpulum rāpul-
remus rem- oar bireme, quadrireme, quinquereme, remex, remiform, remiges, remigial, remiped,
sexireme, trireme
rēn ren- kidney adrenal, renal, reniform
res re- thing irrealis, real, reality, surreal
rete ret- net reticle, reticular, reticulate, reticulation, reticule, retiform, retina
reticulum reticul-
rēx rēg- king interregnum, regal, regalia, regality, regency, regent, regious, reguline, reign,
regulus regul- royal, viceroy
ripa rip- bank arrival, arrive, arrivé, riparian, river, riverine, riviera, transriverine
ritus rit- rite ritual
rivus riv- brook corrival, corrivation, derivation, derivative, derive, nonrivalrous, rival, rivality,
rivulus rivul- rivalrous, rivalry, rivose, rivulet, Rivulus
rōbor rōbor- oak corroborant, corroborate, corroboration, corroborative, corroborator, robust
rōs rōr- dew irrorate, irroration
rosa ros- rose primrose, rosacea, rosaceous, rosarian, rosarium, rosary, rosé, roseola, rosette,
rosula rosul- rosulate, sub rosa
rōstrum rōstr- beak, prow brevirostrate, curvirostral, lamellirostral, rostellate, rostelliform, rostellum, rostral,
rostellum rostell- rostrate, rostriform, rostrulum, rostrum
rostrulum rostrul-
rota rot- wheel circumrotation, contrarotation, rondeau, rondel, rondo, rotary, rotation, rotational,
rotella rotell- rotelle, rotifer, Rotifera, rotiferous, rotiform, rotula, rotund, rotunda,
rotula rotul- rotundifolious, rotundity, roulette, round, roundel, rowel
ruber rubr- red erubescence, erubescent, rubella, Rubio, rubious, rubric, rubricate, rubrication,
rubellus rubell- rubricator, ruby
rūdis rūd- rude erudiate, erudite, erudition, rudiment, rudimentary, rudity
rūdus rūder- rubbish ruderal
rūfus rūf- red rufescence, rufescent, rufous
ruga rug- wrinkle arroyo, corrugant, corrugate, corrugation, erugate, rugose
rūmen rūmin- throat rumen, rumenic, ruminal, ruminant, ruminate, rumination, ruminator
rūpēs rūp- crag, rock rupestrine, rupicolous
rūs rūr- countryside, nonrural, roister, roisterous, rural, rustic, rusticate, rustication, rusticity
farm
sacer sacr- sacred consecrate, consecration, deconsecration, desecration, desecrator, execrable,
-secr- execrate, execration, inexecrable, obsecrate, reconsecrate, sacrament, sacrifice,
sacrificial, sacrilege, sacrilegious, sacristy, sacrosanct, saint, sanctimony, sanction,
Sanctus, Tersanctus
saeculum saecul- nonsecular, secular, secularity
saepēs saep- hedge septal, septarium, septate, septiform, septifragal, septulate, septulum, septum,
transept, transeptal, uniseptate
saeta, sēta saet- bristle searce, seta, setaceous, setal, setaria, setiferous, setiform, setigerous, setireme,
saetula saetul- setose
sagina sagin- saginate, sagination
sal sal- salt desalinate, desalination, salami, salary, saline, salinity, salsa, sauce, saucisson,
sausage
sanguis sanguin- blood consanguineous, sangfrois, sanguinaceous, sanguinary, sanguine
sanus san- sound insane, insanity, sanatorium, sane, sanity
saxum sax- rock saxatile, saxicavous, saxicoline, saxifrage, saxifragous
sēdecim sēdecim- sixteen sedecimal
sēdēnī sēdēn- sixteen each sedenion
semen semin- seed disseminate, dissemination, disseminative, disseminator, disseminule, inseminate,
insemination, semen, seminal, seminar, seminarian, seminary, seminiferous,
seminific, seminivorous, seminose
semis semi- half semiannual, semicolon, semiconductor, semiconscious, seminatural
senex sen- old man senate, senator, senile, senility, senior, seniority
seni sen- six each senary
septem sept- seven septangular, September, septemfid, septemfluous, septemvir, septennial,
septifarious, septilateral, septinsular, septireme, septivalent, septuple, septuplet,
septuplicate
septeni septen- seven each septenary
septimus septim- seventh septimal, septime
sex sex- six semester, sexangle, sexangular, sexavalent, sexennial, sexennium, sexireme,
sexivalent, sexpartite, sexradiate, sextain, sextuple, sextuplet
sexageni sexagen- sixty each sexagenarian, sexagenary
sexagesimus sexagesim- sixtieth sexagesimal
sextus sext- sixth bissextile, bissextus, semisextile, sestet, sestina, Sext, sextain, sextan, sextans,
sextula sextul- sextant, sextary, sextic, sextile, sextillion, siesta, sixte
sibilus sibil- hiss assibilate, assibilation, persiflage, sibilance, sibilant, sibilate, sibilation, sibilous
siccus sicc- dry demi-sec, desiccant, desiccation, exsiccant, exsiccate, exsiccation, exsiccator,
siccior exsiccatum, sec, siccant, siccation, siccative, siccific
sidus sider- constellation consider, considerable, considerate, consideration, desiderate, desideration,
desiderative, desideratum, desideria, desirability, desirable, desire, Desiree,
inconsiderable, inconsiderate, inconsideration, reconsider, reconsideration, sidereal
signum sign- mark, sign adsignify, assign, assignable, assignat, assignation, assignee, assignment, consign,
sigillum sigill- consignable, consignation, consignee, consignment, cosign, cosignatory,
countersign, countersignal, countersignature, design, designate, designation,
designative, designator, designatory, designee, ensign, insignia, insignificance,
insignificant, nonsignatory, re-sign, reassign, reassignment, redesign, redesignate,
redesignation, reseal, resealable, resign, resignation, sain, seal, sealable, sealant,
sigil, sigillary, sigillate, sigla, sign, signaculum, signage, signal, signalment,
signate, signation, signatory, signature, signee, signet, significance, significant,
signification, significative, significavit, signum
silva silv- forest silvan, silviculture
similis simil- like assimilate, assimilation, similar, similarity, simile, similitude, verisimilitude
sincerus sincer- insincere, insincerity, sincere, sincerity
singulus singul- one each single, singularity, singulation, singulative
sinister sinistr- left sinister, sinistral
sinus sinu- curve insinuation, sine, sinus, sinuose, sinuosity, sinuous
soccus socc- slipper sock
socculus soccul-
socius, socia soci- associate, association, associative, consociate, consociation, consociational,
disassociate, disassociation, dissociable, dissocial, dissociate, dissociation,
dissociative, interassociation, nonassociative, sociability, sociable, social, sociality,
sociative, societal, society
sol sol- sun circumsolar, extrasolar, insolate, insolation, solar, solarium, soliform, soliscence,
solstice, subsolar
solidus solid- nonsolid, quasisolid, semisolid, sol, solder, soldier, soldiery, soldo, solid,
solidarity, solidary, solidification, solidity, solidus, sou
solium soli- seat soil, soilure, subsoil
solum, solea sol- bottom aridisol, entresol, inceptisol, insole, sole (fish), sole (foot), soleus, solifluxion,
solum
solus sol- alone, only desolate, desolation, desolatory, saudade, sole, soliloquy, solitaire, solitary,
solitude, solitudinarian, solitudinous, solivagous, solo, sullen
somnium somni- dream somnial
somnus somn- sleep insomnia, somnifacient, somniferous, somnific, somniloquy, somnolent
sonus son- sound absonant, ambisonic, assonance, assonant, assonate, consonance, consonant,
consonous, dissonance, dissonant, inconsonance, inconsonant, infrasonic,
infrasound, resonance, resonant, resonate, resound, sonance, sonant, sonnet,
sonorant, sonority, soun, sound, subsonic, supersonic, triconsonantal, ultrasonic,
ultrasound, unison, unisonal, unisonant, unisonous
sopor sopor- deep sleep sopor, soporific
soror soror- sister cousin, sororal, sororate, sororicide, sorority
sors sort- lot consort, consortial, consortium, sort, sortition, subsort
sorticula sorticul-
spatium spati- space interspace, interspatial, space, spatial, spatiate, subspace
spēs spēr- hope despair, desperado, desperate, desperation, esperance, prosper, prosperity,
prosperous
spica spic- spica, spicate, spicose, spicosity, spicular, spiculate, spicule, spiculiform
spiculum spicul-
spina spin- thorn infraspinate, infraspinatus, interspinal, spinal, spine, spinel, spinescent, spiniferous,
spiniform, spinose, spinous
spūma spūm- foam despumate, despumation, spoom, spumante, spume
squāma squām- scale desquamate, desquamation, desquamative, squamate, Squamella, squamiform,
squāmula squāmul- squamosal, squamose, squamous, squamule, squamulose, subsquamosal,
supersquamosal
squarrōsus squarrōs- squarrose, squarrulose
squātina squātin- angel shark Squatina
stagnum stagn- restagnant, restagnate, restagnation, stagnancy, stagnant, stagnate, stagnation
stella [note 9] stell- star circumstellar, constellation, interstellar, quasistellar, stellar, stellate, stellation,
stelliferous, stelliform, stellula, stellular, substellar
sterilis steril- nonsterile, sterilant, sterile, sterility
stilus [note 10] stil- stiletto, stiliform, style, stylet, stylus
stimulus stimul- costimulation, costimulatory, stimulate, stimulation, stimulative, stimulator,
stimulus
stipes stipit- etiolate, etiolation, exstipulate, instipulate, stipe, stipel, stipellate, stipes, stipitate,
stipella stipell- stipitiform, stipular, stipule, stubble
stipula stipul-
stips stip- stipend
stiria stiri- drop distill, distilland, distillate, distillation, distillery, stillatitious, stillatory
stilla still-
stirps stirp- extirpate, extirpation
strēnuus strenu- strenuity, strenuous
stria stri- furrow extrastriate, striate, striation, striatum, striature
strix strig- owl strigine, Strix
stuppa stupp- tow stupeous, stupose
stuprum stupr- constuprate, constupration
suavis suav- sweet assuage, assuagement, suave, suaviloquent, suaviloquy, suavity
sucus succ- juice exsuccous, succulence, succulent
succus
sulcus sulc- furrow bisulcate, bisulcous, sulcal, sulcate, sulcation, sulciform, sulcus, trisulcate
superus super- over insuperable, superable
superior superior- higher superior, superiority
supremus, suprem-, sum- highest consummate, sum, summa, summation, summit, summitry, summity, supreme,
summus supremity, supremum
supīnus supin- resupinate, resupination, resupine, supinate, supination, supinator, supine, supinity
sūra sur- calf sural
surdus surd- deaf absurd, absurdity, surd
sūrus sur- branch surculate, surculose
sūrculus surcul-
sūs su- sow suid, Suidae
susurrus susurr- susurrant, susurrate, susurration, susurrous
taberna tabern- tabernacle, tabernacular, tavern
tabernaculum tabernacul-
tabes tab- tabefaction, tabes, tabescence, tabescent, tabid
tabula tabul- board tabellion, table, tablet, tabular, tabulate, tabulation, tabulator
tabella tabell-
taedium taedi- tediosity, tedium
tardus tard- slow retard, retardation, tardy
templum templ- temple templar, template
tempus tempor- time contemporaneous, contemporary, extemporaneous, tempest, tempo, temporal,
temporaneous, temporary
tenuis tenu- thin attenuant, attenuate, attenuation, attenuator, extenuate, extenuation, tenuate,
tenuifolious, tenuis, tenuity, tenuous
terminus termin- boundary coterminous, determinable, determinant, determinate, determination,
determinative, determinator, determine, exterminate, extermination,
indeterminable, indeterminate, interminable, terminal, terminate, termination,
terminative, terminator
terni tern- three each tern, ternary, ternate, ternion
terra terr- dry land atterration, circumterrestrial, disinter, disinterment, extraterrestrial, extraterritorial,
extraterritoriality, inter, interment, parterre, reinter, reinterment, souterrain,
subterrane, subterranean, terrace, terracotta, terrain, terran, terrane, terraqueous,
terrarium, terrene, terreplein, terrestrial, terricolous, terrier, terrigenous, territorial,
territoriality, territory, terroir, tureen
tertius terti- third sesquitertian, sesterce, subtertian, Terce, tercet, tercine, tertial, tertian, tertiary,
tertiate, tierce
testis test- witness attest, attestable, attestation, attestator, contest, contestable, contestant,
 contestation, counter-protest, detest, detestable, detestation, incontestability,
incontestable, intestable, intestacy, intestate, obtest, obtestation, protest, Protestant,
protestation, protestator, testacy, testament, testamentary, testamur, testate,
testation, testator, testatrix, testicle, testicond, testicular, testiculate, testimonial,
testimonium, testimony
titulus titul- title disentitle, disentitlement, entitle, entitlement, intertitle, nontitle, retitle, subtitle,
tilde, titular, titulary, titulus
tōtus tōt- all, whole factotum, subtotal, total, totality, totipotent
trēs tri- three trammel, trellis, trey, triangle, triceps, triennial, trillion, triolet, triple, triplet,
triplicate, triquetra, triquetrous, triradiate, trireme, triumvirate, trivia
tribus trib- attributable, attribute, attribution, attributive, contribute, contribution, contributive,
contributor, contributory, deattribute, deattribution, distributable, distributary,
distribute, distribution, distributive, distributor, equidistribution, intertribal,
nondistributive, redistribute, redistribution, retribute, retribution, retributive,
subtribe, tribal, tribe, tribunal, tribune, tributary, tribute
tricae tric- tricks extricable, extricate, extrication, inextricable, intricacy, intricate, intrigant,
intrigue, treacherous, treachery, trickery
trīgēsimus trīgēsim- thirtieth trigesimal
trīnī trīn- three each nontrinitarian, trinal, trinary, trine, Trinidad, Trinitarian, trinity
tubus tub- tube intubate, intubation, tubal, tubate, tube, tubicolous, tubicorn, tubiform, tubular,
tubulus tubul- tubulate, tubule
turba turb- disturb, disturbance, nonperturbative, perturb, perturbance, perturbation,
turbula turbul- perturbative, trouble, troublous, turbid, turbidity, turbinate, turbine, turbulence,
turbulent
tussis tuss- cough pertussis, tussive
ūber ūber- udder exuberance, exuberant, exuberate, uberous, uberty
ulcus ulcer- sore nonulcerous, ulcer, ulcerate, ulceration, ulcerative, ulcerous
ulcusculum ulcuscul-
ulmus ulm- elm Ulmaceae, ulmaceous, ulmic, Ulmus
ulter ultr- – –
ulterior ulterior- farther ulterior, ulteriority
ultimus ultim- farmost, penultimate, ultima, ultimate, ultimatum, ultimogeniture
farthest
umbra umbr- shade, adumbrate, adumbration, inumbrate, penumbra, umbrage, umbrageous, umbrella
umbella unbell- shadow
uncia unci- twelfth inch, ounce, quincuncial, uncial
uncus unc- hook unciform, Uncinaria, uncinate, Uncinia
unda und- wave abound, abundance, abundant, inundate, redound, redundancy, redundant,
superabound, superabundance, superabundant, surround, undulant, undulate,
undulation, undulatory, undulose
undecim undecim- eleven undecimarticulate
undeni unden- eleven each undenary
unguis ungu- claw, hoof ungual, unguiferous, unguiform, ungular, ungulate
ungula ungul-
ūnus ūn- one adunation, biunique, coadunate, coadunation, disunite, disunity, malunion,
ūllus ūll- nonuniform, nonuniformity, nonunion, nonunique, nonunity, onion, reunification,
reunion, reunite, triune, unanimity, unanimous, unary, unate, unicorn, unific,
unification, uniform, uniformity, union, unique, unite, unity
urbs urb- city conurbation, interurban, suburb, suburban, urban, urbane
ursus urs- bear ursine, Ursus
uterus uter- womb extrauterine, transuterine, uterine, uterus
uterculus utercul-
ūva uv- grape uvea, uveal, uvula, uvular
ūvula uvul-
uxor uxōr- wife uxorial, uxoricide, uxorilocal, uxorious
vacca vacc- cow vaccary, vaccination, vaccine, vaquero
vacuus vacu- empty avoid, avoidable, avoidance, devoid, evacuate, evacuee, vacuole, vacuous,
vacuum, void, voidable, voidance
vadum vad- ford vadose
vāgīna vāgīn- sheath extravaginal, invaginate, invagination, transvaginal, vagina, vaginal, vanilla
vagus vag- wandering astray, evagation, extravagance, extravagant, extravaganza, extravagate, stray,
vagabond, vagary, vagile, vague, vagus
valgus valg- bow-legged valgus
vallum vall- rampart circumvallate, circumvallation, contravallation, interval, multivallate, vallar,
vallate, vallation, vallum
valva valv- bivalve, valvate, valve
vanus van- empty, vain evanesce, evanescence, evanescent, evanish, vaniloquence, vanish, vanitas, vanity,
vaunt
varius vari- varying bivariate, contravariance, contravariant, countervair, covariance, covariant,
covariate, covariation, intervarietal, invariable, invariance, invariant, miniver,
multivariable, multivariate, subvariety, univariate, vair, vairy, variability, variable,
variance, variant, variate, variation, variational, variegate, variegation, variegator,
 varietal, variety, variform, variola, variolation, variorum, various, vary
vās vās- vessel extravasate, extravasation, extravascular, intravasate, intravasation, intravascular,
vāscellum vāscell- vas, vasal, vascular, vasculature, vasculose, vasculum, vase, vasiform,
vāsculum vāscul- vasoconstriction
vassus vass- servant valet, varlet, vassal, vassalage
vassallus vassall-
vastus vast- empty devastate, devastation, vast, vastitude, vastity, wastage, waste
vellus veller- fleece vellus
velox veloc- quick, swift velocipede, velociraptor, velocity
velocior
velocissimus
vēlum vēl- sail, veil reveal, revelation, revelator, revelatory, velamen, velar, velate, veliger, velum,
vēxillum vēxill- flag vexil, vexillary, vexillation, vexillum, voile
vēna vēn- vein devein, intravenous, vein, veinlet, venae cavae, venation, venational, venesection,
venula venul- venipuncture, venisection, venose, venosity, venous, venular, venule, venulose
venēnum venēn- envenomation, venenation, venenose, venom, venomous
venter ventr- belly eventration, interventricular, subventricular, supraventricular, ventral, ventricle,
ventricular, ventriloquy
ventus vent- wind ventage, ventail, ventilate, ventilation, ventilator, ventilatory, ventose, ventosity
ventulus ventul-
venum ven- venal, venality, vend
venus vener- desire venerable, venereal
vērātrum vērātr- hellebore veratridine, veratrine, Veratrum
verbum verb- word adverb, adverbial, proverb, proverbial, verbal, verbatim, verbiage, verbicide,
verbid, verbose, verbosity
vermis verm- worm vermeil, vermian, vermicelli, vermicide, vermicular, vermiculate, vermiculation,
vermiculus vermicul- vermicule, vermiculite, vermiculose, vermiculture, vermiform, vermifuge,
vermilion, vermin, verminate, vermination, verminous, vermiparous, vermivore,
vermivorous
vernus vern- spring vernal
vērus ver- true veracious, veracity, verify, veritable, verity
vespa vesp- wasp vespacide
vesper vesper- evening vespertine
vestigium vestig- trace, track investigate, vestige, vestigial
vestis vest- clothing circumvest, disinvest, disinvestment, divest, divestiture, divestment, invest,
investiture, investment, reinvest, reinvestment, revest, revet, revetment,
transvestite, travesty, vest, vestment, vesture
vetus veter- old inveteracy, inveterate, inveteration, veteran, veterovata
via vi- way bivial, bivious, bivium, convey, conveyance, convoy, deviance, deviant, deviate,
deviation, devious, envoy, impervious, invoice, nontrivial, obviate, obviation,
obvious, pervious, previous, quadrivial, quadrivium, semipervious, trivial,
triviality, trivium, via, viaduct, vialis, viary, viatical, viaticum, viator, voyage,
voyageur
viceni vicen-, vigen- twenty each vicenarian, vicenary
vīcēsimus vīcēsim- twentieth vicesimary, vicesimate, vicesimation, vigesimal
vicis vic- change subvicar, vicar, vicarage, vicarial, vicariance, vicariant, vicariate, vicarious,
viceroy, vicissitude, vicissitudinous, viscount, viscountess
vicus vic- vicinage, vicinal, vicine, vicinity
vīgēsimus vīgēsim- twentieth septemvigesimal, vigesimal
vīgintī vīgint- twenty vigintillion, vigintisexviri, vigintivirate, vigintiviri
vīlis vīl- cheap, vile revile, revilement, vile, vilification, vilify, vilipend
vilior
vilissimus
vīlla vīll- country house demivill, intervillage, supervillain, supervillainess, vill, villa, village, villain,
vīllula vīllul- villainess, villainous, villainy, villanelle, villatic, ville, villein, villeinage
villus vill- shaggy hair intervillous, velour, velvet, villiform, villose, villosity, villous, villus
vindex vindic- avenge, revanche, revenge, vendetta, vengeance, vindicable, vindicate, vindication,
vindicator, vindicatory, vindictive
vinum vin- wine vignette, vine, viniculture, vinosity
vir vir- man quadrumvirate, triumvirate, virago, virile, virility, virtue
(masculin
e)
virga virg- rod, twig virga, virgate, virgule
viscus viscer- internal organ eviscerate, visceral, viscus
vita vit- life revitalize, viable, vital, vitality, vitamin
vitium viti- vice, vicious, vitiate
vitrum vitr- glass vitreous, vitriol
viverra viverr- ferret viverrid, viverrine
vola vol- palm volar
vox vōc- voice advocacy, advocate, advowson, avocate, avocation, avoke, avouch, avouchment,
vōcula vōcul- avow, avowal, avowance, avowant, avowry, convocation, convoke, devoice,
 disavouch, disavow, disavowal, disavowance, equivocal, equivocation,
equivocator, invocation, irrevocable, nonvocal, prevocalic, provocation, revocable,
revocation, revoice, revoke, sub voce, univocal, univocalic, univocity, vocable,
vocabulary, vocal, vocalic, vocality, vocation, vocational, vocative, vociferant,
vociferous, voice, voiceprint, vouch, voucher, vouchment, vouchsafe, vowel
vulgus vulg- crowd divulge, vulgar, vulgarity, vulgate
vulnus vulner- wound invulnerability, invulnerable, vulnerability, vulnerable, vulnerary, vulnerose
vulpēs vulp- fox vulpecular, vulpicide, vulpine
vulpēcula vulpēcul-
Citation form Declining stem Meaning English derivatives
Key
Diminutive
Jump up^ Contracted from axilla
Jump up^ Contracted from cernimen
Jump up^ Contracted from figibula
Jump up^ for flagma
Jump up^ Contracted from jūs and dicō
Jump up^ Contracted from lucimen
Jump up^ Contracted from luc-
Jump up^ Contracted from ne- and cedō
Jump up^ for sterula
Jump up^ Contracted from stiglus
Jump up^ Contracted from ūnulus
Verbs
In some Latin verbs, a preposition caused a vowel change in the root of the verb. For example, "capiō" prefixed with "in" becomes
"incipio".
Latin verbs
Citation form Present stem Perfect stem Participial stem Meaning English derivatives
aceō ac- acu- – be sour acescent, acid, acidity, peracid
‡acescō acesc- acu- – become
sour
agō ag- ēg- āct- act, drive abaction, abactor, act, actant, actio, action, actionable, actionary,
-igō -ig- activate, activation, activator, active, activity, actor, actual, actuality,
agitō agit- agitav- agitat- actuarial, actuary, actuate, actuation, actuator, actuose, agenda, agency,
agent, agentive, agible, agile, agility, agitate, agitation, agitative,
agitato, agitator, ambages, ambaginous, ambagious, ambiguity,
ambiguous, assay, castigate, castigation, coact, coaction, coactive,
coagency, coagent, coagment, coagmentation, coagulant, coagulate,
coagulation, coagulum, cogency, cogent, cogitability, cogitable,
cogitabund, cogitate, cogitation, cogitative, cogitator, compurgation,
counteract, counteraction, counteragent, counterreaction, deactivate,
deactivation, disambiguate, disambiguation, enact, enactment, enactor,
entracte, essay, exact, examen, examine, excogitate, exigency, exigent,
expurgate, fumigate, fumigation, inaction, inactive, indagate,
indefatigable, inexact, interact, interaction, interactive, interagency,
intransigent, litigate, mitigate, navigate, peract, precogitation,
proactive, prodigality, prodigence, purgament, purgation, purgative,
purgatory, purge, react, reaction, reactionary, reactive, reactor, reagent,
redact, redaction, reenact, reenactment, reenactor, reexamine, retroact,
retroaction, retroactive, subact, subaction, transact, transaction,
transactional, transactivation, transactivator, variegate, variegation
alō al-; -ol- alu- alit- nourish adolescence, adolescent, adult, alible, aliment, alimental, alimentary,
-ul- alt- alimentation, alimonious, alimony, alma mater, altar, altiloquent,
‡alescō alesc- alit- altissimo, altitude, altitudinal, alto, altricial, alumnus, coalesce,
-olesc- coalescence, coalescent, coalite, coalition, coalitional, contralto, exalt,
exaltation
ambulō ambul- ambulav- ambulat- walk amble, ambulance, ambulatory, circumambulation, perambulate,
preamble
amō am- amav- amat- like, love amateur, amatory, amigo, amorous, enamor, paramour
appello appell- appellav- appellat- call, appeal, appellant, appellate, appellation
address
apō ap-;api- ap- apt- fasten adapt, adaptable, adaptation, adaptative, apt, aptate, aptitude,
epi- -ept- aptitudinal, attitude, attitudinal, inept, ineptitude, maladaptation
aptō apt- aptav- aptat-
ardeō ard- ars- ars- be on fire ardent, ardor
areō ar- – – be dry arid, aridisols, aridity
arguō argu- argu- argut- argue, argument
audeō aud- aus- – be bold,
dare
audiō aud- audiv- audit- hear audibility, audible, audience, audient, audio, audit, audition, auditive,
auditor, auditorium, auditory, inaudible
augeō aug- aux- auct- increase auction, augmentation, augmentative
aveō av- – – avarice, avid
bibō bib- bib- bibit- drink beverage, bibulous, imbibe, imbrue
cadō cad- cecid- cas- fall accident, accidental, cadaver, cadaverine, cadaverous, cadence, cadent,
-cidō -cid- cadenza, caducous, cascade, case, casual, casualty, casuistry, chance,
coincide, coincidence, coincidental, decadence, decadent, decay,
deciduous, demicadence, escheat, escheatage, incident, incidental,
recidivous, semelincident
caedō caed- cecid- caes- cut caesura, cement, cementum, chisel, circumcise, circumcision, concise,
-cid- -cis- concision, decide, decision, decisive, deciso, excide, excise, excision,
excisional, imprecise, imprecision, incise, incision, incisive, incisor,
incisory, incisure, indecision, indecisive, precise, precision, scissors,
succise, succision
caleō cal- calu- – be warm caldarium, caldera, calefacient, calefaction, calefactive, calefactory,
‡calescō calesc- calu- – calenture, calescent, calid, calor, calore, calorie, calorifacient, calorific,
caudle, cauldron, nonchalance, nonchalant, recalescence, scald
canō can- cecin- cant- sing accent, accentual, accentuate, accentuation, canción, cant, cantabile,
-cin- -cent- cantata, cantation, cantatory, cantatrice, canticle, canticum, cantiga,
cantō cant- cantav- cantat- cantilena, cantion, canto, cantor, cantus, chanson, chansonnier, chant,
cantitō cantit- cantitav- cantitat- chanteur, chanteuse, chanticleer, concent, descant, discant, enchant,
enchantment, incantation, incantational, incentive, plainchant,
precentor, recant, recantation, succentor
capiō cap- cep- capt- take accept, acceptable, acceptance, acceptancy, acceptant, acceptation,
-cipiō -cup- -cip- -cept- accipient, anticipate, anticipation, anticipative, anticipatory, capability,
captō capt- captav- captat- capable, capacious, capacitance, capacitate, capacity, capistrate,
-cept- -ceptat- capstan, captation, caption, captious, captivate, captivation, captive,
captivity, captor, capture, case, catch, catchment, chase, conceit,
conceivable, conceive, concept, conceptacle, conceptible, conception,
conceptional, conceptive, conceptual, contraception, contraceptive,
deceit, deceive, deception, deceptive, discept, disceptation, disceptator,
emancipate, except, exceptant, exception, exceptional, exceptive,
exceptor, excipient, exciple, excipulum, forceps, imperceptible,
incapability, incapable, incapacious, incapacitant, incapacitate,
incapacitation, incapacity, incept, inception, inceptive, inceptor,
incipience, incipient, inconceivable, intercept, interception, interceptor,
intussusception, participant, participate, participial, participle,
perceive, percept, perceptible, perception, perceptive, percipience,
percipient, precept, preception, preceptive, preceptor, preceptory,
preceptress, precipient, prince, principal, principality, recapture,
receipt, receive, recept, receptacle, receptible, reception, receptive,
receptivity, receptor, receptory, recipe, recipience, recipient, recover,
recovery, recuperate, susceptible, susception, susceptive, susceptivity,
susceptor, suscipiency, suscipient
careō car- caru- carit- lack charity, precarious
carpō carp- carps- carpt- pick, carpe diem, decerp, decerpt, decerption, discerp, discerption, excerpt
-cerpō -cerp- -cerpt- pluck
cassō cass- cassav- cassat- cassate, cassation
caveō cav- cav- caut- beware caution, cautionary, caveat, precaution, precautionary
cēdō ced- cess- cess- yield, abscess, abscession, accede, access, accessible, accession, accessory,
cessō cess- cessav- cessat- depart antecedaneous, antecede, antecedent, antecessor, cease, cessation,
cessative, cessavit, cession, circumincession, concede, concession,
concessionary, decease, decedent, decession, discede, discession,
excedent, exceed, excess, excessive, inaccessible, incessable,
incessant, intercede, intercession, nonrecessive, precede, precedent,
precession, précis, predecease, predecessor, preprocess, preprocessor,
procedural, procedure, proceed, process, procession, processionary,
processive, processor, recede, recess, recession, recessionary,
recessive, reprocess, retrocede, retrocession, retrocessive, secede,
secession, succeed, success, succession, successive, successor
cēlō cēl- celav- celat- hide conceal, concealment, occult
-culō -cul- -cult-
cenō cen- cenav- cenat- dine cenation, cenatory
ceptō cept- ceptav- ceptat- discept, disceptation
cernō cern- crev- cret- separate, decern, decree, discern, discernible, discernment, discrete, excrement,
sift excretion, recrement, secern, secernent, secretion
cieō ci- civ- cit- – accite, citation, cite, concitation, concite, excitability, excitable,
citō cit- citav- citat- excitant, excitation, excitative, excite, excitement, incitable, incitant,
incitation, incitative, incite, incitement, inexcitable, insouciance,
insouciant, irresuscitable, recital, recitation, recitative, recite,
resuscitate, resuscitation, solicit, solicitant, solicitation, solicitor,
solicitous
cingō cing- cinx- cinct- encircle, cincture, succinct
gird
clāmō clām- clāmāv- clāmāt- call acclaim, acclamation, clamor, declaim, declamation, declamatory,
 exclaim, exclamation, exclamatory, proclaim, proclamation, reclaim,
reclamation
claudō claud- claus- claus- close circumclusion, claudin, clause, claustral, claustration, claustrum,
-clōdō -clōd- -clōs- clausula, clausure, cloister, closet, closure, cloture, clusivity, conclude,
concludent, conclusion, conclusive, conclusory, disclose, disclosure,
disclude, disclusion, eclosion, enclose, enclosure, exclaustration,
exclude, exclusion, exclusionary, exclusive, exclusivity, exclusory,
foreclose, foreclosure, inclose, inclosure, include, inclusion,
inclusionary, inclusive, inclusivity, inconclusive, malocclusion,
nondisclosure, nonexclusive, noninclusive, nonocclusion, occlude,
occludin, occlusion, occlusive, preclude, preclusion, preclusive,
predisclose, predisclosure, reclude, recluse, reclusion, reclusive,
reclusory, seclude, seclusion, seclusive, sluice, subclause,
supraocclusion, transclusion
clinō clin- clinav- clinat- lean declinable, declination, decline, disinclination, disincline, inclination,
incline, recline
colō col- colu- colt- till acculturation, agriculture, apiculture, colonial, colony, counterculture,
cul- cult- cult, cultivate, cultural, culture, incult, inculturation, multicultural,
subculture
cōnor con- conat- – try conation, conative, conatus
consulō consul- consulu- consult- consult consigliere, consul, consular, consulate, consult, consultancy,
consultō consult- consultāv- consultāt- consultant, consultation, consultative, consultor, counsel, preconsultor
coquō coqu- cox- coct- cook biscotto, biscuit, coctile, coction, concoct, concoction, cook, cookery,
cuisine, cuisinier, decoct, decoctible, decoction, excoct, excoction,
precocial, precocious, quittor, superprecocial
cremō crem- cremav- cremat- burn cremate, cremation, crematory, incremate
creō cre- creāv- creāt- make accresce, accrescence, accrescent, accrete, accretion, accretionary,
‡crēscō crēsc- crēv- crēt- grow accretive, accruable, accrual, accrue, accruement, concrement,
concrescence, concrescent, concrete, concretion, concretionary, creant,
create, creation, creative, creativity, creator, creature, crescence,
crescendo, crescent, crew, critter, croissant, decrease, decrement,
decremental, decrescence, decrescendo, decrescent, excrescence,
excrescent, inconcrete, increase, increment, incremental, increscence,
increscent, procreant, procreate, procreation, procreative, procreator,
re-create, recruit, recruitment, surcrew
cubō cub- cubu- cubāt- lie accubation, concubinage, concubine, couvade, covey, cubicle,
cubiculum, excubitorium, incubate, incubation, incubational,
incubator, incubous, incubus, succubine, succubous, succubus
-cumbō -cumb- -cubu- -cubit- lie accumb, accumbency, accumbent, decubitus, decumbency, decumbent,
discubitory, discumbency, incumbency, incumbent, recumb,
recumbence, recumbent, succumb, succumbent
cupiō cup- cupiv- cupit- desire concupiscence, concupiscent, covet, covetable, covetous, cupidinous,
‡cupiscō cupisc- cupiv- cupit- cupidity
currō curr- cucurr- curs- run concur, concurrency, concurrent, corsair, courier, course, currency,
cursō curs- cursav- cursat- current, curriculum, cursive, cursor, cursory, curule, decurrent,
decursion, discourse, discurrent, discursion, discursive, discursory,
discursus, excur, excurrent, excursion, excursive, excursus,
extracurricular, incur, incurrent, incursion, incursive, occur,
occurrence, occurrent, occursion, parcourse, recourse, recur, recurrent,
recursion, recursive, succor, succursal
dicō dic- dicav- dicat- dedicate, dedication, preach, predicate
dicō dic- dix- dict- say addict, addiction, addictive, contradict, contradiction, contradictive,
dictō dict- dictav- dictat- contradictory, dictate, dictation, dictator, dictatorial, diction,
dictionary, dictum, edict, indict, indictment, indite, inditement, predict,
prediction, predictive, valediction, valedictorian, valedictory
dō d- ded- dat- give add, addend, addendum, addition, additional, additive, dative, dedimus,
-did- -dit- dedition, edition, editor, editorial, extradition, perdition, reddition,
redditive, rendition, surrender, tradition, traditional, traditor
doceō doc- docu- doct- teach doctor, doctoral, doctrinal, doctrine, document, documentary,
documentation, indoctrinate, indoctrination, postdoctoral
doleō dol- dolu- dolit- grieve condole, condolence, condolent, dolent, dolente, dolor, dolorific
dormiō dorm- dormiv- dormit- sleep dormitory
dubitō[note dubit- dubitāv- dubitāt- doubt dubitable, dubitancy, dubitate, dubitation, dubitative, indubitable,
1] redoubtable
ducō duc- dux- duct- lead abduce, abducent, abduction, abductor, adduce, adducent, adduct,
adduction, adductor, circumduction, conduce, conducent, conduction,
conductive, conductivity, conductor, deduce, deduct, deductible,
deduction, deductive, duct, ductile, ductility, ductor, educe, educt,
induce, inducement, induct, induction, inductive, inductor, introduce,
introduction, introductory, irreducible, nonconductive, produce,
product, production, productive, productivity, reduce, reducible,
reduction, redux, reintroduction, reproduce, reproduction,
reproductive, seduce, seduction, seductive, semiconductor, subduction,
 superconductivity, superconductor, traduce, traducent, traducian,
traduct, traduction
edō ed- ed- es- eat edacity, edible, esculent, inedible, obese, obesity
emō em- em- empt- buy adempt, ademption, emptor, exempt, exemption, impromptu,
-imō -im- nonexempt, preempt, preemption, preemptive, preemptory, prompt,
redeem, redemption, redemptive, redemptress, redempture
eō e- i- it- go adit, ambient, ambit, ambition, coition, coitus, exeat, exit, intransitive,
introit, obituary, preterite, redient, redition, sedition, transient, transit,
transition, transitive, transitory
errō err- errav- errat- stray errant, errata, erratic, erratum, inerrant
faciō fac- fec- fact- make affair, affect, affectation, affection, affectional, affectionate, affective,
-ficiō -fic- -fic- -fect- affectivity, aficionado, benefaction, benefactive, benefactor,
factō fact- factav- factat- benefactress, benefic, benefice, beneficence, beneficent, beneficial,
-fect- -fectat- beneficiary, beneficiation, biface, bifacial, calefactory, cofactor,
cofeature, coinfection, comfit, comfiture, confect, confection,
confectionary, confectionery, confecture, confetti, confit, confiture,
contrafact, contrafactive, contrafactual, contrafactum, counterfactual,
counterfeit, counterfesance, de facto, deface, defacement, defeasance,
defeat, defect, defection, defective, defector, deficiency, deficient,
deficit, difficile, difficulty, disaffect, disaffection, discomfit,
discomfiture, disfeature, disfeaturement, disinfect, disinfectant,
disinfection, disqualification, efface, effacement, effect, effectible,
effection, effective, effectivity, effector, effectual, effectuality,
effectuate, effectuation, efficacious, efficacity, efficacy, efficiency,
efficient, enface, enfacement, facade, façade, face, facepalm, faceplant,
facet, facette, facial, faciend, facient, facile, facilitate, facilitation,
facilitative, facilitator, facilitatory, facility, facinorous, facsimile, fact,
faction, factional, factionary, factious, factitious, factitive, factor,
factorable, factorial, factory, factotum, factual, facture, facultative,
faculty, faitour, fashion, fashionable, feasibility, feasible, feasance,
feat, feature, feck, fetish, forfeit, forfeitable, forfeiture, hacienda,
imperfect, imperfection, imperfective, indefeasible, ineffective,
ineffectual, inefficient, infect, infection, infectious, infective,
insufficiency, insufficient, malefaction, malefactor, maleficence,
malfeasance, nonfactual, nonfacultative, nonfeasance, nonproficiency,
nonprofit, office, official, officiant, officiary, officiate, parfait, perfect,
perfectible, perfection, perfective, pluperfect, prefect, prefecture,
proficiency, proficient, profit, profiteer, reinfect, remanufacture,
resurface, sacrifice, semelfactive, subprefect, subprefecture,
subsurface, suffice, sufficiency, sufficient, superficial, superficiality,
superficies, surface, surfeit, transfection
fallō fall- fefell- fals- default, fail, failure, fallacious, fallacy, fallibility, fallible, false,
falsetto, falsidical, falsifiability, falsifiable, falsification, falsify,
falsity, falsum, fault, faux, infallibility, infallible, nonfalsifiable
faveō fav- favu- favit- disfavor, favor, favorable, favorite
fendō fend- fend- fens- counterdefense, counteroffensive, defend, defense, defensible,
-fest- defensive, disinfest, fence, fend, fensible, indefensibility, indefensible,
infest, infestation, inoffensive, manifest, manifestation, manifesto,
offend, offense, offensive, reinfest, reinfestation, reoffend
feō fe- - fet- – effeminate, effete, fawn, fecund, fecundate, fecundation, Fecunditas,
fecundity, feminacy, feminine, fetal, fetation, feticidal, feticide,
fetiparous, fetus, infecund, infecundity, superfecundation,
superfecundity, superfetation
ferō fer- tul- lāt- bear, ablate, ablation, ablative, ablator, afferent, allative, aquifer, biferous,
bring cf., circumference, circumferential, circumferentor, collate, collation,
collatitious, collative, collator, confer, conference, conferential,
conferment, conferral, conifer, coniferous, coreference, coreferent,
coreferential, correlate, correlation, correlational, correlative,
counteroffer, countertransference, cross-correlation, cross-fertile,
decorrelation, defer, deference, deferent, deferential, deferment,
deferral, delate, delative, dereference, differ, difference, different,
differentia, differentiability, differentiable, differential, differentiate,
differentiation, differentiator, dilatory, efference, efferent, elate,
elation, elative, equidifferent, fertile, fertility, fortuitous, fortuity,
fortunate, fortune, illation, illative, indifference, indifferent, inelative,
infer, inferable, inference, inferential, infertile, infertility, insufferable,
interconference, interfere, interference, interrelate, interrelation,
intraconference, lative, Lucifer, multiferous, nonconference,
nonillative, noninterference, nontransference, oblate, oblation, offer,
offertory, perlative, postelative, prefer, preferable, preference,
preferential, preferment, prelacy, prelate, prelature, prolate, prolation,
prolative, proliferous, refer, referee, reference, referendary,
referendum, referent, referential, referral, relate, relation, relational,
 relative, relativity, relator, relatrix, relatum, retransfer, rotifer, semi-
differentiability, semi-differentiable, subfertility, sublative,
subrelation, suffer, sufferable, sufferance, superlative, transfer,
transferability, transferable, transference, transferral, translation,
translational, translatitious, translative, translator, vociferate
ferveō ferv- – – – defervescence, effervesce, effervescence, effervescent, ferment,
‡fervescō fervesc- – – fermentation, fervency, fervent, fervescent, fervid, fervor, pre-ferment,
perfervid
fīgō fīg- fīx- fix- fix affix, affixation, affixion, antefix, circumfix, circumfixation, crucifix,
crucifixion, disfix, fix, fixable, fixate, fixation, fixative, fixity, fixure,
infix, infixion, interfix, postfix, prefix, prefixion, simulfix, soffit,
subfix, suffix, suffixion, suprafix, transfix, transfixion
findō find- fid- fiss- cleave, bifid, contrafissure, decemfid, diffind, diffission, fissile, fission,
split fissiped, fissure, fistula, fistular, fistulose, multifid, multifistular,
quadrifid, quinquefid, trifid
fingō fing- finx- fict- fashion, effigy, fiction, fictional, fictive, figment, figurado, figural, figurant,
invent figurate, figuration, figurative, figure, figurine, nonfiction,
nonfictional, reconfiguration, reconfigure, refigure, superfiction,
transfiguration, transfigure, transfigurement
fiō fi- – – be made fiat
flectō flect- flex- flex- bend deflect, flexibility, flexible, flexile, flexion, flexor, flexuose, flexure,
genuflect, inflect, inflection, inflexible, irreflexive, reflect, reflective,
reflector, reflex, reflexion, reflexive, retroreflector
fligō flig- flix- flict- strike afflict, affliction, afflictive, conflict, confliction, inflict, infliction,
inflictive, profligate
flō fl- flav- flat- blow afflation, afflatus, conflate, conflation, deflate, deflation, efflate,
efflation, exsufflate, exsufflation, flabellum, flabile, flatulence,
flatulent, inflate, inflation, insufflate, insufflation, soufflé, sufflate,
sufflation
fluō flu- flux- flux- flow affluence, affluent, confluence, diffluence, effluent, efflux, fluency,
fluent, fluid, flume, flux, fluxion, influence, influenza, influx, reflux
fodiō fod- fod- foss- dig effodient, effossion, fodient, fossa, fossarian, fosse, fossette, fossil,
fossiliferous, fossor, fossorial, fossula, fossulate, semifossorial,
subfossil, subfossorial
for fā- fāt- – say, affability, affable, bifarious, confabulate, confabulation, defamation,
speak defamatory, defame, effable, fable, fabular, fabulous, facund,
facundious, facundity, famacide, fame, famosity, famous, fanatic, fatal,
fatality, fate, fatidic, fatiferous, fetial, ineffability, ineffable, infamous,
infamy, infancy, infant, infanticide, infantile, infantry, nefand,
nefandous, nefarious, nonfatal, omnifarious, preface, prefatory
forō for- forāv- forāt- bore biforate, foramen, foraminate, foraminifer, imperforate, perforate,
perforation, transforate
frangō frang- freg- fract- break birefringence, diffract, diffraction, fractal, fraction, fractional, fracture,
-fringō -fring- fragile, fragility, fragment, fragmentary, frail, infraction, infringe,
irrefrangible, refraction, refractive, refractor, refractory, refrain (noun),
refrangible, refringent, suffrage
fricō fric- fricu- frict- rub affricate, affrication, affricative, confrication, fray, frication, fricative,
fricāt- friction, frictional
frīgeō frīg- – – be cold frigescent, frigid, frigidarium, frigidity, frigorific, frisson, sangfroid
‡frīgēscō frīgēsc- frīx- –
frigerō friger- – – refrigerant, refrigerate, refrigeration, refrigerator
frigō frig- frix- frict- parch fritter, fry
friō fri- friāv- friāt- – friability, friable, friation
fruor fru- fruct- – enjoy fructuary, fructuous, fructus, fruition, infructescence, infructuose,
usufruct, usufructuary
fucō fuc- fucāv- fucāt- – fucate, infucate, infucation
fugiō fug- fug- fugit- flee centrifugal, centrifugation, centrifuge, fugacious, fugacity, fugal,
fugitō fugit- fugitāv- fugitāt- fugato, fugitive, fugue, refuge, refugee, subterfuge, transfuge
fulciō fulc- fuls- fult- – fulcrum
fulgeō fulg- fuls- – flash effulgence, effulgent, foudroyant, fulgency, fulgent, fulgid, fulgor,
fulminant, fulminate, fulmination
‡fulgescō fulgesc- – –
fundō fund- fūd- fūs- pour affusion, circumfuse, circumfusion, confound, confuse, confusion,
diffuse, diffusion, diffusive, diffusivity, diffusor, effund, effuse,
effusion, effusive, foison, fondant, fondue, found, foundry, funnel,
fuse, fusibility, fusible, fusile, fusion, futile, futility, infound,
infundibular, infundibuliform, infundibulum, infuse, infusion, infusive,
infusoria, infusorian, interfuse, interfusion, nonfusible, nonrefundable,
perfuse, perfusion, perfusive, profuse, profusion, profusive, refund,
refundable, refusal, refuse, suffuse, suffusion, suffusive, transfund,
transfuse, transfusion, transfusive
fungor fung- funct- – do bifunctional, bifunctor, cofunctor, defunct, defunction, defunctive,
 function, functional, functionality, functionary, functor, fungibility,
fungible, malfunction, multifunctional, multifunctor, nonfunctional,
nonfungible, perfunctory
-fūtō fut- futāv- futāt- – confute, irrefutable, refutation, refute
garriō garr- garriv- garrit- – garrulity, garrulous
gaudeō gaud- gavis- – rejoice enjoy, enjoyment, gaud, gaudery, gaudioso, gaudy, joy, rejoice
gerō ger- gess- gest- carry agger, congeries, congest, congestion, congestive, contragestive,
-gist- contrasuggestible, countersuggestion, decongest, decongestant,
gestō gest- gestāv- gestāt- decongestion, decongestive, deregister, deregistration, digest,
digestible, digestion, digestive, digestor, egest, egesta, egestion,
egestive, enregister, exaggerate, exaggeration, gerund, gerundial,
gerundival, gerundive, gest, gestant, gestate, gestation, gestational,
gestative, gestatory, gestic, gesticulant, gesticular, gesticulate,
gesticulation, gestural, gesture, indigestible, indigestion, ingest,
ingestant, ingestible, ingestion, ingestive, jest, nonregistrant,
preregister, preregistration, regest, register, registrable, registrant,
registrar, registrary, registration, registry, reregister, suggest,
suggestibility, suggestible, suggestion, suggestive, verbigeration,
vicegerent
gignō gign- genu- genit- – congenial, congeniality, congenital, disingenuous, engine, engineer,
genial, geniality, genie, genital, genitor, geniture, genius, genuine,
indigene, indigenous, ingenious, ingénue, ingenuity, ingenuous,
multiengine, nongenuine, primogeniture, progenitor, ultimogeniture
gradior gradi- gress- – step aggression, aggressive, aggressor, congress, congression,
-gredior -gredi- -gress- congressional, congressive, counteraggression, digress, digression,
grassor grass- grassāt- – digressive, egress, egression, egressive, gradient, ingredient, ingress,
ingressive, introgression, introgressive, nonaggression, progress,
progression, progressive, progressivity, regress, regression, regressive,
regressivity, regressor, retrogressive, transgress, transgression,
transgressive, transgressor
gruō gru- gru- – – congrue, congruence, congruent, congruity, congruous, incongruent,
incongruity, incongruous
gustō gust- gustāv- gustāt- taste degust, degustate, degustation, gustation, gustative, gustatory
habeō habe- habu- habit- have ability, able, debit, debitor, debt, debtor, devoir, disability, disable,
-hibeō -hibe- -hibit- due, duty, enable, endeavor, exhibit, exhibition, exhibitor, habeas
habitō habit- habitāv- habitāt- corpus, habile, habilitate, hability, habit, habitable, habitance, habitant,
habitūriō habitūr- - - habitat, habitation, habitator, habitual, habituate, habituation, habitude,
habitudinal, inability, indubitable, inhabile, inhabit, inhabitable,
inhabitant, inhabitation, inhibit, inhibition, inhibitory, prebend,
prebendary, prohibit, prohibition, prohibitive, prohibitory, provender,
rehabilitant, rehabilitate, rehabilitation, rehabilitative, rehabilitator
haereō haer- haes- haes- cling, adhere, adherence, adherend, adherent, adhesion, adhesive, cohere,
haesitō haesit- haesitāv- haesitāt- stick coherence, coherent, cohesion, cohesive, decoherence, hesitancy,
‡haerescō haeresc- - – hesitant, hesitate, hesitation, hesitator, incoherency, incoherent, inhere,
inherency, inherent, inhesion, nonadherence, nonadherent,
nonadhesive, quasicoherent
halō hal- halāv- halāt- breathe anhelation, anhele, anhelous, exhalable, exhalant, exhalation, exhale,
-hel- halitus, inhalant, inhalation, inhale
hauriō hauri- haus- haust- draw exhaust, exhaustible, exhaustion, exhaustive, hauriant, haurient,
haustellate, haustellum, haustorium, haustrum, inexhaustible,
nonexhaustive
hiō hi- hiāv- hiāt- gape dehisce, dehiscence, dehiscent, hiatal, hiatus, indehiscence,
‡hiscō hisc- – – indehiscent, inhiation
iaceō iac- iacu- jacit- be adjacent, circumjacent, nonadjacent, subjacent, superjacent
thrown,
lie
iaciō iac- iec- jact- throw abject, adjectival, adjective, conjectural, conjecture, deject, dejection,
-iciō (j)ic- -ject- disject, disjection, ejaculate, ejaculation, ejaculatory, eject, ejecta,
jactō jact- – jactāt- ejection, ejective, ejectment, ejector, inject, injection, injective,
-ject- injector, interject, interjection, interjectional, interjector, interjectory,
jactitō jactit- – jactitāt- introject, introjection, introjective, jactation, jactitation, jaculate,
jaculation, jaculator, jaculatory, jaculiferous, jet, jetsam, jettison, jetty,
jut, jutty, nonobjective, object, objectification, objection,
objectionable, objective, objectivity, objector, parget, project,
projectile, projection, projective, projector, reject, rejectamenta,
rejection, subject, subjection, subjective, subjectivity, subjicible,
surjection, surjective, traject, trajectile, trajection, trajectory, trijet
īciō, īcō īc- īc- īct- strike ictal, ictic, ictus, interictal, postictal
irāscor[note irāsc- irāt- – be angry irascible, irate
3]
juvō juv- juv- jut- help adjument, adjutant, adjutor, adjutory, adjutrix, coadjutant, coadjutor,
jutō jut- - - injucundity, jocund, jocundity
labor[note lāb- lāps- – slide, slip antelapsarian, collapse, collapsible, elapse, illapse, infralapsarian,
4] labile, lability, lapsarian, lapse, postlapsarian, prelapsarian, prolapse,
lapsō laps- – – relapse, sublapsarian, supralapsarian
laciō lac- -licu- – lure allect, allectation, alliciency, allicient, delectable, delectation,
-liciō -lic- -lect- delicious, delight, dilettante, elicit, illicit, illicium, lace
lectō lect- lectāv- lectāt-
laedō laed- laes- laes- hurt allision, collide, collision, contralesional, elide, elidible, elision,
-lidō -lid- -lis- -lis- illesive, ipsilesional, lesion, lesional
langueō langu- – – languid, languish, languor
laudō laud- laudāv- laudāt- praise illaudable, laud, laudable, laudanum, laudation, laudator, laudatory,
lauds
lavō lav- lav- laut-, lot- wash latrine, lavatory, loment, lotion, loture
lēgō lēg- legav- legat- send allege, delegate, delegation, relegation
legō leg- leg- lect- choose, collect, collectible, collection, collective, collector, diligence, diligent,
-ligō -lig- gather, elect, election, elective, elector, eligibility, eligible, illegible,
read ineligible, lectionary, lector, lecture, legend, legendary, legible,
neglect, negligence, negligent, select, selection, selective, selector
leō l- – let- delete, deletion, delible, indelible
-lit-
libō lib- libav- libat- pour libament, libation
libō lib- – libit- please libido
liceō lic- - licit- – licence, licit, licitation
licitō licit- licitav- licitat-
ligō lig- ligav- ligat- bind ligament, ligature, obligation
linquō linqu- liqu- lict- abandon delict, delinquent, derelict, dereliction, relict, reliction, relinquish,
reliquary
liveō liv- – – livid, livor
locō loc- locav- locat- place, put allocate, allocation, collocate, collocation, locate, location, locational,
locative, locator, relocate, relocation
loquor loqu- locūt- – speak allocution, allocutive, circumlocution, collocution, collocutor,
colloquial, colloquium, colloquy, elocutio, elocution, eloquence,
eloquent, grandiloquent, illocution, interlocutor, interlocutory,
locution, loquacious, loquacity, loquitur, oblocutor, obloquy,
perlocutionary, ventriloquy
luceō luc- lux- – be light, lucent, pellucid
shine
luctor luct- luctat- – wrestle reluctance, reluctant
lūdō lūd- lūs- lūs- play allude, allusion, allusive, collude, collusion, collusive, delude,
delusion, delusional, delusive, delusory, disillusion, elude, elusion,
elusive, illude, illusion, illusive, illusory, interlude, ludicrous, prelude
luō lu- lu- lut- wash abluent, ablution, dilute, elution, pollution
maneō man- mans- mans- stay immanence, immanent, impermanence, impermanent, maisonette,
manor, manorial, manse, mansion, ménage, menagerie, menial, meiny,
messuage, nonpermanence, nonpermanent, permanence, permanent,
quasipermanent, remain, remainder, remanence, remanent, remnant,
semipermanent
mānō mān- mānāv- mānāt- flow emanant, emanate, emanation, immanation
meō me- meāv- meāt- go, pass immeability, impermeability, impermeable, interpermeate, irremeable,
meatal, meatus, permeability, permeable, permeance, permeant,
permease, permeate, permeation, semipermeable, suprameatal
mergō merg- mers- mers- dip demerge, demersal, demerse, demersion, emerge, emergence,
emergency, emergent, emersion, immerge, immergence, immerse,
immersible, immersion, immersive, merge, reemerge, reemergence,
reimmerse, submerge, submergence, submerse, submersible,
submersion
migrō migr- migrāv- migrāt- countermigration, emigrant, emigrate, emigration, émigré, immigrant,
immigrate, immigration, migrant, migrate, migration, migrational,
migratory, nonmigratory, remigrant, remigrate, remigration,
transmigrant, transmigrate, transmigration, transmigratory
minuō minu- minu- minūt- lessen comminute, comminution, comminutor, diminish, diminishment,
diminuendo, diminution, diminutive, émincé, menu, mince, minuend,
minute, minutiae
misceō misc- miscu- mixt- mix admix, admixtion, admixture, commix, commixture, immiscibility,
immiscible, immix, immixture, intermix, intermixture, maslin, meddle,
mestizo, Métis, miscellanea, miscellaneous, miscellany, miscibility,
miscible, mix, mixture, permiscible, permix, permixtion, postmix,
premix, promiscuity, promiscuous, remix
mittō mitt- mīs- miss- send admissibility, admissible, admission, admissive, admit, commissar,
commissariat, commissary, commission, commissure, commit,
commitment, committal, committee, compromise, decommission,
decommit, demise, demiss, demit, dismiss, dismissal, dismissive,
emissary, emission, emissitious, emissive, emissivity, emit, emittent,
impermissible, inadmissible, intermission, intermittent, intromissible,
 intromission, intromissive, intromit, intromittent, manumission,
manumit, mess, message, messenger, missile, mission, missionary,
missive, mittimus, noncommittal, omission, omit, permissible,
permission, permissive, permit, permittee, premise, premiss, premit,
pretermission, pretermit, promise, promissive, promissory,
readmission, readmit, recommit, remise, remiss, remissible, remission,
remissive, remissory, remit, remittal, remittance, remittee, remittence,
remittent, remittitur resubmit, retransmission, retransmit,
subcommittee, submission, submissive, submit, surmise,
transmissibility, transmissible, transmission, transmissive, transmit
molō mol- molu- molit- grind demolition, emolument, molar
moneō mon- monu- monit- warn admonish, admonition, admonitory, monition, monitor, monitory,
monument, monumental, premonition
monstrō monstr- monstrav- monstrat- show demonstrable, demonstrant, demonstrate, demonstration,
demonstrative, demonstrator, demonstratory, remonstrant, remonstrate,
remonstration, remonstrative
moveō mov- mōv- mōt- move admove, amotion, amove, bimotor, cocommutator, commotion,
mōtō mōt- motāv- motāt- commove, commutable, commutation, commutative, commutativity,
mūtō mūt- mutāv- mutāt- commutator, commute, countermotion, countermove,
countermovement, demote, demotion, emotion, emotional, emotive,
emotivity, emove, equimomental, immobile, immutable, immutation,
immute, incommutable, locomotion, locomotive, mobile, mobility,
molt, moment, momental, momentaneous, momentary, momentous,
momentum, motation, motif, motile, motility, motion, motional,
motivate, motivation, motivational, motivator, motive, motor, moult,
movant, move, movement, movent, mutability, mutable, mutate,
mutation, mutineer, mutinous, mutiny, mutual, mutuality,
noncommutative, noncommutativity, nonmotile, nonmotility,
nonmutual, pari-mutuel, permutable, permutate, permutation,
permutational, permute, promote, promotion, promotional, promotive,
promotor, promove, remote, remotion, removal, remove,
subpermutation, transmove, transmutable, transmutate, transmutation,
transmute, transmutual, trimotor
narrō[note narr- narrāv- narrāt- tell counternarrative, narration, narrative, narrator
5]
nascor nāsc- nat- – be born adnascent, adnate, adnation, agnate, agnatic, agnation, binational,
gnat- cognate, cognation, connascence, connascent, connate, connation,
connatural, denature, enascent, enate, enation, impregnate, innate,
international, multinational, nada, naïf, naissant, naïve, nascency,
nascent, natal, natality, nation, national, nationality, native, nativity,
natural, naturality, nature, née, nonnative, postnatal, pregnancy,
pregnant, prenatal, preternatural, renaissance, renaissant, renascence,
renascent, renature, subnational, supernatural, supranational,
transnational, transnationality
natō nat- natav- natat- float, natatorium
swim
necō nec- necāv- necāt- kill enecate, internecine
nectō nect- nexu- nex- join, tie adnexum, annectent, annex, annexation, annexion, connect, connexion,
deannexation, disconnect, interconnect, nexus, reconnect
nōscō nōsc- nosc- nōt- know acquaint, acquaintance, agnition, agnize, cognition, cognitive, ignoble,
-gnōscō -gnōsc- -gnōt-, - nobility, noble, notice, notion, recognition, reconnaissance, reconnoiter
gnit-
notō not- notāv- notāt- mark annotation, annotator, connotation, connotational, connotative,
connote, denotation, denotational, denotative, denotatum, denote,
nondenotative, nonnotable, nonnotational, notability, notable, notary,
notate, notation, notational
nuntiō nunt- nuntiav- nuntiat- bring announce, annunciation, denunciation, renounce, renunciation
news of,
announce
nutriō nutr- nutriv- nutrit- nourish innutrition, malnourish, malnourishment, malnutrition, nonnutritional,
nourish, nourishment, nurse, nurturance, nurture, nutrient, nutriment,
nutrition, nutritional, nutritious
ōdi od- – – hate annoy, annoyance, ennui, odious, odium
oleō ol- olu- – smell olfactory, olid, redolence, redolent
operiō oper- operu- opert- cover cover, covert, curfew, discover, discovert, discoverture, discovery,
operculum, rediscover
optō opt- optav- optat- choose adopt, adoptive, coopt, cooptation, opt, optation, optative
ordior ord- ors- – begin exordium, primordial, primordium
orior ori- ort- – rise abort, abortion, abortive, disorient, disorientation, orient, oriental,
orientation
palleō pall- pallu- – be pale pallid, pallor
pandō pand- pand- pans- spread compass, dispand, dispansion, encompass, expand, expanse,
-pend- -pess- expansion, expansive, pace, repand
pangō pang- pepig- pact- fasten compact, compaction, compactor, compinge, counterpropaganda,
-pingō -ping- impact, impaction, impactive, impinge, impingement, propaganda,
propagate, propagation
pareō par- paru- parit- be ready apparent, apparition, appear, appearance, disappear, disappearance,
disparition, semitransparent, transparency, transparent
pariō par- peper- part- antepartum, biparous, deiparous, fissiparity, multiparous, nonparental,
-per- -pert- nullipara, nulliparity, nulliparous, oviparity, oviparous, parent,
parturiō partur- parturiv- parturit- parental, parity, parturiency, parturient, parturifacient, parturition,
pluriparous, postpartum, primipara, primiparous, repertoire, repertory,
semelparity, semelparous, uniparous, vivipary, viviparous
parō par- parav- parat- make apparat, apparatus, disparate, disrepair, dissever, disseverance,
-per- -perav- -perat- ready emperor, empery, empire, empress, imperant, imperative, imperator,
imperious, inseparable, irreparable, parade, pare, parry, preparation,
preparative, preparatory, prepare, repair, reparable, reparation,
reparative, separable, separate, separation, separator, sever, severable,
several, severance
pascō pasc- pav- past- feed antepast, antipasto, pastern, pastor, pastorage, pastoral, pastorale,
pastorate, pastorium, pasturage, pastural, pasture, repast, repasture
pateō pat- patu- – be open patefaction, patella, patellar, patelliform, patency, patent
patior pat- pass- – endure compassion, compassionate, compatibility, compatible, dispassion,
dispassionate, impassion, impassive, impassivity, impatience,
impatient, incompatibility, incompatible, noncompatible, passion,
passionate, passive, passivity, patience, patient
paveō pav- pav- – be afraid pavid, pavidity
paviō pav- paviv- pavit- beat pave, pavement, paviage, pavior
-pellō -pell- -pellav- -pellat- appeal, appellable, appellant, appellate, appellation, appellative, repeal
pellō pell- pepul- puls- push appulse, appulsion, appulsive, compel, compulsatory, compulsion,
pulsō puls- pulsav- pulsat- compulsive, compulsivity, compulsory, depulse, depulsion, dispel,
expel, expellent, expulsion, impel, impellent, impulse, impulsion,
impulsive, impulsor, nonpropulsive, propel, propellent, propulsion,
propulsive, pulsate, pulsatile, pulsation, pulsative, pulsator pulse,
pulsion, push, repel, repulse, repulsion, repulsive, repulsory
pendeō pend- pepend- – be antependium, codependency, codependent, depend, dependable,
hanging, dependency, dependent, impend, impendency, impendent,
hang independence, independent, interdependent, lis pendens, penchant,
(intrans.) pendency, pendent, pendente lite, pendulous, pendulum, pensile,
propend, propendency, propendent, propense, propension, propensity
pendō pend- pepend- pens- weigh compendious, compendium, compensate, compensation,
pensō pens- pensav- pensat- compensatory, dispensation, dispense, expend, expense, pensative,
pension, pensive, poise, suspense
perior per- – – experience, experiment, inexperience, peril
petō pet- petiv- petit- seek, appete, appetence, appetent, appetite, appetition, centripetal, compete,
attack competence, competent, competition, competitive, competitor,
impetuous, impetus, inappetence, incompetence, incompetent,
noncompetitive, petulance, petulant, petulcity, petulcous, propitiation,
propitious, repeat, répétiteur, repetition, repetitive, repetitor
pingō ping- pinx- pict- paint depict, depiction, paint, pictorial, picture, pigment, pigmentary,
pigmentation, pimiento, pinto, repaint
placeō plac- placu- placit- please complacency, complacent, complaisance, complaisant, counterplea,
-pliceō -plic- -plicit- displease, displeasure, implead, placebo, placid, placidity, plea, plead,
pleasance, pleasant, pleasantry, please, pleasurable, pleasure
plācō plāc- plācav- plācāt- implacable, placability, placable, placate, placation, placative,
placatory
plangō plang- planx- planct- complain, complainant, complaint, plague, plain, plaint, plaintiff,
plaintive, plangency, plangent
plaudō plaud- plaus- plaus- clap applaud, applause, displode, displosion, displosive, explode, explosion,
-plodō -plod- -plos- explosive, implausibility, implausible, implosion, implosive,
nonexplosive, plaudit, plausibility, plausible, plosion, plosive
plectō plect- plex- plex- plait amplexus, complect, complex, complexion, complexity, implex,
implexion, perplex, perplexity, plexure, plexus
plēō plē- plev- plēt- fill accomplish, accomplishment, complement, complementarity,
complementary, complementation, complete, completion, completive,
compliance, compliant, compliment, Compline, comply, deplete,
depletion, depletive, implement, implementation, impletion,
incomplete, incompletion, noncompliance, plenary, plenitude,
plenitudinous, plenty, plenum, reimplement, reimplementation,
replenish, replete, repletion, repletive, resupply, supplement,
supplemental, supplementary, supplementation, suppletion, suppletive,
suppletory, supply
plicō plic- plicav- plicat- fold applicability, applicable, applicant, application, applicative, applicator,
applicatory, apply, centuplicate, complicate, complication,
contortuplicate, counterploy, demi-plié, deplication, deploy,
deployment, duplicate, duplication, duplicator, employ, employee,
 employment, explicable, explicandum, explicans, explicate,
explication, explicative, explicator, explicatory, explicature, exploit,
exploitable, exploitation, implicate, implication, implicational,
implicature, imply, inapplicable, induplicate, induplication,
inexplicable, multiplicand, multiplication, multiplicative,
nonexploitation, nonpliant, plait, pleat, pliable, pliancy, pliant, plié,
ploy, ply, quadruplicate, reapply, reduplication, replica, replicable,
replicant, replicate, replication, replicator, reply, subduplicate,
triplicate
plōrō plor- plorav- plorat- – deplorable, deplore, implore
poliō pol- poliv- polit- smoothen expolish, impolite, interpolate, interpolation, polish, polite, politesse,
politure
pōnō[note pōn- posu- posit- put adposition, ambiposition, antepone, anteposition, apposite, apposition,
6] post- appositional, appositive, apropos, circumposition, component,
componential, componentry, composite, composition, compositional,
compositionality, compositor, compost, compostable, compote,
compound, contraposition, contrapositive, contrapposto,
counterproposition, decomposition, decompound, depone, deponent,
deposit, deposition, depositional, depositor, depository, dispone,
disponee, dispositio, disposition, dispositional, dispositive, dispositor,
entrepôt, expone, exponent, exponential, exponentiation, exponible,
exposit, exposition, expositional, expositive, expositor, expository,
impone, imponent, imposition, impostor, indisposition, interpone,
interponent, interposition, juxtaposit, juxtaposition, juxtapositional,
oppone, opponent, opposite, opposition, oppositional, oppositive,
posit, position, positional, positive, positure, postpone, postposition,
postpositional, postpositive, posture, preposition, prepositional,
prepositive, prepositor, prepositure, propone, proponent, proposition,
propositional, recomposition, reimposition, repone, reposit, reposition,
repository, seposit, seposition, superimposition, superposition,
supposition, suppositional, suppositive, suppositor, suppository,
transposition, transpositional, transpositive
portō port- portav- portat- carry apport, asportation, comport, comportable, comportance, comportation,
comportment, deport, deportable, deportation, deportee, disport,
export, exportable, exportation, import, importable, importance,
important, importation, insupportable, nonportable, portability,
portable, portage, portamento, portance, portative, porterage, proport,
purport, rapport, rapporteur, reexport, reimport, reimportation, report,
reportable, reportage, reportative, sport, support, supportable,
transport, transportable, transportation
pōtō pōt- potav- potat- drink compotation, compotator, perpotation, potability, potable, potation,
potion
precor prec- precat- – pray apprecation, deprecable, deprecate, deprecation, imprecate,
imprecation, pray, prayer, precarious, precation, precatory
prehendō prehend- prehend- prehens- grasp apprehend, apprehension, apprehensive, apprentice, apprisal, apprise,
prend- prens- comprehend, comprehensible, comprehension, comprehensive,
comprisal, comprise, deprehend, emprise, enterprise, entrepreneur,
impregnable, impresa, impresario, imprison, imprisonment,
inapprehension, incomprehensible, incomprehension,
incomprehensive, pregnable, prehend, prehensile, prehensility,
prehension, prise, prison, purprise, reprehend, reprehensible, reprieve,
reprisal, reprise, surprise
premō prem- press- press- press, appress, appressorium, compress, compressible, compression,
-primō -prim- push compressional, compressive, compressor, counterpressure,
pressō press- pressav- pressat- decompress, decompression, depress, depression, depressive,
depressor, espresso, express, expressible, expression, expressional,
expressive, expressivity, expressor, impress, impressible, impression,
impressionable, impressional, impressive, impressor, imprimatur,
imprimatura, imprint, incompressibility, incompressible, inexpressible,
inexpressive, irrepressible, oppress, oppressible, oppression,
oppressive, oppressor, preprint, press, pressure, print, repress,
repressible, repression, repressive, repressor, reprimand, reprint,
subexpression, suppress, suppressant, suppression, suppressor,
surprint, transrepression
pugnō pugn- pugnav- pugnat- fight impugn, impugnable, impugnation, pugnacious, repugn, repugnance,
repugnant
pungō pung- pupug- punct- prick appoint, appointee, appointive, appointment, bipunctate, bipunctual,
punctō punct- punctav- punctat- compunction, contrapuntal, counterpoint, demi-pointe, disappoint,
disappointment, dispunge, expunction, expunge, impunctate,
impunctual, inexpungible, multipoint, poignant, point, pointe,
punctate, punctatim, punctation, punctator, punctiform, punctilio,
punction, punctual, punctuality, punctuation, puncture, pungency,
pungent, puntilla, puntillero, punto, reappoint, reappointment, tripoint
putō put- putav- putat- prune, accompt, accomptant, account, accountability, accountable,
think accountancy, accountant, amputate, amputation, amputee, computable,
computation, compute, count, countable, deputable, depute, deputy,
discount, disputable, disputant, disputation, disputative, dispute,
disreputable, disrepute, imputable, imputation, imputative, impute,
incomputable, indisputable, irreputable, nonimputable, precompute,
putamen, putaminous, putative, raconteur, recompute, recount,
reputable, reputation, repute, supputate, supputation, suppute
putreō putr- – – be rotten putredinous, putrefacient, putrefaction, putrefactive, putrefy, putresce,
‡putrescō putresc- – – putrescence, putrescent, putrescible, putrescine, putrid, putridity,
putrilage, putrilaginous
quaerō quaer- quaesiv- quaesit- search, acquire, acquisition, exquire, exquisite, inquest, inquire, inquisitive,
-quirō -quir- -quisit- seek perquisite, query, quest
quatiō quat- – quass- shake cassate, cassation!-- desiderative --, concussion, conquassate,
-cutiō -cut- -cuss- decussation, discuss, discussion, discussive, discutient, percussion,
quassō quass- quassav- quassat- percussive, percussor, quash, quassation, recussion, repercussion,
rescue, squash, squassation, succussion, succussive
queror quer- quest- – complain quarrel, querent, querimony, querulous
queritor querit- - –
rādō rād- ras- ras- scrape, abrade, abrasion, abrasive, corrade, corrasion, erase, erasure, radula,
shave radular
ranceō ranc- – – be rotten rancid, rancor
rapiō rap- rapu- rapt- arreption, arreptitious, rapacious, rapacity, rape, rapid, rapidity, rapine,
-ripiō -rip- -rept- rapt, raptio, raptor, rapture, rapturous, raptus, ravish, subreption,
subreptitious, surreptitious
regō reg- rex- rect- keep adret, adroit, alert, arrect, bidirectional, bidirectionality, birectify,
-rigō -rig- straight biregular, coregency, coregent, correct, correction, correctional,
corrective, corrector, correctory, correctress, corregidor,
corregimiento, corrigendum, corrigent, corrigibility, corrigible,
counterinsurgency, counterinsurgent, derail, derailleur, derailment,
derecho, deregulate, deregulation, direct, direction, directional,
directionality, directive, director, directorate, directorial, directory,
directress, directrix, dirigible, erect, erection, erector, escort,
experrection, incorrect, incorrigibility, incorrigible, indirect,
indirection, insurgency, insurgent, insurrection, interregent,
interregimental, interregional, irregular, irregularity, maladroit,
multidirectional, porrect, porrection, rail, rectal, rectification,
rectilinear, rectilinearity, rection, rectitude, rectitudinous, rector,
rectorate, rectory, rectress, rectricial, rectrix, rectum, redirect, regency,
regent, regible, regime, regimen, regiment, regimental, regimentation,
region, regional, regle, regula, regular, regularity, regulate, regulation,
regulator, regulatory, reregulate, resource, resurge, resurgence,
resurgent, resurrect, resurrection, semiregular, source, subrector,
subrectory, subregent, subregion, subregional, surge, trirectify,
unidirectional, viceregent
rēpō rēp- reps- rēpt- crawl, obreption, obreptitious, reptation, reptile, reptilian
reptō rept- reptav- reptat- creep
rideō rid- ris- ris- laugh, arride, deride, derision, derisive, irrisible, irrision, ridicule, ridiculous,
smile risibility, risible
rigeō rig- – – be stiff de rigueur, rigid, rigor
rodō rod- ros- ros- gnaw corrode, corrosion, corrosive, erode, erosion, noncorrosive, rodent,
rodenticide
rogō rog- rogav- rogat- ask abrogate, abrogation, derogate, derogatory, interrogate, interrogation,
interrogative, interrogator, interrogatory, obrogate, obrogation,
prorogatio, prorogation, rogatio, rogation, rogatory, subrogate,
subrogation, surrogacy, surrogate
rumpō rump- rup- rupt- break, abrupt, corrupt, corruption, corruptor, disrupt, disruption, disruptive,
burst erumpent, erupt, eruption, eruptive, interrupt, interruption, irrupt,
irruption, irruptive, noneruptive, reroute, rout, route, rupture
saliō sal- salu- salt- jump assail, assault, desultory, exult, exultant, exultation, insult, insultation,
-siliō -sil- -silu- irresilient, resile, resilience, resiliency, resilient, result, resultant,
saltō salt- saltav- saltat- salient, saltant
-sult- -sultat-
scandō scand- scand- scans- climb ascend, ascension, condescension, descend, descent, scansion,
-scendō -scend- -scens- transcend, transcendental
scīō sci- sciv- scit- know conscience, nescience, omniscience, plebiscite, prescient, science
scrībō scrīb- scrips- scrīpt- write ascribe, circumscribe, conscription, describe, description, descriptive,
descriptor, indescribable, inscribe, inscription, nondescript, postscript,
prescribe, prescription, prescriptive, proscribe, proscription,
proscriptive, scribble, scribe, script, scriptural, scripture, scrivener,
subscribe, subscript, subscription, superscript, transcribe, transcript,
transcription
secō sec- secu- sect- cut bisect, bisection, bisector, bisectrix, dissect, dissection, insect,
 intersect, intersection, intersectionality, prosect, prosector, resection,
secant, sectile, section, sectional, sector, sectorial, segment, subsection,
subsector, subsegment, suprasegmental, transect, transection, trisectrix,
vivisection
sedeō sede- sed- sess- sit dissident, insidious, nonresident, obsession, obsessive, preside,
-sideō -side- presidium, reside, resident, sedentary, sediment, sessile, session,
subside, supersede, supersession
sedō sed- sedav- sedat- sedate, sedation, sedative
sentiō senti- sens- sens- feel assent, consensual, consensus, consent, dissension, dissent, insensate,
nonsense, resent, resentment, scent, sensate, sensation, sensational,
sense, sensibility, sensible, sensor, sensual, sentence, sentient,
sentiment, sentimental, sentimentality
sequor sequ- secut- – follow assecution, consecutive, consequence, consequent, consequential,
sector sect- sectat- – demisuit, ensuant, ensue, execute, execution, executive, executor,
extrinsic, inconsequential, insequent, intrinsic, non sequitur,
nonconsecutive, nonsequential, obsequence, obsequent, obsequious,
persecute, persecution, persecutor, prosecute, prosecution, prosecutor,
prosecutorial, prosecutory, prosecutive, pursual, pursuance, pursuant,
pursue, pursuit, pursuivant, resequent, second, secondary, secundine,
segue, sequacious, sequacity, sequel, sequela, sequence, sequent,
sequential, sequitur, suant, subsecute, subsecutive, subsequent, sue,
suit, suitability, suitable, suite, suitor
serō ser- seru- sert- assert, assertion, desert, desertion, desertrix, insert, insertion, serial,
series
serpō serp- serps- serpt- crawl serpent
serviō serv- serviv- servit- serve deserve, servile, servitude, subservience, subservient
servō serv- servav- servat- save conservable, conservation, conservative, conservator, conservatory,
conserve, observable, observance, observant, observation,
observational, observative, observator, observatory, observe,
preservable, preservation, preservative, preserve, reservable,
reservance, reservation, reservative, reserve
sistō sist- stet- stat- cause to absist, assist, consist, consistency, consistent, desist, exist, existence,
stand existent, inconsistent, insist, insistence, insistent, irresistible,
nonexistent, persist, persistence, persistent, resist, resistible, subsist,
subsistence, subsistent
solvō solv- solv- solut- loosen absolute, absolution, absolutive, absolutory, absolve, dissolute,
dissolution, dissolve, insolubility, insoluble, insolvency, insolvent,
irresolute, resolute, resolution, resolve, resolvent, solubility, soluble,
solute, solution, solve, solvency, solvend, solvent
sordeō sord- sordu- – be dirty sordes, sordid
spargō sparg- spars- spars- scatter aspersion, dispersal, disperse, dispersion, sparse
-sperg- -spers-
speciō spec- spex- spect- look aspect, aspectual, auspices, auspicious, circumspect, circumspection,
-spiciō -spic- circumspective, conspecific, conspectus, conspicuous, disrespect,
spectō spect- spectav- spectat- expect, expectancy, expectant, expectation, inauspicious,
incircumspect, inconspicuous, inspect, inspection, inspector,
interspecific, introspection, introspective, irrespective, nonspecific,
perspective, perspicacious, perspicuity, perspicuous, prospect,
prospective, prospector, prospectus, respect, respectable, respective,
retrospection, retrospective, special, speciality, speciation, brspecie,
species, specific, specification, specificity, specimen, speciosity,
specious, spectacle, spectacular, spectator, spectral, spectrum,
specular, speculate, speculation, speculative, speculator, speculatory,
speculum, subspecies
spirō spir- spirav- spirat- breathe aspiration, aspire, conspiracy, conspirator, conspiratorial, conspire,
inspiration, inspirational, inspire, perspiration, perspire, preaspiration,
respiration, respirator, respiratory, spiracle
splendeō splend- splendu- – resplendent, splendent, splendid, splendiferous, splendor
spondeō spond- spopond- spons- promise correspond, correspondence, correspondent, despond, despondency,
sponsō spons- sponsav- sponsat- despondent, espousage, espousal, espouse, irresponsible,
nonresponsive, respond, respondence, respondent, response,
responsibility, responsible, responsive, sponsal, sponsion, sponsional,
sponsor, spousal, spouse
squaleō squal- squalu- – squalid, squalor
statuō statu- statu- statut- cause to constituency, constituent, constitute, constitution, constitutional,
-stituō -stitu- -stitu- -stitut- stand destitute, destitution, institute, institution, institutional, prostitute,
prostitution, reconstitute, restitution, statuary, statue, statuette, statute,
statutory, substituent, substitute, substitution
staurō staur- staurav- staurat- instaurate, instauration, instaure, restaurant, restoration, restorative
sternō stern- strav- strat- spread, prostrate, prostration, stratus, stratum, substratum
strew
stō st- stet- stat- stand antestature, circumstance, circumstant, circumstantial,
circumstantiality, constable, constancy, constant, consubstantial,
 consubstantiality, consubstantiation, contrast, contrastable,
disestablish, distance, distant, establish, establishment, estate, extant,
inconstancy, inconstant, instability, instance, instancy, instant, instate,
instatement, insubstantial, presto, reinstate, reinstatement, restate,
restatement, stabile, stability, stable, stage, stamen, stamina, staminal,
stance, stanchion, stanza, statant, statary, state, statement, station,
stationary, stative, stator, stature, status, stet, substance, substantial,
substantiality, substantiate, substantiation, substantive, substation,
transubstantiate, transubstantiation
stringō string- strinx- strict- squeeze astrict, astriction, astrictive, astringe, astringency, astringent, constrain,
constraint, constrict, constriction, constrictive, constrictor, constringe,
constringency, constringent, distrain, distraint, distress, district,
restrain, restraint, restrict, restriction, restrictive, restrictor, restringe,
restringency, restringent, strain, strict, stricture, stringency, stringent
struō stru- strux- struct- construct, constructible, construction, constructive, constructor,
construe, destroy, destruction, destructive, destructor, indestructible,
infrastructure, instruct, instruction, instructive, instructor, instrument,
instrumental, obstruct, obstruent, obstruction, structural, structure,
superstructure
studeō stud- studu- – étude, student, studio, studious, study
stupeō stup- stupu- – be stupefaction, stupendous, stupid, stupidity, stupor, stuporous
stunned
suadeō suad- suas- suas- dissuade, dissuasion, persuade, persuasion, persuasive
sum es- fu- futur- be absence, absent, absentaneous, absentee, adessive, antessive,
apudessive, coessential, disinterest, ens, entitative, entity, essence,
essential, essive, exessive, future, futurity, improve, improvement,
inessential, inessive, interest, nonentity, nonessential, nonpresence,
nonrepresentational, omnipresence, omnipresent, presence, present,
presentable, presentaneous, presentation, presentational, presentative,
presentator, presentee, presentment, proud, prowess, represent,
representable, representamen, representant, representation,
representational, representative, subessive, superessive
sūmō[note sūm- sūmps- sūmpt- take absume, absumption, assumable, assume, assumpsit, assumption,
7] assumptive, consumable, consume, consumption, consumptive,
inconsumable, inconsumptible, insume, nonconsumptive,
nonresumption, presume, presumption, presumptive, presumptuous,
reassume, resume, résumé, resumption, resumptive, subsume,
subsumption, subsumptive, sumption, sumptuary, sumptuosity,
sumptuous, transume, transumption, transumptive
suō su- su- sūt- sew assument, sutile, suture
taceō tac- tacu- tacit- keep reticence, reticent, tacit, taciturn, taciturnity
-tic- silent
tangō tang- tetig- tact- touch attain, attainment, contact, contingency, contingent, intact, intangible,
-tingō -ting- -tig- integral, pertingent, tactile, tangent, tangental, tangential, tangible
tegō teg- tex- tect- cover contection, detect, detection, detective, detector, integument, obtect,
protect, protection, protective, protector, protectorate, protégé, tectrix,
tectum, tegmen, tegmental, tegula, tegular, tegument, tile, toga
tendō tend- tetend- tens- stretch attend, attent, attentive, contend, distend, distension, extend,
extensible, extension, extensor, extent, inattentive, intend, intense,
intension, intensional, intensity, intensive, intent, ostensible, ostension,
ostensory, portend, portension, portent, pretend, pretense, pretension,
subtend, tendency, tendentious, tense, tensible, tensile, tension, tensure
teneō ten- tenu- tent- have, abstain, abstention, abstinence, abstinent, appertain, appertinent,
-tineō -tin- -tinu- hold appurtenance, appurtenant, contain, content, continence, continent,
continental, contratenor, countenance, detain, detention, discontent,
entertain, entertainment, impertinent, incontinence, incontinent,
intenible, maintain, maintenance, malcontent, obtain, pertain,
pertinacious, pertinacity, pertinence, pertinent, retain, retainer,
retention, retentive, retinue, sustain, sustenance, tenacious, tenacity,
tenet, tenor, tenure
tentō tent- tentav- tentat- ostentation, ostentatious, tentacle, tentation, tentative
tergeō terg- ters- ters- wipe detergent, terse
terō ter- triv- trit- rub, wear attrition, contrite, contrition, detriment, detrimental, detrital, detrition,
detritivore, detritus, trite
texō tex- texu- text- weave context, contextual, pretext, subtext, text, textile, textual, texture
timeō tim- timu- – be afraid timidity, timorous
tinniō tinn- tinniv- tinnit- ring tinnitus
torqueō torqu- tors- tort- twist contort, contortion, detortion, distort, distortion, extort, extortion,
retort, torque, torsade, torse, tort, tortillon, tortrix, torture
torreō torr- torru- tost- torrent, torrential, torrid
trahō trah- trax- tract- drag, abstract, abstraction, abstractive, attract, attractant, attraction,
tractō tract- tractav- tractat- draw attractive, attractor, contract, contraction, contractional, contractive,
-trect- -trectat- contractor, contrahent, detract, detraction, detractive, detractor,
 distract, distraction, distractive, distrait, extract, extraction, extractive,
extractor, intractable, portrait, portraiture, portray, portrayal,
protractor, retract, retraction, retractor, subtract, subtraction,
subtractive, subtractor, subtrahend, tract, tractable, tractate, tractation,
tractator, tractile, traction, tractional, tractor, trait
trudō trud- trus- trus- thrust abstrude, abstruse, abstrusion, detrude, detrusion, extrude, extrusible,
extrusion, extrusive, intrude, intrusion, intrusive, obtrude, obtrusion,
obtrusive, protrude, protrudent, protrusion, protrusive, retrude, retruse,
retrusion
tueor tu- tut-, tuit- – intuition, intuitive, tuition, tutelage, tutor
tumeō tum- tumu- – be detumescence, tumescent, tumid, tumidity, tumor
swollen
turgeō turg- – – turgid, turgidity, turgor
umeō um- – – be moist humid, humidify, humidity, humidor
urō ur- uss- ust- burn adustion, urn
utor ut- us- – use abuse, abusive, disabuse, disuse, perusal, peruse, use, usufruct, usure,
usurp, usury, utility
vacō vac- vacav- vacat- be empty vacancy, vacant, vacate, vacation
vadō vad- vas- vas- go evade, evasion, evasive, invade, invasion, invasive, pervasive
valeō val- valu- valit- be strong ambivalence, ambivalent, avail, availability, available, bivalent,
‡valescō valesc- – – convalesce, convalescence, convalescent, countervail, covalent,
devaluate, devaluation, devalue, equivalence, equivalent, evaluate,
evaluation, evaluative, evaluator, invalid, invalidate, invaluable,
multivalent, nonequivalence, prevail, prevalence, prevalent,
quadrivalent, quantivalence, reevaluate, reevaluation, revaluation,
revalue, transvaluation, transvalue, trivalent, univalent, valediction,
valedictorian, valedictory, valence, valerian, valetudinarian,
valetudinary, valiancy, valiant, valid, validate, validation, validational,
validator, validity, valine, valor, valorous, valuable, valuation, value,
valuta
vehō veh- vex- vect- carry advect, advection, advective, biconvex, bivector, circumvection,
vexō vex- vexāv- vexāt- convect, convection, convective, convector, convex, convexity,
equiconvex, extravehicular, invect, invection, invective, inveigh,
nonconvective, pretervection, provection, quasiconvex,
quasiconvexity, transvection, vection, vector, vectorial, vecture,
vehicle, vehicular, vex, vexation, vexatious
vellō vell- vuls- vuls- avulsion, convulse, convulsion, convulsive, revulsion
veniō ven- ven- vent- come advene, advenient, advent, adventist, adventitious, adventure,
ventō vent- ventāv- - adventurous, avenue, circumvent, circumvention, circumventive,
ventitō ventit- ventitāv- - circumventor, contravene, contravention, convenance, convene,
convenience, convenient, convent, conventicle, convention,
conventional, coven, covenant, event, eventual, eventuality,
inconvenience, inconvenient, intervene, intervention, introvenient,
invent, inventio, invention, inventive, inventory, nonconventional,
nonevent, nonintervention, obvention, parvenu, prevene, prevent,
prevention, preventive, provenance, provenience, provenient,
reconvene, reinvent, reinvention, revenant, revenue, souvenance,
souvenir, subvene, subvention, supervene, supervenience,
supervenient, supervention, venitive, venture, venturous, venue
vereor ver- verit- – irreverent, revere, reverence, reverend, reverent, reverential
vergō verg- – – converge, convergence, convergent, diverge, divergence, divergent,
vergence
vertō vert- vert- vers- turn adversarial, adversary, adversative, adverse, adversion, adversity,
versō vers- versav- versat- advert, advertent, animadversion, animadvert, anteversion, antevert,
aversation, averse, aversion, avert, avertible, contraversion,
controversial, controversy, controvert, conversant, conversation,
conversational, converse, conversion, convert, convertibility,
convertible, diverse, diversion, diversionary, diversity, divert,
divertible, divorce, everse, eversible, eversion, eversive, evert,
extrorse, extroversion, extrovert, inadvertent, incontrovertible,
indivertible, interconversion, interconvert, interconvertible, intervert,
introrse, introversion, introversive, introvert, inverse, inversion, invert,
invertible, irreversible, multiverse, nonconvertible, nonuniversal,
obversant, obverse, obversion, obvert, perverse, perversion, perversity,
pervert, pervertibility, pervertible, reconversion, reconvert,
reconvertible, reversal, reverse, reversible, reversion, reversionary,
reversive, revert, revertent, revertibility, revertible, revertive,
subversion, subversionary, subversive, subvert, subvertible, transverse,
traversal, traverse, universal, universality, universe, university, varsity,
versable, versant, versatile, versatility, verse, versicle, versicular,
versification, versificator, version, verso, versus, versute, vertebra,
vertebral, vertebrate, vertex, vertical, vertiginous, vertigo
videō vid- vid- vis- see advice, advisable, advise, advisement, advisor, advisory, envisage,
visitō visit- visitav- visitat- envisagement, envision, evidence, evident, evidential, evidentiality,
evidentiary, improvidence, improvident, improvisation,
improvisational, improvisator, improvisatory, improvise, imprudence,
imprudent, inevident, interview, invisible, nonvisual, preview, provide,
providence, provident, provision, provisional, provisionality, proviso,
provisory, prudence, prudent, prudential, purvey, purveyance,
purveyor, purview, review, supervision, supervisor, supervisory,
survey, surveyor, video, view, vis-à-vis, visa, visage, visibility, visible,
vision, visionary, visitation, visor, vista, visual, voila, voyeur
vidō vid- vis- vis- divide, dividend, divisibility, divisible, division, divisional, divisive,
divisor, individual, individuality, indivisible
vincō vinc- vic- vict- conquer, convict, conviction, convince, convincible, evict, eviction, evince,
win evincible, inconvincible, invincible, pervicacious, revict, revince,
vanquish, vanquishment, victor, Victoria, Victorian, victorious,
victory, victress, victrice, victrix, Vincent
vitō vit- vitāv- vitāt- shun evitable, evitation, evite, inevitability, inevitable
vīvō vīv- vix- vict- live convivial, conviviality, ex vivo, in vivo, revivable, revival, revive,
victitō victit- - - reviviscence, revivor, survivable, survival, survive, survivor, viand,
‡vīviscō vīvisc- - – victual, victualage, viva, vivace, vivacious, vivacity, vivandière,
vivant, vivarium, vivid, vivific, vivification, vivisepulture, vivo
vocō voc- vocāv- vocāt- call advocacy, advocate, advocation, advocator, advocatory, advoke,
advowson, avocation, avouch, avow, avowal, convocation, disavow,
disavowal, equivocate, equivocation, evocative, evoke, invocation,
invoke, prevocational, provocation, provocative, provocator, provoke,
revocable, revocation, revoke, vocation, vocational, vouch, vouchee,
voucher, vouchsafe
volō vol- volav- volat- fly avolation, circumvolant, circumvolation, nonvolatile, volatile,
volitō volit- volitav- volitat- volatility, volitant, volitation
volō vell- volu- – wish benevolence, benevolent, involuntary, malevolence, malevolent,
velleity, volitient, volition, volitional, volitive, voluntary, volunteer
volvō volv- volv- volūt- roll advolution, archivolt, circumvolute, circumvolution, circumvolve,
volūtō volūt- volūtav- volūtat- coevolution, coevolutionary, coevolve, convolute, convolution,
convolutionary, convolve, devolute, devolution, devolutionary,
devolve, devolvement, evolute, evolution, evolutionary, evolve,
evolvent, involucrate, involucre, involucrum, involute, involution,
involve, involvement, multivolume, nonevolutionary, revolt, revoluble,
revolute, revolution, revolutionary, revolve, vault, volte, volte-face,
voltigeur, volubility, voluble, volume, voluminous, volva, volvelle,
volvent, Volvox, voussoir
vomō vom- vomu- vomit- – vomit, vomition, vomitory, vomitus
vomitō vomit- - -
vorō vor- vorāv- vorāt- swallow carnivore, devoration, devoré, devour, omnivore, omnivorous,
voracious, voracity, voraginous
voveō vov- vov- vot- vow devote, devotee, devotion, devotional, devout, devove, devow, votary,
vote, votive, vow
Key
Frequentative
‡ Inchoative

Prepositions and other words used to form compound words

Latin prepositions and other words
Word Meaning Prefixes Ref.
ā, ab away from ab-, a-, abs-, as-
ad to, toward ad-, a-, ac-, af-, ag-, al-, ap-, ar-, at-
ambo both ambi-, am-, amb-
ante before ante-, anti-
bis twice bi-, bis-
circum around circum-
cis this side of cis-
contrā against, opposite to contra-, contro-
cum together, with con-, co-, col-, com-, cor-
dē down from de-
dexter right, to the right hand dextro-
dis- apart dis-, di-, dif-, dir-
ex, ē from, out of ex-, e-, ef-
extrā outside extra-, extro-
in in, into in-, il-, im-, ir-
īnfrā below infra-
inter among, between inter-, intel-
intrā within intra-, intro-
iuxtā beside juxta-
multus much, many multi-
ne no ne-, neg-
non not non-
ob, obs toward, against, in the way of, by reason of ob-, o-, oc-, of-, og-, op-, os-
paene almost, nearly pen-
per thorough, through per-, pel-
post after, behind post-
prae before pre-
praeter by, past preter-
prō for, forth, in front of pro-, pol-, por-, prod-
re- again, back re-, red-
retro backwards retro-
sē apart, without se-, sed-
sub from below, under sub-, su-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-
subter beneath subter-
super above, over super-
suprā above, more than supra-
trāns across trans-, tra-, tran-
ultrā beyond ultra-
ve- out ve-
List of English words of Malay origin
This is a partial list of loanwords in English language, that were borrowed or derived, either directly or indirectly, from Malay language. Many of the
words are decisively Malay or shared with other Malayan languages group, while others obviously entered Malay both from related Austronesian
languages and unrelated languages of India and China. Some may also not directly derived from Malay into English, but through other languages,
in particular, that of European powers that have exercised significant influence in the Maritime Southeast Asia.
The adoption of various Malay terms began with contact between European powers and classical Malay sultanates in the 16th century and
accelerated in the 19th century with the advent of British colonisation in the region. Many of the earliest borrowing can be found in the accounts of
early voyages during the age of discovery, when traders and travellers brought back products and objects of natural history from Maritime
Southeast Asia which became known by their native names. Over the time, with the flowering of English literature dealing with subjects native to the
region, other words used to denote things and notions of Malay world and culture, have also made their way into English.
Contents
Agar (also 'agar-agar') a gelatinous substance obtained from various kinds of red seaweed and used in biological culture media and as a
thickener in foods. From Malay agar-agar, first known use was in 1813.
Amok (also 'amuck' or 'amock') out of control, especially when armed and dangerous; in a frenzy of violence, or on a killing spree, 'berserk', as in
'to run amok'. Adopted into English via Portuguese amouco, from Malay amok ('rushing in a frenzy'). Earliest known use was in 1665 as a noun
denoting a Malay in a homicidal frenzy.
Angraecum New Latin modification of Malay anggěrik orchid. First known use was in 1805.
Attap From the Malay word atap (thatch). Thatch made in SE Asia from Nipa palm fronds.
Babirusa (also 'babiroussa') from French babiroussa, from Malay babi hog + rusa deer. A wild pig (Babyrousa babyrussa) of Southeast Asia
with backward-curving tusks. First known use was in 1673.
Balanda (also 'ballanda' or 'ballander') from Makasarese balanda, from Malay belanda (alteration of Hollander in the sense 'Dutchman'). First
known use in English was from the mid 19th century.
Bamboo from Dutch bamboes, based on Malay mambu. First known use was in 1586. However, the word buluh is use instead of mambu in the
dictionary of Malay language. Therefore, it is arguable for Mambu a loanword.
Banteng from Malay banteng, derived from Javanese banṭéng. A Southeast Asian forest ox that resembles the domestic cow, domesticated in
Bali [Bos javanicus.]' First known use was in 1817.
Bilimbi a Southeast Asian evergreen tree (Averrhoa bilimbi) resembling the carambola. Also referring to the very acid fruit of the bilimbi that is
used for preserves or pickles. From Konkani bilimbī, from Malay bĕlimbing.
Binturong from binturong, 'a large species of civet, Arctictis binturong, of Southeast Asia'. First known use was in the early 19th century.
Caddy a small storage container, typically one with divisions, for example a tool caddy. Also might refers to a 'tea caddy', a small tin in which tea
is kept for daily use. From earlier catty, denoting a unit of weight of 1 1/3 lb (0.61 kg), from Malay kati. First known use was in 1792.
Catechu (also cutch) any of several dry, earthy, or resinous astringent substances obtained from tropical plants of Asia, as an extract of the
heartwood of an East Indian acacia (Acacia catechu) or as gambier. New Latin modification of Malay kachu; of possible Dravidian origin; akin to
Tamil and Kannada kāc and catechu. First known use was in 1683.
Caladium any of a genus of tropical American plants of the arum family widely cultivated for their showy variably colored leaves. New Latin genus
name, from Malay kěla i, an aroid plant. First known use was in 1881.
Camphor a tough gummy volatile aromatic crystalline compound C10H16O obtained especially from the wood and bark of the camphor tree and
used as a liniment and mild topical analgesic in medicine, as a plasticizer, and as an insect repellent; also : any of several similar compounds
(as some terpene alcohols and ketones). Derived from Middle English caumfre, from Anglo-French, from Medieval Latin camphora, from Arabic
kāfūr, possibly from Malay kapur. First known use was in the 14th century.
Cassowary any of a genus (Casuarius) of large ratite birds chiefly of New Guinea and northern Australia that have a horny casque on the head
and are closely related to the emu. Derived from Malay kĕs ari, from an Austronesian language of the Moluccas. First known use was in 1611.
Carabao the Water buffalo. Derived from [Spanish, from Visayan karabáw, from Malay kerbau.].
Casuarina any of a genus (Casuarina of the family Casuarinaceae) of dicotyledonous chiefly Australian trees which have whorls of scalelike
leaves and jointed stems resembling horsetails and some of which yield a heavy hard wood. New Latin genus name, from Malay pohon kĕs ari,
literally, 'cassowary tree'; from the resemblance of its twigs to cassowary feathers. First known use was in 1777.
Catty any of various units of weight of China and Southeast Asia varying around 11⁄3 pounds (about 600 grams); also : a standard Chinese unit
equal to 1.1023 pounds (500 grams). Adopted from Malay kati, first known use was in 1598.
Cempedak (also Chempedak) from Cempedak, a species of tree and its fruit in the family Moraceae.
Cockatoo any of various large noisy chiefly Australasian crested parrots (family Cacatuidae and especially genus Cacatua). From Dutch kaketoe,
from Malay kakaktua. First Known use was in 1634.
Compound (enclosed group of buildings) a fenced or walled-in area containing a group of buildings and especially residences. Derived by folk
etymology referring to such area in Southeast Asia, from Portuguese campon or Dutch kampoeng, from Malay kampong ('enclosure, hamlet').
First known use was in 1679.
Cootie head louse, a type of small insect that lives in people's hair. Modification of Malay kutu of the same meaning. First known use was in 1917,
popularised by British soldiers during the First World War.
Dammar any of various hard resins from trees in the families Araucariaceae (genus Agathis), Dipterocarpaceae (genera Hopea, Shorea, and
Vatica), and Burseraceae (genus Canarium). Derived from Malay damar ('resin'), first known use was in 1698.
Dugong new Latin genus name of a sirenian mammal (Dugong dugon of the family Dugongidae) of a monotypic genus that has a bilobed tail and
in the male upper incisors altered into short tusks and that inhabits warm coastal waters chiefly of southern Asia, Australia, and northeastern
Africa. Probably derived from Cebuano dugung, itself adopted from Malay duyong ('mermaid' or 'lady of the sea'). First known use was in 1800.
Durian a spiny oval tropical fruit containing a creamy pulp, famous for its fetid smell but highly valued for its flavour. Derived from Malay duri
('thorn') with noun-building suffix -an, thus durian means 'thorny'. First known use was in 1588.
Gambier a yellowish catechu that is obtained from a tropical Southeast Asian woody vine (Uncaria gambir) of the madder family and is used for
chewing with the betel nut and for tanning and dyeing. First known use was in 1830, adopted from Malay gambir, the name of the plant.
Gecko any small insectivorous terrestrial lizard of the family Gekkonidae, of warm regions. Their digits have adhesive pads, which enable these
animals to climb on smooth surfaces. First known use was in 1774, adopted from Malay geko or gekok, imitative of its cry.
Gingham a cotton fabric, usually woven of two coloured yarns in a checked or striped design. First known use was in 1615, adopted via Dutch
gingang, from Malay genggang (originally an adjective meaning 'striped').
Godown a warehouse. First known use was in 1552, by folk etymology, possibly adopted via Portuguese gudão, from Malay gudang.
Gong a disk-shaped percussion instrument that produces a resounding tone when struck with a usually padded hammer, or a saucer-shaped bell
(as in a fire alarm) that is struck by a mechanical hammer, or a wire rod wound in a flat spiral for sounding the time or chime or alarm (as in a
clock). First known use was in 1590, from Malay gong or gung of imitative origin.
Gutta-percha a whitish rubber substance derived from the coagulated milky latex of any of these trees: used in electrical insulation and dentistry,
or any of several tropical trees of the sapotaceous genera Palaquium and Payena, especially Palaquium gutta. First known use was in 1845,
from Malay getah perca, from getah ('gum') + perca ('strips of cloth' which it resembles), altered by association with obsolete gutta ('gum'), from
Latin gutta ('a drop').
Ikat a method of creating patterns in fabric by tie-dyeing the yarn before weaving, also referring to a fabric in which the yarns have been tie-dyed
before weaving. First known use was in 1927, adopted from Malay ikat (literally to tie, bind, fasten).
Junk (type of boat) a flat-bottomed sailing vessel of a kind typical of China and the Southeast Asia, with a prominent stem and lug sails. First
known use was in the mid 16th century: adopted via obsolete French juncque or Portuguese junco, from Malay jong, reinforced by Dutch jonk.
Jelutong (type of timber), from Malay jelutong A Malaysian tree with pale lightweight timber and produces a latex from which chewing gum is
made.
Kampong a hamlet or village in a Malay-speaking country. First known use in English was in 1844.
Kanchil any of several small chevrotains, also known as mousedeer, of Southeast Asia formerly regarded as constituting several species but now
usually held to be varieties of one (Tragulus kanchil).
Kapok a silky fibre obtained from the hairs covering the seeds of a tropical bombacaceous tree, Ceiba pentandra (kapok tree or silk-cotton tree):
used for stuffing pillows, cushions, and for sound insulation. Also called, silk cotton. First known use was in 1750, adopted from Malay kapuk.
Kapur a large tropical Old World tree which yields light brown timber, edible fruit, and camphor. Genus Dryobalanops, family Dipterocarpaceae.
Derived from Malay kapur.
Ketchup any of various piquant sauces containing vinegar and tomatoes, used as a relish. First known use was in 1690, derived via Malay
kĕchap fish sauce, from Cantonese kō tsiap brine of pickled fish, from kō ('seafood') + tsiap ('sauce').
Kris (also archaic 'creese') an Indonesian (Javanese) or Malay dagger with a ridged serpentine blade. First known use was in 1580, derived from
Malay kĕris, from noun-building prefix kĕ- + verb hiris ('to slice').
Launch a large boat that operates from a ship or a motorboat that is open or that has the forepart of the hull covered. Historically referred to the
largest boat carried on a man-of-war. First known use was in 1697, possibly derived from Spanish or Portuguese lancha ('barge'), from Malay
lancharan boat, from the root word lanchar ('velocity without effort' or 'action of gliding smooth primarily of boats and turtles') + noun-building
suffix -an.
Langsat from Malay langsat, a species of fruit-bearing tree belonging to the family Meliaceae [Lansium domesticum].
Latah from Malay latah, a condition in which abnormal behaviors result from a person experiencing a sudden shock.
Lory any of various small brightly coloured parrots of Australasia, having a brush-tipped tongue with which to feed on nectar and pollen. First
known use was in 1682, via Dutch from Malay lūrī, a variant of nūrī.
Mandarin a high public official of imperial China. First known use was in 1589, derived from Portuguese mandarim, from Malay mĕntĕri
('minister'), itself originated from Sanskrit mantrin ('counselor'), a derivation from mantra ('counsel').
Mangosteen a Southeast Asian tree, Garcinia mangostana, with thick leathery leaves and edible fruit of family Clusiaceae. Also referring to the
fruit of this tree, having a sweet juicy pulp and a hard skin. First known use was in 1598, derived from Malay mangisutan, a dialect variant of
manggis.
Meranti white, red, or yellow hardwood from a Southeast Asian tree (genus Shorea). First known use was in the late 18th century, derived from
Malay mĕranti.
Merbau the hardwood of a Southeast Asian tree (genus Intsia). First known use was in the late 18th century, from Malay mĕrba .
Napu any of several Indo-Malayan chevrotains resembling but larger than the kanchils and probably all varieties of a single species (Tragulus
javanicus). Derived from Malay napoh.
Nipa a palm tree with creeping roots, characteristic of mangrove swamps in India and the Pacific islands. First known use was in 1779, denoting
an alcoholic drink made from the sap of the tree, via Spanish or Portuguese, from Malay nīpah.
Orangutan a large anthropoid ape, Pongo pygmaeus, of the forests of Sumatra and Borneo, with shaggy reddish-brown hair and strong arms.
First known use was in 1691, Bazaar Malay (Malay-based pidgin), from Malay ōrang ('man') + hūtan ('forest').
Paddy 'rice paddy', rice as a growing crop or when harvested but not yet milled. Also called 'paddy field', referring to the rice plant Oryza sativa.
Derived from Malay pā ī, first known use was in 1623.
Pandanus a tropical tree or shrub with a twisted stem, long spiny leaves, and fibrous edible fruit.[Genus Pandanus.]. New Latin genus name,
from Malay pandan screw pine, first known use was in 1830.
Pangolin any mammal of the order Pholidota found in tropical Africa and Southeast Asia, having a body covered with overlapping horny scales
and a long snout specialized for feeding on ants and termites. First known use was in 1774, derived from Malay pĕngg ling ('one that
rolls/curls'), from the root word guling ('to roll over'); from its ability to roll into a ball.
Pantoum a verse form consisting of a series of quatrains in which the second and fourth lines of each verse are repeated as the first and third
lines of the next. Derived via French, from Malay pantun. First known use was in the late 18th century.
Parang a short sword, cleaver, or machete common in Malaysia and Indonesia. First known use was in 1839, derived from Malay parang.
Picul a unit of weight used in China and South-East Asia equal to 100 catties (approx. 133 lb, 60.4 kg). Earliest use was from the late 16th
century, in the work of a translator, Robert Parke (fl. 1588–1589). Derived from Malay pīk l, a load as heavy as an ordinary man can lift, 100-
catty weight.
Proa (also 'prahu' or 'prau') any of several kinds of canoe-like boats used in the Southeast Asia, especially one equipped with a large triangular
sail and an outrigger. Earliest known use was in 1582, from Malay pĕrah .
Pulasan a Southeast Asian tropical fruit that resembles the closely related rambutan but is sweeter and less juicy. Derived from Malay pulasan,
from the root word pulas ('to twist' referring to the act of twisting the fruit with both hands to open it) + noun-building suffix -an.
Rambutan a bright red spiny Southeast Asian fruit closely related to the lychee; also referring to the tree (Nephelium lappaceum) of the
soapberry family that bears this fruit. Earliest known use was in 1707, from Malay rambūtan, from the root word rambūt ('hairy', with allusion to
the fruit's spines) + noun-building suffix -an.
Ramie a woody urticaceous shrub of Asia, Boehmeria nivea, having broad leaves and a stem that yields a flaxlike fibre. Also referring to the fibre
from this plant, used in making fabrics, cord. First known use was in 1832, from Malay rami.
Rattan any of the climbing palms of the genus Calamus and related genera, having tough stems used for wickerwork and canes. Also referring to
the stems of such plants collectively and a stick made from one of these stems. Earliest known use was in 1660, from Malay rōtan, probably
derived from raut ('pare' or 'trim').
Ringgit the standard monetary unit of Malaysia, divided into 100 sen. Literally 'serration', referring to the serrated edges of silver Spanish dollars
which circulated widely in the area during the 16th and 17th century. First known use in English was in 1967.
Sago a starchy cereal obtained from the powdered pith of a sago palm, used for puddings and as a thickening agent. From Malay sāgū, possibly
via Portuguese. Earliest known use was in 1580.
Salak from salak, ' a species of palm tree (family Arecaceae) native to Indonesia and Malaysia [Salacca zalacca]'.
Sambal a condiment made typically of peppers, pickles, grated coconut, salt fish, or fish roe and eaten especially with curry and rice. Derived from
Malay sambal.
Sapan a small leguminous tree, Caesalpinia sappan, of Southeast Asia producing wood that yields a red dye. Derived via Dutch sapan in 16th
century, from Malay sapang.
Sarong a draped skirtlike garment worn by men and women in the Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka, and the Pacific islands. Earliest known use was in
1830, derived from Malay sarung (literally 'to sheath').
Satay (also 'sate') from Malay satai, Javanese/Indonesian "sate", an Indonesian and Malaysian dish consisting of small pieces of meat grilled on
a skewer and served with spiced sauce.
Seladang a wild ox with a dark brown or black coat with white lower legs, native to India and Malaysia. [Bos gaurus.]. First known use was in the
early 19th century, derived from Malay sĕla ang.
Siamang a large black gibbon native to Sumatra and Malaya [Hylobates syndactylus.] Earliest known use was in 1822, from Malay siamang.
Silat the Malay art of self-defence, practised as a martial art or accompanied by drums as a ceremonial display or dance.
Tael a unit of weight, used in the Far East, having various values between one and two and a half ounces. Also formerly a Chinese monetary unit
equivalent in value to a tael weight of standard silver. Earliest known use was in 1588, adopted via Portuguese, from Malay tahil (literally
'weight').
Tical an archaic monetary unit of Malay origin, tikal. Adopted into English possibly via Thai or Portuguese, first known use was in 1662.
Tokay a small gecko, Gekko gecko, of South and Sotheast Asia, having a retractile claw at the tip of each digit. Derived from Malay toke' or tokek,
of imitative origin. First known use was in 1696.
Tombac any of various brittle alloys containing copper and zinc and sometimes tin and arsenic: used for making cheap jewellery. A French term
derived from Dutch tombak, in turn from Malay tĕmbaga ('copper'), apparently from Sanskrit tāmraka, from the root word tāmra ('dark coppery
red'). Earliest known use in English was in 1602.
Trepang any of several large sea cucumbers (as of the genera Actinopyga and Holothuria) that are taken mostly in the southwestern Pacific and
are boiled, dried, and used especially in Asian cuisine, also called bêche-de-mer. From Malay těripang, first known use was in 1783.

List of English words of Māori origin

The following Māori words exist as loanwords in English. Many of them concern endemic New Zealand flora and fauna that were known prior to the
arrival of Europeans in New Zealand. Other terms relate to Māori customs. All of these words are commonly encountered in New Zealand English,
and several (such as kiwi) are widely used across other varieties of English, and in other languages. In general, words that are written with macrons
in Māori are written without macrons in English, but the macron is becoming more widely used in New Zealand English.
A kea A pair of pōh t kawa trees . An artist's recreation of the head of a kaiwhekea. The accepted English common names of a number of species
of animal and plant endemic to New Zealand are simply their Māori names or a close equivalent:
huhu a type of large beetle
huia a recently extinct bird, much prized traditionally by Māori for its feathers
kākā a native parrot
kākāpō a rare native bird
kahikatea a type of large tree
Kaiwhekea a type of prehistoric plesiosaur
katipo a venomous native spider
kauri large conifer in the Araucariaceae
kea a parrot, the world's only alpine parrot
kererū the native wood pigeon
kina the sea-urchin, eaten as a delicacy
kiwi the bird, a New Zealander, or (but not in New Zealand English) kiwi fruit
kōkako a rare type of bird
kowhai a type of flowering tree
kūmara sweet potato
mako a shark, considered a magnificent fighting game fish
mamaku a type of large tree fern
moa extinct giant flightless bird
pāua abalone
pōhutukawa a type of flowering tree
ponga (also spelt punga) the silver fern, often used as a symbol for New Zealand
pukeko a wading bird, the purple swamphen
rātā a type of flowering tree
rimu a tree, the red pine
takahē a rare wading bird
toheroa a shellfish
tōtara an evergreen tree
tuatara rare lizard-like reptile, not closely related to any other living species
tui the parsonbird
weka a flightless bird of the rail family
weta a large native insect, similar to a cricket
whekī a type of tree fern

Placenames
View over Greater Tauranga, taken from the top of Mauao
Thousands of Māori placenames (with or without anglicisation) are now official in New Zealand. These include:
Territorial authorities: Waikato, Manawatu, Tauranga, Taranaki, Otago
Cities: Tauranga, Whangarei, Waitakere, Timaru, Rotorua
Tourist destinations: Aoraki/Mount Cook, Tongariro, Manapouri, Moeraki, Wakatipu, Te Anau, Waitomo
There is a movement to replace anglicised words and return placenames to their original Māori forms. See for example Whanganui. Some Treaty of
Waitangi settlements have included placename changes.
Many New Zealand rivers and lakes have Māori names; these names predominantly use the prefixes wai- (water) and roto- (lake) respectively.
Examples include the Waikato, Waipa and Waimakariri rivers, and lakes Rotorua, Rotomahana and Rotoiti.
A Māori name for New Zealand, Aotearoa, has gained some currency as a more acceptable alternative. It appears in the names of some political
parties, e.g. Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand and Communist Party of Aotearoa.

Other words and phrases

Putting down a hāngi Terraces on Maungawhau / Mount Eden marking the sites of the defensive palisades and ditches of this former pā
Pounamu pendant Waka taua (war canoes) at the Bay of Islands, 1827-8. The word has also given rise to the phrase waka-jumping, in New
Zealand politics. The foreshore and seabed hikoi approaching the Parliament of New Zealand. The red, black, and white flags represent tino
rangatiratanga.
aroha love, sympathy, compassion
arohanui "lots of love", commonly as a valediction
haere mai and haere ra welcome and goodbye (respectively)
haka traditional Māori dance, not always a war-dance, often performed by New Zealand sports teams to 'intimidate' opponents; see Haka of the All
Blacks
hāngi earth oven used to cook large quantities of food (2) the food cooked in the hāngi
hapū clan or subtribe, part of an iwi
hikoi march or walk, especially a symbolic walk such as a protest march
hongi traditional Māori greeting featuring the pressing together of noses and sharing of breath
hui meeting, conference
iwi tribe
kai food
kai moana sea food
kapa haka a cultural festival or music and dance
ka pai very pleasant, good, fine
karakia sung prayer or welcome
kaupapa policy or principle, credo
kāwanatanga sovereignty
kia kaha an expression of support, lit. be strong
kia ora a greeting, lit. be healthy
koha gift, present, offering, donation, contribution
kōhanga reo Māori language preschool (literally 'language nest')
kōrero to talk; to speak Māori; story
koru stylised fern frond pattern, used in art
Kura Kaupapa Māori Maori language school
mahinga mātaitai traditional seafood gathering place
mana regard in which someone is held; respect of their authority; reputation
manaia guardian spirit, often found in Māori artwork and carving
Māoritanga Māori culture, traditions, and way of life, lit. Māorin ss
marae a communal or sacred place that serves religious and social purposes in Māori society
Matariki midwinter festival, the Māori new year, lit. the star cluster of the Pleiades
mihi lit. greet, acknowledge; sometimes used for internet board or forum message
moko facial tattoo
mokopuna descendants, young children. Lit. grandchildren
Ngaire woman's name, origin unknown
pā hill fort
pakarū broken, not working; often rendered in New Zealand English as puckeroo or puckerooed
Pākehā New Zealander of non-Māori descent, usually European
Papakāinga land used as housing by a hapu or whanau group
Poi A dance art that originated in Māori culture and is now popular in object-manipulation communities
Pounamu greenstone, jade, nephrite
pōwhiri ceremony of welcome
puku abdomen, tummy
rāhui a ban or prohibition
rohe homeland, tribal area
tangata whenua home tribe of a given marae or district; by extension, Māori in the New Zealand context, people of the land.
taniwha mythical water monster
tangi funeral, rites for the dead
taonga sacred treasure. Māori usage: property, goods, possessions, effects, treasure, something prized. The term whare taonga ("treasure
house") is used in the Māori names of museums
tapu sacred, taboo; to be avoided because of this; (a cognate of the Tongan tabu, origin of the English borrowing of taboo)
te reo the Māori language (literally, 'the language')
tiki stylised representation of a male human, found in Māori artwork and carving
tino rangatiratanga a political term, sometimes translated as "chieftainship"
tukutuku traditional woven panels
utu revenge. Māori usage: revenge, cost, price, wage, fee, payment, salary, reciprocity
wāhi tapu sacred site
wai water (found at the start of the names of many New Zealand rivers)
waiata singing, song
waka canoe
whakapapa ancestry, heritage
whānau extended family or community of related families
whare house, building

Many Māori words that describe Māori culture have become part of New Zealand English and may be used in general contexts
Aotearoa: New Zealand. Popularly interpreted to mean 'land of the long white cloud', but the original derivation is uncertain
aroha: Love, sympathy, affection
arohanui: "lots of love", commonly as a complimentary close
haere mai: welcome
haka: a chant and dance of challenge (not always a war dance), popularised by the All Blacks rugby union team, who perform a haka before the
game in front of the opposition
hāngi: a method of cooking food in a pit; or the occasion at which food is cooked this way (compare the Hawaiian use of the word luau)
hongi: traditional Māori greeting featuring the pressing together of noses
hui: a meeting; increasingly being used by New Zealand media to describe business meetings relating to Māori affairs
iwi: tribe, or people
kai: food
kapai: very pleasant; good, fine. From Māori 'ka pai'
kaitiaki: guardianship of the environment
kaupapa: agenda, policy or principle
kia ora: hello, and indicating agreement with a speaker (literally 'be healthy')
koha: donation, contribution
kōhanga reo: Māori language preschool (literally 'language nest')
kōrero: to talk; to speak Māori; story
Kura Kaupapa Māori Maori language school
mana: influence, reputation — a combination of authority, integrity, power and prestige
Māoritanga: Māori culture, traditions, and way of life. Lit. Māorin ss.
marae: ceremonial meeting area in front of the meeting house; or the entire complex surrounding this, including eating and sleeping areas
Pākehā: Non-Maori New Zealanders, especially those with European ancestry
piripiri: clinging seed, origin of New Zealand English 'biddy-bid'.
pōwhiri: ceremony of welcome
puku: belly, usually a big one
rāhui: restriction of access
tāngata whenua: native people of a country or region, i.e. the Māori in New Zealand (literally 'people of the land')
tapu: sacred, taboo; to be avoided because of this; (a cognate of the Tongan tabu, origin of the English borrowing of taboo)
tangi: to mourn; or, a funeral at a marae
taniwha: mythical water monster
te reo: the Māori language (literally, 'the language')
waka: canoe, boat (modern Māori usage includes automobiles)
whānau: extended family or community of related families
whare: house, building

Other Māori words and phrases may be recognised by most New Zealanders, but generally not used in everyday speech:
hapū: subtribe; or, pregnant
kapa haka: cultural gathering involving dance competitions; haka team
karakia: prayer, used in various circumstances including opening ceremonies
kaumātua: older person, respected elder
kia kaha: literally 'be strong'; roughly "be of good heart, we are supporting you"
Kīngitanga: Māori King Movement
matangi: wind, breeze ("Matangi" is the name for a class of electric multiple unit trains used on the Wellington suburban network, so named after
Wellington's windy reputation).
mauri: spiritual life force
mokopuna: literally grandchildren, but can mean any young children
pakarū: broken, damaged
rangatira: chief
rohe: home territory of a specific iwi
taihoa – not yet, wait a while
tamariki: children
tohunga: priest (in Māori use, an expert or highly skilled person)
tūrangawaewae: one's own turf, "a place to stand"
tutū: to be rebellious, stirred up, mischievous Used in New Zealand English to mean "fidget" or "fiddle" e.g. "Don't t tū with that!"
urupā: burial ground
utu: revenge (in Māori, payment, response, answer)
wāhi tapu: sacred site
whaikōrero: oratory
whakapapa: genealogy
waiata: song
wairua: spirit
List of English words of Sanskrit origin
This is a list of English words of Sanskrit origin. Most of these words were not directly borrowed from Sanskrit. The meaning of some words have
changed slightly after being borrowed.
Both languages belong to the Indo-European language family and have numerous cognate terms; these words are not of Sanskrit origin and
technically should not be included on this list.
Ambarella through Sinhalese: ඇඹරැල්ලා æmbarællā ultimately from Sanskrit: अम्बरे ल्ला, a kind of tree.
Aniline through German: Anilin, French: Aniline and Portuguese: Anil from Arabic ‫ النيل‬al-nili and Persian ‫ نيال‬nila, ultimately from Sanskrit नीली nili.
Aryan from Latin Ariana, from Greek Ἀρεία Areia, ultimately from Sanskrit आयद Arya-s "noble, honorable".
Atoll through Maldivean:ު‫ ައ ޮތޅ‬probably ultimately from Sanskrit अन्तला antala.
Aubergine from French aubergine, in Catalan albergínia, via Arabic (‫ با ِذ ْنجان‬al-badinjan) and Persian (‫ بادنجان‬badin-gan) ultimately from Sanskrit
वावतगगम vātigagama, meaning Eggplant or Aubergine.
Avatar from Sanskrit अवतारavatāra, which means "descent", an avatar refers to the human incarnation of God during times of distress on earth. Thus, Krishna and
Rāma were both avatars of Vishnu, who also manifested himself as an avatar many other times, ten of which are considered the most significant.
Bandana from Sanskrit बन्धन bandhana, "a bond".
Banyan from Hindi baniyaa ultimately from Sanskrit वविज्ർ vaṇij, which means "a merchant".
Basmati through Hindi बासमती ultimately from Sanskrit वास vāsa.
Bahuvrihi from Sanskrit बहुव्रीवह bah vrīhih, a composite word, meaning 'much rice.'
Beryl from Old French beryl, via Latin beryllus, Greek βήρυλλος and Prakrit वेलुटरय (veluriya) ultimately from Sanskrit वैडयद vai ūrya, of Dravidian
origin, maybe from the name of Belur.
Bidi through Hindi बीडी ultimately from Sanskrit वववतक vitika.
Bhakti from Hindi भवि "bhakti", portion.
Brinjal from Persian ‫ بادنجان‬ba ingān, probably from Sanskrit भडटाकी bhaṇṭākī.
Buddha from Sanskrit बुद्ध buddha, which means "awakened, enlightened", refers to Siddhartha Gautama, founder of Buddhism Also refers to
one who is enlightened in accordance with the teachings of Buddha or a likeness of Buddha
Candy Middle English candi, crystallized cane sugar, short for sugre-candi, partial translation of Old French sucre candi, ultimately from Arabic
sukkar qan ī : sukkar, sugar + qan ī, consisting of sugar lumps (from qand, lump of crystallized sugar, from an Indic source akin to Pali kaṇḍa-,
from Sanskrit khaṇḍakaḥ, from khaṇḍaḥ, piece, fragment, perhaps of Munda origin).
Cashmere 1680s, "shawl made of cashmere wool," from the old spelling of Kashmir, Himalayan kingdom where wool was obtained from long-
haired goats.
Cheetah which is from Sanskrit वचत्रस chitra-s "uniquely marked".
Chuddar through Urdu ‫ چادر‬ultimately from Sanskrit छत्रम् chatram.
Chintz from Hindi chint, from Sanskrit chitra-s "clear, bright".
Chukar via Hindi चकोर cakor and Urdu ‫ چکور‬chukar ultimately from Sanskrit चकोर cakorah.
Chukker from Hindi चक्कर and Urdu ‫چکر‬chakkar, from Sanskrit चक्र cakra, "a circle, a wheel".
Citipati from Sanskrit वचवत पवत citi-pati, which means "a funeral pyre lord".
Cot from Hindi खाट khaat "a couch", which is from Sanskrit खट्वा khatva.
Copra from Portuguese copra (16c.), from Malayalam (Dravidian) koppara (cognate with Hindi khopra) "coconut;" related to Hindi khopri "skull,"
from Sanskrit kharparah "skull."
Cowrie from Hindi कौडी kauri and Urdu ‫ کمتدب‬kauri, from Marathi कवडइ kavadi, which is ultimately from Sanskrit कपदद kaparda.
Crimson from Old Spanish cremesin, via Medieval Latin cremesinus from Persian ‫ قرمز‬qirmiz "a kermes", which is ultimately from Sanskrit कृ वमज
krmi-ja literally: "red dye produced by a worm."
Crocus from Greek κρόκος crocus, via Semitic languages (e.g. Hebrew ‫ כרכום‬karkōm, Aramaic ‫ ܟܟܘܪܟܟܡܡܐ‬kurkama, Persian ‫ كركم‬kurkum, which
mean saffron or saffron yellow. ); ultimately from Sanskrit कु ङ्कु मां kunkumam.
Dhal through Hindi दाल āl ultimately from Sanskrit दलह dalah, meaning cotyledon of a pea pod, a type of Indian food; also refers to lentils.
Das from Sanskrit दासा daasa, a slave or servant.
Datura through Latin and Hindi: धतरा hatūra "jimson weed" ultimately from Sanskrit धत्तुरह hattūrāh, a kind of flowering plant.
Deodar through Hindi देओदार o ār ultimately from Sanskrit देवदार va ār , a kind of tree.
Deva from Sanskrit देव deva, which means "a god", akin to Latin deus, "god".
Devi from Sanskrit देवी devi, which means "a goddess".
Dharma from Sanskrit: धमद dharma; akin to Latin: firmus, meaning "conformity to one's duty and nature" and "divine law".
Dhoti via Hindi hotī (Hindi: धोती) ultimately from Sanskrit ha tī (Sanskrit: धौती) which means 'to wash', a traditional male garment used in
India. Material tied around the waist that covers most of the legs.
Dinghy from Hindi कदन्गी dingi "a tiny boat", probably from Sanskrit द्रोिम drona-m.
Ganja via Hindi गज "elephant bull" ultimately from Sanskrit गाांजा gāñjā, which means "of hemp".
Gharry via Hindi word gā ī (Hindi: गाडी) which is ultimately derived from Sanskrit word garta (Sanskrit: गतद) which means 'chariot'.
Ginger from Old English gingifer, gingiber, from Late Latin gingiber, from Latin zingiberi, from Greek zingiberis, from Prakrit (Middle Indic)
singabera, from Sanskrit srngaveram, from srngam "horn" + vera- "body,"
Gondwana from two Sanskrit words, goṇḍa (Devanagari: गोडड) which means 'Gondi people or mountaineers' and vana (Devanagari: वन) which
means 'forest'.
Guar through Hindi गार ultimately from Sanskrit गॊपवल gopālī, an annual legume.
Gunny via Hindi गोनी ultimately from Sanskrit गोिी goni "sack". ; from Persian ‫" گونی‬Gooni" a burlap sack.
Gurkha via Nepalese गोखाद ultimately from Sanskrit गोरक्ष goraksa, "a cowherd".
Guru via Hindi गुर ultimately from Sanskrit गुर guru-s, which means "a teacher".
Jackal from Turkish çakal, from Persian ‫ شغال‬shaghal, from Middle Indic shagal, ultimately from Sanskrit शृगालुः srgalah "the howler".
Jaggery via Portuguese jágara, jagre and Malayalam ഛക്കര chakkara perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit शकद रा śarkarā derived from proto-
Dravidian.
Java originally a kind of coffee grown on Java and nearby islands of modern Indonesia. By early 20c. it meant coffee generally. The island name is
shortened from Sanskrit Yavadvipa "Island of Barley," from yava "barley" + dvipa "island."
Juggernaut through Odia ଜଗନ୍ନାଥർJagannatha ultimately from Sanskrit जगन्नाथ jagat-natha-s, which means "lord of the world".
Jungle through Hindi जांगल jangal "a desert, forest"; also Persian ‫ جنگل‬jangal meaning forest; ultimately from Sanskrit जङ्गल jangala, which means
"arid".
Jute via Bengali পাট Pata ultimately from Sanskrit जुतास juta-s, which means "twisted hair".
Karma from Sanskrit कमद karman, which means "action".
Kedgeree probably ultimately from Sanskrit कृ शर krśara.
Kermes via French: Kermès, and Persian ‫ قرمز‬qermez; perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit: कृ वमज kṛmija meaning "worm-made."
Krait through Hindi करै त karait probably ultimately from Sanskrit: काराइट, a kind of snake.
Lac through Urdu ‫الکھ‬, Persian ‫ الک‬and Hindi लाख lakh from Prakrit लक्ख lakkha, ultimately from Sanskrit लाक्षा lākṣā, meaning lac.
Lacquer through French: Laque and Portuguese: Laca from Arabic ‫ لك‬lakk, via Prakrit ultimately from Sanskrit लाक्षा lākṣā.
Langur through Hindi लुट lut probably ultimately from Sanskrit लांगल ु म langūlam.
Lilac via Arabic ‫ للك‬lilak from Persian ‫ نيلک‬nilak meaning "bluish", ultimately from Sanskrit नील nila, which means "dark blue".
Loot ultimately from Sanskrit लुडटा lota-m or लवन्त्त l ṇṭhati meaning "he steals" through Hindi लट lūṭ, which means "a booty, stolen thing".
Maharajah through Hindi महाराजा ultimately from Sanskrit महा राजन् maha-rājān, which means "a great king".
Maharani through Hindi महारानी finally from Sanskrit महा रानी mahārājnī, which means "consort of a maharajah".
Maharishi from Sanskrit महर्षद maha-rishi, which means "a great sage".
Mahatma from Sanskrit महात्मा mahatman, which means "a great breath, soul".
Mahayana from Sanskrit महायान maha-yana, which means "a great vehicle".
Mahout via Hindi माहुत (variant of महावत) ultimately from Sanskrit महमत्रह् mahāmātrah.;
Mandala from Sanskrit मडडल mandala, which means "a disc, circle".
Mandarin via Portuguese mandarim, Dutch mandarijn, Indonesian and Malay mantri or menteri, and Hindi मांत्री mantri "a councillor" ultimately
from Sanskrit मवन्त्रन् mantri, which means "an advisor".
Mantra from Sanskrit मन्त्र mantra-s which means "a holy message or text".
Maya from Sanskrit माया māyā, a religious term related with illusion.
Mithras from Sanskrit वमत्र Mitrah, which means "a friend".
Moksha from Sanskrit मोक्ष moksha, liberation from the cycle of death and rebirth.
Mugger via Hindi मगर and Urdu ‫ مگر‬magar ultimately from Sanskrit मकर makara ("sea creature"), like a crocodile, which attacks stealthily.
Mung bean through Hindi मुग mūg and Pali/Prakrit मुग्ग mugga ultimately from Sanskrit मुग्दह् mudgah, a kind of bean.
Musk via Middle English muske, Middle French Musc, Late Latin Muscus and Late Greek μόσχος moskhos from Persian ‫ موشک‬mushk, ultimately
from Sanskrit मुस्कस् muska-s meaning "a testicle", from a diminutive of मुस mus ("mouse").
Mynah through Hindi मैना maina ultimately from Sanskrit मदन madana-s, which means "love".;
Nainsook through Hindi नैनसुख nainsukh and Urdu ‫ نينسوکھ‬ultimately from Sanskrit नयनम्सुख् nayanam-sukh, meaning "pleasing to the eyes".
Nard through Old French narde and Latin nardus from Greek νάρδος nardos, perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit नलदम् naladam.
Narghile through French Narguilé and Persian ‫ نارگيله‬nārghīl h ultimately from Sanskrit नाटरके लुः nārik lah.
Nark probably from Romany nak "a nose", via Hindi नक् nak ultimately from Sanskrit नक्रർ nakra.
Neem through Hindi वनम् nīm ultimately from Sanskrit वनम्बुः nimbah, a kind of tree.
Nilgai through Hindi नीलगाय nīlgāy lit., blue cow ultimately from Sanskrit नीलगौुः nīla-gauh, an ox-like animal.
Nirvana from Sanskrit वनवादि nirvana-s which means "extinction, blowing out".
Opal through French opalle from Latin opalus from Greek ὀπάλλιος opallios, probably ultimately from Sanskrit औपल upalah.
Orange through Old French orenge, Medieval Latin orenge and Italian arancia from Arabic ‫ نارنج‬naranj, via Persian ‫ نارنگ‬narang and Sanskrit
नारङ्ग naranga-s meaning "an orange tree", derived from proto-Dravidian.
Pal 1788, from Romany (English Gypsy) pal "brother, comrade," variant of continental Romany pral, plal, phral, probably from Sanskrit bhrata
"brother"
Palanquin via Hindi word pālakī (Hindi: पालकी) which is ultimately derived from Sanskrit word palyanka (Sanskrit: पल्यङ्क) which means 'bed' or
'couch'.
Panther via classical Latin panthēr, itself from the ancient Greek word pánthēr (πάνθηρ) which is ultimately derived from Sanskrit पाडडर pāṇḍara
which means ("pale").
Parcheesi 1800, from Hindi pachisi, from pachis "twenty-five" (highest throw of the dice), from Sanskrit panca "five"
Pepper Old English pipor, from an early West Germanic borrowing of Latin piper "pepper," from Greek piperi, probably (via Persian) from Middle
Indic pippari, from Sanskrit pippali "long pepper."
Punch via Sanskrit पञ्च pancha, meaning "five". The original drink was made from five ingredients: alcohol, sugar, lemon, water, and tea or spices.
Pundit via Sanskrit पवडडत paṇ ita, meaning "learned". A person who offers to mass media their opinion or commentary on a particular subject
area.:
Raita ultimately from Sanskrit रवजकवतिक rājikātiktakaḥ via Hindi रायता rāytā, a south Asian condiment and side dish made of yogurt and
vegetables.
Raj through Hindi राज and Pali/Prakrit रज्ज rajja ultimately from Sanskrit राज्य rājya, which means "a king" or "kingdom." Raj means kingdom or
domain of a ruler.
Rajah through Hindi राज from Sanskrit राजन् rājān, which means "a king".
Ramtil through Hindi ultimately from Sanskrit रामवतलुः rāmatilah, which means "a dark sesame".
Rani through Hindi रानी ultimately from Sanskrit राज्ञी rājnī, consort of a rajah.
Rice via Old French ris and Italian riso from Latin oriza, which is from Greek ὄρυζα oryza, through an Indo-Iranian tongue finally from Sanskrit
व्रीवहस् vrihi-s "rice", derived from proto-Dravidian.
Rupee through Hindi रपया r piyā ultimately from Sanskrit रूप्यकम् rūpyakam, an Indian silver coin.
Saccharo- via Latin Saccharon and Greek σάκχαρον from Pali सक्खर sakkharā, ultimately from Sanskrit शकद रा sarkarā.
Sambal through Afrikaans, Indonesian and Tamil சம்பல் campāl ultimately from Sanskrit सम्बार sambhār i.
Sambar through Hindi ultimately from Sanskrit सांभारह् śambarah, a kind of Asian deer.
Sandal via Middle English sandell, Old French sandale, Medieval Latin sandalum, Medieval Greek σανδάλιον sandalion (diminutive of σάνδαλον
sandalon) and Arabic and Persian ‫ ;صندل‬perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit चन्दनम् candanam meaning "wood for burning incense;" this is the
word sandalwood, not related to sandals which is a type of footwear.
Sapphire via Old French saphir, Latin sapphirus and Greek σάπφειρος sappheiros from a Semitic tongue (c.f. Hebrew: ‫ ספיר‬sapir); possible
ultimate origin in Sanskrit शवनविय sanipriya which literally means "sacred to Saturn (Shani)".
Sari through Hindi साडी sari and Prakrit सकद sadi, finally from Sanskrit षाटी sati "garment".
Shampoo via Anglo-Indian shampoo and Hindi चााँपो champo probably from Sanskrit चपयवत capayati, which means "kneads".
Shawl from Persian ‫ شال‬shal, finally from Sanskrit सत्ल् satI, which means "a strip of cloth".
Singapore via Malay Singapura ultimately from Sanskrit ससांहपुरां Simhapuram, literally "the lion city".
Sri Lanka from Sanskrit: श्री लांका which means "venerable island." It is said that Shree or Lakshmi, the Goddess of wealth, resides there.
Sugar through Old French sucre, Italian zucchero, Medieval Latin succarum, Arabic: ‫ سكر‬sukkar and Persian: ‫ شکر‬shakar ultimately from Sanskrit
शकद रा sharkara which means "ground or candied sugar" (originally "grit" or "gravel").
Sunn via Hindi: सुन्न ultimately from Sanskrit: सन sāna, a kind of Asian plant.
Swami through Hindi स्वामी swami ultimately from Sanskrit स्वामी svami, which means "a master".
Swastika from Sanskrit स्ववस्तक svastika, which means "one associated with well-being, a lucky charm" or Good, god fearing being. It is said to be
the form of the Sun.
Taka via Maithili and Bengali: টাকা from Sanskrit तन्कह् tankah.
Talipot through Hindi, Indonesian and Malay talipat from Sanskrit तालपत्रम् tālapatram, a kind of tree.
Tank a word originally brought by the Portuguese from India, from a Hindi source, such as Gujarati tankh "cistern, underground reservoir for
water," Marathi tanken, or tanka "reservoir of water, tank." Perhaps ultimately from Sanskrit tadaga-m "pond, lake pool," and reinforced in later
sense of "large artificial container for liquid"
Tendu via French "stretched" and Hindi ultimately from Sanskrit तालपत्रम् tainduka.
Teapoy via Hindi वतपाई tipāi and Urdu ‫ تپائي‬tipāʼī,which originated as a Sanskrit compound: वत्र (trí, "three") and पाद (pā a, "foot").
Thug through Marathi ठग and Hindi ठग thag probably ultimately from Sanskrit स्थग sthaga, which means "a scoundrel".
Til from Sanskrit वतल tilah, a kind of plant.
Toddy through Hindi तरी tari ultimately from Sanskrit तल tala-s, a Dravidian origin is also probable.
Toon through Hindi तुन tūn ultimately from Sanskrit तुन्नह् tunnah, a kind of tree.
Tope through Hindi टॉप ṭop probably from Prakrit थुपो thūpo, finally from Sanskrit स्तप stūpah.
Tutty through Middle English tutie, Old French, Medieval Latin tūtia, Arabic ‫ توتي‬tūtiyā, and Persian ‫ توتيا‬ultimately from Sanskrit तुत्थां tuttham
meaning "blue vitriol", a Dravidian origin is also probable.
Vina ultimately from Sanskrit वीिा vīṇā through Hindi वीिा vīṇā, a kind of musical instrument.
Wanderoo through Sinhalese: වන්ඩෙරූ vanḍ rū finally from Sanskrit वानर vānarah, a kind of monkey.
Yoga through Hindi योग ultimately from Sanskrit योग yoga-s, which means "yoke, union".
Yogi through Hindi योगी yogi from Sanskrit योवगन् yogin, one who practices yoga or ascetic.
Zen through Japanese 禅 and Chinese 禪 Chán ultimately from Pali झन jhāna and Sanskrit ध्यान dhyana, which means "a meditation".

List of English words from indigenous languages of the Americas

Words from Algonquian languages
Since Native Americans and First Nations peoples speaking a language of the Algonquian group were generally the first to meet English explorers
and settlers along the Eastern Seaboard, many words from these languages made their way into English.
In addition, a great number of place names in North America are Algonquian names,
for example: Mississippi (cf. Illinoismihsisiipiiwi and Ojibwe misiziibi, "great river," referring to the Mississippi River) and Michigan (cf. Illinois
meehcakamiwi, Ojibwe Mishigami, "great sea," referring to Lake Michigan). Even Canadian provinces and U.S. states, districts, counties and
municipalities bear Algonquian names, such as Québec, Saskatchewan, Nantucket, Massachusetts, Naugatuck, Connecticut, Wyoming, District
of Keewatin, Outagamie County, Wisconsin and Chicago, Illinois, or Algonquian-derived names, such as Algoma.
In addition, a number of Indigenous peoples of the Americas groups are known better by their Algonquian exonyms, rather than by their endonym,
such as the Eskimo (see below), Winnebago (perhaps from Potawatomi winpyéko, "(people of the) dirty water"), Sioux (ultimately from Ottawa
naadowesiwag), Assiniboine (Ojibwe asiniibwaan, "stone Sioux") and Chipewyan (Cree čīpwayān, "(those who have) pointed skins or hides").
Apishamore -From a word in an Algonquian language meaning "something to lie down upon" (c.f. Ojibwe apishimon).
Atamasco lily -Earlier "attamusca", from Powhatan.
Babiche -From Míkmaq ápapíj (from ápapi, "cord, thread", Proto-Algonquian *aʔrapa·pyi, from *aʔrapy-, "net" + *-a·by-, "string".
Caribou -From Míkmaq qalipu, "snow-shoveler" (from qalipi, "shovel snow", Proto-Algonquian *maka·ripi-).
Caucus -The etymology is disputed: two possible sources are an Algonquian word for "counsel", 'cau´-cau-as´u'; or the Algonquian cawaassough,
meaning an advisor, talker, or orator.
Chinkapin -From Powhatan chechinquamins, reconstituted as tʃiːhtʃiːnkw ːmins , the plural form.
Chipmunk -Originally "chitmunk," from Odawa jidmoonh tʃ tmő (c.f. Ojibwe ajidamoo(nh)), "American red squirrel".
Cisco -Originally "siscowet," from Ojibwe language bemidewiskaawed "greasy-bodied [fish]".
Eskimo -From Old Montagnais aiachkimeou ([aːjastʃim ːw]; modern ayassimēw), meaning "snowshoe-netter" (often incorrectly claimed to be from
an Ojibwe word meaning "eaters of raw [meat]"), and originally used to refer to the Mikmaq.
Hackmatack -From an Algonquian language akemantak (c.f. Ojibwe aagimaandag), "snowshoe boughs".[citation needed]
Hickory -From Powhatan <pocohiquara>, "milky drink made with hickory nuts".
Hominy -From Powhatan <uskatahomen>/<usketchaumun>, literally "that which is treated", in this case "that which is ground/beaten".
Husky -Ultimately from a variant form of the word "Eskimo" (see above).
Kinkajou -From an Algonquian word meaning "wolverine" (c.f. Algonquin kwingwaage, Ojibwe gwiingwa'aage), through French quincajou.
Kinnikinnick -From Unami Delaware /kələkːəˈnikːan , "mixture" (c.f. Ojibwe giniginige "to mix something animate with something inanimate"),
from Proto-Algonquian*kereken-, "mix (it) with something different by hand".
Mackinaw -From michilmackinac, from Menomini mishilimaqkināhkw, "be large like a snapping turtle",[citation needed] or from Ojibwe mishi-makinaak,
"large snapping turtle" with French -ile-, "island".[citation needed]
Moccasin -From an Algonquian language, perhaps Powhatan <mockasin>, reconstituted as */mahkesen/ (c.f. Ojibwe makizin, Míkmaq mɨkusun,
from Proto-Algonquian *maxkeseni).
Moose -From Eastern Abenaki moz, reinforced by cognates from other Algonquian languages (e.g. Massachusett/Narragansett moos, Ojibwe
moo(n)z, Lenape mus 'elk' ), from Proto-Algonquian *mo·swa.
Mugwump -From "mugquomp", a shortening of Massachusett <muggumquomp>, "war chief" (Proto-Algonquian *memekwa·pe·wa, from
*memekw-, "swift" + *-a·pe·, "man").
Muskellunge -Ultimately from Ojibwe maashkinoozhe, "ugly pike" (c.f. ginoozhe, "pike").
Muskeg -From Cree maskēk, "swamp" (Proto-Algonquian *maškye·kwi).
Muskrat -A folk-etymologized reshaping of earlier "musquash", from Massachusett (c.f. Western Abenaki mòskwas), apparently from Proto-
Algonquian *mo·šk, "bob (at the surface of the water)" + *-exkwe·-, "head" + a derivational ending).
Opossum -From Powhatan <apasum>/<opussum>/<aposoum>, "white dog-like animal", reconstituted as aːpass m (c.f. Proto-Algonquian
*waːp-aʔθemwa, "white dog").
Papoose -From Narragansett <papoòs> or Massachusett <pappouse>, "baby".
Pecan -From Illinois pakani (c.f. Ojibwe bagaan), "nut", from Proto-Algonquian *paka·ni.
Pemmican -From Cree pimihkān, from pimihkēw, "to make grease" (Proto-Algonquian *pemihke·wa, from *pemy-, "grease" + -ehke·, "to make").
Persimmon -From Powhatan <pessemins>/<pushemins>, reconstituted as p ssiːmin . While the final element reflects Proto-Algonquian *-min,
"fruit, berry", the initial is unknown.
Pipsissewa -From Abenaki kpipskwáhsawe, "flower of the woods".
Pokeweed -Probably from "puccoon" (see below) + "weed".
Pone -From Powhatan <poan>/<appoans>, "something roasted" (reconstituted as apoːn ) (c.f. Ojibwe abwaan), from Proto-Algonquian *apwa·n.
Powwow -From Narragansett powwaw, "shaman" (Proto-Algonquian *pawe·wa, "to dream, to have a vision").
Puccoon -From Powhatan <poughkone>, reconstituted as */pakkan/ (c.f. Unami Delaware [pɛːkɔːn], 'red dye; the plant from which dye is made').
Pung A low box-like sleigh designed for one horse. Shortened form of "tom-pung" (from the same etymon as "toboggan") from an Algonquian
language of Southern New England.
Punkie -Via Dutch, from Munsee [ponkwəs] (Proto-Algonquian *penkwehsa, from *penkw-, "dust, ashes" + *-ehs, a diminutive suffix).
Quahog -From Narragansett <poquaûhock>.
Quonset hut -From an Algonquian language of southern New England, possibly meaning "small long place" (with <qunni->, "long" + <-s->,
diminutive + <-et>, locative).
Raccoon -From Powhatan <arahkun>/<aroughcun>, tentatively reconstituted as aːr ːhkan .
Sachem -From an Algonquian language of southern New England, c.f. Narragansett <sâchim> (Proto-Eastern Algonquian *sākimāw, "chief").
Sagamore -From Eastern Abenaki sakəma (c.f. Narragansett <sâchim>), "chief", from Proto-Eastern Algonquian *sākimāw.
Shoepac -From Unami Delaware [tʃipahkɔ] "shoes" (singular [tʃiːpːakw]), altered on analogy with English "shoe".
Skunk -From Massachusett <squnck>[citation needed] (Proto-Algonquian *šeka·kwa, from *šek-, "to urinate" + *-a·kw, "fox").
Squash (fruit) -From Narragansett <askútasquash>.
Squaw -From Massachusett <squa> (c.f. Cree iskwē, Ojibwe ikwe), "woman", from Proto-Algonquian *eθkwe·wa.
Succotash -From Narragansett <msíckquatash>, "boiled whole kernels of corn" (Proto-Algonquian *mesi·nkwete·wari, singular *mesi·nkwete·,
from *mes-, "whole" + *-i·nkw-, "eye [=kernel]" + -ete·, "to cook").
Tabagie -From Algonquin tabaguia.
Terrapin -Originally "torope," from an Eastern Algonquian language, perhaps Powhatan (reconstituted as toːr p ːw ) (c.f. Munsee Delaware
toːlp ːw ), from Proto-Eastern Algonquian *tōrəpēw.
Toboggan -From Míkmaq topaqan or Maliseet-Passamaquoddy tʰaˈpakən/ (Proto-Algonquian *weta·pye·kani, from *wet-, "to drag" + *-a·pye·-,
"cordlike object" + *-kan, "instrument for").
Tomahawk -From Powhatan <tamahaac> (Proto-Algonquian *temaha·kani, from *temah-, "to cut" + *-a·kan, "instrument for").
Totem -From Ojibwe nindoodem, "my totem" or odoodeman, "his totem," referring to a kin group.
Tuckahoe -From Powhatan <tockawhoughe>/<tockwhough>/<taccaho>, "root used for bread", reconstituted as */takwahahk/ (perhaps from
Proto-Algonquian *takwah-, "pound (it)/reduce (it) to flour").
Tullibee -From Old Ojibwe otoːlipiː (modern odoonibii).
Wampum -Earlier "wampumpeag", from Massachusett, and meaning "white strings [of beads]" (c.f. Maliseet: wapapiyik, Eastern Abenaki
wápapəyak, Ojibwewaabaabiinyag), from Proto-Algonquian *wa·p-, "white" + *-a·py-, "string-like object" + *-aki, plural.
Wanigan -from Ojibwa waanikaan, "storage pit"
Wapiti (elk) -From Shawnee waapiti, "white rump" (c.f. Ojibwe waabidiy), from Proto-Algonquian *wa·petwiya, from *wa·p-, "white" + *-etwiy,
"rump".
Wickiup -From Fox wiikiyaapi, from the same Proto-Algonquian etymon as "wigwam" (see below).
Wigwam -From Eastern Abenaki wìkəwam (c.f. Ojibwe wiigiwaam), from Proto-Algonquian *wi·kiwa·Hmi.
Woodchuck -Reshaped on analogy with "wood" and "chuck", from an Algonquian language of southern New England (c.f. Narragansett
<ockqutchaun>, "woodchuck").

Words from Nahuatl

Words of Nahuatl origin have entered many European languages. Mainly they have done so via Spanish. Most words of Nahuatl origin end in a
form of the Nahuatl "absolutive suffix" (-tl, -tli, or -li, or the Spanish adaptation -te), which marked unpossessed nouns.
Achiote -from āchiotl [aːˈtʃiotɬ]
Atlatl -from ahtlatl [ˈaʔtɬatɬ]
Avocado -from āhuacatl, "avocado" or "testicle" [aːˈwakatɬ]
Axolotl -āxōlōtl, from ā-, "water" + xōlōtl, "male servant" [aːˈʃoːloːtɬ]
Cacao and cocoa -from cacahuatl [kaˈkawatɬ]
Chayote -from chayohtli [tʃaˈjoʔtɬi]
Chia -from chian
Chicle -from tzictli [ˈtsiktɬi]
Chili -from chīlli [ˈtʃiːlːi]
Chipotle -from chilpoctli meaning "smoked chili"
Chocolate -Often said to be from Nahuatl xocolātl or chocolātl, which would be derived from xococ "bitter" and ātl "water" (with an irregular
change of x to ch). However, the form xocolātl is not directly attested, and chocolatl does not appear in Nahuatl until the mid-18th century. Some
researchers have recently proposed that the chocol- element was originally chicol-, and referred to a special wooden stick used to prepare
chocolate.
Copal -from copalli
Coyote -from coyōtl
Epazote -from epazōtl
Guacamole -from āhuacamōlli, from āhuaca-, "avocado", and mōlli, "sauce"
Hoatzin -from huāctzin
Jicama -from xicamatl
Mesquite -from mizquitl [ˈmiskitɬ]
Mezcal -from mexcalli [meʃˈkalːi] metl [m tɬ] and ixcalli [iʃˈkalːi] which mean 'oven cooked agave.'
Mole -from mōlli [ˈmoːlːi], "sauce"
Nopal -from nohpalli [noʔˈpalːi], "prickly pear cactus"
Ocelot -from ocēlōtl [oːˈs ːloːtɬ]
Peyote -from peyōtl [ˈp joːtɬ]. Nahuatl probably borrowed the root peyō- from another language, but the source is not known.
Pinole -from Nahuatl pinolli, via Spanish
Quetzal -from quetzalli [k ˈtsalːi], "quetzal feather".
Sapodilla -from tzapocuahuitl
Sapota -from tzapotl [ˈtsapotɬ]
Shack -possibly from xahcalli, "grass hut", by way of Mexican Spanish. [ʃaʔˈkalːi]
Sotol -from tzotolli
Taco from tlahco: half or in the middle
Tamale -from tamalli [taˈmalːi]
Tequila from téquitl: work; tlan: place
Tule -from tōllin [ˈtoːlːin], "reed, bulrush"
Tomato -from tomatl [ˈtomatɬ]

Words from Quechua

Unless otherwise specified, Words in English from Amerindian Languages is among the sources used for each etymology
A number of words from Quechua have entered English, mostly via Spanish, adopting hispanicized spellings.
Ayahuasca -from aya "corpse" and waska "rope", via Spanish ayahuasca
Cachua -from qhachwa
Chuño -from ch'uñu
Coca -from kuka, via Spanish coca
Cocaine -from kuka (see above), probably via French cocaïne
Condor -from kuntur, via Spanish cóndor
Gran Chaco -from chaku, "hunt"
Guanaco -from wanaku
Guano -from wanu via Spanish guano
Inca -from Inka "lord, king"
Jerky -from ch'arki, via Spanish charquí
Lagniappe -from yapay, "add, addition", via Spanish la yapa (with the definite article la).
Lima -from rimay, "speak" (from the name of the city, named for the Rimaq river ("speaking river"))
Llama -from llama, via Spanish
Mashua -from maswa
Pampa -from pampa, "a large plain", via Spanish
Pisco -from pisqu, "bird"
Puma -from puma, via Spanish
Quinine -from kinakina, via Spanish quina
Quinoa -from kinwa, via Spanish quinoa
Soroche -from suruqchi or suruqch'i, "Altitude sickness"
Vicuña -from wik'uña, via Spanish vicuña

Words from Eskimo–Aleut languages

Anorak -from Greenlandic Inuit annoraaq
Chimo -from the Inuktitut word saimo (ᓴᐃᒧ [sa.i.ˈmo], a word of greeting, farewell, and toast before drinking. Used as a greeting and cheer by the
Canadian Military Engineers, and more widely in some parts of Southern Ontario and Western Canada, particularly in Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan
Igloo -from Inuktitut iglu (ᐃᒡᓗ [iɣ.ˈl ])
Ilanaaq -Inuktitut ilanaaq (ᐃᓚᓈᒃ [i.la.naːk]), "friend". Name of the logo for the 2010 Winter Olympics
Inuksuk -from Inuktitut inuksuk (ᐃᓄᒃᓱᒃ [i.n k.ˈs k])
Kayak -from Inuktitut qajaq (ᖃᔭᖅ [qa.ˈjaq])
Malamute -from Inupiaq Malimiut, the name of an Inupiaq subgroup
Mukluk -from Yupik maklak ([makɬak]), "bearded seal"
Nanook -from Inuktitut word for polar bear Nanuq (ᓇᓄᒃ [na.ˈn q]), "polar bear", made famous in English due to a 1922 documentary Nanook of
the North, featuring a man with this name.
Nunatak -from Greenlandic Inuit nunataq

Umiaq -Words from Arawakan languages

Anole -from an Arawakan language, or possibly Cariban, by way of French anolis.
Barbecue -from an Arawakan language of Haiti barbakoa, "framework of sticks", via Spanish barbacoa.
Buccaneer -from an Arawakan language buccan, "a wooden frame on which Tainos and Caribs slowly roasted or smoked meat",via French
boucane.
Cacique or cassique -from Taino cacike or Arawak kassequa "chieftain"
Caiman -from a Ta-Maipurean language, "water spirit" (c.f. Garifuna [aɡai mã]), though possibly ultimately of African origin.
Canoe -from Taino via Spanish canoa.
Cassava -from Taino caçabi, "manioc meal", via Spanish or Portuguese.
Cay -from Taino, by way of Spanish cayo.
Guava -from an Arawakan language, by way of Spanish guayaba.
Hammock -from Taino, via Spanish hamaca.
Hurricane -from Taino hurakán, via Spanish.
Iguana -from an Arawakan language iwana.
Macana -from Taino macana via Spanish.
Maize -from Taino mahís, by way of Spanish.
Mangrove -from Taino, via Spanish mangle or Portuguese mangue.
Papaya -from Taino.
Potato -from the Taino word for "papa", via Spanish patata.
Savanna -from Taino zabana, via Spanish.
Tobacco -probably from an Arawakan language, via Spanish: tabaco.
Yuca -from Taino, via Spanish.

Words from Tupi-Guaraní

Agouti -from Tupi–Guaraní akutí, via Portuguese aguti through French.
Cashew -from Tupí acaîu, via Portuguese caju.
Capybara -from Guaraní kapibári 'the grass eater ' via Portuguese capivara through French.
Catupiry -from Guaraní katupyry via Brazilian Portuguese.
Cayenne -from Tupí kyinha via French.
Cougar -ultimately corrupted from Guaraní guaçu ara.
Jaguar -from Tupinambá via Portuguese jaguar through French jaˈwar-/,.
Jaguarundi -from Guaraní via Portuguese.
Maraca -from Tupí maraka via Portuguese.
Macaw -via Portuguese Macau from Tupi macavuana, which may be the name of a type of palm tree the fruit of which the birds eat.
Manioc -from Tupinambá via Portuguese man(d)ioca through French maniˈʔok-/.
Petunia -from Tupí petun 'smoke' via Portuguese.
Piranha -from Tupí via Portuguese.
Seriema -from Tupinambá siriema 'the crested one' via Portuguese
Tapioca -from Tupinambá via Portuguese /tɨpɨˈʔok-a/, "juice squeezed out".
Tapir -from Tupinambá via Portuguese tapir through French tapiˈʔir-/.
Tegu -from Tupinambá teiú-guaçú 'big lizard' via Portuguese teiú
Toucan -from Tupinambá via Portuguese tucano through French t ˈkan-/, via Portuguese and French.

Words from other indigenous languages of the Americas

Abalone -from Rumsen awlun and Ohlone aluan, via Spanish abulón.
Alpaca -from Aymara allpaka, via Spanish.
Appaloosa -Either named for the Palouse River, whose name comes from Sahaptin palú:s, "what is standing up in the water"; or for Opelousas,
Louisiana, which may come from Choctaw api losa, "black body".
Bayou -from early Choctaw bayuk, "creek, river", via French.
Camas -from Nez Perce qémʼ s.
Cannibal -via Spanish Caníbalis, from a Cariban language, meaning "person, Indian", (Proto-Cariban *karípona), based on the Spaniards' belief
that the Caribs ate human flesh.
Catalpa -from Creek katałpa "head-wing", with (i)ká, "head" + (i)táłpa, "wing".
Cenote -from Yucatec Maya dzonot or ts'onot meaning "well"
Cheechako -from Chinook Jargon chee + chako, "new come". Chee comes from Lower Chinook čxi, "straightaway", and for chako c.f.
Nuuchahnulth čokwaa, "come!"
Chicha via Spanish from Kuna chichab, "maize" or from Nahuatl chichiatl, "fermented water."
Chinook -from Lower Chehalis tsʼinúk, the name of a village, via Chinook Trade Jargon.
Chuckwalla -from Cahuilla čáxwal.
Coho -from Halkomelem k əx əθ ([kʷʼəxʷəθ]).
Coontie -from Creek conti hetaka.
Coypu -from Mapudungun kóypu.
Divi-divi -from Cumanagoto.
Dory -from Miskito dóri, dúri.
Eulachon -from a Cree adaptation of Chinook Trade Jargon ulâkân, itself a borrowing of Clatsap u-tlalxwə(n), "brook trout".
Geoduck -from Lushootseed (Nisqually) g ídəq.
Guan -from Kuna.
High muckamuck -from Chinook Jargon [ˈmʌkəmʌk], "eat, food, drink", of unknown origin.
Hogan -from Navajo hooghan.
Hooch -a shortening of "Hoochinoo", the name of a Tlingit village, from Tlingit xutsnuuwú, "brown bear fort".
Kachina -from Hopi katsína, "spirit being".
Kiva -from Hopi kíva (containing ki-, "house").
Kokanee -perhaps from Twana kəknǽxw.
Manatee -via Spanish manatí, from a word in a Cariban language meaning "(woman's) breast".
Ohunka from Lakota "false", "untrue".
Piki -from Hopi.
Pogonip -from Shoshone /pakɨnappɨ/ ([paˈɣɨnappɨ]), "fog".
Poncho -via Spanish from Mapudungun pontho, "woolen fabric".
Potato via Spanish patata from Haitian Carib batata="sweet potato"
Potlatch -from Nuuchahnulth (Nootka) pa pač ([pʼatɬpʼatʃ], reduplication of pa, "to make ceremonial gifts in potlatch", with the iterative suffix -č) via
Chinook Jargon.
Salal -from Chinook Trade Jargon [səˈlæl], from Lower Chinook salál.
Saguaro -via Spanish, from some indigenous language, possibly Opata.
Sasquatch -From Halkomelem [ˈsæsqʼəts].
Sego -from Ute-Southern Paiute siˈk ʔa/ ([siˈɣuʔa]).
sequoia -from a Cherokee personal name, <Sikwayi>, with no further known etymology.
Sockeye -from Halkomelem ˈsθəqəʔj/.
Skookum -from Chinook Jargon [ˈsk kəm], "powerful, supernaturally dangerous", from Lower Chehalis sk ək əm, "devil, anything evil, spirit
monster".
Tamarin -from a Cariban language, via French.
Tipi -from Lakota thípi, "house".
Tupelo -Perhaps from Creek ’topilwa, "swamp-tree", from íto, "tree" + opílwa, "swamp".
Wapatoo -from Chinook Jargon [ˈwapato], "arrowroot, wild potato", from Upper Chinook [wa]-, a noun prefix + [pato], which comes from
Kalapuyan [pdóʔ], "wild potato".
Wakinyan -from Lakota wa, "people/things" + kiŋyaŋ, "to fly".
Yaupon -from Catawba yąpą, from yą, "wood/tree" + pą, "leaf".

List of English words of Norwegian origin

Some words from the Norwegian language have entered into common English usage. Many of the words relate to the climate and culture of
Norway, such as skiing. In total the English language has received around 600 loanwords from Scandinavian languages, while it is estimated
that 2% of all English words are of Norse origin.
Not all of these words are decisively from Norwegian. They may be from other Scandinavian languages (Danish and Swedish), or may come from
Old Norse, before it evolved into separate languages. Some may also not be directly from Norwegian, but through languages such as Swedish,
Danish, German and French and may also have other alternate spellings in English / than the ones described below.
Brisling (small, herring-like, marine fish)
Fjord (a long indentation of a sea)
Floe (as in ice floe, a river ice slide)
Klister (a kind of ski wax, from the word for glue or paste; also common Scandinavian)
Krill (small shrimp-like animal)
Lemming (lemen, a rodent species)
Lefse (Norwegian potato flatbread similar to a tortilla)
Lutefisk (fish course made from dried fish and lut (lye)).
Quisling (a traitor, from Vidkun Quisling)
Ski (equipment for skiing activities; originally a general word for a plank or chop of wood)
Skrei (From a word meaning "flock" or "crowd", a sprawn-ready codfish)
Slalom (slalåm; not too steep downhill skiing with many gates and turns)
Telemark (a type of ski turn or style of skiing named for the Telemark region in Norway)
Uff da (interjection, other English spellings of this word include oofda, ufda, oofta and ufta.)
Yngling (sailing boat class, from an archaic Norwegian word for "youngster")

List of English words of Old Norse origin

Words of Old Norse origin have entered the English language, primarily from the contact between Old Norse and Old English during colonisation of
eastern and northern England between the mid 9th to the 11th centuries (see also Danelaw). Many of these words are part of English core
vocabulary, such as egg or knife. There are hundreds of such words, and the list below does not aim at completeness.
To be distinguished from loanwords which date back to the Old English period are modern Old Norse loans originating in the context of Old Norse
philology, such as kenning (1871), and loans from modern Icelandic (such as geyser, 1781). Yet another (rare) class are loans from Old Norse
into Old French, which via Anglo-Norman were then indirectly loaned into Middle English; an example is flâneur, via French from the Old Norse
verb flana "to wander aimlessly".
ado influenced by Norse "at" ("to", infinitive marker) which was used with English "do" in certain English dialects
aloft á ("=in, on, to") + lopt ("=air, atmosphere, sky, heaven, upper floor, loft") English provenance = c 1200 AD
anger angr ("=trouble, affliction"); root ang (="strait, straitened, troubled") English provenance = c 1250 AD
awe agi ("=terror") English provenance = c 1205 AD (as aȝe, an early form of the word resulting from the influence of Old Norse on an existing
Anglo-Saxon form, eȝe)
are merger of Old English (earun, earon) and Old Norse (er) cognates
auk A type of Arctic seabird.
awkward the first element is from Old Norse ǫfugr ("=turned-backward"), the '-ward' part is from Old English weard [clarification needed]
bag baggi
bairn barn (="child")
bait beita
band band (="rope")
bark bǫrkr
bask baðask reflex. of baða "bathe" (baðast, baða sig)
berserk berserkr, lit. 'bear-shirt', (alt. berr-serkr, 'bare-shirt') frenzied warriors
billow bylgja
birth byrðr
bleak bleikr (="pale")
blunder blundra (="shut one's eye")
both baðir
bug búkr (="insect within tree trunks")
bulk bulki
bull boli
bylaw bylög ('by'=village; 'lög'=law; 'village-law')
cake kaka (="cake")
call kalla (="cry loudly")
cast kasta (="to throw")
clip klippa (="to cut")
club klubba (="cudgel")
crawl krafla (="to claw")
creek kriki ("corner, nook") through ME creke ("narrow inlet in a coastline") altered from kryk perhaps influenced by Anglo-Norman crique itself
from a Scandinavian source via Norman-French
crook krokr (="hook-shaped instrument or weapon")
cur kurra (="to growl")
die deyja (="pass away")
dirt drit (="feces")
dregs dregg (="sediment")
egg egg (="egg")
eider a type of duck.
equip skipa (="organize, arrange, place in order") through Middle French équiper, from Old French esquiper "fit out a ship, load on board", itself
from Norman-French esquipper, eschiper
fellow félagi
flaneur flana ("to wander aimlessly") + French suffix -eur through French flâneur, itself from Norman-French flaner, flanner
flat flatr
flit flytja (="cause to fit")
fog from Old Norse fok through Danish fog, meaning "spray", "shower", "snowdrift"
freckle freknur (="freckles")
gab gabbnna (="to mock") through Northern England dialect or Scottish or Norman-French
gad gaddr (="spike, nail")
gan gangr (="act of going")
gang gangr (="a group of men")
gap gap (="chasm")
gawk from Middle English gawen, from Old Norse ga (="to heed")
get geta, gat (got), gittan (gotten)
geyser from Icelandic geysir, from Old Norse geysa (="to gush")
gift gift (="dowry")
girth gjörð (="circumference, cinch")
give gefa (="to give")
glitter glitra (="to glitter")
glove lofi (="middle of the hand")
gosling gæslingr" (="goose")
guest gestr (="guest")
gun from Old Norse Gunnhildr (female name, both elements of the name, gunn and hildr, have the meaning "war, battle")
gust gustr (="gust")
haggle haggen (="to chop")
hail heill (="health, prosperity, good luck")
hap, happy happ (="chance, good luck, fate")
haunt heimta (="to bring back home") through Anglo-Norman haunter (="to reside", "to frequent"), (Old) French hanter from Norman hanter.
heathen heiðinn (="not Christian or Jewish/ the word for an exclusively Christian idea, a person or society prior to Christianity."), more probably
from Old English hǣðen, related to Old Saxon hēthin.
Hell May be in part from Old Norse Hel, the daughter of Loki and ruler of the underworld in Norse mythology.
hit hitta (="to find")
how (or howe) haugr (="barrow, small hill") Usage preserved mainly in place names
husband husbondi (="master of the house")
ill illr (="bad")
irk yrkja (="to work")
jökulhlaup from Icelandic jökulhlaup from Old Norse jǫkull and hlaup.
jolly from Old French jolif "gay, joyful, lascivious", French joli, itself from jól "mid-winter feast" + French suffix -if
keel kjölr
kenning a descriptive phrase used in Germanic poetry
kid kið (="young goat")
kindle kynda
knife knífr
knot knutr
lad ladd (="young man (unlikely)")
lathe hlaða (="to load")
law *lagu
leather *leðr, more probably from Old English leðer (only in comps.) related to Old Saxon leðar and to Old High German ledar.
leg leggr
likely líkligr
link *hlenkr
litmus litmose (="lichen for dyeing", lita ="to stain")
loan lán (="to lend")
loft lopt (="an upper room or floor : attic, air, sky")
loose lauss (="loose/free")
low lagr
mire myrr (='bog')
mistake mistaka (="miscarry")
muck myki (="cow dung")
mug mugge
muggy mugga (="drizzle, mist")
Norman, Normandy from Old Norse through Old French, meaning "northman", due to Viking settlement in Normandy region
Oalaf alfr (="elf")
odd oddi (="third number", "the casting vote")
Odin Óðinn
ombudsman from Old Norse umboðsmaðr through Swedish ombudsman, meaning "commissary", "representative", "steward"
outlaw utlagi
plough, plow plogr
Ragnarök term from Norse mythology, English usage recorded since 1770; composed of words ragna, genitive of "the great powers" (regin), and
rǫk "destiny, doom, fate, end".:
race rás (="to race", "to run", "to rush", "to move swift")
raft raptr (="log")
raise reisa
ransack rannsaka (="to search the house")
regret gráta ("to weep, groan") + French prefix re- through Old French regreter, itself from Old Norman-French regrater, regreter, influenced by Old
English grætan
reindeer hreindyri
rive rífa (="to scratch, plow, tear")
root rót
rotten rotinn (="decayed")
rugged rogg (="shaggy tuft")
saga saga (="story, tale")
sale sala
same same, samr (="same")
scale (for weighing) from skal (="bowl, drinking cup", or in plural "weighing scale" referring to the cup or pan part of a balance) in early English
used to mean "cup"
scant skamt & skammr (="short, lacking")
scare skirra (="to frighten)
scarf skarfr (="fastening joint") ("scarf" and "scarves" have possibly been reintroduced to modern Swedish[citation needed] in their English forms as
slang, but Swedes almost always use the compound "neck-cloth" (hals-duk).
scathe skaða (="to hurt, injure")
score skor (="notch"; "twenty")
scrape skrapa (="to scrape, erase")
scrap skrap (="scraps, trifles") from skrapa
seat sæti (="seat, position")
seem sœma (="to conform")
shake skaka (="to shake")
skate skata (="fish")
skid probably from or related to Old Norse skið (="stick of wood") and related to "ski" (="stick of wood", or in this sense "snowshoe")
skill skil (="distinction")
skin skinn (="animal hide")
skip skopa (="to skip, run)
skrike skríkja (="to scream")
skirt skyrta (="shirt")
skull skulle (="head")
sky ský (="cloud")
slant sletta, slenta (="to throw carelessly")
slaughter *slahtr (="butchering")
slaver slafra (="slaver")
sledge sleggja (="sledgehammer")
sleight slœgð
sleuth sloð (="trail")
sly sloegr (="cunning, crafty, sly")
snare snara (="noose, snare")
snub snubba (="to curse")
sprint spretta (="to jump up")
stagger stakra (="to push")
stain steina (="to paint")
stammer stemma (="to hinder, dam up")
steak steik, steikja (="to fry")
sway sveigja (="to bend, swing, give way")
sick "syk" (= diseasing,ill)
take taka
tarn tjǫrn, tjarn
teem tœma (="to empty")
their þeirra
they þeir
though from Old English þēah, and in part from Old Norse þó (="though")
thrall þræll
Thursday Þorsdagr (="Thor's day")
thrift þrift (="prosperity")
thrust þrysta (="to thrust, force")
thwart þvert (="across")
tidings tíðindi (="news of events")
tight þéttr (="watertight, close in texture, solid")
till til (="to, until")
toom tóm (="vacant time, leisure")
troll troll (="giant, fiend, demon"; further etymology is disputed)
trust traust (="help, confidence")
ugly uggligr (="Dreadfull, repulsive")
until from Old Norse und (="as far as, up to") and til (="until, up to")
Valkyrie Valkyrja (="chooser of the slain")
Vanadium from Old Norse Vanadis, another name for Freja
viking vikingr (="one who came from the fjords")
wand vondr (="rod")
want vanta (="to lack")
weak veikr (="weak, pliant")
whirl hvirfla (="to go around")
whisk viska (="to plait")
wicket vík (="bay") + French suffix -et through Anglo-Norman wicket, itself from Old Norman-French wiket, Norman-French viquet > French
guichet
wight vigr (="able in battle") – the other wight meaning "man" is from Old English
wile vél (="trick, craft, fraud")
windlass
window vindauga (="wind-eye") – although gluggi was more commonly used in Old Norse
wing vængr (="a wing")
wrong rangr (="crooked, wry, wrong")
Yggdrasil Yggdrasill
You You - 'thou'
Your "your" - 'thy'
List of English words of Persian origin
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material
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As Indo-European languages, English and Persian are daughter languages of their common ancestral Proto-Indo-European, and still share many
cognate words of similar forms. Examples of these include: English (mother) and Persian (mā ar), English (father) and Persian (pedar), English
(daughter) and Persian (dokhtar), English (brother) and Persian (barā ar) and English (name) and Persian (nām). However, this article will be
concerned with loanwords, that is, words in English that derive from Persian, either directly, or more often, from one or more intermediary
languages.
Many words of Persian origin have made their way into the English language through different, often circuitous, routes. Some of them, such as
"paradise", date to cultural contacts between the Persian people and the ancient Greeks or Romans and through Greek and Latin found their way to
English. Persian as the second important language of Islam has influenced many languages in the Muslim world such as Arabic and Turkish, and its
words have found their way beyond that region.
Iran (Persia) remained largely impenetrable to English-speaking travelers well into the 19th century. Iran was protected from Europe by overland
trade routes that passed through territory inhospitable to foreigners, while trade at Iranian ports in the Persian Gulf was in the hands of locals. In
contrast, intrepid English traders operated in Mediterranean seaports of the Levant from the 1570s, and some vocabulary describing features of
Ottoman culture found their way into the English language. Thus many words in the list below, though originally from Persian, arrived in English
through the intermediary of Ottoman Turkish language.
Many Persian words also came into English through Urdu during British colonialism. Persian was the language of the Mughal court before British
rule in India even though locals in North India spoke Hindusthani.
Other words of Persian origin found their way into European languages—and eventually reached English at second-hand—through the Moorish-
Christian cultural interface in the Iberian peninsula during the Middle Ages thus being transmitted through Arabic.
Alfalfa Etymology: Spanish, from Arabic al-faṣfaṣa : al-, the + faṣfaṣa, alfalfa (variant of fiṣfiṣa, ultimately (probably via Coptic p-espesta : p-,
masculine sing. definite article + espesta, alfalfa) from Aramaic sp stā from Middle Persian aspast, horse fodder.
Amazons Possible etymology: borrowing from old Persian for a warring scythian tribe ("ha-u-ma-va-r-(z)ga: 'lit. 'performing the Haoma plant ritual' ")
Assassin Assassins means murderer in English however the original word in Persian: ‎Hashâshīn is the common name used to refer to Nizari
Ismailis who conducted a series of political assassinations.
Azure Middle English (denoting a blue dye): from Old French asur, azur, from medieval Latin azzurum, azolum, from Arabic al ‘th ’ + lāzawar
(from Persian lāžward ‘lapis laz li’).
Babouche Etymology: from French babouche and Arabic, from Persian pāpoosh , from pa "foot" + poosh "covering." a chiefly oriental slipper made
without heel or quarters.
Babul Etymology: Persian bāb l; akin to Sanskrit बब्बुल, बब्ब्ल babbula, babbla (Acacia arabica), an acacia tree (Acacia arabica) that is probably native
to the Sudan but is widespread in northern Africa and across Asia through much of India
Badian Etymology: French badiane, from Persian bā iyān 'anise.'
Baksheesh from Persian bakhshesh , lit. "gift," from verb bakhshidan "to give, to give in charity, to give mercifully; (hence, also) to forgive". a gift
of money
Balaghat Etymology: probably from Hindi बालाघाट, from Persian bālā 'above' + Hindi gaht 'pass.' tableland above mountain passes.
Baldachin "Baldachin" (called Baldac in older times) was originally a luxurious type of cloth from Baghdad, from which name the word is derived,
through Italian "Baldacco".
Balkans (region) Etymology: possibly from Persian balk 'mud' with Turkish suffix -an, or Persian bālā 'big, high, upper, above' + khāna 'house,
upperhouse, room'.
Ban (title) "governor of Croatia," from Croatian ban "lord, master, ruler," from Persian baan "prince, lord, chief, governor"
Barbican possibly from Persian (khān h "house").
Barsom Etymology: Persian barsam, from Middle Persian barsum, from Avestan barsman. a bundle of sacred twigs or metal rods used by priests in
Zoroastrian ceremonies.
Bazaar from Persian bāzār (="market").
Bazigar Etymology: Hindi बाजीगर bazigar, from Persian. literally means a 'player' (< bāzi 'game, play' + participial suffix -gar; cf. English suffix -er, viz.
"play-er")and it refers to a gypsylike nomadic Muslim people in India.
Bedeguar Etymology: Middle French bedegard, from Persian baadaaward. gall like a moss produced on rosebushes (as the sweetbrier or eglantine)
by a gall wasp (Rhodites rosae or related species)
Begar Etymology: Hindi बेगार begaar, from Persian bi-gār. Meaning forced labor.
Begari Etymology: Hindi बेगार begaar, from Persian bi-gāri.. Meaning forced labor.
Beige Etymology: French beige via Old French bege, perhaps from Italian bambagia cotton, from Medieval Latin bambac-, bambax, from Middle
Greek βαμβάκ bambak-, bambax, probably from a Turkish word represented now by Turkish pamuk cotton, probably of Persian origin; akin to
Persian ‫ پامبا‬pamba cotton. cloth (as dress goods) made of natural undyed wool. a variable color averaging light grayish yellowish brown. a pale
to grayish yellow. "beige" /bazh/ may derive from "camBYSES" (Gk. "byssos" fine cloth, "bysses.byses" fine threads. Persian princes'
robe)<Persian "kamBUJIYA"<Babylonian "kamBUZI" title of kings of Babylon who wore the robe each New Year.
Belleric Etymology: French Bellérique, from Arabic balilaj, from Persian balilah, the fruit of the bahera. compare to MYROBALAN.
Bellum Etymology: modification of Persian balam. a Persian-gulf boat holding about eight persons and propelled by paddles or poles.
Benami Etymology: Hindi बेनाम benaam, from Persian banaam in the name of + i. made, held, done, or transacted in the name of.
Bezoar from pā -zahr antidote. Also used in the following words BEZOAR, ORIENTAL BEZOAR, PHYTOBEZOAR, TRICHOBEZOAR,
WESTERN BEZOAR. any of various concretions found in the alimentary organs (especially of certain ruminants) formerly believed to possess
magical properties and used in the Orient as a medicine or pigment --
Bheesty Etymology: from Persian bihisht heavenly one. India: a water carrier especially of a household or a regiment.
Bhumidar Etymology: Hindi भुवमदर bhumidar, from भवम bhumi earth, land (from Sanskrit भवम bhuumi also Persian Bumi and Old Persian Bum) +
dar holder (from Persian). India: a landholder having full title to his land.
Bildar Etymology: Hindi बेलदार beldar, from Persian bildaar, from bil spade + -dar holder. Digger, Excavator.
Biryani Etymology: Hindi, or Urdu वबरयान biryaan from Persian beryaan. roasted, grilled. Also an Indian dish containing meat, fish, or vegetables and
rice flavored with saffron or turmeric.
Bobachee Etymology: Hindi बाबची babarchi, from Persian baawarchi. India: a male cook
Bolor Etymology: Mongolian Болор Bolour, from Persian Booloor. Mongolian, Persian: Crystal
Bombast Etymology: modification of Middle French bombace, from Medieval Latin bombac-, bombax cotton, alteration of Latin bombyc-, bombyx
silkworm, silk, from Greek βόμβυκ bombyk-, bombyx silkworm, silk garment, probably of Persian origin; akin to Persian pamba cotton. 1)
obsolete: cotton or any soft fibrous material used as padding or stuffing 2) a pretentious inflated style of speech or writing.
Borax Etymology: Via Middle English boras, Anglo-Norman boreis, Medieval Latin baurach, and Arabic báuraq; ultimately from Persian burah or
Middle Persian būrak. the best-known sodium borate Na2B4O7·10H2O
Bostanji Turkish bostanci, literally, gardener, from bostan garden, from Persian bustaan flower or herb garden, from bo fragrance + stan place.
one of the imperial guards of Turkey whose duties include protecting the palace and its grounds, rowing the sultan's barge, and acting as
imperial gardeners
Bronze Etymology: Perhaps ultimately from Pers. birinj "copper.".
Brinjal Etymology: from Persian badingaan, probably from Sanskrit वावतगगम vaatingana. Eggplant.
Budget Budget form Persian "Bood'jeh"
Buckshee Etymology: Hindi बवक्षस bakhsis, from Persian bakhshish.
Budmash Etymology: Persian badma'sh immoral, from bad (from Middle Persian vat) + ma'sh (Arabic) living, life. India: a bad character: a worthless
person.
Bukshi Etymology: Persian bakhshi, literally, giver, from bakhshidan to give. India: a military paymaster.
bulbul Etymology: Persian originally borrowed from Arabic ("nightingale"). a Persian songbird frequently mentioned in poetry that is a nightingale. a
maker or singer of sweet songs.
Bund Etymology: Hindi बांद band, from Persian. An embankment used especially in India to control the flow of water.
Bunder Boat Etymology: Hindi बन्दर bandar harbor, landing-place, from Persian. a coastal and harbor boat in the Far East.
Bundobust Etymology: Hindi बांद-ओ-बसत band-o-bast, literally, tying and binding, from Persian. India: arrangement or settlement of details.
Burka Etymology: Arabic burqu' ("face covering with eye openings") via Russian бурка, probably from бурый buryi dark brown (of a horse), probably
of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish bur red like a fox; the Turkic word probably from Persian bur reddish brown.
Burkundaz Etymology: Hindi बर्कदन्जज barqandz, from Persian, from barq lightning (from Arabic) + andz thrower. an armed guard or policeman of 18th
and 19th century India.
Buzkashi from Dary buz "goat" + kashi "dragging"
Cafcuh from Persian qâfkuh or kuh-e qâf
Calabash possibly from Persian kharabuz, Kharbuzeh melon.
Calean Etymology: Persian qalyaan. a Persian water pipe.
Calender or qalandar (dervish order) Etymology: Persian qalandar, from Arabic ‫كالندر‬, and from Persian ‫ قلندر‬kalandar uncouth man. one of a Sufic
order of wandering mendicant dervishes.
Camaca Etymology: Middle English, from Middle French camocas or Medieval Latin camoca, from Arabic & Persian ‫ كمخه کمکھا‬kamkha, kimkha. a
medieval fabric prob. of silk and camel's hair used for draperies and garments.
Candy from Old French sucre candi, via Arabic ‫ قند‬qandi "candied," derived from Persian ‫ قند‬qand, meaning "sugar."
Carafe from Arabic gharafa (‫)قرافه‬, "to pour"; or from Persian qarabah, (‫" )قرابه‬a large flagon"
Caravan Etymology: Italian caravana, carovana, from Persian ‫ کاروان‬kāravān. a company of travelers, pilgrims, or merchants on a long journey
through desert or hostile regions: a train of pack animals.
Caravansary Etymology: modification of Persian ‫ کاروانسرا‬kārwānsarā, from ‫ کاروان‬kārwān caravan + ‫ سرا‬sarā palace, large house, inn; an inn in
eastern countries where caravans rest at night that is commonly a large bare building surrounding a court.
Carcass Etymology: Etymology: Middle French carcasse, alteration of Old French carcois, perhaps from carquois, carquais quiver, alteration of tarquais,
from Medieval Latin tarcasius, from Arabic ‫ تركيزه‬tarkash, from Persian ‫ ترکش‬tirkash, from ‫ تير‬tir arrow (from Old Persian ����� tigra pointed) +
‫ کاش‬-kash bearing (from ‫ کشدن‬kashdan to pull, draw, from Avestan ‫ کارش‬karsh-);
Carcoon Etymology: Marathi कारकु न kaarkun, from Persian ‫ کارکن‬kaarkon manager, from ‫ کار‬kaar work, business + ‫ کن‬-kon doer. India: CLERK.
Cassock Etymology: Middle French casaque, from Persian ‫ کاژاغند‬kazhaghand padded jacket, from ‫ کاج‬،‫ کژ‬kazh, kaj raw silk + ‫ اند‬aaghand stuffed. a
long loose coat or gown formerly worn by men and women.
Caviar from Fr. caviar, from Pers. khaviyar (‫)خاويار‬, from ‫ خيا‬khaya "egg"+ ‫ در‬dar "bearing, holder".
Ceterach Medieval Latin ceterah, from Arabic ‫ شتاراج‬shtaraj, from Persian ‫ شيتاراخ‬shitarakh. A small genus of mainly Old World ferns (family
Polypodiaceae) typified by the scale fern
Chador Hindi चद्दर caddar, from Persian ‫ چادر‬chaddar. a large cloth used as a combination head covering, veil, and shawl usually by women
among Muslim and Hindu peoples especially in India and Iran.
Chakar Hindi चकोर chakor, from Persian ‫ چاکر‬chaker. India: a person in domestic service: SERVANT; also: a clerical worker.
Chakdar From Panjabi ਛਕ੍ਦਰ੍ chakdar, from ਛർਕ੍ chak tenure (from Sanskrit चक्र cakra wheel) + Persian -‫ در‬-dar having. a native land tenant of India
intermediate in position between the proprietor and cultivator.
Chalaza Old Slavic zledica frozen rain, Ancient Greek χάλαζα chalaza hailstone or lump, Persian ‫ ژاله‬zhaala hail. Either of a pair of spiral bands of
thickened albuminous substance in the white of a bird's egg that extend out from opposite sides of the yolk to the ends of the egg and are there
attached to the lining membrane.
Chappow Persian ‫ چپو‬Chapu pillage or ‫ چاپل‬Chapaul raid. Word is Mongolian in Origin. Pillage/Raid.
Charka Hindi कारखा carkha, from Persian ‫ چرخ‬,‫ چرخا‬charkha, charkh wheel, from Middle Persian chark; akin to Avestan chaxra- wheel, Sanskrit
cakra. Wheel. a domestic spinning wheel used in India chiefly for cotton.
Charpoy From Persian ‫پای‬-‫ چھار‬Char-pai. Literally meaning four-footed. a bed consisting of a frame strung with tapes or light rope used especially
in India.
Chawbuck Hindi चाबुक cabuk, from Persian ‫ چابک‬chabuk archaic, chiefly India: a large whip.
Check (and Cheque) check (cheque)(n.) from O.Fr. eschequier "a check at chess," from eschec, from V.L. *scaccus, from shah "king," the
principal piece in a chess game (see shah). 1st Sassanid Empire. When the king is in check a player's choices are limited. Meaning widened
from chess to general sense of "adverse event, sudden stoppage" and by c.1700 to (from Persian 'chek' (‫")چك‬a token used to check against loss
or theft" (surviving in hat check) and "a check against forgery or alteration," which gave the modern financial use of "bank check, money draft"
(first recorded 1798), probably influenced by exchequeur. Check-up "careful examination" is 1921, American English, on notion of a checklist of
things to be examined.
Checkmate from Middle French eschec mat, from Persian ‫ شاه مات‬shâh mât (="the King ("Shah") is dead")
Chess from Russian Шах Shach, from Persian ‫ شاه‬shah ("the King"), an abbreviation of ‫مات‬-‫ شاه‬Shâh-mât (Checkmate).
Cheyney Etymology: probably from Persian ‫ چينی‬chini literally meaning Chinese. a woolen fabric in use during the 17th and 18th centuries.
Chick Hindi वसक ciq, from Persian ‫ چيق‬chiq. a screen used in India and southeast Asia especially for a doorway and constructed of bamboo slips
loosely bound by vertical strings and often painted.
Chillum Etymology: Hindi वचलम cilam, from Persian ‫ چلم‬chilam.
Chilamchi Etymology: Hindi वसलाम्ची cilamci, from Persian ‫ چيلمچی‬chilamchi. India: a metal wash basin.
China From Chinese 秦 (referring to the Qin Dynasty), Sanskrit चीन Chinas, and Latin; Modification (influenced by China, the country) of Persian
‫ چين‬Cin (Chinese) porcelain. : Also, Japan and Korea are repeatedly referred as "MaaChin" in old Persian literature that literally means "beyond
China".
Chinar Hindi वचनार chinar, from Persian ‫ چنار‬chanar. A type of Oriental tree.
Chobdar Hindi कोब्दर cobdar. From Persian ‫ چوبر‬chubar. from ‫ چوب‬chub, chub staff, wood (from Middle Persian ‫ چپ‬chup wood) + ‫ در‬-dar having.
Cinnabar probably from Persian ‫ زنجيفرح‬zanjifrah
Coomb Middle English combe, from Old English cumb, a liquid measure; akin to Middle Low German kump bowl, vessel, Middle High German
kumpf bowl, Persian ‫گنبد‬/‫ گمبد‬gumbed(Gonbad). an English unit of capacity equal to 4 imperial bushels or 4.13 United States bushels.
Cow Cow, from Persian (‫" )گاو‬Gav"
Culgee; Etymology Hindi कलग kalg, from Persian ‫ کلگی‬kalgi jeweled plume. a jeweled plume worn in India on the turban.
Cummerbund from Hindi कमरबांद kamarband (‫)كمربند‬, from Persian ‫ کمر‬kamar (="waist") + ‫ بند‬band (="band")
Cushy modification of Hindi खुश khush pleasant, from Persian ‫ خوش‬khush.
Daeva daeva, deva from Avestan daevo; dev from Persian ‫ دو‬deev. Zoroastrianism: a maleficent supernatural being: an evil spirit.
dafadar From Persian ‫ دافءادار‬Daf'adaar. from Arabic ‫ دافئه‬daf'ah time, turn + Persian ‫ در‬-dar holder.
Daftar Hindi दफ्तर, record, office, from Persian ‫ دفتر‬Daftar, from Arabic ‫ دفتر‬daftar, diftar, from Aramaic ‫ דהפּתיר‬defter and Greek διφθέρα diphthera
prepared hide, parchment, leather.
Daftardar Etymology: Hindi दफ्तरदार daftardar, from Persian ‫دافءادار‬, finance officer, from ‫ دفتر‬daftar + ‫ در‬-dar holder.
Dakhma Etymology: Persian ‫دخمه‬, from Middle Persian dakhmak, from Avestan daxma- funeral place.
Daroga Etymology: Hindi दरोगा daroga, from Persian ‫ درگا‬daaroga. India: a chief officer; especially: the head of a police, customs, or excise station.
Darvesh Persian ‫ درويش‬darvish.
Darzi Hindi दजी darzi, from Persian ‫ درزی‬Darzi. A tailor or an urban caste of tailors in Hindu society in India.
Dastur Hindi दस्तर dastur custom, from Persian ‫ دستور‬Dastur. customary fee.
Dastur From Persian ‫ دستور‬Dastur. a Parsi high priest.
Dasturi Hindi दस्तरी Dasturi from Persian ‫ دستور‬Dastur. Gratuity.
Defterdar Turkish, from Persian ‫ دفتردار‬daftardar finance officer. a Turkish government officer of finance; specifically: the accountant general of a
province.
Dehwar Persian ‫ دهور‬dehwar=‫ ديه‬Dih(land)+‫ ور‬war (having possession of). : a member of the Dehwar racial type usually having the status of a
laborer or slave.
Dervish from Persian ‫ درويش‬Darvish Middle Persian ‫ دروش‬Darweesh. a member of any Muslim religious fraternity of monks or mendicants noted
for its forms of devotional exercises
Dewan Etymology: Hindi दीवान diwan, from Persian ‫دوان‬, account book.
Demitasse from Fr. demi-tasse, lit. "half-cup," from demi- + tasse, an O.Fr. borrowing from Arabic ‫ تصح‬tassah, from Pers. ‫ تشت‬tasht "cup, saucer".
Div See the Entry Daeva above.
Divan via French and Turkish divan, from Persian ‫ ديوان‬ēvān (="place of assembly", "roster"), from Old Persian ‫ ديپی‬dipi (="writing, document") +
‫ واهانم‬vahanam (="house")
Doab Etymology: Persian ‫ دواب‬doab, from ‫ دو‬do two (from Middle Persian) + ‫ آب‬-ab water. a tract of land between two rivers: INTERFLUVE.
Dogana Etymology: from Persian ‫دوگانه‬, account book. an Italian customhouse.
Douane Etymology: from Persian ‫ ديوان‬Divan. CUSTOMHOUSE.
Dubber Etymology: from Persian ‫ دبا‬Dabba. a large globular leather bottle used in India to hold ghee, oil, or other liquid.
Duftery Etymology: from ‫ دفتر‬Dafter (Record)+‫ ی‬i. A servant in an office whose duty is to dust and bind records, rule paper, make envelopes. An office
boy.
Dumba Etymology: Persian, from ‫ دمب‬dumb tail. a fat-tailed sheep of Bokhara and the Kirghiz steppe that furnishes astrakhan.
Durbar Etymology: Persian, from ‫ در‬dar door + ‫ بار‬baar door, admission, audience. admission, audience of the king.
Durwan Etymology: Persian ‫ درون‬darwan, from ‫ در‬dar door (from Middle Persian, from Old Persian ‫ دور‬duvar-) + Persian ‫ وان‬-wan keeping, guarding.
Dustuck Etymology: Hindi दस्तक dastak, from Persian ‫ دستک‬Dastak (handle, related to hand).
Emblic New Latin emblica, from Arabic ‫ أملج‬amlaj, from Persian ‫امالح‬aamlah. an East Indian tree (Phyllanthus emblica) used with other myrobalans
for tanning.
Enamdar Hindi इन'आमदार in'aamdaar, from Persian, from ‫ يناءم‬ina'm (originally Arabic meaning Gift) + ‫ در‬-dar holder. the holder of an enam (Gifts).
Euphrates From Old Persian Ufratu "Good to cross over"
Farsakh Arabic ‫ فرسخ‬farsakh, from Persian farsang ‫فرسنگ‬. a Persian metric unit equal to 10 kilometers or 6.21 miles.
Faujdar Hindi फव्जज्दार Fawjdaar from Persian, from Arabic ‫ فوج‬Fawj Host (troops) + Persian ‫ دار‬daar (holder). petty officer (as one in charge of
police).
Faujdari from Persian, from ‫ فوجدار‬fawjdar. a criminal court in India.
Ferghan from Persian ‫ فرغانه‬Ferghana. a region in Central Asia. a usually small heavy Persian rug chiefly of cotton having usually a web and a
fringed end, a deep blue or rose field with an all over herati sometimes guli hinnai design and a main border with a turtle design, and being
highly prized if antique.
Feringhee from Persian 'Farangi'- ‫ فرنگی‬-: from the word Frankish: a person from Europe. The first encounter with Western Europe was during
Charlemagne who was King of Franks. From that time the word Farangi means European, especially Western European. Also after the first
Crusade this word appeared frequently in Persian and Arabic literature. (in Arabic as 'Faranji' because they could not pronounce /g/). The
Ottoman Turks pronounced it as Feringhee.
Fers Middle English, from Middle French fierce, from Arabic ‫ فرزان‬farzan, from Persian ‫ فرزين‬farzin. Coming from "Fares" a name given by Muslims
to the Sassanid era cavalry.
Fida'i Arabic ‫ فيضة‬fida (sacrifice) plus Persian suffix 'i'. ‫فدايی‬, a member of an Ismaili order of assassins known for their willingness to offer up their
lives in order to carry out delegated assignments of murdering appointed victims.
Firman from Persian ferman ‫فرمان‬, from Old Persian framaanaa, a decree or mandate, order, license, or grant issued by the ruler of an Oriental
country.;
fitna (Persian)==lovable
Gatch from Persian ‫( گچ‬Gach), a plaster used especially in Persian architectural ornamentation.
Galingale from Persian ‫ خلنجان‬khalanjan, a plant.
Ghorkhar from Persian ‫( گوره خر‬Gureh Khar). a wild ass of northwestern India believed to be identical with the onager.
Giaour from Pers. ‫ گور‬gaur, variant of gabr "fire-worshipper"
Gigerium from Latin gigeria, plural, entrails of fowl, perhaps of Iranian origin; akin to Persian ‫ جگر‬jigar liver.
Gizzard earlier gysard, alteration of gysar, from Middle English giser, gyser, from Old North French guisier liver (especially of a fowl), gizzard,
modification of Latin gigeria (neuter plural) cooked entrails of poultry, perhaps of Iranian origin; akin to Persian ‫ جگر‬jigar liver;
Gul Etymology: Persian Gol/Gul ‫گل‬. Rose.
Gulhinnai Etymology: Persian guli hinna, from Persian gul flower, rose + Arabic hinna/henna. a Persian rug design consisting of a plant with central
stem and attached star flowers.
Gulmohar Etymology: Hindi गुलमोहर gulmohur, from Persian gul rose, flower + muhr seal, gold coin.
Gunge Etymology: Hindi गज gãj, of Iranian origin; akin to Persia ganj treasure.
Gymkhana Etymology: probably modification (influenced by English gymnasium) of Hindi गेंद-खाना gend-khana racket court, from Persian ‫ خانه‬khana
house. a meet or festival featuring sports contests or athletic skills: as a: a horseback-riding meet featuring games and novelty contests (as
musical chairs, potato spearing, bareback jumping).
Halalcor Hindi हलालखोर halalkhor, from Persian, from Arabic halal + Persian khor eating. a person in Iran and India to whom any food is lawful. :
Hash
Comes from "Hashish" (‫ )حشيش‬that means "weed derived drugs" in Persian.
Havildar Hindi हवालदार hawaldar, from Arabic ‫' حول‬hawala' charge + Persian ‫' در‬dar' having. a noncommissioned officer in the Indian army
corresponding to a sergeant.
Hyleg modification of Persian ‫ حالج‬hailaj 'material body'. The astrological position of the planets at the time of birth
Hindi from Persian Hindu, derived from वसन्धु Sindhu, the Sanskrit name for the Indus River. literary language of northern India usually written in
the Devanagari alphabet and one of the official languages of the Republic of India.
Hindu from medieval Persian word ‫ هندو‬Hindu (mod. ‫ هندی‬Hendi), from ancient Avestan hendava
Hindustan Hindi सहांदस्ु तान Hindustan, from Persian ‫ هندوستان‬Hindustan (mod. ‫ هندوستان‬Hendustan) India.
Hircarrah Persian ‫ هارکارا‬harkara, from har every, all (from Old Persian haruva-) + kaar work, deed, from Middle Persian, from Old Persian kar- to
do, make.
Homa hom from Persian ‫ هم‬hom, from Avestan haoma. a stylized tree pattern originating in Mesopotamia as a symbol of the tree of life and used
especially in Persian textiles.
India from Persian ‫ هند‬Hind, from Sanskrit वसन्धु Sindu, a river, in particular, the river Indus.
Iran from Middle Persian ‫ اير‬Ir (Aryan, Aria, Areia) + ‫ ان‬an (place)
Ispaghol literally, horse's ear, from ‫ اسپ‬asp horse (from Middle Persian) + ‫ قول‬ghol ear. an Old World plantain (Plantago ovata) with mucilaginous
seeds that are used in preparing a beverage.
Jackal from Persian ‫ شغال‬shaghāl Any of several doglike mammals of the genus Canis of Africa and southern Asia that are mainly foragers feeding
on plants, small animals, and occasionally carrion.
Jagir from Persian ‫ جا‬Ja (place) + ‫ گير‬gir (keeping, holding). a grant of the public revenues of a district in northern India or Pakistan to a person
with power to collect and enjoy them and to administer the government in the district;
Jama from Persian ‫ جامه‬Jama (garment). a long-sleeved cotton coat of at least knee length worn by men in northern India and Pakistan. Also used
as suffix in the word Pajama.
Jasmine from ‫ ياسمين‬yasmin, the name of a climbing plant with fragrant flowers.
Jemadar Hindi जमा'दर, जामदार jama'dar, jam'dar (influenced in meaning by Persian ‫ جامءات‬jam'at body of troops), from Arabic ‫ جاما‬jam' collections,
assemblage + Persian ‫ در‬dar having. an officer in the army of India having a rank corresponding to that of lieutenant in the English army. any of
several police or other officials of the government of India.
Jasper The name means "spotted or speckled stone", and is derived via Old French jasrpe (variant of Anglo-Norman jaspe) and Latin iaspidem
(nom. iaspis)) from Greek ἴασπις iaspis, (feminine noun) from a Semitic language (cf. Hebrew ‫ ישפה‬yashepheh, Akkadian ‫ ܝܫܦܗ‬yashupu),
ultimately from Persian ‫ يشپ‬yašp.
Jezail Persian ‫ جزاءيل‬jaza'il. a long heavy Afghan rifle.
Jujube Greek ζίζυφον zizyphon, Persian ‫ زايزافون‬zayzafun, an Asiatic tree with datelike fruit.
Julep from ‫ گالب‬gulab (rose(‫ گل‬gul)-water(‫ آب‬ab)).
Kabob or kebab, possibly from Persian kabab ‫کباب‬, or from identical forms in Arabic and Urdu
Kabuli : Persian ‫ کابلی‬kabuli, of or belonging to Kabul, Afghanistan.
Kaftan from Persian ‫ خفتان‬khaftân.
Kajawah from Persian ‫( کجاوه‬Kajavah/Kajawah). a pannier used in pairs on camels and mules especially in India.
Kala-Azar from Hindi कला kala (black) + Persian ‫ آذر‬āzār (disease, pain). a severe infectious disease chiefly of eastern and southern Asia that is
marked by fever, progressive anemia, leukopenia, and enlargement of the spleen and liver and is caused by a flagellate (Leishmania donovani)
which is transmitted by the bite of sand flies (genus Phlebotomus) and which proliferates in reticuloendothelial cells – called also visceral
leishmaniasis.
Kamboh Etymology: Unabridged Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines Kamboh as "a member of a low caste in the Punjab engaged chiefly in
agriculture".
Karez Etymology: ‫ کارز‬kârez an underground irrigation tunnel bored horizontally into rock slopes in Baluchistan. a system of irrigation by underground
tunnels.
Kemancha Etymology: from Persian ‫ کمانچه‬Kamancheh. a violin popular in Middle East, Caucus and Central Asia. It has usually a single string and a
gourd resonator and is held vertically when played.
Kerana Etymology: modification of Persian karranâi ‫کرنای‬, from ‫ نی‬nâi, reed, reed pipe. a long Persian trumpet.
Kenaf Etymology: Persian. a valuable fiber plant (Hibiscus cannabinus) of the East Indies now widespread in cultivation.
Khaki from Hindustani and Urdu खाकी/‫ خاکی‬khaki (="made from soil", "dusty" or "of the colour of soil"), from Persian ‫ خاک‬khak (= "soil")
Khakhsar Etymology: Hindi खाकसार khâksâr, from Persian khâkâsr ‫ خاکسار‬humble, probably from khâk dust + -sâr like. a member of a militant Muslim
nationalist movement of India.
Khan Arabic ‫ خان‬khân, from Persian. (not to be confused by the Turko-Mongol Khan). a caravansary or rest house in some Asian countries.
Khankah Etymology: Hindi खानकाह khânaqâh, from Persian ‫ خانه‬khâna house + ‫ گاه‬gâh place.
Khawaja Etymology: originally from Persian khâwja ‫خواجه‬. used as a title of respect.
Khidmatgar from Arabic ‫ خدمة‬khidmah service + Persian ‫ گر‬-gar (suffix denoting possession or agency). In India: a male waiter
Khoja see khawaja
Khuskhus Etymology: Persian & Hindi खसखस/‫ خسخس‬khaskhas. an aromatic grass (Andropogon zizamoides) whose especially fragrant roots yield an
oil used in perfumery and are also made into mats in tropical India – called also vetiver.
Kincob Etymology: Hindi ककमखाब, कमख्वाब kimkhab, kamkhwab, from Persian. an Indian brocade usually of gold or silver or both.
Kiosk from ‫ کوشک‬kushk (="palace, portico, pavilion") or Middle Persian gōšak "corner"
Koftgari Hindi कोफ्त्गर koftgar, from Persian ‫ کوفتگری‬koftgari, from ‫ کوفت‬koft blow, beating + ‫ گر‬-gar doing. Indian damascene work in which steel is
inlaid with gold.
Koh-i-noor from Pers. koh ‫" کوه‬mountain" ‫ نور‬Noor (light)." famous diamond that became part of the British crown jewels after the annexation of
Punjab by Great Britain in 1849, from Persian ‫ کوه نور‬Kh-i-nr, literally, mountain of light
Kotwal Hindi कोतवाल kotwal, from Persian. a chief police officer or town magistrate in India.
Kotwalee Hindi कोतवाल kotwal, from Persian, from ‫ کوتوله‬kotwalee. a police station in India.
Kran Persian ‫ قران‬qran. the basic monetary unit of Persia from 1826 to 1932. a silver coin representing one kran.
Kurta Hindi & Urdu कु रता ‫ کُرتا‬kurta, from Persian ‫ کرتا‬kurtâ. a loose-fitting collarless shirt.
Kusti Persian ‫ کشتی‬،‫ کستی‬kusti, kushti, from ‫ کشت‬kusht waist, side, from Middle Persian ‫ کوستک‬،‫ کست‬kust, kustak. the sacred cord or girdle worn by
Parsis as a mark of their faith – compare.
Lac Persian ‫ لک‬lak and Hindi लाख lakh. Resinous substance secreted by the lac insect and used chiefly in the form of shellac. Any of various plant
or animal substances that yield hard coatings resembling lac and shellac.
Lamasery French lamaserie, from lama + -serie (from Persian ‫ سرای‬sarāi palace, large house).
Larin Etymology: Persian ‫ الری‬lārī. a piece of silver wire doubled over and sometimes twisted into the form of a fishhook that was formerly used as
money in parts of Asia.
Lascar Urdu lashkarī < Pers, equiv. to ‫ السخار‬lashkar army + -ī suffix of appurtenance]. an East Indian sailor. Anglo-Indian. an artilleryman.
Lasque Etymology: perhaps from Persian ‫ الشک‬lashk bit, piece. a flat thin diamond usually cut from an inferior stone and used especially in Hindu
work.
Leucothoe legendary Persian princess supposed to have been changed by Apollo into a sweet-scented shrub. a large genus of American and
Asiatic shrubs of the family Ericaceae with herbage that contains a poisonous substance similar to that found in shrubs of the genus Kalmia and
with flowers in terminal and axillary one-sided racemes.
Lemon Origin: 1350–1400; 1905–10 for def. 4; < ML l mōni m; r. ME lymon < ML līmō, (s. līmōn-) < Pers ‫ ليمون‬،‫ ليمو‬līmū, līm n. Based on the
Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006. the yellowish, acid fruit of a subtropical citrus tree, Citrus limon.
According to www.dictionary.com: Although we know neither where the lemon was first grown nor when it first came to Europe, we know from
its name that it came to us from the Middle East because we can trace its etymological path. One of the earliest occurrences of our word is
found in a Middle English customs document of 1420–1421. The Middle English word limon goes back to Old French limon, showing that yet
another delicacy passed into England through France. The Old French word probably came from Italian limone, another step on the route that
leads back to the Arabic word ‫ ليمون‬،‫ ليمون‬laymūn or līmūn, which comes from the Persian word ‫ ليمون‬līmūn.
Lilac from Pers. ‫ ليلک‬lilak, variant of ‫ نيلک‬nilak "bluish," from नील nil "indigo"
Lungī Hindi लुांगी l ngī, from Persian. a usually cotton cloth used especially in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Burma for articles of clothing (as
sarongs, skirts, and turbans).
Laari Etymology: probably from Divehi (Indo-Aryan language of the Maldive Islands) ު‫ ާލރ‬, from Persian ‫ ا‬lr piece of silver wire used as currency, from
Lārī, town in S Persia where the currency was first minted. a Maldivian monetary unit equal to 1/100 rufiyaa. a coin representing one laari.
Magic Middle English magik, from Middle French magique, from Latin magicus, from Greek magikos (μαγικός), from magos magus, wizard,
sorcerer (of Iranian origin; akin to Old Persian magush sorcerer). of or relating to the occult: supposedly having supernatural properties or
powers.
Magus, magi from magus, from Old Persian mag š "mighty one", Priest of Zoroastrianism. A member of the Zoroastrian priestly caste of the
Medes and Persians. Magus In the New Testament, one of the wise men from the East, traditionally held to be three, who traveled to
Bethlehem to pay homage to the infant Jesus.
Malguzar Hindi मालगुजार malguzar, from Arabic ‫ مال‬mal property, rent + Persian ‫ گزار‬guzar payer. Equivalent to Malik in India.
Manichaean Latin Manichaeus member of the Manichaean sect (from Late Greek Μανιχαίος Manichaios, from Manichaios Manes died ab276A.D.
Persian sage who founded the sect) + English -an. of or relating to Manichaeism or the Manichaeans. characterized by or reflecting belief in
Manichaeism. Manichaeism was founded by Mani.
Manticore from O. Pers. word for "man eater," cf. ‫ مارتی‬martiya- "man" + root of ‫ خور‬khvar- "to eat". a legendary animal having the head of a man
often with horns, the body of a lion, and the tail of a dragon or scorpion.
Markhor Persian ‫ مار‬mār(snak )+‫ خور‬khōr( ating), consuming (from khōr an to eat, consume). a wild goat (Capra falconieri) of mountainous
regions from Afghanistan to India.
Mazdak Name of Persian reformer of Zoroastrian Faith.
Mazdakite from ‫ مزدک‬Mazdak (of belonging to Mazda), 5th century A.D. Persian religious reformer + English ite. a member of the sect of Mazdak.
Mazdoor Hindi मजदर mazdur, from Persian ‫ مزدور‬muzdur. an Indian laborer.
Mehmandar Persian ‫ مھماندار‬mihmān ār, from ‫ ميھمان‬mihmān guest (from Middle Persian ‫ مھمان‬m hmān) + ‫ در‬- ār holder. an official in India, Persia,
or Afghanistan appointed to escort an ambassador or traveler.
Mehtar Persian ‫ مھتر‬mihtar prince, greater, elder, from mih great (from Middle Persian meh, mas) + -tar, comparative suffix (from Middle Persian,
from Old Persian -tara-). A groom
Mesua New Latin, from Johannes Mesuë (Arabic Yuhanna ibn-Masawayah) died 857 Persian Christian physician Masawayah in the service of the
Caliph. a genus of tropical Asiatic trees (family Guttiferae) having large solitary flowers with a 2-celled ovary.
Mezereon Middle English mizerion, from Medieval Latin mezereon, from Arabic mazariyun, from Persian. a small European shrub (Daphne
mezereum) with fragrant lilac purple flowers that appear before the leaves, an acrid bark used in medicine, and a scarlet fruit sometimes used
as an adulterant of black pepper.
Mirza Persian mirza, literally, son of a lord. a common title of honor in Persia prefixed to the surname of a person of distinction.
Mithra from the name of the Persian God Mithra.
Mithraeum from Persian Mithra
Mithraism from Persian Mithra
Mobed a Parsi priest. The word is cognate with Magian and Magus.
Mogul from mughul (="Mongolian")
Mohur Hindi मुहर muhur, muhr gold coin, seal, from Persian muhr; an old gold coin of the Moguls that circulated in India from the 16th century. any
one of several gold coins formerly issued by Indian states (as Bikaner, Gwalior, Hyderabad) and by Nepal and Tibet.
Mummy Middle English mummie, from Middle French momie, from Medieval Latin mumia, from Arabic mumiyah mummy, bitumen, from Persian
mum wax. a concoction formerly used as a medicament or drug containing powdered parts of a human or animal body.
Murra Etymology: Latin, probably of Iranian origin like Greek μόρρηία μὖρρα morrhia murra; akin to Persian mori, muri little glass ball. a material
thought to be of semiprecious stone or porcelain used to make costly vessels in ancient Rome.
Musk from Middle English muske, Middle French musc, Late Latin Muscus, and Late Greek μόσχος (moschos), ultimately from Middle Persian
musk, from Sanskrit मुस्कस् muska (="testicle") from diminutive of मुस mus (="mouse"). a substance that has a penetrating persistent odor, that
is obtained from a sac situated under the skin of the abdomen of the male musk deer, that when fresh in the pods is brown and unctuous and
when dried is a grainy powder, that varies in quality according to the season and age of the animal, and that is used chiefly in the form of a
tincture as a fixative in perfumes
Musth Hindi मस्त mast intoxicated, ruttish, from Persian mast; akin to Sanskrit मदवत madati he rejoices, is drunk. a periodic state of murderous
frenzy of the bull elephant usually connected with the rutting season and marked by the exudation of a dark brown odorous ichor from tiny holes
above the eyes- on must also in must: in a state of belligerent fury – used of the bull elephant.
Mussulman from Persinan musulman (adj.), from Arabic Muslim (q.v.) + Persian adj. suffix -an.
Naan Etymology: Hindi + Urdu + Punjabi + Persian नानnan bread; Hindi + Urdu nan, from Persian nan; akin to Baluchi nayan bread, Sogdian nyny. a
round or oblong flat leavened bread especially of the Indian subcontinent.
Nakhuda Etymology: Persian nākh ā, from nāv boat (from Old Persian) + kh ā master, from Middle Persian kh tāi. a master of a native vessel.
Namaz Etymology: Persian namāz. akin to Sanskrit नमस् namas obeisance. Islamic worship or prayer.
Naphtha Latin, from Greek: of Iranian origin; akin to Avestan napta moist, Persian neft naphtha; from Persian naft "naphtha". perhaps akin to
Greek nephos cloud, mist. petroleum especially when occurring in any of its more volatile varieties.
Nargil Origin: 1830–40; < Turk nargile < Pers nārgīl h, deriv. of nārgīl coconut, from which the bowl was formerly made.
Nauruz Persian nauruz. literally, new day, from nau new + ruz. the Persian New Year's Day celebrated at the vernal equinox as a day of great
festivity.
Nay Etymology: Arabic nay, from Persian:. a vertical end-blown flute of ancient origin used in Muslim lands.
Neftgil Etymology: German, from Persian naftdagil naphtha clay
Numdah Etymology: Hindi नांदा namda, from Persian namad, from Middle Persian namat; akin to Avestan namata. a thick felted rug of India and
Persia usually made of pounded goat's hair and embroidered with bird or floral designs in colored wool yarn
Nuggets Nuggets / Nougat (French pronunciation: [n ɡa]; Azerbaijani:) from Persian: Nughah
Nuristani Etymology: Persian nuristan (Parsi Noorr+Persian Istan(Place)), from Nuristan, region of northeastern Afghanistan.
Orange from Milanese narans (from Old French orenge, Italian arancia, and Spanish naranja), from Medieval Latin pomum de orange, in Arabic
nāranj, from Persian nārang , from Sanskrit नारङ्ग nāraṅga, from Tamil narrankai, the "pungent fruit" : Orange (the color) comes from
"nāranjy" in Persian that means "colored like nārange" and the tangerine fruit is called nārangy.
Padishah Origin: 1605–15; < Pers (poetical form), equiv. to pā i- (earlier ‫ پاتی‬pati) lord + shāh. More on Etymology: Persian pā ishah, from Middle
Persian pātakhshah, from Old Persian pati + xshay- to rule; akin to Avestan xshayeti. great king; emperor (a title applied esp. formerly to the
shah of Iran, the sultan of Turkey, and to the British sovereign as emperor in India).
Pagoda via Portuguese pagode, from a corruption of Pers. butkada, from but "idol" + kada "dwelling."
Pahlavi Etymology: Middle Persian Pahlavi. The Middle Persian language of Sassanid Persia. a script used for writing Pahlavi and other Middle
Iranian languages.
Pajama from Urdu/Hindi पैजामा paajaama, from Persian -pāë (pāÿ) jāmah, from pAy (="leg") + jAma (="garment"). of, pertaining to, or resembling
pajamas: a pajama top; a lounging outfit with pajama pants
Pakistan From; the Persian word of "Land of the Pure"
Paneer Hindi & Urdu पनीर panir, from Persian panir (general term meaning Cheese). a soft uncured Indian cheese.
Papoosh earlier papouch, from French, from Persian pāp sh.
Para Etymology: Turkish, from Persian pārah. a Turkish monetary unit equal in modern Turkey to 1/4000 of a lira. any one of several units of value
formerly used in countries at one time under the Turkish Empire.
Paradise via French: "paradis" and Latin: "paradisus," from Greek paradeisos (παράδεισος) (=enclosed park"), from the Avestan word pairidaeza
(a walled enclosure), which is a compound of pairi- (around), a cognate of the Greek περί peri-, and -diz (to create, make), a cognate of the
English dough. An associated word is the Sanskrit word paradesha which literally means supreme country.
Parasang Latin parasanga, from Greek parasanges, of Iranian origin; akin to Persian farsung parasang any of various Persian units of distance;
especially: an ancient unit of about four miles (six kilometers)
Pargana Etymology: Hindi परां गा pargana, from Persian. a group of towns in India constituting an administrative subdivision of the zillah.
Parsee Etymology: from O.Pers. parsi "Persian." In M.E., Parsees from Pârsi. Meaning Persian. Also Zoroastrian of India descended from Persian
refugees fleeing Islam in the 7th century and settling principally at Bombay
Pasar : Malay, from Persian bāzār. See bazar. an Indonesian public market.
Pasha Turkish paşa possibly from Persian pā shāh; see Padishah.
Pashm Etymology: pashm, pashim from Persian pashm wool; pashmina from Persian pashmn woolen, from pashm. the under fleece of upland goats
of Kashmir and the Punjab that was formerly used locally for the production of rugs and shawls but is now largely exported.
Pashmina from Pashmineh, made from pashm; pashm (= "wool"). the fine woolly underhair of goats raised in northern India.
Pashto Persian pashtu‎: from Afghan. According to Morgenstein the word is akin to Parthava, Persian, Pahlav. The Iranian language of Pathan
people and the chief vernacular of eastern Afghanistan, North-West Frontier Province of Pakistan, and northern Baluchistan
Path Common Germanic. This word cannot be descended directly from Indo-European, as Indo-European words in p- become -f in Germanic. The
most widely accepted theory sees this word as a borrowing from Iranian, in which Indo-European p- is preserved, and there is alternation
between forms with -t- and forms with -θ- ; compare Avestan pantā (nominative), paθō (genitive) way, Old Persian pathi-. This explanation does
however pose historical problems, given the limited distribution of the Germanic word.
Peach a corruption of the Latin word "Persicum." Peaches are called in Latin malum Persicum (Persian apple) prunum persicum (Persian plum),
or simply persicum (pl. persici). This should not be confused with the more modern Linnaean classification Prunus persica, a neologism
describing the peach tree itself (from the Latin prunus, -i which signifies "plum tree").
Percale Persian pargālah. a firm smooth cotton cloth closely woven in plain weave and variously finished for clothing, sheeting, and industrial
uses.
Percaline French, from percale (from Persian pargālah) + -ine. a lightweight cotton fabric made in plain weave, given various finishes (as glazing,
moiré), and used especially for clothing and linings; especially: a glossy fabric usually of one color used for bookbindings.
Peri Persian (pari) or fairy, genius, from Middle Persian parik. Persian folklore: a male or female supernatural being like an elf or fairy but formed
of fire, descended from fallen angels and excluded from paradise until penance is accomplished, and originally regarded as evil but later as
benevolent and beautiful. Also a beautiful and graceful girl or woman.
Persepolis from Pârsa+ Greek πόλεις polis.
Persia via Latin and Greek Περσίς, ultimately from Old Persian Pârsa
Persis via Latin and Greek Περσίς, ultimately from Old Persian Pârsa
Peshwa Hindi & Marathi पेशवा pesva, from Persian ‫ پشه‬peshwa leader, guide, from pesh before. the chief minister of a Maratha prince.
Pilaf Origin 1925–30; < Turk pilâv < Pers pilāw. a Middle Eastern dish consisting of sautéed, seasoned rice steamed in bouillon, sometimes with
poultry, meat or shellfish.
Pir Etymology: Persian Pir (Old Man). a religious instructor, esp. in mystical sects.
Pistachio from Latin pistāci m, from Greek πιστάκιον, from Persian pistah. small tree (Pistacia vera) of southern Europe and Asia Minor having
leaves with 3 to 5 broad leaflets, greenish brown paniculate flowers, and a large fruit. the edible green seed of the pistachio tree.
Posteen Persian pustin of leather, from pust skin, from Middle Persian. an Afghan pelisse made of leather with the fleece on.
Popinjay from O.Fr. papegai (12c.), from Sp. papagayo, from Ar. babagha', from Pers. babgha "parrot,"
Prophet flower translation of Persian guli paighmbar flower of the Prophet (Muhammad). an East Indian perennial herb (Arnebia echioides) having
yellow flowers marked with five spots that fade after a few hours; also: a related annual
Punjab via Hindi Panjab, from Pers. panj "five" + ab "water.". of or relating to the Punjab or its inhabitants.
Purwannah Hindi परवाना parwana, from Persian:. a written pass or permit.
Pyke Hindi पावयक, पायक pāyik, pāyak messenger, from Persian dialect England: a civilian at whose expense a soldier is treated or entertained.
Pyjama Urdu/Hindi पैजामा pajama from Persian: (pajama, literally, feet-garments). These are loose lightweight trousers formerly often worn in the
Near East, a loose usually two-piece lightweight suit designed especially for sleeping or lounging.
Rank from Persian rang meaning "color", as the Sassanid army was ranked and dressed by color
roc from Persian rukh (name of a legendary bird)
rook from Middle English rok, from Middle French roc, from Arabic rukh, from Persian rukh (=chess piece)
rose from Latin rosa, probably from ancient Greek rhodon, possibly ult. from Pers. *varda-.
Roxanne fem. proper name, from Fr. Roxane, from L. Roxane, from Gk. Rhoxane, of Pers. origin (cf. Avestan raoxšna- "shining, bright").
Sabzi Etymology: Hindi सब्ज sabz, literally, greenness, from Persian: sæbz, a green vegetable.
Saffian Etymology: Russian saf'yan, from Turkish sahtiyan, from Persian sakhtiyn goatskin, from sakht hard, strong. a leather made of goatskins or
sheepskins tanned with sumac and dyed with bright colors.
Samosa Etymology: Hindi समोसा samosa from Persian sambusa. a small triangular pastry filled with spiced meat or vegetables and fried in ghee or
oil
Sandal Etymology: Arabic sandal, from Persian sandal skiff.
Saoshyant Etymology: Avestan, savior. one of three deliverers of later Zoroastrian eschatology appearing at thousand year intervals and each
inaugurating a new order of things and a special period of human progress.
Sapindales from Persian Spand
Sarangousty Etymology: Persian sar-angushti thin paste for painting the tips of fingers, from sar-e angosht, "fingertip", sar "head" + angosht "finger",
"toe". stucco made waterproof for protection against dampness.
Sard from Persian zard.
Sarod Etymology: Hindi सरोद sarod, from Persian:.
Sarwan Etymology: Persian saarbaan. a camel driver.
Satrap governor of a province of ancient Persia, from Latin satrapes, from Greek σατράπης satrapes, from Old Persian kshathrapavan-, lit.
"guardian of the realm,"
scarlet from Pers. saqerlât "a type of red cloth". a rich cloth of bright color. a vivid red that is yellower and slightly paler than apple red
Scimitar Etymology: Middle French cimeterre, from Old Italian scimitarra, perhaps from Persian shamshir. a type of blade.
Sebesten Etymology: Middle English, Medieval Latin s b stēn, from Arabic sibistn, from Persian segpistan. an East Indian tree (Cordia myxa) with
white flowers in loose terminal panicles.
Seer Etymology: Hindi सेर ser; perhaps akin to Persian ‫ سير‬seer. a unit of weight.
Seerpaw Etymology: Sar(head)+ paa(feet). head to foot.
Seersucker Pers. shir o shakkar "striped cloth," lit. "milk and sugar". Also from Sanskrit क्षीरशकद रा (kshirsharkara), or milk-sugar."
Sepoy Etymology: modification of Portuguese sipai, sipaio, from Hindi वसपाह sipah, from Persian Sipahi, horseman, soldier of the cavalry, from sipah
army. a native of India employed as a soldier in the service of a European power; especially: one serving in the British army.
Serai Etymology: from Persian saraay, palace, mansion, inn.
Seraglio from sarây "inn"
Serang Etymology: Persian sarhang commander, boatswain, from sar chief + hang authority. boatswain. the skipper of a small boat.
Serdab Persian sardab ice cellar, from sard cold + ab water. a living room in the basement of a house in the Near East that provides coolness
during the summer months
Serendipity from the Persian fairy tale The Three Princes of Serendip, from Persian Sarandip (="Sri Lanka"),
Sesban Etymology: French, from Arabic saisabaan, from Persian sisabaan. Either of two East Indian plants of the genus Sesbania (S. aculeata and
S. aegyptiaca).
Setwall Etymology: from Persian zaadwar.
Shabundar/Shabandar Etymology: From Persian shahbandar, from shah king + bandar city, harbor.
Shah Etymology: from shāh, from Old Persian šāyaþiya (="king"), from an Old Persian verb meaning "to rule"
Shahi Etymology: Persian shahi. a former Persian unit of value equal to 1/20 silver kran; also: a corresponding coin of silver or copper or nickel
Shahidi Etymology: Arabic Shahid (one who bears witness) + Persian suffix .
Shahin Etymology: Persian shahin (falcon). An Indian falcon (Falco peregrinus peregrinator) having the underparts of a plain unbarred ferruginous
color, being related to the peregrine falcon, and used in falconry
Shahzada Etymology: Hindi शाह-जादा shah-zada, from Persian, from shah king + zada son. The son of a Shah.
Shamiana Etymology: Hindi शावमयाना shamiyana, from Persian shamyanah. a cloth canopy
Shawl Etymology: from Persian shāl.
Sherristar Etymology: from Hindi सर्रद श्ताद्र sarrishtadr, from Persian sarrishta(sarreshteh) record office + daar having. Registrar.
Sherry According to one theory, it is from Jerez in Spain, which itself comes from Pers Shiraz during the time of Rustamid empire in Spain. The
theory is also mentioned by Professor. T.B. Irving in one of his book reviews
Sherryvallies Etymology: modification of Polish szarawary, from Russian шаравары sharavary, from Greek σαρβαρα sarabara loose trousers,
probably of Iranian origin; akin to Persian shalwar, shulwar loose trousers. overalls or protective leggings of thick cloth or leather formerly worn
for riding on horseback
Shikar Etymology: Hindi सीकर sikar, from Persian shikaar, Middle Persian shkaar. The word means hunting.
Shikargah Etymology: Hindi वसकारगाह‎sikaargaah, from Persian shikrgaah, from shikaar hunting + -gah place. A game preserve.
Shikari Etymology: From Persian Shikar+Persian suffix (i) denoting possession. a big game hunter.
Shikasta Etymology: Persian shikasta broken, from shikastan to break, from Middle Persian shikastan.
Shikra Etymology: from Persian shikara bird trained to hunt. a small Indian hawk (Accipiter badius) sometimes used in falconry.
Simurgh Etymology: from Pers. simurgh, from Pahlavi sin "eagle" + murgh "bird." Cf. Avestan saeno merego "eagle," Skt. syenah "eagle," Arm. ցին
cin "kite.". a supernatural bird, rational and ancient, in Pers. mythology.
Sipahis See Spahi and Sepoy.
Sircar Etymology: Hindi सरकार‎sarkaar, from Persian sarkaar. a district or province in India under the Mogul empire. the supreme authority. used also
as a title of respect. in Bengal a domestic servant having the functions of a steward.
Sitar Etymology: via Hindi वसतार‎sitar, from Pers. sitar "three-stringed," from sih/she "three" (O.Pers. thri-) + Persian. tar "string". an Indo-Iranian lute
with a long broad neck and a varying number of strings whose various forms are used in Iran, Afghanistana and the Indian subcontinent.
Softa Etymology: Turkish, from Persian sukhtah burnt, kindled (with love of knowledge).
Sogdian Etymology: Latin sogdianus, from Old Persian Sughuda. of, relating to, or characteristic of ancient Sogdiana.
Soorki : Etymology: Hindi सुख‎द surkh, from Persian surkh, literally, redness, from surkh red, from Middle Persian sukhr; akin to Avestan suXra- bright,
Sanskrit sukra
Sowar Etymology: Persian suwar rider, from Middle Persian asbar, aspwar, from Old Persian asabra- horseman, from asa- horse + -bra- carried by,
rider. a mounted orderly. Lancer.
Spahi Etymology: Middle French spahi, from Turkish sipahi, from Persian from Pahlavi spāh, from Old Persian taxma spā a, from Avestan spā ha,
meaning army, military. one of a corps of Algerian native cavalry in the French army normally serving in Africa. one of a corps of largely
irregular Turkish cavalry disbanded after the suppression of the Janissaries in 1826.
Spinach Etymology: Middle French espinache, espinage, from Old Spanish espinaca, from Arabic ,isbnakh, isfinaakh, from Persian aspanakh.
Squinch Etymology: Persian (pronounced sekonj)—A squinch in architecture is a construction filling in the upper angles of a square room so as to
form a base to receive an octagonal or spherical dome. A later solution of this structural problem was provided by the pendentive. The squinch
was invented in Iran. It was used in the Middle East in both eastern Romanesque and Islamic architecture. It remained a feature of Islamic
architecture, especially in Iran, and was often covered by corbelled stalactite-like structures known as muqarnas.
-Stan ;meaning "land" or "country", source of place names such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, etc., from Pers. -stan "country," from Indo-
Iranian *stanam "place," lit. "where one stands,"
Subahdar Etymology: Persian subadar, from suba province + -dar having, holding, from Old Persian dar- to hold. the chief native officer of a native
company in the former British Indian army having a position about equivalent to that of captain
Sugar Etymology: The word is Sanskrit which is an Indo-Iranian language of the Indo-Aryan branch but Persian played a role in transmitting it.
Middle English sugre, sucre, from Anglo-French sucre, from Medieval Latin saccharum, from Old Italian zucchero, from Arabic sukkar, from
Pahlavi shakar, ultimately from Sanskrit sarkara
Suclat Etymology: Hindi सुकला suqlaa, from Persian saqalaat a rich cloth. In India any of various woolens; specifically European broadcloth.
Surma Etymology: Persian Surma. native antimony sulfide used in India to darken the eyelids.
Surnay Etymology: Persian Surnaay. a Middle Eastern and Central Asian oboe.
syagush Persian - siyah-gush, literally, black ear. Caracal.
Samosa Etymology: Hindi समोसा samos & Urdu ،samosa, sambsa, from Persian sambusa.
Tabasheer Etymology: Hindi तब्श्र tabshr, from Persian. a siliceous concretion in the joints of the bamboo valued in the East Indies as a medicine.
Tabor Etymology: Middle English tabur, from Welsh Tabwrdd and Old French tabour/tabur, alteration of tambur. See tambour.
Taffeta Etymology: from Persian taftah meaning woven.
Tahsildar Etymology: Hindi तहसीलदार tahsildar, from Persian, from Arabic tahsil + Persian -dar. a revenue officer in India.
Taj Etymology: Arabic taj, from Persian taj, crown, crest, cap. a cap worn in Muslim countries; especially: a tall cone-shaped cap worn by dervishes.
Taj Mahal from Persian:, lit. "the best of buildings;" or "the Crown's Place".
Tajikistan Tajik combined with Persian suffix -stan. Literally meaning "Land of Tajiks" in Persian.
Talc from Pers. talk "talc."
Tambour Etymology: French, drum, from Middle French, from Arabic tanbur, modification (influenced by tunbur, a lute) of Persian tabir.
Tambourine See above.
Tanbur Etymology: Persian Tambur.
Tangi Etymology: Persian Tangi. a narrow gorge
Tandoori from tannur "oven, portable furnace,"+Persian suffix i.
Tapestry probably from an Iranian source (cf. Pers.taftan, tabidan "to turn, twist").
Tar Etymology: Persian:. An oriental lute.
Tarazet from (Shahin-e Tarazu)
Tass Etymology: Middle French tasse, from Arabic tass, tassah, from Persian tast. a drinking cup or bowl.
Tebbad Etymology: perhaps from Persian tab fever + bad wind, from Middle Persian vat; akin to Avestan vata- wind, Sanskrit वत vata.
Temacha Etymology: Persian tamakhra joke, humor. a Persian comic or farcical interlude performed by traveling players.
Thanadar Etymology: Hindi थांडर thandar, from than + Persian -dar having. the chief officer of a thana.
Tiara via Latin tiara from Persian ‫ تاره‬tara
Timar Etymology: Turkish timar attendance, care, timar, from Persian tmr sorrow, care. a Turkish fief formerly held under condition of military service.
Tiger via Greek tigris from an Iranian source
Tigris From Middle Persian Tigr "arrow", originally from Old Persian Tigra "pointed" or "sharp"
Toque from O. Pers. taq "veil, shawl."
Tranky Etymology: Persian dialect tranki. an undecked bark used in the Persian gulf.
Trehala Etymology: probably from French tréhala, from Turkish tgala, from Persian tighal.
Tulip Etymology: any of various plants belonging to the genus Tulipa. from French tulipe, from Persian ‫ دلبند‬dulband.
Turan from Persian
Turanian Etymology: Persian Turan Turkistan (literally: "Land of the Turks"), the region north of the Oxus + English -ian. A member of any of the
peoples of Ural-Altaic stock.
Turanite Etymology: from Persian Turan + Russian -it' -ite. a basic vanadate of copper prob. Cu5(VO4)2(OH)4.
Turanose Etymology: German turanos, from Persian Turan + German -os -ose; obtained by the partial hydrolysis of melezitose; 3-α-glucosyl-fructose
Turban from Persian dulband Band = To close, To tie.
Turkmenistan Turkmen combined with Persian suffix -stan. Literally meaning "Land of Turkmens" in Persian.
Typhoon Etymology: via Chinese , Hindi दफुां , Arabic, and Ancient Greek; ultimately from Persian word Toofaan
Uzbekistan Uzbek combined with Persian suffix -stan. Literally meaning "Land of Uzbeks" in Persian.
Van from Caravan (q.v.)
Vispered Avestan vispa ratavo meaning all the lords. one of the supplementary ritual texts included in the Avestan sacred writings.
vizier etymology disputed; general references often derive it from Arabic wazir, "viceroy", lit. "one who bears (the burden of office)", lit. "porter,
carrier", from Arabic wazara, "he carried". However, Jared S. Klein derives it from Middle Persian vichir, from Avestan vicira, "arbitrator, judge".
Xerxes Gk. form of O. Pers. Kshayarshan-, lit. "male (i.e. 'hero') among kings," from Kshaya- "king" (cf. shah) + arshan "male, man."
Yarak Etymology: From Persian yaraki power, strength. good flying condition: FETTLE – used of a hawk or other bird used in hunting eagles are
difficult to get into yarak – Douglas Carruthers.
Yasht Modern Persian from Avesta. Avestan yashtay adoration. one of the hymns to angels or lesser divinities forming part of the Avesta.
Yuft Etymology: Russian, yuft', yukht', perhaps from Persian juft pair.
Zamindar Etymology: zamindar, from Persian, from zamin land + -dar holder meaning "Possessor of real estate" in Persian. A collector of revenues
from the cultivators of the land of a specified district for the government of India during the period of Muslim rule
Zamindari Etymology: from Persian, from zamindar.
Zanza Etymology: Arabic sanj castanets, cymbals, from Persian sanj. an African musical instrument consisting of graduated sets of tongues of wood
or metal inserted into and resonated by a wooden box and sounded by plucking with the fingers or thumbs.
Zarathushtra or Zarathustra the Persian prophet
Zedoary Etymology: Middle English zeduarie, from Medieval Latin zeduria, from Arabic zadwr, from Persian. an East Indian drug consisting of the
rhizome of either of two species of curcuma, Curcuma zedoaria or C. aromatica, used as a stimulant.
Zenana Etymology: From Persian zan woman. The literal meaning is Women-related. The part of a dwelling in which the women of a family are
secluded in India and Persian.
Zena feminine given name from Persian Zan (woman).
Zerda Etymology: Arabic zerdaw, probably of Persian origin. Fennec.
Zircon Via German Zirkon and Arabic zarkûn; ultimately from Persian zargun, "gold-colored" or from Syriac Zargono.
Zirconate zircon + the suffix -ate, from Latin -atus
Zirconia zircon + the New Latin -ia suffix
Zirconium zircon + the New Latin suffix -ium
Zoroaster from Persian Zarathushtra
Zoroastrianism The religion brought forth by Zoroaster.
Zumbooruk from Persian zanburah.

List of English words of Philippine origin

abacá - a species of banana native to the Philippines. The plant is of major economical importance, being harvested for its fibre, called manila
hemp, from abaka
boondocks - a remote, usually brushy rural area, from the Tagalog bundok, which means "mountain" or the word bunduk (Visayan Bukid)
meaning "hinterland", i.e., land area inland, away from the shore.
calamondin - a small evergreen citrus fruit tree, native to the Philippines, and used there for cooking and as a houseplant elsewhere, from
kalamunding
capiz - decoration material, made of mother-of-pearl shells that have the same name
cooties - from Tagalog and Austronesian word kuto which literally means "head lice"
halo-halo - a dessert.
lauan - the light yellow to reddish-brown or brown wood of any of various tropical southeast Asian trees, from lawaan
machin - a grayish brown long-tailed macaque (Macaca philippinensis), from matsing meaning monkey or ape
panguingue - a 19th-century gambling card game, from pangginggi
salacot - broad-brimmed hat woven from strips of cane or from palm leaves, from salakot
yo-yo - the toy, from Ilocano word yoyo

List of English words of Polish origin

"Kielbasa" derives from a generic Polish word for a sausage, which is ultimately from either Turkic or Hebrew.
This is a list English words of Polish origin, that is words used in the English language that were borrowed or derived, either directly or indirectly,
from Polish. Several Polish words have entered English slang via Yiddish, brought by Ashkenazi Jews migrating from Poland to North America.
Other English words were indirectly derived from Polish via Russian or West European languages, such as French, German or Dutch. The Polish
words themselves often come from other languages, such as German or Turkish. Borrowings from Polish tend to be mostly words referring to
staples of Polish cuisine, names of Polish folk dances or specialist, e.g. horse-related, terminology. Among the words of Polish origin there are
several words that derive from Polish geographic names and ethnonyms, including the name Polska, "Poland", itself.
Derived from common words
Directly
The following words are derive directly from Polish. Some of them are loanwords in Polish itself.
Word Meaning Etymology
Babka A leavened coffee or rum cake Polish / Ukrainian babka, ("yeast cake"), diminutive of baba ("old woman")
flavored with orange rind, rum,
almonds, and raisins
Bigos A Polish stew made with meat and Polish bigos ← German begossen ("doused"), or German blei + guss ("lead pieces")
cabbage
Britzka A type of horse-drawn carriage Polish bryczka, diminutive of bryka ("wagon")
Kielbasa A spicy smoked Polish sausage Polish kiełbasa ("sausage") ← Turkish kül bassï ("grilled cutlet") ← Turkic kül bastï:
kül ("coals, ashes") + bastï, ("pressed (meat)") from basmaq ("to press"); or from
Hebrew kolbasar ("all kinds of meat")
Klotski A sliding block puzzle Polish klocki, plural of klocek ("toy block")
Konik A horse breed Polish konik, diminutive of koń ("horse")
Marrowsky Dated - A spoonerism A Polish count's surname
Ogonek A hook-shaped diacritic Polish ogonek ← diminutive of ogon ("tail") ← Proto-Slavic *ogonŭ (probably
originally "that which drives away (flies and the like)") : *o-, ob-, ("around, on") +
*goniti ("to push, chase, drive")
Paczki A Polish jam-filled doughnut Polish pączki, plural of pączek ← diminutive of pąk ("bud")
Pierogi A semicircular dumpling of unleavened Polish pierogi, plural of pieróg ("pie") ← Russian pirog ← Old Russianpirogŭ, from
dough with any of various fillings pirŭ ("feast") ← Proto-Slavic *pirŭ ← Proto-Indo-European*pō(i)-
Sejm Polish diet or parliament Polish sejm ("diet, assembly")
Zloty Polish currency Polish złoty ("golden"), from złoto ("gold") ← Proto-Indo-European ghel
Indirectly
The following words are derived from Polish via third languages.
Word Meaning Etymology
Hetman Historical - Polish, Czech Ukrainian гетьман, het'man ← Polish hetman ← Czech hejtman ← dialectical German hötmann, hetmann
or Cossack military leader (modern Hauptmann) ← Middle High German houbet ("head/high") + man ("man")
Horde A nomadic tribe; a crowd German Horde ← Polish horda ← Ukrainian горда/gorda ← Russian орда (ordá) ← Mongol or North-West
or swarm Turkic ordï ("camp", "residence") ← Old Turkic ordu ("encampment, residence, court")
Gherkin A small cucumber Early Modern Dutch gurkijn (Modern gurkje), diminutive of gurk (+ kijn), aphetic variant of agurk, or possibly
via Dutch agurken, plural of agurk, taken to English as singular a gurken, from Dutch agurk, variant of augurk
← German Gurken, plural of Gurk ← Slavic source, i.e Polish ogórek, partial translation (with diminutive suff
-ek) of Byzantine Greek angourion ("watermelon, gherkin"), from diminutive of Late Greek angouros ("a
grape(s)"), meaning "small, unripe fruit," from expressive alteration of Greek aōros ("out of season, unripe") ←
Proto Indo-European
Nudnick / A bore; a boring person variant English noodnik ← Yiddish nudne + diminutive suffix -nik, from nudyen ("to bore") ← Slavic, either
Nudnik Russian нудный/núdnyj("tedious"), Ukrainian нудний/núdnýj ("tedious"), or Polish nudny ("boring") ← Old
Church Slavonic ноудити/nuditi or нѫдити/nǫditi ("to compell") ← Proto-Slavic *nuda ← Proto-Indo-
European *neuti- (“need”), from *nau- ("death, to be exhausted")
Quartz A hard white or colorless German Quarz ← dialectical Polish or other Slavic kwardy (modern Polish twardy)
mineral
Rendzina A dark, grayish-brown soil Russian rendzina/rendsina ("lime-rich soil") ← Polish rędzina ← unknown origin
that develops under grass
on limestone and chalk
Schav, A sorrel soup Yiddish ‫שטשאַ וו‬, shtshav ("sorrel") ← Polish szczaw
schaf
Schlub, A clumsy, stupid or Yiddish zhlob/zhlub, "yokel", "boor" ← Polish żłób ("trough, blockhead")
shlub unattractive person
Schmatte, A rag Yiddish shmate ← Polish szmata
shmatte
Schmuck, A clumsy or stupid person Yiddish shmok ("penis, fool") ← probably Old Polish smok ("snake/dragon") or German Schmuck ("Jewellery"
shmuck in either case, the German word highly influenced the English spelling.
Uhlan, A cavalryman German Uhlan ← Polish ułan ← Turkish oğlan("boy, youth" / "servant"), from oǧul ("son") ← Old Turkic
ulan
Derived from geographic names and ethnonyms

Word Meaning Etymology

Alla polacca Like a polonaise (in musical notation) Italian alla polacca, "in the Polish manner, Polish style"
Bialy A flat, round baked roll or bagel topped with onion Yiddish bialy ← short for bialystoker, "of Białystok", a town in north-eastern
flakes Poland
Cracovian A mathematical symbol used in cracovian calculus Polish krakowian ← Cracow, a city in southern Poland, former capital
Cracovienne, A lively Polish folk dance French (danse) cracovienne, "Kraków (dance)", feminine of cracovien, "of
krakowiak Cracow"; Polish krakowiak, "inhabitant of Cracow"
Crackowe, A long, pointed shoe popular in the 14th-15th Middle English crakowe ← Cracow, the English name of Kraków
cracowe, centuries
crakow
Czech Of or related to the Czech Republic or its people Polish Czech, "a Czech or Bohemian man" ← Czech Čech
Mazurka A Polish dance or a piece of music for such a dance Russian мазурка, mazurka ← Polish (tańczyć) mazurka, "(to dance) the mazurka",
accusative of mazurek ← diminutive of Mazur, "inhabitant of Masovia or
Masuria", regions in north-eastern Poland
Polack A Pole; formerly a neutral term, now considered Polish Polak, "Pole"
offensive (see also List of ethnic slurs)
Polonaise A stately, marchlike Polish dance or a piece of French (danse) polonaise, "Polish (dance)", feminine of polonais, "Polish"
music for such a dance
Polonaise A woman's overdress popular in the 18th century French (robe à la) polonaise, "Polish (style dress)", feminine of polonais, "Polish"
Polonaise Sprinkled with browned butter and bread crumbs French polonaise, feminine of polonais, "Polish"
(of food, mostly vegetables)
Polonium Chemical element with atomic number 84 Medieval Latin Polonia, "Poland"
Polska A Scandinavian folk dance or a piece of music for Swedish polska ← feminine of polsk, "Polish"
such a dance
Poulaine (The pointed toe of) a crackowe shoe (see above) Middle French (soulier à la) poulaine, "Polish (style shoe)" ← feminine of
poulain, "Polish"
Varsoviana, A graceful dance similar to a mazurka Spanish varsoviana ← feminine of varsoviano; French varsovienne ← feminine of
varsovienne varsovien; both from Medieval Latin varsovianus, "of Warsaw" (Polish:
Warszawa), the capital city of Poland

List of English words of Portuguese origin

Açaí from Portuguese açaí, from Tupi-Guarani asaí
Ainhum from Portuguese, based on Yoruba eyun 'saw'
Albacore from albacor from Arabic ‫ بكورة‬al-bukr (="the young camels")
Albatross an alteration of albatroz, under influence of the Latin word albus ("white")
Albino from albino, with the same meaning, from Latin albus
Amah from Portuguese ama, nurse, housemaid, from Medieval Latin amma, mother
Anhinga from Portuguese, from Tupi áyinga
Añil from anil, through French, via Arabic ‫ النيل‬al-nili and Persian ‫ نيال‬nila; ultimately from Sanskrit नीली nili (="indigo)
Auto-da-fé a judicial 'act' or sentence of the Inquisition from auto da fé (= "act/sentence of faith")
Ayah Anglo-Indian native nurse, children's governess from Port. aia, originally from Latin avia (grandmother). Etymogically related to English
"uncle"
Banana from Portuguese, of African origin; akin to Wolof banäna banana
Banyan from Portuguese, from Gujarati vāṇiyo, from Sanskrit "vaṇij"
Baroque from barroco (adj. = "unshapely")
Bossa nova (= "new trend" or "new wave")
Breeze probably from Old Spanish and Portuguese briza 'northeastern wind
Bual from boal
Buccaneer from French boucanier, from boucaner, ("to cure meat"), from boucan, ("barbecue frame"), of Tupian origin, mukém, ("rack"), via
Portuguese moquém.
Buffalo from Portuguese bufalo, from late Latin bufalus, from Greek boubalos 'antelope, wild ox'
Cachalot from Portuguese cachalote (same meaning), probably via Spanish or French. The Portuguese word comes from cachola ("head" or "big
head")
Cachou from French, from Portuguese cachu, from Malay kacu
Caipirinha alcoholic cocktail from Brazil spread throughout the world consisting of lime, sugar, and rum
Capoeira a popular Brazilian dance of African origin incorporating martial arts movements
Carambola Star fruit - Portuguese, perhaps from Marathi कराम्बल karambal
Caramel via French and Spanish, from Portuguese caramelo, 'caramel', from Late Latin calamellus. Typical Portuguese rhotacism of the letter
"L".
Caravel from caravela
Carbonado from Portuguese
Carioca from Tupi "carioca" (cari = white men, oca = house; house of the white men), via Portuguese carioca (native of Rio de Janeiro)
Carnauba from carnaúba
Cashew from caju (a tropical fruit)
Caste from casta (="class")
Cobra shortening of cobra-de-capelo, with the same meaning (literally, "snake [cobra] with a hood")
Coconut from coco + nut
Commando from comando 'command'
Cougar from French couguar, from Portuguese suçuarana, perhaps from Tupian sɨwasuarána or Guaraní guaçu ara.
Creole French créole, from Castilian Spanish criollo, person native to a locality, from Portuguese crioulo, diminutive of cria, ("'person raised in
one's house with no blood relation, a servant'"), < Portuguese criar ("'to rear, to raise, to bring up'"), from Latin creare, to beget; < Latin creo ("'to
create'"), which came into English via French between 1595 and 1605. [same root as creature]
Cuspidor from Portuguese, spitter, from cuspir 'to spit'
Dodo According to Encarta Dictionary and Chambers Dictionary of Etymology, "dodo" comes from Portuguese doudo (currently, more often,
doido) meaning "fool" or "crazy". The present Portuguese word dodô ("dodo") is of English origin. The Portuguese word doudo or doido may
itself be a loanword from Old English (cp. English "dolt")
Embarrass from Portuguese embaraçar (same meaning; also to tangle - string or rope), from em + baraço (archaic for "rope")
Emu from ema (="rhea")
Farofa typical dish of Brazil
Feijoada typical Portuguese and Brazilian stew. Used during the 2014 Scripps National Spelling Bee.
Fetish from French fétiche, from Portuguese feitiço ("charm", "sorcery", "spell"), from Latin factitius or feticius ("artificial")
Flamingo from Portuguese flamingo, from Spanish flamenco
Genipapo from Portuguese jenipapo, from Tupi
Grouper from garoupa
Guarana from Portuguese guaraná, from Tupi warana
Igarapé from Tupi : Area with trees near of rivers with the roots in the water.
Indigo from Spanish indico, Portuguese endego, and Dutch (via Portuguese) indigo, from Latin indicum, from Greek indikon 'blue dye from India'
Jacaranda from Tupi yakaranda.
Jackfruit from Portuguese jaca, from Malayalam chakka + fruit
Jaggery from Portuguese xagara, jag(a)ra, from Malayalam cakkarā, from Sanskrit śarkarā
Jaguar from Tupi or Guaraní jaguarete via Portuguese
Junk from junco, from Javanese djong (Malay adjong).
Konpeitō Japanese sweets, from the Portuguese confeito (sugar candy)
Labrador from the name of Portuguese explorer João Fernandes Lavrador, the surname meaning "landowner" or "farmer".
Lacquer from French lacre, from Portuguese lacre, from Arabic lakk, from Persian lak
Lambada from lambada (="beating, lashing")
Lascar from Portuguese lascari, from Urdu and Persian laškarī 'soldier', from laškar 'army'.
Launch (boat) from Portuguese lancha, from Malay lancharan 'boat'.
Lingo perhaps from Old Portuguese lingoa, today's língua, ("language", "tongue") related to Old Provençal lengo, lingo. Or perhaps, from Polari
slang, ultimately from Italian lingua franca. Polari is a distinctive English argot in use since at least the 18th century among groups of theatrical
and circus performers and in certain homosexual communities, derived largely from Italian, directly or through Lingua Franca. Sailors'
expressions from the 16th century passed on to 19th century English 'gay' culture, and vaudeville theatrical world, including words derived from
a variety of sources such as Italian, Romani, Yiddish, and British rhyming slang.
Macaque from macaco, through French
Macaw from macau; ultimately from Tupi macavuana.
Mandarin from mandarim, from the Malay mantri, from Hindi मांत्री matri, from Sanskrit मवन्त्रन् mantrin (="counsellor")
Mango from manga, via Malay mangga, ultimately from Malayalam മാങ്ങ māṅṅa or from Tamil மோங்கோய் mānkāy
Mangrove probably from Portuguese mangue mangrove (from Spanish mangle, probably from Taino) + English grove
Manioc from mandioca (="cassava") from Tupi mandioca.
Maraca from maracá from Tupi
Marimba from Portuguese, of Bantu origin; akin to Kimbundu ma-rimba : ma-, pl. n. pref. + rimba, xylophone, hand piano
Marmalade from marmelada, a preserve made from marmelo (="quince")
Molasses from melaço (="treacle")
Monsoon from monção
Mosquito from Mosquito meaning 'little fly'
Mulatto Portuguese mulato. From mula (=mule) a cross between a horse and a donkey or from the Arabic term muwallad, which means "a
person of mixed ancestry"
Negro Negro means "black" in Spanish and Portuguese being from the Latin word niger (Dative nigro, Accusative nigrum) and the Greek word
Νέγρος Negros both of the same meaning. It came to English through the Portuguese and Spanish slave trade. Prior to the 1970s, it was the
dominant term for Black people of African origin; in most English language contexts (except its inclusion in the names of some organizations
founded when the term had currency, e.g. the United Negro College Fund), it is now considered either archaic or a slur.
Pagoda from pagode; corruption of Persian ‫ بوتکاتا‬butkata (+"idol deity")
Palanquin from Portuguese palanquim, from Oriya pālaṅki
Palaver a chat, from palavra (="word"), Portuguese palavra (word), parabola (parable), speech (current fala, discurso), chat (current bate-papo,
papo, palavrinha, conversa and also Eng. chat) alteration of Late Latin parabola, speech, parable.
Pickaninny from pequenina (="little one") or pequeninha (="toddler")
Piranha from piranha (=piranha), from Tupi pirá ("fish") + ánha ("cut")
Pomfret from Portuguese pampo
potato from "batata"
Ramkie from Afrikaans, from Nama rangi-b, perhaps from Portuguese rabequinha diminutive of rabeca 'fiddle'
Sablefish from sável (="shad," "whitefish")
Samba from samba ; ultimately of Angolan origin, semba
Sargasso from sargaço (="sargasso")
Savvy from sabe he knows, from saber to know
Serval from French, from Portuguese (lobo-)cerval 'Iberian lynx', from Latin cervarius
Stevedore from estivador (="stevedore")
Talapoin from French, from Portuguese talapão
Tank from tanque
Tapioca from tapioca
Teak from teca
Tempura Japanese 天麩羅, tenpura?, also written as "天ぷら", from Portuguese têmporas, (=Ember Days)
Verandah from varanda (="balcony" or "railing"), from Hindi वराांडा varanda or Bengali baranda
Vindaloo probably from Portuguese vin d'alho 'wine and garlic (sauce)', from vinho 'wine' + alho 'garlic' or possibly from vinagre 'vinegar' + alho
'garlic'
Yam from inhame or Spanish ñame from West African nyama (="eat")
Zebra from zebra (same meaning), which started as the feminine form of zebro (a kind of deer), from vulgar Latin eciferus, classical Latin
EQUIFERVS.
Zombie from the word "zumbi", first recorded in 1819 in a history of Brazil by the poet Robert Southey.. This word is given West African origin by
the Oxford English Dictionary, and was incorporated into the Portuguese language by interaction with african slaves in Brazil.

List of English words of Romani origin

These are words in the English language which come from Romani.
This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
Bar - 'stone' in Romani, but colloquially used to mean a pound coin
Chav - a member of a youth subculture (from cha = "child")
Chor - to steal, from the Romani word meaning the same
Cosh - a weapon, truncheon, baton (from the Romani word cosht = "stick")
Cove (from the Romani word kova or cova, meaning "that person") - British-English colloquial term meaning a person or chap
Cushty - good (from the Romani word kusht or kushti)
Cushy - easy, good, fine (from the Romani word kusht or kushti)
Dinlo - idiot (either from the Romani word dilo meaning "fool", or dinilo meaning "crazy")
drag - to wear clothing carrying symbolic significance commonly associated with the opposite gender (possibly from indraka = "dress")
drag - a car, to race a car as in drag racing
Gadge - man or bloke, sometimes a dodgy, unpleasant or suspicious man. (Often Scottish slang.) From the Romani word "Gadjo" meaning non-
Romani.
Gadjo or Gadjie - a non-Romani
Jell - to go, from the Romani word jall
Lollipop - a type of candy, from the Romani "loli phabai", meaning red apple
Moosh - colloquial meaning a man, a bloke, from Romani moosh meaning man.
Mullered - colloquial, from the Romani muller meaning dead or killed.
Nark - a police informer (from nāk, nose)
Pal - a friend, from the Romani word phral, meaning "brother"
Ratley - a female, from the Romani word "rakli" meaning the same
Romanipen - the spirit of being Romani, "Romani-ness"
Shiv - an improvised knife or similar weapon (possibly from chivomengro = "knife")
Skip (waste collecting container like on building sites) - from Romani word skip meaning basket
Togs - clothes (colloquial) from the Romani word togs meaning clothes

List of English words of Romanian origin

These are words in the English language which come from Romanian.
ban - a noble title. Probably originally from Thracian *ban via Romanian ban
hora - a type of circle dance originating in the Balkans but also found in other countries. Its English etymology includes Hebrew, Romanian and
Turkish.
mineriad - term used to name violent interventions of miners
Palatschinke - a thin crêpe-like variety of pancake common in Central and Eastern Europe. From Latin placenta (cake) via Romanian plăcintă
(cake) and Hungarian palacsinta Its English etymology

List of English words of Russian origin

Many languages, including English, contain words (Russianisms) most likely borrowed from the Russian language. Not all of the words are truly
fluent Russian or Slavic origin. Some of them co-exist in other Slavic languages and it is difficult to decide whether they made English from Russian
or, say, from Bulgarian. Some other words are borrowed or constructed from the classical ancient languages, such as Latin or Greek. Still others
are themselves borrowed from indigenous peoples that Russians have come into contact with in Russian or Soviet territory.
Compared to other source languages, very few of the words borrowed into English come from Russian. Direct borrowing first began with contact
between England and Russia in the 16th century and picked up heavily in the 20th century with the establishment of the Soviet Union as a major
world power. Most of them are used to denote things and notions specific to Russia, Russian culture, politics, history, especially well-known outside
Russia. Some others are in mainstream usage, independent of any Russian context.
Common
-nik, a borrowed suffix (also used in Yiddish)
Babushka (Russian: бабушка [ˈbab ʂkə] "grandmother", "granny" or just an old woman), a headscarf folded diagonally and tied under the chin
(this meaning is absent in the Russian language). Also unlike in the Russian language, the accent is made on u instead the first a.
Balalaika (Russian: балалайка, [bəlɐˈlajkə]) A triangle-shaped mandolin-like musical instrument with three strings.
Balaclava (Russian: Балаклава) (Tatar origin) A knitted hat that covers the face. First used in the British army during the Crimean war of 1853-
56. From the name of the town of Balaklava, russified Tatar 'Baliqlava'. This usage in Russian is fairly recent and comes from English.
Bridge game (from the Old East Slavic: бирич biritch).
Cosmonaut Russian: ко о ав (IPA [kəsmɐˈnaft], a Russian or Soviet astronaut. (from κόσμος kosmos, a Greek word, which in Russian stands
for 'outer space', rather than 'world' or 'universe', and nautes 'sailor', thus 'space sailor'; the term cosmonaut was first used in 1959; the near
similar word "cosmonautic" had been coined in 1947). Cosmodrome (by analogy with aerodrome) was coined to refer to a launching site for
Russian spacecraft.
Gulag (Russian , acronym for лав ое правле ие И прави ель о-Трудовых агерей и коло ий) (Russian acronym for Glavnoye
Upravleniye Ispravitelno-trudovykh Lagerey i kolonii, The Chief Administration (or Directorate) of Corrective Labour Camps and
Colonies.) (historical) In the former Soviet Union, an administered system of corrective labor camps and prisons. (figurative) A coercive
institution, or an oppressive environment.
Intelligentsia (Russian: и еллиге и [ ntʲ lʲ ˈɡʲ ntsɨjə]; from Latin intelligence, intelligentia from inter "between", and legare "to choose") The
part of a nation (originally in pre-revolutionary Russia) having aspirations to intellectual activity, a section of society regarded as possessing
culture and political initiative; plural the members of this section of a nation or society. In the former Soviet Union, the intellectual elite.
Kazakh (Russian: ка ах) (Russian, late 16th century, Kazak, from Turkic meaning "vagabond" or "nomad", name of the ethnicity was transliterated
into English from Russian spelling. The self-appellation is "Kazak" or "Qazaq".) Kazakh people.
Knout (Russian: к у [knut]) perhaps from Swedish knutpiska, a kind of whip, or Germanic origin Knute, Dutch Knoet, Anglo-Saxon cnotta, English
knot) A whip formerly used as an instrument of punishment in Russia; the punishment inflicted by the knout.
Kopeck (Russian: копейка, [kɐˈpʲ jkə]; derives from the Russian (копьё [kɐˈpʲjo] 'spear') a reference to the image of a rider with a spear on the
coins minted by Moscow after the capture of Novgorod in 1478) A Russian currency, a subunit of Ruble, 100 kopecks is equal to 1 ruble.
Kremlin (Russian: кре ль [krʲ mlʲ]; Russian for "fortress", "citadel" or "castle") A citadel or fortified enclosure within a Russian town of city,
especially the Kremlin of Moscow; (the Kremlin) Metonym for the government of the former USSR, and to a lesser of extent of Russian post-
Soviet government.
Mammoth (Russian: а о mamont [ˈmamənt], from Yakut а о mamont, probably mama, "earth", perhaps from the notion that the animal
burrowed in the ground) Any various large, hairy, extinct elephants of the genus Mammuthus, especially the woolly mammoth. 2. (adjective)
Something of great size.
Matryoshka also Russian nested doll, stacking doll, Babushka doll, or Russian doll (Russian: а рёшка [mɐˈtrʲɵʂkə]. A set of brightly
colored wooden dolls of decreasing sizes placed one inside another. "Matryoshka" is a derivative of the Russian female first name "Matryona",
which is traditionally associated with a corpulent, robust, rustic Russian woman.
Pogrom (from Russian: погро ; from "гро и ь" gromit "to destroy"; the word came to English through Yiddish ‫ פאָ גראָ ם‬c.1880–1885) (early 20th
century) A riot against Jews.(general) An organized, officially tolerated attack on any community or group. (transitive verb) Massacre or destroy
in a pogrom.
Ruble (Rouble) (from Russian: рубль rubl [ˈr blʲ], from Old Russian рубли rubli "cut" or "piece", probably originally a piece cut from a silver ingot
bar (grivna) from Russian руби ь, rubiti meaning "to chop". Historically, "ruble" was a piece of a certain weight chopped off a silver ingot
(grivna), hence the name. An alternate etymology may suggest the name comes from the Russian noun рубе , rubets, i.e., the seam that is left
around the coin after casting: silver was added to the cast in two goes. Therefore, the word ruble means "a cast with a seam".) The Russian unit
of currency.
Sable (from Russian: sobol – оболь [ˈsobəlʲ], ultimately from Persian ‫ سمور‬samor) A carnivorous mammal of the Mustelidae family native to
Northern Europe and Asia.
Samovar (Russian: а овар, IPA: [səmɐˈvar] (Russian а о samo "self" and вари ь varit "to boil" hence "self-boil") A traditional Russian tea urn,
with an internal heating device for heating water for tea and keep the water at boiling point.
Sputnik (historical, aside from the name of the program) (Russian: " пу ик" - "satellite" (in space and astronomy), in Russian its initial meaning is
"travelling companion" from s "co-" + put "way" or "journey" + noun suffix -nik person connected with something; it means "satellite" when
referring to astronomy related topics). This term is now dated in English. In English, the best known meaning is the name of a series of
unmanned artificial earth satellites launched by the Soviet Union from 1957 to the early 1960s; especially Sputnik 1 which on October 4, 1957
became the first man-made object to orbit the earth.
Taiga (Russian: айга, originally from Mongolian or Turkic). The swampy, coniferous forests of high northern latitudes, especially referring to that
between the tundra and the steppes of Siberia.
Troika (Russian: ройка [ˈtrojkə] "threesome" or "triumvirate") (mid 19th century) A Russian vehicle, either a wheeled carriage or a sleigh, drawn
by three horses abreast. A Russian folk dance with three people, often one man and two women. (historical) a) In the former Soviet Union, a
commission headed by three people; especially NKVD Troika. b) In the former Soviet Union, a group of three powerful Soviet leaders;
especially referring to the 1953 Troika of Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, and Vyacheslav Molotov that briefly ruled the Soviet Union after the
death of Stalin. A group of three people or things working together, especially in an administrative or managerial capacity.[citation needed]
Ushanka (Russian: уша ка [ ˈʂaŋkə]), or shapka-ushanka the word derives from rus. "уши" "ushi" - ears (and also flaps of ushanka) - ear-flaps
hat, a type of cap (Russian: шапка shapka) made of fur with ear flaps that can be tied up to the crown of the cap, or tied at the chin to protect
the ears from the cold.
Cuisine
Blini (Russian plural: бли ы, singular: бли ), are thin pancakes or crepes traditionally made with yeasted batter, although non-yeasted batter has
become widespread in recent times. Blini are often served in connection with a religious rite or festival, but also constitute a common breakfast
dish.
Coulibiac (origin 1895-1900, from Russian: кулеб ка kulebyáka, an oblong loaf of fish, meat, or vegetables, baked in a pastry shell; of uncert.
orig) A Russian fish pie typically made with salmon or sturgeon, hard-boiled eggs, mushrooms, and dill, baked in a yeast or puff pastry shell.
Kefir (Russian: ке ир [kə-FEER]; is a fermented milk drink made with kefir "grains" (a yeast/bacterial fermentation starter) and has its origins in
the north Caucasus Mountains
Medovukha (Russian: едовуха, from ёд) (Proto-Indo-European meddhe, "honey"). A Russian honey-based alcoholic beverage similar to
mead.
Okroshka (Russian: окрошка) from Russian "kroshit" (кроши ь) meaning to chop (into small pieces) A type of Russian cold soup with mixed raw
vegetables and kvass.
Pavlova A meringue dessert topped with whipped cream and fresh fruit, named after the Russian ballet dancer Anna Pavlova.
Pelmeni (Russian plural: пель е и, singular пель е ь, pelmen′ from Udmurt: пель ь "ear[-formed] bread"). An Eastern European dumpling
made with minced meat, especially beef and pork, wrapped in thin dough and cooked similarly to pasta.
Pirozhki (Russian plural: пиро ки, singular пиро ок) An Eastern European baked or fried bun stuffed with a variety of fillings.
Rassolnik (Russian: ра оль ик), is a hot soup in a salty-sour cucumber base. This dish formed in Russian cuisine quite late—only in the 19th
century.
Sbiten (Russian: би е ь) A traditional Russian honey based drink similar to Medovukha.
Sevruga (Russian: евр га) A caviar from the Sevruga, a type of sturgeon found only in the Caspian and Black Seas.
Shchi (Russian: щи) A type of cabbage soup.
Solyanka (Russian: ол ка; [sɐˈlʲankə]) is a thick, spicy and sour Russian soup that is common in Russia and other states of the former Soviet
Union and certain parts of the former Eastern Bloc.
Ukha (Russian: ха), is a clear Russian soup, made from various types of fish such as bream, wels catfish, northern pike, or even ruffe.
Vodka (Russian: водка [ˈvotkə]; Russian derivative of вода voda "water") A 40% alcoholic liquor distilled from fermented wheat mash, but now
also made from a mash of rye, corn, or potatoes.
Political and administrative
Agitprop (Russian: аги проп; blend of Russian а а agitatsiya "agitation" and о а а да propaganda "propaganda"; origin 1930s' from
shortened form of о дел аги а ии и пропага ды, transliteration otdel agitatsii i propagandy, ('Department for Agitation and Propaganda'),
which was part of the Central and regional committees of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The department was later renamed
Ideological Department.)
Political (originally communist) propaganda,
Apparatchik plural apparatchiki (Russian: аппара чик) [ɐpɐˈrat k] (from Russian а а а apparat in sense of "gosudarstvenniy apparat"
["state machine"]) Common name given to state (governmental) organs and the Communist Party, which was the leading and the most
powerful part of the state machine in the former Soviet Union. Word "apparat" derives from "apparatus", which derives from Latin apparare, "to
make ready".
Bolshevik (Russian большевик) [bəlʲʂɨˈvʲik] (from Russian "больши во", "bolshinstvo" - majority, which derives from "больше" bol'she -
'more','greater'. (historical) A member of the majority fraction of the Russian Social Democratic Party, which was renamed to the Communist
Party after seizing power in the October Revolution in 1917. (chiefly derogatory) (in general use) A person with politically subversive or radical
views; a revolutionary. (adjective) Relating to or characteristic of Bolsheviks or their views or policies.
Cheka (Russian: В еро ий ка чре вычай а ко и и по борьбе ко рревол ией и або а е , acronym for The All-Russian
Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Speculation, and Sabotage, abbreviated to Cheka (Chrezvychaynaya
Komissiya, ChK; Чре вычай а Ко и и , ЧК – pronounced "Che-Ká") or VCheka; In 1918 its name was slightly altered to "All-Russian
Extraordinary Commission for Combating Counter-Revolution, Profiteering and Corruption") The first Soviet state security organization (1917–
1922), it was later transformed and reorganized into the GPU.
Commissar (Russian ко и ар) (Russian о а а commissariat reinforced by medieval Latin commissariatus, both from medieval Latin
commissarius "person in charge" from Latin committere "entrust"' term "commissar" first used in 1918) An official of the Communist Party,
especially in the former Soviet Union or present day China, responsible for political education and organization; A head of a government
department in the former Soviet Union before 1946, when the title was changed to Minister. (figurative) A strict or prescriptive figure of
authority.
Druzhina also Druzhyna, Drużyna (Russian and Ukrainian: дру и а) (Slavic drug (друг) meaning "companion" or "friend" related to Germanic
drotiin, Proto-Germanic *druhtinaz meaning "war band") (historical) A detachment of select troops in East Slav countries who performed service
for a chieftain, later knyaz. Its original functions were bodyguarding, raising tribute from the conquered territories and serving as the core of an
army during war campaigns. In Ukrainian, the word дру и а means legal wife.
Duma (Russian: у а) (from Russian word ду а ь dumat', "to think" or "to consider") (historical) A pre-19th century advisory municipal councils in
Russia, later it referred to any of the four elected legislature bodies established due to popular demand in Russia from 1906 to 1917. The
legislative body in the ruling assembly of Russia (and some other republics of the former Soviet Union) established after the fall of communism
in 1991. The State Duma (Russian: о удар ве а у а (Gosudarstvennaya Duma), common abbreviation: о ду а (Gosduma)) in the
Russian Federation is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia (legislature), the upper house being the Federation Council of Russia.
Dvoryanstvo singular dvoryanin двор и , plural dvoryane двор е (Russian двор во Dvoryanstvo meaning "nobility" from Russian dvor
(двор) referring to the court of a prince or duke kniaz and later of the tsar) (historical) Term for the Russian nobility that arose in the 14th
century and essentially governed Russia until the Russian Revolution.
Dyak (clerk) (Russian дь к), diminutive - Dyachok (Russian дь чок) (historical) A member of the church workers in Russia who were not part of
the official hierarchy of church offices and whose duties included reading and singing.
Glasnost (Russian: гла о ь [ˈɡlasnəsʲtʲ]; glasnost - publicity, from "гла ый" "glasniy" - public, from glas voice, from Old Church Slavonic
glasu). In late 20th century an official policy in the former Soviet Union (especially associated with Mikhail Gorbachev) emphasizing
transparency, openness with regard to discussion of social problems and shortcomings.
Glavlit (Russian acronym for Main Administration for Literary and Publishing Affairs, later renamed Main Administration for the Protection
of State Secrets in the Press of the Council of Ministers of the USSR Russian: лав ое управле ие по охра е го удар ве ых ай в
печа и О ТП ( ОТ), trans.Glavnoe upravlenie po okhrane gosudarstvennykh tayn v pechati) (historical) The official censorship and state
secret protection organ in the Soviet Union.
Kadet (Russian: Ко и у ио а е окра иче ка пар и , The Constitutional Democratic Party or Constitutional Democrats, formally Party
of Popular Freedom, informally called Kadets, or Cadets from the abbreviation K-D of the party name [the term was political, and not related
to military students who are called cadets]) (historical) A liberal political party in Tsarist Russia founded in 1905, it largely dissolved after the
Russian Civil War.
Khozraschyot or Khozraschet (Russian: хо ра чё , хо й ве ый ра чё , literally "economic accounting") A method of the planned running
of an economic unit (i.e., of a business, in Western terms) based on the confrontation of the expenses incurred in production with the production
output, on the compensation of expenses with the income; often referred to as the attempt to simulate the capitalist concepts of profit into the
planned economy of the Soviet Union.
Kolkhoz plural kolkhozy (Russian: колхо , [kɐlˈxos]; 1920s origin; Russian contraction of коллек ив ое хо й во, kol(lektivnoe) khoz(yaisto)
"collective farm") A form of collective farming in the former Soviet Union.
Konyushy (Russian ко ший) (Russian literally "equerry" or "master of the horse") (historical) A boyar in charge of the stables of the Russian
rulers, duties which included parade equipage, ceremonies of court ride-offs, and military horse breeding.
Korenizatsiya also korenization (Russian: коре и а и ) (Russian meaning "nativization" or "indigenization", literally "putting down roots", from
the Russian term коре ое а еле ие korennoye naseleniye "root population")
Kulak (Russian: кулак, literally "fist", meaning "tight-fisted" ) Originally a prosperous Russian landed peasant in czarist Russia, later the term was
used with hostility by Communists during the October Revolution as an exploiter and strong adherent of private property and liberal values, that
is opposite to communists; they were severely repressed under the rule of Joseph Stalin in the 1930s.
Krai also Kray (Russian: край, 1. edge. 2.1. country, land (as poetic word). 2.2. krai, territory (as adm.-terr. unit).) Term for eight of Russia's 85
federal subjects, often translated as territory, province, or region.
Leninism (Russian: ле и и ) (after Vladimir Lenin, the term was coined in 1918) The political, economic and social principals and practices of
the Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin, especially his theory of government which formed the basis for Soviet communism.
Lishenets (Russian: лише е ) (from Russian лише ие, "deprivation", properly translated as a disenfranchised) (historical) A certain group of
people in the Soviet Union who from 1918 to 1936 were prohibited from voting and denied other rights.
Menshevik (Russian: е ьшевик) (from Russian word е ьши во menshinstvo "minority" from е ьше men'she "less"; the name Menshevik
was coined by Vladimir Lenin when the party was (atypically) in the minority for a brief period) (historical) A member of the non-Leninist wing of
the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party, opposed to the Bolsheviks who defeated them during the Russian Civil War that followed the
1917 Russian Revolution.
Mir (Russian: ир) (from Russian mir, meaning both "world" and "peace")
(historical) A peasant farming commune in pre-Revolutionary Russia.
Space Station Mir, a space station created by the former Soviet Union and continued by Russia until 2001.
Namestnik (Russian: а е ик, [nɐˈmʲ snʲ k]; Russian literally "deputy" or "lieutenant") (historical)
(12th–16th century) An official who ruled an uyezd and was in charge of local administration.
(18th-20th century) A type of viceroy in Russia who ruled a namestnichestvo and had plenipotentiary powers.
Narkompros (Russian: арко про ) (Russian арод ый ко и ариа про веще и , an abbreviation for the People's Commissariat for
Enlightening (historical) The Soviet Union agency charged with the administration of public education and most of other issues related to
culture such as literature and art. Founded by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution, it was renamed in 1946 to the Ministry of
Enlightening.
Narodniks (Russian: plural арод ики, singular арод ик) (from Russian narod "people", in turn from expression "Хо де ие в арод" meaning
"going to the people") (historical) The name for Russian revolutionaries (active 1860's to 1880's) that looked on the peasants and intelligentsia
as revolutionary forces, rather the urban working class.
NEP or The New Economic Policy (NEP) (Russian: эп, acronym for ова эко о иче ка поли ика Novaya Ekonomicheskaya Politika)
(historical) An economic policy instituted in 1921 by Lenin to attempt to rebuild industry and especially agriculture. The policy was later reversed
by Stalin.
Nomenklatura (Russian: о е кла ура) (Russian nomenklatura, from the Latin nomenclatura meaning a list of names) (historical) In the former
Soviet Union, a list of influential posts in government and industry to be filled by Communist Party appointees; collectively the holders of these
posts, the Soviet élite.
Obshchina (R ssian общи а, общи а) (Russian общий obshchiy common, commune) Russian peasant agrarian communities during Imperialist
Russia.
Okhrana in full The Okhrannoye otdeleniye (Russian: Охра ое о деле ие) (Russian literally "Protection Section") (historical) The secret police
organization (established in the 1860s) for protection of the Russian czarist regimes. It ended with the Bolshevik takeover of Russia in 1917,
who set up their own secret police organization called the Cheka.
Okrug (Russian: округ) (Russian okrug is similar to the German word Bezirk ("district"), both words refer to something "encircled")
In the former Soviet Union, an administrative division of an oblast and krai.
A federal district in the present-day Russian Federation.
Oprichnina (Russian: оприч и а) (Russian from obsolete Russian word о чь oprich meaning "apart from" or "separate") (historical) Term for
the domestic policy of Russian czar Ivan the Terrible.
Oprichnik plural Oprichniki (Russian: оприч ик) (historical) Name given to the bodyguards of Russian ruler Ivan the Terrible who ruthlessly
suppressed any opposition to his reign.
Perestroika (Russian: пере ройка) (Russian perestroika literally "restructuring", the term was first used in 1986) The reform of the political and
economic system of the former Soviet Union, first proposed by Leonid Brezhnev at the 26th Communist Party Congress in 1979, and later
actively promoted by Mikhail Gorbachev from 1985.
Podyachy (Russian: подь чий) (Russian from the Greek hypodiakonos, "assistant servant") (historical) An office occupation in prikazes (local and
upper governmental offices) and lesser local offices of Russia from the 15th to the 18th century.
Politburo (Russian Поли б ро politbyuro from Поли иче кое б ро polit(icheskoe) byuro "political bureau") (historical) The principal
policymaking committee in the former Soviet Union that was founded in 1917; also known as the Presidium from 1952 to 1966.
Posadnik (Russian: по ад ик) (from Old Church Slavic posaditi, meaning to put or place, since originally they were placed in the city to rule in
behalf of the prince of Kiev) (historical) A mayor (equivalent to a stadtholder, burgomeister, or podesta in the medieval west) in some East
Slavic cities, notably in the Russian cities of Novgorod and Pskov; the title was abolished in the 15th and 16th centuries.
Praporshchik (Russian: прапорщик) (from Slavonic prapor (прапор), meaning flag, since the praporshchik was a flag-bearer in Kievan Rus
troops) The name of a junior officer position in the military of the Russian Empire equivalent to ensign. Nowadays this rank is used by modern
Russian army, police and FSB and is equivalent to warrant officer.
Prikaz (Russian: прика ) (historical) An administrative (palace, civil, military, or church) or judicial office in Muscovy and Russia of 15th–18th
centuries; abolished by Peter the Great. In modern Russian, an administrative[citation needed] or military order (to do something).
Propiska (Russian: пропи ка) (Russian full term о а о ь ва, "The record of place of residence", from Russian verb
propisat "to write into" in reference to write a passport into a registration book of the given local office) (historical) a regulation promulgated by
the Russian Czar designed to control internal population movement by binding a person to his or her permanent place of residence. Abolished
by Lenin, but later reinstated under Stalin in the Soviet Union.
Silovik (Russian: иловик), plural siloviks or siloviki (Russian: иловики) (from Russian ила sila - strength, force), a collective name for
ministers, generals and other officials of " иловые ведо ва" "siloviye vedomstva" - force departments - ministries and other departments
which have arms (weapons) and ability to use armed force, such as Army, FSB(KGB), MVD (Police). Term siloviks is often used in context of
their inclination to force methods in solving of problems.
Soviet (Russian: ове ) (Russian sovet "council") (historical) A revolutionary council of workers or peasants in Russia before the Russian
Revolution.An elected local, district, or national council in the former Soviet Union.(Soviet) A citizen in the former Soviet Union.(adjective) of or
concerning the former Soviet Union.
Sovkhoz plural Sovkhozes (Russian: овхо ) (Russian ов о о во, (Sov) eckoje (khoz)yaistvo, "soviet farm") (historical) A state
owned farm in the former Soviet Union.A state owned farm in countries of the former Soviet Union.
Sovnarkhoz (Russian: ов архо ) (Russian ов а од о о о ва, Sovet Narodnogo Hozyaistva, Council of National Economy,
usually translated as "Regional Economic Council") (historical) An organization of the former Soviet Union to manage a separate economic
region.
Sovnarkom (Russian: ове и и ров Р) (Russian Sovet Ministrov SSSR, Council of Ministers of the USSR, sometimes abbreviated
form ов и Sovmin was used; between 1918 and 1946 it was named the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR ( ове
арод ых Ко и аров Р, Russian Sovet Narodnykh Komissarov SSSR, sometimes Sovnarkom or SNK shortcuts were used).) (historical)
In the former the Soviet Union, the highest executive and administrative body.
Spetsnaz or Specnaz (Russian: Вой ка пе иаль ого а аче и – пе а ) or Russian special purpose regiments (Voyska spetsialnogo
naznacheniya) A general term for the police or military units within the Soviet Union (later Russian Federation) who engage in special activities.
Similar to South African term Commandos.
Stakhanovite (Russian: аха ове ) (after Aleksei Grigorievich Stakhanov ( лек ей ригорьевич аха ов), a coal miner from Donbass noted
for his superior productivity; the Soviet authorities publicized Stakhanov's prodigious output in 1935 as part of a campaign to increase industrial
output) (historical) In the former Soviet Union, a worker who was exceptionally hardworking and productive, and thus earned special privileges
and rewards. Any exceptionally hardworking or zealous person, often with connotations of excessive compliance with management and lack of
solidarity with fellow workers.
Stalinism (Russian али и ; the term Stalinism was first used in 1927; the term was not used by Stalin himself, as he considered himself a
Marxist-Leninist). (historical) The political, economic, and social principles and policies associated with Joseph Stalin during his rule (1924–
1953) of the Soviet Union; especially the theory and practice of communism developed by Stalin which included rigid authoritarianism,
widespread use of terror, and often emphasis on Russian nationalism. Any rigid centralized authoritarian form of government or rule.
Stavka (Russian: авка) (historical) The General Headquarters of armed forces in late Imperial Russia and in the former Soviet Union.
Streltsy singular strelitz, plural strelitzes or strelitzi (Russian: рель ы, singular: реле strelets "bowman") (historical) Units of armed
guardsmen created by Ivan the Terrible in the 16th century and later abolished by Peter the Great.
Tovarishch also Tovarich (Russian: оварищ IPA [tɐˈvarʲ ], tovarishch sense "close friend", often "travelmate", referring[citation needed] to the noun
овар tovar "merchandise"); In the former Soviet Union, a comrade; often used as a form of address.
Tsar also Czar, Tzar, Csar, and Zar (Russian: царь [tsarʲ], English ˈzɑːr : from Latin Caesar "hairy"). (historical) Title of a Southern Slav ruler as
in Bulgaria (913–1018, 1185–1422, and 1908–1946) and Serbia (1346–1371).(historical) Title for the emperor of Russia from about 1547 to
1917, although the term after 1721 officially only referred to the Russian emperor's sovereignty over formerly independent states.(latter part of
20th century) A person with great authority or power in a particular area, e.g. drug czar (spelled only as "czar" in this usage).
Tsarina also tsaritsa (formerly spelled czaritsa), czarina, German zarin, French tsarine (Russian: ари а) (Russian, etymology from tsar)
(historical) The wife of a tsar; also the title for the Empress of Russia.
Tsarevna also czarevna (Russian арев а, etymology from tsar).(historical) The daughter of a tsar.The wife of a tsarevitch.
Tsarevich also tsesarevich, czarevich, tzarevitch Russian: аревич, early 18th century, from tsar + patronymic -evich (historical) The eldest
son of an emperor of Russia; the male heir to a tsar.
Tysyatsky also tysiatsky (Russian: ы кий) (sometimes translated as dux or Heerzog but more correctly meaning thousandman; sometimes
translated into the Greek chilliarch literally meaning "rule of a thousand") (historical) A military leader in Ancient Rus who commanded a
people's volunteer army called tysyacha (Russian: ы ча), or a thousand.
Ukase (Russian: ука [ʊˈkas] ordinance, edict, from ukazat to show) (pronunciation[citation needed] yoo-kayz), a decree:(historical) In Imperial Russia, a
proclamation or edict of the ruling tsar or tsarina, the Russian government, or a religious leader (patriarch) that had the force of law.(historical)
In the former Soviet Union, a government edict issued by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet and subject to later ratification by the Supreme
Soviet.In the Russian Federation, a Presidential decree.Any arbitrary command or decree from any source.
Uskoreniye (Russian: у коре ие, literally "acceleration") A slogan and a policy initiated in 1985 by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which aimed
at the acceleration of social and economic development of the Soviet Union.
Votchina also otchina (Russian: во чи а (о чи а) "father's heritage") (historical) An East Slavic land estate that could be inherited The land
owned by a knyaz.
Yevsektsiya also Yevsektsia (Russian: в ек и ) (from the abbreviation of the phrase " врей ка ек и " Yevreyskaya sektsiya) (historical)
The Jewish section of the Soviet Communist party that was created in 1918 to challenge and eventually destroy the rival Bund and Zionist
parties, suppress Judaism and "bourgeois nationalism" and replace traditional Jewish culture with "proletarian culture." It was disbanded in
1929.
Zampolit (Russian а поли , the abbreviation of (За )е и ель ко а дира по (поли )иче кой ча и, "Officer's in command deputy for political
matters") A military or political commissar.
Zek (Russian abbreviation[citation needed] of ЗаКл чё ый (З К), zaklyuchennyi (Z/K) meaning "incarcerated") (historical) In the former Soviet Union, a
person held in a Gulag or in a prison.
Zemshchina (from Russian е л zemlya "earth" or "land") (historical) The territory under the rule of the boyars who stayed in Moscow during
the reign of Ivan the Terrible. It was separate from the rule of Ivan's own territory, which was administered by the Oprichnina.
Zemsky Sobor (Russian: е кий обор) (Russian assembly of the land) (historical) The first Russian parliament of the feudal Estates type
during the 16th and 17th centuries.
Zemstvo (Russian: е во) (historical) A district and provincial assembly in Russia from 1864 to 1917.
Religious
Beglopopovtsy also Beglopopovtsy (Russian: Беглопопов ы, translated as "people with runaway priests") (historical) A denomination of the
Old Believers which included priests who had deserted the Russian Orthodox Church during the Raskol.
Bespopovtsy also Bespopovtsy (Russian: Бе попов ы, "priestless") A denomination of the Old Believers which that rejected the priests and a
number of church rites such as the Eucharist.
Chlysty also Khlysts, Khlysty (Russian: Хлы ы) (invented Russian word Хри оверы, transliteration Khristovery, "Christ-believers"; later critics
corrupted the name, mixing it with the word хлы khlyst, meaning "whip") (historical) A Christian sect in Russia that split from the Russian
Orthodox Church in the 17th century and renounced the priesthood, holy books, and veneration of the saints. They were noted for their practice
of asceticism which included ecstatic rituals.
Doukhobor plural Doukhobors or Doukhabors (also Dukhobory, or Dukhobortsy) (Russian: ухоборы ухобор ы) (Russian doukhobor
literally "spirit wrestlers") A Christian sect, later defined as a religious philosophy, ethnic group, and social movement, which in the 18th century
rejected secular government, the Russian Orthodox priests, icons, all church ritual, the Bible as the supreme source of divine revelation, and
the divinity of Jesus. Widely persecuted by the Russian Tsarist regimes, many of them immigrated to Canada in the late 19th century.
Edinoverie (Russian: ди оверие 'Unity in faith'), the practice of integrating Old Believer communities into the official Russian Orthodox Church
while preserving their rites. The adherents are Edinovertsy ('People of the same faith').
Imiaslavie also Imiabozhie, Imyaslavie, Imyabozhie; also referred as Onomatodoxy (Russian: И лавие) (Russian "glorification of the name
(of God)")
Lippovan also Lipovan, Lipovans also Russian Old Believers (Ukrainian: ипова и) A religious sect that separated from the Russian
Orthodox Church in the 17th century.
Molokan (Russian: олока е, from Russian moloko "milk") A Christian sect which broke away from the Russian Orthodox Church in mid-16th
century and rejected many traditional Christian beliefs including the veneration of religious icons, the Trinity, the worship in cathedrals, and the
adherence to saintly holidays.
Pomortsy (Russian: ревлеправо лав а По ор ка Церковь)
Popovtsy also The Popovtsy, or Popovschina (Russian: Попов ы, Поповщи а, translated as "priestist people") A branch of the Old Believers
who strived to have priests of their own.
Raskol also Raskolnik Russian: ра кол [rɐˈskol] (Russian meaning "split" or "schism") The schism of the Russian Orthodox Church that was
triggered by the 1653 reforms of Patriarch Nikon.
Rogozhskoe Soglasie (name from a Moscow cemetery called Rogozhskoe cemetery (Russian: Рого кое кладбище) A denomination among
the Popovtsy Old Believers.
Shaman (Russian: ша а [ʂɐ'man], from the Evenki language). A tribal priest who enters an altered state of consciousness to commune with
spirits.
Skoptzy plural Skopets, also Skoptsy, Skoptzi, Skoptsi, Scoptsy (Russian: коп ы, from Russian meaning "castrated one") (historical) A
Russian religious sect that practiced self-castration.
Starets (Russian: аре old man, elder) A Russian religious spiritual leader, teacher, or counsellor.
Yurodivy (Russian: родивый, jurodivyj) A form of Eastern Orthodox asceticism in which one intentionally acts foolish in the eyes of men; a Holy
Fool.
Znamennoe singing also Znamenny Chant (Russian: З а е ое пе ие, or а е ый ра пев) The traditional liturgical singing in the
Russian Orthodox Church.
Technical, special
Chernozem (Russian: чер о ё , from rus. ч ы cherniy 'black' + Slavonic base zem 'soil') A dark, humus-rich, fertile soil characteristic of
temperate or cool grasslands, especially referring to the soil of the Russian steppes. Ukraine is famous as a country of best chernozem.
Baidarka (Russian: байдарка, a diminutive form of baidar "boat", baidarka sense "small boat") A type of sea kayak originally made[clarification needed]
by the Aleut people of Alaska.
Elektrichka (Russian: элек ричка, Ukrainian: елек ричка, elektrychka, informal word for elektropoezd Russian: элек ропое д - electrotrain) A
commuter electric train.
Gley (from Russian лей) A blueish-grey sticky clay found under some types of very damp soil.
Kalashnikov Alternative name for the AK-47 assault rifle (AK-47 short for Russian: в о а Калаш икова обра а 1947 года, Avtomat
Kalashnikova obraztsa 1947 goda Automatic Kalashnikov rifle, invented by Soviet soldier and small arms designer Mikhail Kalashnikov and
first adopted in 1947; the term "kalashnikov" was not used until 1970) A type of rifle or sub-machine gun of Soviet Union and used in most
Eastern Bloc countries during the Cold War. The term later became associated with nationalist, guerrilla and terrorist groups who use it
exclusively or extensively.
Ledoyom, intermontane depressions filled with glaciers
Liman (Russian and Ukrainian: ли а ) (from Greek λιμένας "bay" or "port") A type of lake or lagoon formed at the mouth of a river, blocked by a
bar of sediments, especially referring to such features along the Danube River and the Black Sea.
Marshrutka (Russian: аршру ка, [mɐrˈʂr tkə]; Russian from marshrutnoye taxi, Russian Mаршру ое ак и, literally "routed taxicab"). A share
taxi used in the CIS and Bulgaria. In Kiev, Ukraine and probably in Russia too this is a public route city microbuses, middle-size and sometimes
big buses which go usually faster than ordinary buses and more frequently, but do not have month abonent[clarification needed] tickets and have less
obligations to carry invalids, pensionaries etc. for free. The word "taxi" is used as Soviet legacy since in 1980's similar marshrutkas, usually
small and comfortable Latvian RAF minibuses, in large cities (like Moscow) could stop by demand (like taxis), but on specific route (like ordinary
buses) and costed more than ordinary bus (15 kp instead of 5 kp). In mid 1990 in some cities small minibises, usually Russian GAZel, also
could stop by demand. Now marshrutkas are rather small buses, but a word "taxi" is used sometimes, in official cases.
Mirovia (Russian: ировой) (from Russian mirovoy, "global", from mir "world) A hypothesized paleo-ocean which may have been a global ocean
that surrounded the supercontinent Rodinia in the Neoproterozoic Era about 1 billion to 750 million years ago.
Mormyshka also Mormishka, Marmooska (Russian: ор ышка) (from Russian mormysh meaning "freshwater shrimp" (Gammaurus) A type
of fishing lure or a jig.
Podsol also Podzol, Spodosol (Russian под ол from под pod "under" and ол zol "ash") Any group of soils characterized by greyish-white
leached and infertile topsoil and a brown subsoil, typically found in regions with a subpolar climate.
Polynia also polynya, polynia (Russian: полы ь ; [pəlɨˈnʲja]) A non-linear area of open water surrounded by sea ice; especially referring for
areas of sea in the Arctic and Antarctic regions which remain unfrozen for much of the year.
Redan (French word for "projection", "salient", after Russian Реда redan, a type of fort that was captured by the British during the Crimean War)
A type of fortification work in a V-shaped salient angle toward an expected attack.
Rodinia (from the Russian: роди а, "motherland") Name given to hypothesized supercontinent said to have existed from 1 billion to 800 million
years ago.
Rasputitsa (Russian: ра пу и а) The twice annual season when roads become muddy and impassable in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine due to
the melting snows in the spring, and heavy rains in the fall.
Solonchak (Russian оло чак "salt marsh" from Russian оль, sol "salt") A pale or grey soil-type found in arid to subhumid, poorly drained
conditions.
Solonetz (from Russian оло е solonetz "salt not produced by boiling", from Russian оль, sol "salt") An alkaline soil-type having a hard, dark
subsoil under a thin friable topsoil, formed by the leaching of salts from a solonchak.
Tokamak (Russian: Тока ак, an abbreviation from the Russian words ороидаль а ка ера в аг и ых ка ушках, transliteration toroidal'naya
kamera v magnitnykh katushkakh, toroidal chamber in magnetic coils (Tochamac), invented in 1950's) In Nuclear fusion, a toroidal apparatus
in which plasma is contained by means of two magnetic fields, a strong toroidal field and a weaker poloidal field generated by an intense
electric current through the plasma.
Zastruga (zastrugi; Russian sing. а руга zastruga, pl. а руги zastrugi; from руга ь "to whittle") sharp irregular grooves or ridges formed on
a snow surface by wind erosion, saltation of snow particles, and deposition, and found in polar and temperate snow regions.
Obsolete Russian weights and measures:
Pood also pud (Russian: пуд) (largely obsolete) A unit of mass in Russia, Belarus and Ukraine equal to 40 funt ( у , Russian pound), or
approximately 16.38 kilograms (36.11 pounds). It is still used in metal weights, produced for heavylifting sports (items by 16, 24, 32 kg).
Verst (Russian: вер а versta) An obsolete Russian unit of length or distance defined as being 500 sazhen long, equivalent to 3500 feet (.66
miles/1.0668 kilometres).
Vigorish (Russian: выигрыш vyigrysh "winnings") the amount charged by a bookmaker for taking a bet from a gambler.
Animals and plants
Beluga (sturgeon) (from Russian белуга beluga, a derivative from белый white): A large kind of sturgeon.
Beluga (whale) (from Russian белуха belukha, a derivative from белый white): A type of white whale.
Corsac (from Russian кор ак korsák, the name for the species), a type of fox.
Khramulya (Russian: хра ул ), name of several fish species of family Cyprinidae: Anatolian Khramulya, Colchic Khramulya and Sevan
khramulya.
Lenok (Russian: ле ок; otherwise known as Asiatic trout or Manchurian trout), a genus, Brachymystax, of salmonid fishes.
Various
These are some other untranslatable Russian terms that have articles in English language Wikipedia.
Banya (Russian: ба ) A traditional Russian steam bath.
Bayan (Russian: ба ) (named after Boyan, a mythical Slavic bard) A type of chromatic button accordion developed in Russia in the early 20th
century.
Belomorkanal (Russian: Бело орка ал) White Sea – Baltic Canal (Belomorsko-Baltiyskiy Kanal, abbreviated BBK; its original name was
Бело ор ко-Бал ий кий ка ал и е и али а Belomorsko-Baltiyskiy Kanal imeni Stalina, "Stalin White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal", the name
Stalin was dropped in 1961 and name was abbreviated to Belomorkanal). A ship canal (opened in 1933) that joins the White Sea with Lake
Onega, which is further connected to the Baltic Sea.
Belomorkanal, a brand of cheap Soviet cigarettes.
Burlak (Russian: бурлак) (Tatar bujdak "homeless" or old middle-German bûrlach originated from an artel [ар ель] or working team with fixed
rules) A Russian epithet for a person who hauled barges and other vessels down dry or shallow waterways from the 17th to 20th centuries.
Bylina (Russian: были а "[tale of] a past event", plural: были ы byliny) (Adaptation of Old Russian bylina a word that occurred[citation needed] only The
Song of Igor's Campaign and taken to mean "tale of a past event"; the term "bylina" came into use in the 1830s as a scholarly name for what is
popularly called "starina"; although byliny originated in the 10th century, or possibly earlier, they were first written down about the 17th century)
A traditional form of Old Russian and Russian epic and heroic narrative poetry (transmitted orally) of the early East Slavs of Kievan Rus from
the 10th to 12th century, a tradition that continued in Russian and Ukrainian history.
Cantonists singular Cantonist (Russian language: ка о и ы; the term adapted from Prussia for "recruiting district") (historical) Boys, often
sons of military conscripts, who attended a type of military school called a Canton (Russian: ка о и кие школы), a school that was originally
established by Peter the Great; in the 1820s the term was applied to Jewish boys drafted into the Russian army.
Chainik (Russian: чай ик, "teakettle")
Chastushka (Russian: ча ушка, derives from "ча о" - 'frequently', or from ча и ь - old word, that means 'to do something with high
frequency', probably refers to high beat frequency (tempo) of chastushkas). A traditional type of short Russian folklore humoruos song with high
beat frequency, that consists of one four-lined couplet full of humor, satire, or irony. Usually many chastushkas are sung one after another.
Dacha (Russian: дача) A country house or cottage in Russia. In archaic Russian, the word dacha means something given. Initially they were small
estates in the country, which were given to loyal vassals by the tsar. Typical Soviet dachas were small 600 square meters (0.15 acres) land
plots, given by state to city dwellers where people built their summer houses and grew little gardens.
Dedovshchina (Russian: дедовщи а) (from Russian ded "grandfather", Russian army slang equivalent of "gramps", meaning soldiers at their
third or fourth half-year of conscription, + suffix -shchina order, rule, or regime; hence "rule of the grandfathers") A system of hazing in the
Soviet and Russian Army.
GUM (Russian: , pronounced as goom, in full лав ый ивер аль ый ага и , Glavnyi Universalnyi Magazin acronym for Main Universal
Store) A common name for the main department store in many cities of the former Soviet Union and some post-Soviet states; especially
referring to the GUM facing Red Square in Moscow.
Izba also Isba (origin 1775–85, Russian и ба izbá, ORuss istŭba house, bath, c. Serbo-Croatian ìzba small room, shack, Czech jizba room, Old
Czech jistba, jizdba, all from Slavic *jĭstŭba ≪ VL *extūfa, with short u, perhaps from Germanic *stuba) A traditional log house of rural Russia,
with an unheated entrance room and a single living and sleeping room heated by a clay or brick stove.
Junker (Russia) (Russian: кер) (from Middle High German junc herre "young nobleman", from Old High German jung "young" + herro "lord")
(historical) (1864–1917) A student who attended a type of Russian military school called a Junker school. 4. Former rank of a volunteer in the
Russian Navy in 19th and 20th centuries.
Katorga (Russian: ка орга, from Greek: kat rgon,κάτεργον galley) (historical) A form of penal servitude in during Tsarist Russia, later transformed
into the Gulags after the Bolshevik takeover of Russia.
Khodebshchik (Russian: ходебщик) A person carrying an advertisement hoarding, or a peddler.
Mat (Russian: а , or а ер ый ык) Russian obscene language (profanity).
Muzhik (Russian: у ик) - a Russian peasant. Used as a topical calque in translations of Russian prose.
Padonki (Russian: падо ки, corrupted подо ки, meaning 'riff-raff', 'scoundrel', 'scum') A subculture within the Russian-speaking Internet
characterized by choosing alternative spellings for words for comic effect.
Palochka (Russian: палочка "a little stick") A typographical symbol of the Cyrillic alphabet that looks like the Latin uppercase letter "I". A Russian
currency, a superunit of Ruble, 1 palochka is equal to 100 rubles.
Preved (Russian: Превед) A Russian Internet slang, corrupted "privet" (приве ) ("hi", "greetings").
Sambo (Russian: а бо) (Russian acronym for о ащи а Бе Ору и , SAMozashchita Bez Oruzhiya, meaning "self-defense without a
weapon") A modern martial art, combat sport and self-defense system originally developed in the former Soviet Union.
Samizdat (Russian: а и да ) (Russian а sam "self" and да izdat short for izdatelstvo "publishing house", hence "self published")
(historical) In the former Soviet Union, the system by which government-suppressed literature was clandestinely written, printed and distributed;
the term also is applied to literature itself.
Sbitenshchik (Russian: би е щик) (historical) A vendor who sold a sbiten, a type of a traditional Russian hot drink been consumed during the
winter.
Sharashka also Sharaga, Sharazhka (Russian: шарашка IPA: [ʂɐˈraʂkə]) (Russian slang for expression sharashkina kontora "Sharashka's
office", possibly from the radical meaning "to beat about", an ironic, derogatory term to denote a poorly organized, impromptu, or bluffing
organization) (historical) Informal name for the secret research and development laboratories in the Soviet Union's Gulag labor camp system.
Tamizdat (from Russian а и да : а tam meaning "there" and и да izdat short for и да ель во izdatelstvo "publishing house") In the former
Soviet Union, literary works published outside the country without permission of Soviet authorities.
Zaum (Russian: ау ь or ау ый ык zaumnyy yazyk) (from Russian prefix а "beyond, behind" and noun у "mind") A type of poetry used by
the Russian Futurist poets.
List of English words of Sami origin
Words loaned to English
Some words specific to the arctic environment have been loaned to English, specifically: (archaic) "morse" (walrus) ← Sami
morša (via Slavic), "tundra" ← Kildin Sami tūnndra "to the treeless plain" (via Russian). In Kildin Sami, the word for tundra is
tūndâr, tūnndra is in the illative case (or the diminutive derivative).
List of English words of Scots origin
List of English words of Scots origin is a list of English language words of Scots origin. See also "List of English words of Scottish Gaelic origin",
which contains many words which were borrowed via Highland Scots.
Blackmail A form of extortion carried out by the Border Reivers, borrowed into English with less violent connotations.
blatant
Bonspiel
caddie or caddy
canny Also Northern English. From English can in older sense of "to know how."
Clan Borrowed from Gaelic clann (family, stock, off-spring).
Convene Borrowed from French convenir, from Latin convenire.
cosy
firth Derived from Old Icelandic fjǫr ic (see fjord)
glamour Meaning magic, enchantment, spell. From English grammar and Scottish gramarye (occult learning or scholarship).
Gloaming Middle English (Scots) gloming, from Old English glomung "twilight", from OE glom
golf
glengarry (or Glengarry bonnet) a brimless Scottish cap with a crease running down the crown, often with ribbons at the back. Named after the
title of the clan chief Alexander Ranaldson MacDonell of Glengarry (1771–1828), who invented it.
gumption Common sense or shrewdness.
haver or haiver to talk nonsense. Scottish and North English dialect.
laddie A boy.
lassie A girl.
links Sandy, rolling ground, from Old English hlinc (ridge).
pernickety From pernicky.
minging From Scots "mingin". revolting, stinking, putrid, rancid etc.
plaid From Gaelic plaide or simply a development of ply, to fold, giving plied then plaid after the Scots pronunciation.
pony Borrowed from obsolete French poulenet (little foal) from Latin pullāmen.
raid
scone Probably from Dutch schoon.
skullduggery From Scots sculduddery
tweed cloth being woven in a twilled rather than a plain pattern. from tweel
wee small, tiny, minute.
wow exclamation
wraith List of English words of Scottish Gaelic origin

This is a list of English words borrowed from Scottish Gaelic. Some of these are common in Scottish English and Scots but less so
in other varieties of English.

Words of Scottish Gaelic origin

Bannock a variety of bread. Cf. Latin panicium, Old English bannuc.
Bard The word's earliest appearance in English is in 15th century Scotland with the meaning "vagabond minstrel". The modern literary meaning,
which began in the 17th century, is heavily influenced by the presence of the word in ancient Greek (bardos) and ancient Latin (bardus) writings
(e.g. used by the poet Lucan, 1st century AD), which in turn took the word from the Gaulish language.
Ben From beinn [p iɲ], mountain.
Bodach Old man.
Bog From bog [pok], soft (related to boglach swamp), from Old Irish bocc. 14th century.
Bothan A hut, often an illegal drinking den. (cf Bothy)
Caber toss An athletic event, from the Gaelic word "cabar" which refers to a wooden pole.
Cailleach An old woman, a hag, or a particular ancient goddess.
Cairn From càrn. The word's meaning is much broader in Gaelic, and is also used for certain types of rocky mountains.
Caman a shinty stick.
Capercaillie From capall-coille [kʰaʰpəlˠˈkʰ ə], meaning "horse of the woods"
Cèilidh A 'social gathering' or, more recently, a formal evening of traditional Scottish Social Dancing.
Canntaireachd oral notation for pipe music.
Clan From the compound form clann pronounced [kʰlˠanˠ], from clann, children or family. Old Irish cland.
Claymore A large broadsword, from claidheamh mór [kʰlˠajəv moːɾ], great sword.
Coire literally a "kettle", meaning a corrie, from the same root.
Crag From creag [kʲʰɾʲ k], a cliff.
Deoch an dorus (various spellings) meaning a "drink at the door". Translated as "one for the road", i.e. "one more drink before you leave".
Fear an taighe an MC (master of ceremonies), Gaelic lit. "the man of the house"
Galore From gu leor, enough.
Gillie a type of servant, now usually somebody in charge of fishing and rivers, and also ghillie suit used as a form of camouflage, from gille [kʲi ə],
boy or servant.
Glen From gleann [kla nˠ], a valley.
Gob From gob, beak or bill.
Kyle or Kyles Straits from Gaelic Caol & Caolais.
Loch From loch [lˠɔx].
Lochaber axe From Loch Abar [lˠɔxˈapəɾ], Lochaber + axe.
Mackintosh After Charles Macintosh who invented it. From Mac an Tòisich [maʰk ənˠ tʰɔːʃi ], son of the chieftain.
Mod A Gaelic festival, from mòd [mɔːt], assembly, court.
Pet From peata, tame animal.
Pibroch From pìobaireachd [pʰiːpəɾʲəxk], piping.
Pillion From pillean [pʰi an], pack-saddle, cushion.
Plaid From plaide [pʰlˠatʲə], blanket. Alternatively a Lowland Scots loanword , from the past participle of ply, to fold, giving plied then plaid after the
Scots pronunciation.
Ptarmigan From tàrmachan [tʰaːɾməxan]. 16th Century.
Shindig From sìnteag to skip, or jump around
Slogan From sluagh-ghairm [slˠ əɣ ɾʲ m], battle-cry
Smashing from 's math sin, 'that is good'
Sporran Via sporan [spʰɔɾan] from Old Irish sboran and ultimately Latin bursa, purse.
Spunk From spong [spʰɔŋɡ], tinder and also sponge. From Early Irish sponge, from Latin spongia, from Greek σπογγιά, a sponge.
Strontium from Sròn an t-Sìthein [stɾɔːn əɲ tʲʰiːɛɲ] meaning "the point at the fairy hill", name of a mountain, near which the element was
discovered.
Tack & Tacksman (a lessee) From Scots tak (take) cf. Old Norse taka.
Trousers from triubhas [tʰɾ .əs], via "trews".
Whisky Short form of whiskybae, from uisge-beatha [ɯʃkʲəˈpɛhə], water of life.

Words of Scottish or Irish Gaelic origin

The following words are of Goidelic origin but it cannot be ascertained whether the source language was Old Irish or one of the modern Goidelic
languages.
Brogue An accent, Irish, or Scottish Gaelic bròg , shoe (of a particular kind worn by Irish and Gaelic peasants), Old Irish bróc, from Norse brókr
Hubbub Irish, or Scottish Gaelic ubub [upup], an exclamation of disapproval.
Shanty Irish or Scottish Gaelic sean taigh [ʃɛn tʰ j], an old house
Smidgen Irish or Scottish Gaelic smidean [smitʲan], a very small bit (connected to Irish smidirín, smithereen), from smid, syllable or a small bit.
Strath Irish, or Scottish Gaelic srath [stɾah], a wide valley.

Gaelic words mostly used in Lowland Scots

Because of the wide overlap of Scottish English and Lowland Scots, it can be difficult to ascertain if a word should be considered Lowland Scots or
Scottish English. These words tend to be more closely associated with Lowland Scots but can occur in Scottish English too.
Airt Point of the compass, from àird, Scottish Gaelic pronunciation: [aːrˠtʲ], a point.
Bothy A hut, from bothan [pɔhan], a hut, cf.Norse būð, Eng. booth.
Caird A tinker, from ceaird [kʲlˠɛrˠtʲ], the plural of ceàrd, tinkers.
Caber From cabar [kʰapəɾ], pole.
Cailleach From cailleach [kʰa əx], old woman.
Caman From caman [kʰaman], shinty stick. Also in use in Scotland the derived camanachd, shinty.
Cateran From ceatharn [kʲʰɛhərˠn], fighting troop.
Ceilidh From céilidh [kʲʰ ːli], a social gathering.
Clachan From clachan [kʰlˠaxan], a small settlement.
Clarsach A harp, from clàrsach [kʰlˠaːrˠsəx], a harp.
Corrie From coire [kʰ ɾʲə], kettle.
Doch-an-doris Stirrup cup, from deoch an dorais [tʲɔx ənˠ tɔɾəʃ], drink of the door.
Fillibeg A kilt, from féileadh beag [f ːləɣ pek], small kilt.
Ingle From aingeal [aiŋʲɡʲəlˠ], a now obsolete word for fire.
Kyle From caol [kʰɯːlˠ], narrow.
Lochan From lochan [lˠɔxan], a small loch.
Machair From machair [maxəɾʲ], the fertile land behind dunes.
Quaich From cuach [kʰ əx], a cup.
Skean From sgian [skʲian], a knife.
Slughorn Also from sluagh-ghairm, but erroneously believed by Thomas Chatterton and Robert Browning to refer (apparently) to some kind of
trumpet.
Inch And island, from Irish and Scottish Gaelic innis [ˈiɲiʃ].
Och Irish and Scottish Gaelic och [ɔx], exclamation of regret. Cf. English agh, Dutch and German ach.
Oe Grandchild, Irish and Scottish Gaelic ogha [oə], grandchild.
Samhain Irish and Scottish Gaelic Samhain [sa ɛɲ], November and related to Oidhche Shamhna, Halloween.
Shennachie Irish and Scottish Gaelic seannachaidh [ʃɛnˠəxi], storyteller.
Sassenach Irish and Scottish Gaelic Sasannach [sasənˠəx], An Englishman, a Saxon.
Abthen (or Abthan) jurisdiction and territory of pre-Benedictine Scottish monastery, from abdhaine [ˈapɣəɲə], abbacy.
Airie shieling, from àiridh [ˈaːɾʲi], shieling.
Aiten juniper, from aiteann [ˈaʰtʲənˠ], juniper.
Bourach A mess, from bùrach [ˈp ːɾəx], a mess.
Car, ker Left-handed, from cearr [kʲʰaːrˠ], wrong, left.
Crine To shrink, from crìon [kʰɾʲiən], to shrink.
Crottle A type of lichen used as a dye, from crìon [kʰɾɔʰtəlˠ], lichen.
Golack An insect, from gobhlag [ˈkoːlˠak], an earwig.
Keelie A tough urban male, from gille [ˈkʲiː ə], a lad, a young man.
Ketach The left hand, from ciotach [ˈkʲʰiʰtəx], left-handed.
Sonse From sonas [sɔnəs], happiness, good fortune. Also the related sonsy.
Spleuchan A pouch, from spliùchan [ˈsplj ːxan], a pouch, purse.
Toshach Head of a clan, from toiseach [ˈtʰɔʃəx], beginning, front.
There are numerous additional place-name elements in Scotland which are derived from Gaelic, but the majority of these has not entered the
English or Scots language as productive nouns and often remain opaque to the average Scot. A few examples of such elements are:
a(u)ch- from Gaelic achadh, a field; hence Auchentoshan distillery, Auchinleck

List of English words of Serbo-Croatian origin

List of English words of Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian origin:
Cravat from kravata / крава а
Slivovitz from šljivovica / шљивови а = "plum rakia"
Tamburitza from tamburica / а бури а = "little tambura"
Tesla after Nikola Tesla
Uvala from uvala / увала = "a large elongate compound sinkhole" (in geography and geology)
vampire from vampir / ва пир
ard- from Gaelic àird, a height or promontory; hence Ardnamurchan, etc. This is a short list of English language words of Slovak language origin:
Dobro A contraction of DOpyera BROthers, U.S.-Slovakian immigrants who invented the instrument in 1928; also from Slovak dobro "the good"
čačky Trinkets, costume bijou <Pravidla slovenskeho pravopisu, Veda, Bratislava 1998>
fujara traditional musical instrument in pastoral culture of the Central and Northern Slovakia<Oxford Dictionary of Musical Instruments>
bal- from Gaelic baile, a town; hence Balgowan, Balgay etc.

List of English words of Spanish origin

It is a list of English language words whose origin can be traced to the Spanish language as "Spanish loan words". Words typical of "Mock Spanish"
used in the United States are listed separately.
Abaca via Spanish abacá from Tagalog abaká
Abalone from Spanish abulón, from Ohlone aluan or Rumsen awlun.
Adios from Spanish 'adiós' meaning "goodbye" < latin ad deus "go with god"
Adobe From Egyptian via Arabic "Al-tub"
Aficionado from past participle of aficionar, to inspire affection, from afición affection, from Latin affection-, affectio, from afficere.
Albatross from alcatraz, see below.
Alcalde from alcalde, magistrate.
Alcatraz (meaning "gannet") from Arabic ‫ غطاس‬al-ġaţţās ("the diver")
Alidade via French, Spanish alidada and Medieval Latin alhidade from Arabic ‫ العھدة‬al-idada, "the revolving radius"
Alligator from el lagarto, "the lizard" < latín lacartus < lacertus.
Alpaca via Spanish, from Aymara allpaqa
Aludel from Old French alutel, via Spanish and Medieval Latin from Arabic ‫ األثال‬al-ʾuṯāl, "the sublimation vessel"
Amigo from Spanish and/or Portuguese amigo, "friend"; from Latin amicus meaning "friend," derived from amare (to love).
Amole Mexican Spanish from Nahautl amolli meaning "soap root."
Amontillado from the village of Montilla "little mount", Province of Córdoba, Spain
Ancho from Mexican Spanish (chile) ancho, "wide (chili)" < latin amplus
Anchovy from Spanish anchoa or more probably Portuguese anchova meaning "bluefish"; from Genoese or Corsican dialect; ultimately from Latin
apua meaning "small fish" and Greek Αφυε aphye meaning "small fry" or from Basque anchuva meaning "dry"
Angeleno from American Spanish
Apache from Mexican Spanish from Yavapai ´epache meaning "people" or from Zuni apachu" meaning "enemy"
Armada "armed [fleet]" from the Spanish navy, La armada española
Armadillo from armadillo, "little armored one"
Arroyo from arroyo, "stream" < arrugium
Avocado alteration of Spanish aguacate, from Nahuatl ahuacatl.
Ayahuasca via Spanish from Quechua ayawaska meaning "soul vine."
Banana from Spanish or Portuguese banana, probably from a Wolof word, or from Arabic ‫“ بأننا‬ba’ nana” fingers
Bandolier from Spanish bandolero, meaning "band (for a weapon or other) that crosses from one shoulder to the opposite hip" and bandolero,
loosely meaning "he who wears a bandolier"
Barracuda from barracuda May have come from barraco, meaning overlapping tooth
Barranca from Spanish barranca or barranco, ravine
Barrio from Spanish barrio, "neighborhood", from Arabic ‫ بري‬barri, wild
Bastinado from bastonada, from Spanish bastón, cane
Bodega from Spanish and/or Portuguese bodega, meaning cellar < latin-greek aphothekam.
Bodegón from bodegón
Bolero from Spanish bolero
Bonanza from bonanza meaning "prosperity" < latin bonantia < bonus "good".
Bonito from Spanish bonito, meaning "beautiful" < latin bonus "good".
Breeze from brisa "cold northeast wind" or from Frisian briesen - to blow (wind)
Bronco from bronco meaning "coarse"
Buckaroo from vaquero meaning "cowboy", ultimately from Latin "vaccarium" "cowboy" (vacca "cow").
Burrito from burrito, a dish originally from Northern Mexico, literally "little donkey"
Burro from burro, "donkey" < latin burricus "small horse".
Caballero from Spanish caballero meaning "knight/gentleman", from caballo, "horse", Celtic caballos "horse".
Cabana from Spanish cabaña or Portuguese cabana < latin < capanna; both meaning "cabin"
Cacique from Spanish, from Taino cacike or Arawak kassequa, both meaning a chief
Cafeteria from cafetería, "coffee store"
Calaboose from Vulgar Latin calafodium "to dig a protected place" and Louisiana French calabouse, from Spanish calabozo
caldera (used in geology) from Spanish caldera meaning "cauldron" from Latin caldaria, "cooking pot."
California place name first seen in print in 1510 Spanish novel 'Las sergas de Esplandián' by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo
Camarilla from camarilla, "small room" diminutive of cámara "room" < latin camara.
Camino from camino a path or road, from Celtic cammanos "road".
Cannibal from Spanish caníbal, alteration of caríbal, from Caribe
Canoe from Spanish canoa, from Haitian canaoua
Canyon from cañón with same meaning. Derived from caño,"a pipe, tube, gorge, tube;" ultimately from Latin canna meaning "reed."
Carabao from Spanish from Visayan language kalabaw, from Malay language kerabau.
Caramba from Spanish, meaning "heck"; expression of dread, displeasure, or disapproval, euphemism for carajo
Carbonado from carbonada, from carbón meaning "coal"
Cargo from the verb cargar meaning "to load"
Caribbean from Spanish Caribe, from name of Carib Indians of the region.
Cassava from cazabe, from Taino caçábi
Caudillo from caudillo, from Latin capitellium "head" meaning "leader"
Cedilla from cedilla, archaic spelling zedilla (little z), "elsewhere"
Chaparral from Spanish, chaparro loosely meaning small evergreen oak, from Basque txapar, "small, short"
Chaps from Mexican Spanish chaparreras, leg protectors for riding through chaparral
Chayote from Spanish, literally: "squash", from Nahuatl chayotl meaning "spiny squash"
Chicha from Spanish chicha, from Kuna chichab, meaning "maize" or from Nahuatl chichiatl, "fermented water."
Chicle from chicle "gum", from Nahuatl tzictli "squishy stuff" or Mayan tsicte.
Chile from Spanish chile, from Nahuatl chilli
Chipotle from Spanish, smoked jalapeño, from Nahuatl chilpoctli
Chocolate from Spanish chocolate, from Nahuatl xocolatl meaning "hot water" or from a combination of the Mayan word chocol meaning "hot"
and the Nahuatl word atl meaning "water."
Choctaw from the native name Chahta of unknown meaning but also said to come from Spanish chato (="flattened") because of the tribe's custom
of flattening the heads of male infants.
Chorizo from chorizo, "sausage"
Churro from churro, "fritter"
cienega or cienaga from ciénaga, "swamp" < latin caenus "mud" and native suffix -aka, caénaka.
Cigar from Spanish cigarro meaning "fag (UK), stogie, stogy", from Mayan sicar or sic, "tobacco"
Cigarette from French cigarette "little weed", diminutive of French cigare "stogie", from Spanish cigarro meaning "fag (UK), stogie, stogy."
Cilantro from Spanish cilantro < latin coriandrum, "coriander"
Coca from Spanish, coca meaning "coke", from Quechua kuka
Cockroach from Spanish cucaracha
cocoa or cacao from Spanish cacao, from Nahuatl cacáhuatl
cojones from Spanish cojones < latin coleonis meaning "balls, testicles", to denote courage
Colorado from Spanish colorado < latin coloratus, red or colored
Comrade from French camarade meaning "friend", from Spanish camarada < latin camara "room", "pal, mate"
Condor from Spanish, from Quechua kuntur
Conquistador from conquistador meaning "conqueror", from conquista < latin conquisita, "conquest"
Coquina from coquina, dim. form of "concha" meaning seashell; a sedimentary rock of NE Florida
Cordillera from cordillera, "range" < cordel "cord".
Corral from corral meaning "pen, yard" from Portuguese curral meaning "pen" of unknown; perhaps ultimately from Afrikaans kraal or from Vulgar
Latin currale loosely meaning "enclosure for vehicles."
Corrida a bullfight (literally: "raced")
Coyote from Spanish coyote, from Nahuatl coyotl
Cowboy from Spanish vaquero, an individual who managed cattle while mounted on horseback, from vaca, "cow", from Latin vacca
Creole from French créole, from Spanish criollo, from Portuguese crioulo, raised in the house
Crimson from Old Spanish cremesín, via Medieval Latin cremesinus from Arabic‫ ل‬qirmizI, from Persian qermez kermes; ultimately from Sanskrit
कृ वमज krmi-ja meaning "worm-made."
Crusade blend of Middle French croisade and Spanish cruzada; both ultimately from Latin crux, crucis "cross"
Cuadrilla from cuadrilla "group of people" diminutive of cuadro "square" < latin quadrus.
Cumbia from Spanish cumbia, a popular dance (for couples) originating in Colombia.
Daiquiri from Daiquiri, a port city in eastern Cuba
Dengue from Spanish dengue meaning "fever", from Swahili dinga, "seizure"
Derecho from Spanish derecho meaning "straight" < latin directum, a widespread and long-lived convection-induced straight-line windstorm
descamisado from Spanish descamisado, "without a shirt" < camisa "shirt" < celtic kamisia.
Desperado from Spanish desesperado, desperate
Doubloon from Spanish doblón : meaning "two-sided" for two-headed coin ("doble" is double in Spanish < latin duplex).
El Dorado from El Dorado, literally, "the golden one"
El Niño from El Niño de la Navidad, literally, "the Christmas child" due to the warming of Pacific waters seemed to warm around Christmas
Embarcadero from embarcadero a boat dock, from barca "rowboat".
Embargo from Spanish embargar, to "seize" or "impound" < latin imbarricare.
escabech from escabeche, "pickle" < Arabic assukkabáǧ.
escopeteros from Spanish escopetero, "musketeer", from escopeta "shotgun" < italian schioppetto.
Federales from Federales, "federal police"
fiesta from the Spanish fiesta meaning "party" < latin festa
Flamenco "Spanish genre of music and dance typical of the gypsies". From dutch flaming "from Flanders" (in the past it was believed that the
gypsies were of German origin)
Florida from La Florida, the flowery or plant-filled place or pascua florida, "flowery Easter."
Flotilla diminutive of flota, "fleet"
Galleon from Spanish "galeón" (a large sailing ship having three or more masts, from the 15th to 18th century)
Gaucho from Mapuche "Argentine cowboy"
Guacamole via American Spanish from Nahuatl ahuaca-molli ("avocado sauce")
Guerrilla from Spanish "small war" from guerra "war" < Gothic werra "war" (Spanish pronunciation: [ɡ ˈri a])
Habanero from the Spanish for the name of the Cuban city of La Habana, which is known as Havana in English. Although it is not the place of
origin, it was frequently traded there.
Hacienda from Old Spanish facienda, "estate"
Hackamore from Spanish jaquima, "halter."
Hola Spanish greeting, equivalent to "hello"
Hispano From Spanish hispanic. Also came from Latin Hispania, the whole Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal) called by Romans.
Hombre from Spanish hombre, "man" < medieval homre < latin hominis
Hoosegow from Spanish juzgado, courthouse, from juzgar < latin iudicare "to judge"
Hurricane from Spanish huracán, from Taino hurákan; akin to Arawak kulakani, thunder
Inca via Spanish inca, from Quechua Inka, literally: "lord, king."
Incommunicado from incomunicado, without communication (in the mountains, in the jail,...), "in solitary confinement."
Iguana from Spanish iguana from Arawak iwana.
Jade from Spanish piedra de ijada, "stone of flank."
Jalapeño from Spanish, a type of spicy chilli named after Jalapa de Enríquez, a town in Mexico, and the capital of the state of Veracruz
Jerky via Spanish charqui, from Quechua ch'arki, "dried flesh"
Junta from Spanish junta literally "joint"; a board of joint administration; sometimes used to refer to military officers command in a coup d'état. As
an adjective, it means "together".
Key from Spanish cayo, from Taino cayo (this is English 'key'/'cay'/'quay' as in an island, reef or a linked series of them, not the 'key' with which one
locks/unlocks doors)
La Niña "The little girl", complementary weather pattern to (q.v.) El Niño
Lariat from la reata, meaning "the strap, rein, or rope" from reatar ("to tie again") from atar "to tie (up);" from Latin aparte, "to join."
Lasso via American English from Spanish lazo meaning "tie;" ultimately from Latin laqueum, "noose, snare."
Latino English short for the Spanish word latinoamericano, formed by latino "related to the Latin empire an language" and americano "from The
Americas"
Llama via Spanish llama, from Quechua llama
Llanos, Los from Spanish llano "plain" < latin planus; vast tropical grassland plain situated to the east of the Andes in Colombia and Venezuela.
Loco from loco, "mad" or "crazy"
Lolita from the diminutive for Lola, short for Dolores
Macho from macho "male, brave" < latin masculus, the property of being overtly masculine.
Majordomo via Spanish mayordomo or Italian maggiordomo (both meaning "butler") from Latin maior domus meaning "mayor of the place."
Mano from mano, "hand". Stone handtool
Manzanilla from Spanish manzanilla, a natural tea for some superficial pains. The word is diminutive of manzana "apple"
marijuana This term is not really a Spanish term. It was used to qualify cannabis by the U.S. government to give a Mexican origin of its use and
provenance. It was used as propaganda against the consumption of cannabis in the middle of the twentieth century.
Maroon from the Spanish cimarrón, which was derived from an Arawakan root
Matador from matador meaning "killer" from matar ("to kill") probably from Arabic mata meaning "he died", also possibly cognate with Persian
mordan, "to die" as well as English "murder." Another theory is that the word "matador" is derived from a combination of the Vulgar Latin
mattār , from Late Latin mactare (to slaughter, kill) and the Latin -tor (which is cognate with Greek τορ -tōr and Sanskrit तर -tar-.)
Merengue a type of music and dance originating in the Dominican Republic
Mesa from mesa, table < latin mensa. The corresponding Spanish word to a flat top mountain is meseta
Mescal from Spanish mezcal, from Nahuatl mexcalli
Mesquite from Mexican Spanish mezquite, from Nahuatl mizquitl
Mestizo from mestizo "racially mixed" < latin mixticius "mixed", in Spanish, refers to a person of mixed European and Native American descent.
Mojito dim. formed from "mojado" (wet or dripping) probably referring to the mint leaves in the well known Cuban drink
Mole from Spanish, from Nahuatl molle or molli ("sauce")
Montana from montaña, a mountain
Mosquito from mosquito, literally "little fly" < mosca "fly" < latin musca.
Mulatto from Spanish or Portuguese mulato meaning "octoroon, sambo" from mulo "mule" > "hybrid". in Spanish, refers to a person of mixed
European-African descent.
Mustang from mustango, mestengo, mestencoor mesteño, "without known master or owner" (archaic)
Mustee from mestizo, "racially mixed."
Nacho from Nacho, a nickname for the given name Ignacio, inventor of the snack
Nada from "nada" meaning " nothing."
Negro from Spanish, Portuguese, or Italian negro, "black", from Latin nigrum (nom. niger) and Greek νέγρος négros, both meaning "black.". In
Spanish it is not derogatory. In plural, is Negros.
Nevada from Nevada literally "snowy"
Nostromo from nuestro amo, "our master".
Olé an interjection, an expression of approval or triumph, similar to the Italian bravo (capable), by spectators of bull fights or football (soccer)
matches
Oregano from orégano, "marjoram"
Pachuco from pachuco, "fancy-dresser."
Paella from Spanish paella, from Valencian paella "pan" and the dish name. Originated in Latin patella, also meaning "pan."
Palmetto from palmito, "palm heart, little palm", diminutive form of the word for palm.
Pampa via Spanish, from Quechua pampa, plain
Papaya from papaya, akin to Arawak papáia
Páramo from Spanish páramo (moorland)
Patio from patio, inner courtyard, "an open paved area adjacent to a home"
Peccadillo from pecadillo, "small sin"
Peccary from Spanish pecarí, from Carib pakira or paquira.
Peon from Spanish peón ("laborer")
Peyote from Spanish, from Nahuatl peyotl ("caterpillar")
Philippines via Spanish Filipinas from Latin Philippinae, "islands of king Philip II of Spain"; ultimately from Greek Φιλιππίναι Philippinai from the
Greek phrase Φίλος ίππος Νησιά Fílos Íppos isí, "Islands of the Horse Friend."
Piccadill from picadillo, "hash"
pimento or pimiento from pimiento, "pepper."
piña colada from Spanish piña (pineapple), and colada, which means strained, from the Spanish verb colar ("to strain")
piñata from piñata ("jug, pot") from Latin pinea, "pine cone."
piñon or pinyon from piñón, "pine"
pinta from pinta, "he/she/it paints"; also archaic Spanish for pintada, "painted"
Pinto from pintar, "to paint"; a white horse with a coat "painted" in large patterns of any other color.
Piragua from Carib language
pisco from pisco, "turkey"
placer mining from placer, "sand bank"
platinum from platina, "little silver" (now platino)
playa from playa, "beach" < latin plagea
plaza from plaza, "public square, spot or place" < latin platea.
politico from Spanish or Italian político meaning "politician, political agent;" ultimately from Latin politicus meaning "of citizens or the state, civil,
civic," from Greek πολιτικός (Ancient Greek: πολῑτικός) politikos, "of citizens or the state," from πολίτης (plural: πολίτες) polites (citizen) from
πόλις polis, "city."
Poncho from poncho, from Araucanian pontho meaning "woolen fabric."
potato from Peninsular Spanish patata, itself from batata, "sweet potato", from Taino and papa, "potato" from Quechua
potrero from potrero, archaic term for "tongue of land"
pronto from Spanish "soon, prompt"
pronunciamento from pronunciamiento proclamation, "military coup d'état", usually establishing a military dictatorship (often a junta)
puma from Spanish "cougar, panther", from Quechua
pueblo via Castilian pueblo from Latin populus ("people").
quadroon from cuarterón, "fourth"
quesadilla from quesadilla meaning a traditional Mexican dish made with tortillas and cheese, diminutive of queso, cheese.
quetzal from Spanish, from Nahuatl "quetzalli": a group of colourful birds of the trogon family found in tropical regions of the Americas. It also may
refer to Guatemalan quetzal, the currency of Guatemala.
quinoa via Spanish quinua, from Quechua kinwa
quinceañera from Spanish quince años, literally: "fifteen years"; a girl's fifteenth birthday celebration similar to a "sweet sixteen"; with special
rituals in South America.
Quixotism/Quixotic from fictional character Don Quixote as in "tilting at windmills"
quirt from Spanish cuarta literally: "quarter"; a short horseman's whip, from "one fourth" (of a vara)
ranch from rancho, a very small rural community, smaller than a town; also a very humble dwelling in South American Spanish.
reconquista from reconquista, "reconquest"
remuda from Mexican Spanish remudar, to exchange (horses)
renegade from renegado, "turncoat, heretic, disowned"
rhumba from rumba
rincon from rincón, "meadow"
robalo from Spanish róbalo meaning "bass, sea wolf," a tropical marine game and fish food
roble[disambiguation needed] from Spanish roble, "oak tree" < latin roboris.
rodeo from rodeo and verb rodear (to go around)
rumba from rumba
saguaro from saguaro, from Piman
salsa from salsa, "sauce"
sapodilla from zapotillo
sarabande from French sarabande in turn from Spanish zarabanda
savanna from sabana, "veld", from Taino zabana
savvy from Spanish or Portuguese sabe, "knows"; sabio, "wise, learned" < latin sapidus "with sapience".
shack perhaps from Mexican Spanish jacal meaning "hut", from Nahuatl xacalli
sherry from Old Spanish Xerés [ʃ ˈɾ s], modern Spanish Jerez [x ˈɾ θ].
sierra from sierra, a mountain range
Sierra Nevada from sierra, a mountain range
siesta from siesta, "nap", from Latin Sexta [hora] "sixth hour"
silo from silo
sombrero from sombrero (literally, shade maker), "hat"
stampede from estampida
stevedore from estibador (literally, one who stuffs), "ship loader"
stockade from a French derivation of the Spanish estocada, "stab"
suave meaning "charming, confident, and elegant" < latin suavis "sweet".
taco from taco, "plug"
tamale from Spanish tamales, pl. of tamal, from Nahuatl tamalli meaning dumpling made from corn flour
tango from Spanish tango.
tapioca from tapioca, "cassava"
ten-gallon hat from Spanish tan galán meaning "so gallant (looking)"; alternate theory is the gallon of Texas English here is a misunderstanding
of galón meaning braid
temblor Spanish for trembling, or earthquake; from temblar, to shake, from Vulgar Latin tr m lār , from Latin tremulus
Tequila from tequila, from the town Tequila, where the beverage originated
telenovela, or telenovella from telenovela, "soap opera"
tilde from tilde
tobacco from Spanish (Nahuatl influenced) tabaco, "snuff"
tomatillo from Spanish tomatillo, "small tomato" (see Physalis philadelphica)
tomato from Spanish tomate, from Nahuatl xitomatl
torero from toro, "bull"
tornado from Spanish tronada, "thunderstorm", influenced by tornar, "to turn"
tortilla from tortilla, literally "small cake". In Mexico is a type of thin flatbread made of finely ground wheat flour. Now is called "omelet" in Spain
tostada (toast) and tostada (tortilla) from tostada, "toasted"
tuna from Spanish atún, from Arabic ‫ تون‬tun, from Latin thunnus, from Greek θύννος, thynnos (=tuna fish)
turista from turista, "tourist"

List of English words of Swedish origin

This is a list of English language words borrowed from the Swedish language. Some may be from other Scandinavian languages such as Danish or
Norwegian, or may come from Old Norse when it was a single language.
ångström, often written as "angstrom" (after the Swedish scientist Anders Jonas Ångström)
fartlek, which means "speed play" in Swedish, is a training method that blends continuous training with interval training.
gauntlet (run the..., an eggcorn of Swedish gatlopp)
gleen, from the Swedish dialectal word glena
glogg or glugg, (Swedish term for mulled wine) from glögg, a portmanteau of glödgat vin, meaning heated wine.
gravlax, the shortened form of gravad lax, meaning “b ri salmon”
lek (from the Swedish leka, "to play")
lingonberry, from lingon
moped, Swedish shortening of trampcykel med motor och pedaler ("engined bike with motor and pedals")
ombudsman, a person who acts as a trusted intermediary between an organization and some internal or external constituency.
orienteering, from orientering
rutabaga, from Swedish dialectal rotabagge
smorgasbord (from the Swedish smörgåsbord, literally "sandwich table"), which in Swedish either refers to a buffet with very specific types of
food, or is used as a metaphor
snus, a type of tobacco product consisting of moist tobacco powder
trapp basalts, or "trapps", stair-shaped rock formations (from the Swedish trappor, "stairs")
tungsten, literally "heavy stone", refers in Swedish to scheelite, a mineral containing tungsten and not the metal itself (Swedish volfram)
yrast, a technical term in nuclear physics that refers to a state of a nucleus with a minimum of energy for a given angular momentum
again from igen gap from gap (meaning both distance and mouth)
husband from husbonde
take from taga
window from vindöga (ancient Nordic and Norse: vindue)

List of English words of Turkic origin

This is a list of words that have entered into the English language from the Turkic languages. Many of them came via traders and soldiers from and
in the Ottoman Empire. There are some Turkic words as well, most of them entered English via the Russian language.
Languages of Turkic peoples left numerous traces in different languages, including the English language. Turkic borrowings, which belong to the
social and political vocabulary, are generally used in special literature and in the historical and ethnographical works, which relate to the life of
Turkic and Muslim peoples. The ethnographical words are generally used in the scientific literature, and in the historical and ethnographical texts.
The adoption of Indian (principally Hindustani) words, among which there were some Turkic borrowings, became one of the ways for the words of
the Turkic origin to penetrate English. Additionally, several words of Turkic origin penetrated English through Eastern European languages like
Russian and Polish. Albanian, German, Latin, Spanish, Italian, French, Hungarian and Serbo-Croatian were also intermediary languages for the
Turkic words to penetrate English, as well as containing numerous Turkic loanwords themselves (e.g. Serbo-Croatian contains around 5,000 Turkic
loanwords, primarily from Turkish ).
In the nineteenth century, Turkic loanwords, generally of Turkish origin, began to penetrate not only through the writings of the travelers, diplomats
and merchants, and through the ethnographical and historical works, but also through the press. In 1847, there were two English-language
newspapers in Istanbul – The Levant Herald and The Levant Times, seven newspapers in French, one in German and 37 in Turkish. Turkish
contributed the largest share of the Turkic loans, which penetrated into the English directly. This can be explained by the fact that Turkey had the
most intensive and wide connections with England. Nevertheless, there are many Turkic loans in English, which were borrowed by its contacts with
other peoples – Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Uzbeks, Kazakhs and Kirghiz.
Most of the Turkic loans in English carry exotic or ethnographical connotations. They do not have equivalents in English, do not have synonymic
relations with primordial words, and generally are used to describe the fauna, flora, life customs, political and social life, and an administrative-
territorial structure of Turkic regions. But there are many Turkic loans, which are still part of the frequently used vocabulary. Some Turkic loans have
acquired new meanings, unrelated to their etymology.
To conclude, the words of the Turkic origin began penetrating English as early as the Middle Ages, the Turkic loanwords found their way into
English through other languages, most frequently through French. Since the 16c, beginning from the time of the establishment of the direct contacts
between England and Turkey, and Russia, in English appeared new direct borrowings from Turkic languages. German, Polish, Russian, Serbo-
Croatian, French, Arabic, Armenian, Afrikaans, Hungarian, Yiddish, Hindustani, Spanish, Italian, Latin, Malayan, to a different extent, took part in
the process of the transfer of the Turkic words into English. The main language from which the borrowings were made, was Turkish.
Afshar from Turkic Afshar, "a Turkic tribe living majorly in Kerman province of Iran". A Shiraz rug of coarse weave.
Aga or Agha from Turkish ağa, a title of rank, especially in Turkey.
Aga Khan from Turkic agha and khan, the divinely ordained head of the Nizari branch of Isma'ili Shi'a Islam.
Agaluk from Turkish Ağalık, a feudal unit of the Ottoman Empire
Airan from Turkish ayran
Akbash from Turkish akbaş, literally "a whitehead"
Akche from Turkish akçe, also asper, an Ottoman monetary unit consisted of small silver coins.
Akhissar from Turkish Akhisar, a city in Manisa Province, Turkey near İzmir. A kind of heavy modern carpet made at Akhisar.
Altay from the Altai Mountains of Central Asia, which is from Turkic-Mongolian altan, meaning "golden". 1. the Altai horse 2. the Altay sheep
Altilik from Turkish altılık. A coin formerly used in Turkey, originally silver, equivalent to six piastres.
Araba (from Arabic: ‫عربة‬‎ʿarabah or the Turkish loan form araba, arba or aroba). A horse-driven carriage.
Arnaut from Turkish arnavut, "an Albanian". An inhabitant of Albania and neighboring mountainous regions, especially an Albanian serving in the
Turkish army.
Aslan from Turkish Aslan, "lion".
Astrakhan from Astrakhan, Russia, which is from Tatar or Kazakh hadžitarkhan, or As-tarxan (tarkhan of As or Alans) Karakul sheep of Russian
origin or a cloth with a pile resembling karakul.
Atabeg from Turkic atabeg, from ata, "a father" + beg "a prince".
Atabek from Turkic, an alternative form of Atabeg.
Ataghan from Turkish yatağan, an alternative form of yatagan.
Ataman from Russian, from South Turkic ataman, "leader of an armed band" : ata, "father" + -man, augmentative suffix.
Aul Russian, from the Tatar and Kyrgyz languages.
Ayran see Airan
Bahadur from Hindi bahādur "brave, brave person", from Persian, probably from Mongolian, cf. Classical Mongolian baγatur, which is from Turkic,
perhaps originally a Turkic personal name.
Bairam from Turkish bayram, literally "a festival"
Baklava from Turkish baklava
Balaclava from Balaklava, village in the Crimea, which is from Turkish balıklava. A hoodlike knitted cap covering the head, neck, and part of the
shoulders and worn especially by soldiers and mountaineers.
Balalaika from Russian balalaika, of Turkic origin.
Balkan from Turkish balkan "a mountain chain", relating to the states of the Balkan Peninsula, or their peoples, languages, or cultures.
Bamia from Turkish bamya.
Ban from Romanian, from Serbo-Croatian ban, "lord", which is from Turkic bayan, "very rich person" : bay, "rich" + -an, intensive suff.
Barbotte from Canadian French barbotte, which is from Turkish barbut. A dice game
Barchan/Barkhan from Russian, which is from Kirghiz barkhan. A moving sand dune shaped like a crescent and found in several very dry
regions of the world
Bashaw from Turkish başa, a variant of pasha
Bashi-bazouk from Turkish başıbozuk
Bashlyk from Turkish başlık, "a hood", from baş, "a head"
Batman from Turkish batman. Any of various old Persian or Turkish units of weight
Beetewk from Russian bityug, bityuk, which is from Turkic bitük, akin to Chagatai bitü, Uzbek bitäü. A Russian breed of heavy draft horses.
Beg from Turkic beg, an alternative form of bey
Beglerbeg from Turkish beylerbeyi, a variant of beylerbey
Begum from Urdu begam, which is from East Turkic begüm
Behcet from the name of Turkish scientist Hulusi Behçet, a multisystem, chronic recurrent disease.
Bektashi from Turkish bektaşi
Bergamot from French bergamote, from Italian bergamotta, ultimately from Turkish bey armudu, literally, "the bey's pear"
Bey from Turkish bey
Beylerbey from Turkish beylerbeyi
Beylik from Turkish beylik
Binbashi from Turkish binbaşı, "chief of a thousand", bin "thousand" + bash "head". (Mil.) A major in the Turkish army.
Bogatyr from Russian bogatyr "hero, athlete, warrior", from Old Russian bogatyri, of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish batur "brave"
Borek from Turkish böreği, ultimately from root bur-, "twisted"
Borunduk from Russian burunduk, which is from Mari uromdok or from Turkic burunduk. A Siberian ground squirrel.
Bosa or boza from Turkish boza, a fermented drink
Bosh from Turkish boş, which means "nonsense, empty" (Bosh on wiktionary)
Bostanji from Turkish bostancı, literally "a gardener"
Bouzouki from modern Greek mpouzoúki, which is from Turkish bozuk "broken, ruined, depraved" or büzük "constricted, puckered".
Boyar from Russian boyarin, from Old Russian boljarin, from Turkic baylar, plural of bay, "rich"; akin to Turkish bay, "rich, gentleman".
Bridge game the word came into English from the Russian word, biritch, which in turn originates from a Turkic word for "bugler" (in modern
Turkish: borucu, borazancı) or might have come from a Turkish term bir, üç, or "one, three"
Bugger from Middle English bougre, "heretic", from Old French boulgre, from Medieval Latin Bulgarus, from Greek Boulgaros, "Bulgarian",
probably ultimately from Turkic bulghar, "of mixed origin, promiscuous" or "rebels", from bulgamaq, "to mix, stir, stir up".
Bulgar from Bolgar, Bolghar, former kingdom on the Volga river around Kazan (see bugger). A Russia leather originally from Bolgar.
Bulgur from Turkish bulgur, which means "pounded wheat"
Buran from Russian buran, of Turkic origin, probably from Tatar buran
Burka from Russian, probably from buryi "dark brown (of a horse)", probably of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish bur "red like a fox"; the Turkic word
probably from Persianbor "reddish brown"; akin to Sanskrit babhru "reddish brown".
Cafeneh from Turkish kahvane, kahvehane "a coffee shop, café", from kahve "coffee" + hane "house"
Caïque from Turkish kayık
Caiquejee alteration (influenced by caique) of earlier caikjee, from Turkish kayıkçı, "a boatman"
Calpack from Turkish kalpak
Caracal from Turkish karakulak, which means "black ear"
Caraco from French, perhaps from Turkish kerrake "alpaca coat". A woman's short coat or jacket usually about waist length.
Caracul from Uzbek karakul, an alteration of karakul
Caragana from New Latin, of Turkic origin; akin to Kirghiz karaghan "Siberian pea tree".
Caramoussal from Turkish karamürsel, karamusal, perhaps from kara "black" + mürsel "envoy, apostle"
Casaba from Turkish Kasaba, a small town with 2.000 to 20.000 people in Turkey
Cassock from Middle French casaque "long coat", probably ultimately from Turkic quzzak "nomad, adventurer" (the source of Cossack), an
allusion to their typical riding coat. Or perhaps from Arabic kazagand, from Persian kazhagand "padded coat".
Cham from French, which is from Turkish khan, "lord, prince"
Chekmak from Turkish, a Turkish fabric of silk and cotton, with gold thread interwoven.
Chelengk from Ottoman Turkish çelenk, a bird's feather used as a sign of bravery
Chiaus from Turkish çavuş.
Chibouk from Turkish çubuk.
Choga from Sindhi, of Turko-Mongol origin; akin to Turkish çuha "cloth". A long-sleeved long-skirted cloak for men worn mainly in India and
Pakistan.
Chouse perhaps from Turkish çavuş "a doorkeeper, messenger"
Coffee from Ottoman Turkish kahve via Italian caffè
Corsac from Russian korsak, from Kirghiz karsak, "a small yellowish brown bushy-tailed fox"
Cosaque from French, literally, "Cossack", from Russian Kazak & Ukrainian kozak, which is from Turkic Kazak. A cracker.
Cossack from Turkic quzzaq which means "adventurer, guerilla, nomad" (Cossack on wiktionary)
Desemer from German, from Low German, alteration of Middle Low German bisemer, besemer, of Baltic origin; akin to Lithuanianbezmnas, of
Slavic origin; akin to Old Russian bezmenu "desemer, small weight", Polish bezmian, przezmian "balance without pans", perhaps of Turkic
origin; akin to Turkish batman "small weight". An ancient balance.
Devshirmeh from Turkish devşirme, which means "gathering"
Dey from Turkish dayı, literally "a maternal uncle"
Dolma from Turkish dolma, which means "filled" or "stuffed"
Dolman ultimately from Turkish dolaman, a robe, from dolamak "to wind"
Dolmus, also Dolmush from Turkish dolmuş, a share taxi
Domra from Kazakh dombra, a musical instrument
Doner kebab (Canadian: donair) from Turkish döner kebap
Donmeh from Turkish dönme, which literally means "a convert"
Donum from Turkish dönüm, an alternative form of dunam
Doodle from German dudeln "to play (the bagpipe)", from dudel "a bagpipe", from Czech or Polish dudy "a bagpipe", from Turkish düdük "a flute".
Dunam from Turkish dönüm, from dönmek "go round"
Elchee or elchi from Turkish elçi, which means "an ambassador".
Eleme figs from Turkish eleme "selected, sifted". Smyrna figs of superior quality packed flat.
Galiongee from Turkish kalyonçi, kalyoncu, "a Turkish sailor", from kalyon, Italian galeone + çi or cu, the Turkish suffix.
Ganch modification of Turkish kancalamak "to put on a hook", from Turkish kanca "large hook", modification of Greek gampsos "curved" + Turkish
suffix -lamak.
Giaour from Turkish gâvur
Gilet from French, from Spanish gileco, jaleco, chaleco, from Arabic jalikah, "a garment worn by slaves in Algeria", from Turkish yelek "waistcoat,
vest"
Hajduk from Ottoman Turkish haydut, "bandit, soldier"
Harambaša from Turkish haramibaşı, "bandit leader" (from harami, "bandit" + baş, "head")
Haremlik from Turkish haremlik, from harem (from Arabic harim & Arabic haram) + the Turkish suffix -lik "a place"
Horde from Turkic ordu or orda ("khan's residence") (Horde on wiktionary)
Hun from Medieval Latin Hunni, supposedly ultimately from Turkic Hun-yü, the name of a tribe.
Hungary most directly from Latin, ultimately from Turkic, c.f. Onogur.
Imam bayildi from Turkish imambayıldı, "the imam fainted", an eggplant dish prepared with olive oil.
Imbat from Turkish imbat, a cooling etesian wind in the Levant (as in Cyprus).
Janissary from Turkish yeniçeri, which means "a new soldier" (janissary on wiktionary)
Jarlig from Mongolian: арлиг, zarlig via Russian iarlyk
Jelick from Turkish yelek, the bodice or vest of a Turkish woman's dress.
Jettru from Turkic, a union of seven Turkic peoples of Central Asia formed at the end of the 17th or beginning of the 18th century under one khan.
Kadiluk from Ottoman Turkish kadı, "judge"
Kaftan from Turkish kaftan (also in Persian)
Kaique from Turkish kayık, an alternative form of caïque.
Kalderimi from Ottoman Turkish kaldırım, "paved road"
Kalpak from Turkish kalpak
Kangal from Turkish kangal or sivas kangal köpeği
Karabagh A type of rug, named after the Karabagh region in the Caucasus.
Karabash from Turkish karabaş, literally "a blackhead"
Karadagh from Azeri Karadagh, a mountain range in Azerbaijan province, northwestern Iran. a Persian rug having a bold design and rich coloring.
Karagane from Russian karagan, which is from Turkic karagan. A species of gray fox found in Russia.
Karakul from Uzbek karakul, literally a village in Uzbekistan
Karakurt from Russian, of Turkic origin, karakurt, "a venomous spider".
Kasseri from New Greek kaseri, from Turkish kaşer, kaşar
Kavass from Turkish kavas
Kazak from Kazak, a town in Azerbaijan, an Oriental rug in bold colors with geometric designs or stylized plant and animal forms.
Kefir from Russian, probably ultimately from Old Turkic köpür, "milk, froth, foam", from köpürmäk, "to froth, foam".
Kelek from Turkish kelek, a raft or float supported on inflated animal skins.
Kendyr from Russian kendyr, from Turkish kendir. A strong bast fiber that resembles Indian hemp and is used in Asia as cordage and as a
substitute for cotton and hemp.
Ketch probably from Middle English cacchen "to capture", or perhaps from Turkish kayık "a boat, skiff".
Khagan from Turkic kaghan, an alternative form of khan
Khan from Turkic khan, akin to Turkish han (title meaning "ruler")
Khanum from Turkic khanum, akin to Turkish hanım, "a female derivation of Khan"
Khatun from Turkic khatūn, perhaps from Old Turkic or from Sogdian kwat'yn, "a queen"
Kibitka from Russian, of Turkic origin; akin to Kazan Tatar kibit "booth, stall, tent", Uyghur käbit.
Kielbasa from Polish kiełbasa, from East and West Slavic *kŭlbasa, from East Turkic kül bassï, "grilled cutlet", from Turkic kül bastï : kül, "coals,
ashes" + bastï, "pressed (meat)" (from basmaq, to press)
Kilij from Turkish kılıç, a Turkish saber with a crescent-shaped blade.
Kiosk from Turkish köşk, an open summerhouse or pavilion
Kipchak from Russian, which is from Chagatai. 1. One of the ancient Turkic peoples of the Golden Horde related to the Uyghurs and Kyrgyz. 2.
The Turkic language of the Kipchaks.
Kis Kilim from Turkish kızkilim, a kind of carpet.
Kizilbash from Turkish kızılbaş, literally "a red head"
Knish from Yiddish, from Ukrainian knysh, probably of Turkic origin.
Kok-saghyz from Russian kok-sagyz, from Turkic kök-sagız, from kök "root" + sagız "rubber, gum"
Komitadji from Turkish komitacı, a rebel, member of a secret revolutionary society.
Konak from Turkish konak, a large house in Turkey.
Krym-saghyz from Russian krym-sagyz, of Turkic origin, from Krym "Crimea", + sagız "rubber, gum".
Kulah from Turkish Kula, a town in western Turkey. A Turkish rug that is often a prayer rug and that uses the Ghiordes knot.
Kulak from Russian kulak "a fist", of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish kol "arm".
Kulan from Kirghiz kulan, "the wild ass of the Kirghiz steppe".
Kumiss from Turkic kumyz or kumis (kumiss on wiktionary)
Kurbash from Turkish kırbaç
Kurgan from Russian, of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish kurgan "fortress, castle"
Kurus from Turkish kuruş, a Turkish piaster equal to 1/100 lira.
Lackey from French laquais, from Spanish lacayo, ultimately from Turkish ulak, which means "runner" or "courier".
Ladik from Turkish Ladik, a village in Turkey. A rug of fine texture woven in and near Ladik in central Anatolia.
Latten from Middle English latoun, laton, from Middle French laton, leton, from Old Provençal, from Arabic latun, of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish
altın "gold"
Lavash from Armenian, which is originally taken from Turkish lavaş.
Lokshen from Yiddish, plural of loksh "noodle", from Russian dial. loksha, of Turkic origin; akin to Uyghur & Kazan Tatar lakca "noodles", Chuvash
läskä.
Mammoth from Russian mamot, mamont, mamant, perhaps from a Yakut word derived from Yakut mamma "earth"; from the belief that the
mammoths burrowed in the earth like moles.
Martagon from Middle English, from Old French, from Old Spanish, from Ottoman Turkish martagan, "a kind of turban".
Merdiban an accounting method used by the Ottoman Empire, Abbasid empire, and the Ilkhanate; from a word meaning "Ladder" or "Staircase".
Nagaika from Russian, of Turkic origin; akin to Kirghiz nogai
Oda from Turkish oda, literally "a room, chamber". A room in a harem.
Odalisque from French, which is from Turkish odalık, from oda, "a room"
Oghuz or Ghuz from Turkic oghuz. A descendant of certain early Turkic invaders of Persia.
Osmanli from Turkish osmanlı, from Osman, founder of the Ottoman Empire + lı "of or pertaining to"
Ottoman is a form of couch which usually has a head but no back, though sometimes it has neither. It may have square or semicircular ends, and
as a rule it is what upholsterers call "ov rst ff ” — that is to say no wood is visible. In American English, an ottoman is a piece of furniture
consisting of a padded, upholstered...
Ottoman from French, adjective & noun, probably from Italian ottomano, from Turkish osmani, from Osman, Othman died 1326, founder of the
Ottoman Empire
Paklava modification of Turkish baklava
Parandja from Uzbek, a heavy black horsehair veil worn by women of Central Asia.
Pasha from Turkish paşa, earlier basha, from bash "head, chief" which equates to "Sir"
Pashalic from Turkish paşalık, "title or rank of pasha", from paşa: the jurisdiction of a pasha or the territory governed by him
Pastrami from Yiddish pastrame, from Romanian pastrama, ultimately from Turkish pastırma
Petcheneg from Russian pecheneg, which is from Turkic. Member of a Turkic people invading the South Russian, Danubian, and Moldavian
steppes during the early Middle Ages.
Pilaf from Turkish pilav, and ultimately from Sanskrit pulāka- (पुलाक), "lump of boiled rice"
Pirogi from Yiddish, from Russian, plural of pirog (pie), perhaps borrowed from Kazan Tatar, (cf. Turk. börek)
Pul from Persian pul, which is from Turkish pul. A unit of value of Afghanistan equal to 1/100 Afghani.
Qajar or Kajar from Persian Qajar, of Turkish origin. A people of northern Iran holding political supremacy through the dynasty ruling Persia
from 1794 to 1925.
Quiver from Anglo-French quiveir, from Old French quivre, probably ultimately from the Hunnic language, kubur in Old Turkish
Rumelia from Turkish Rumeli, "land of Romans"
Sarma, a kind of dolma, is a classic of Turkish cuisine.
Sabot from Old French çabot, alteration of savate "old shoe", probably of Turkish or Arabic origin.
Saic from French saïque, from Turkish shaika.
Saiga from Russian saĭgá(k), from Turkic; cf. Chagatai sayğak
Saker through Old French from Arabic saqr, probably from Turkic sonqur, which means "a falcon".
Samiel from Turkish samyeli, sam, "poisonous" + yel, "wind".
Sanjak from Turkish sancak, which means "a banner"
Sarma from Turkish sarma, which means "wrapping"
Saxaul from Russian saksaul, which is from Kazakh seksevil. A leafless xerophytic shrub or tree of the family Chenopodiaceae of Asia that has
green or greenish branches and is used for stabilization of desert soils.
Selamlik from Turkish Selamlık.
Seljuk from Turkish Selçuk, "eponymous ancestor of the dynasties". Of or relating to any of several Turkic dynasties that ruled over a great part of
western Asia in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries.
Seraskier from Turkish serasker, from Persian ser "head, chief" + Arabic asker "an army".
Sevdalinka originally Arabic sawda, via Turkish sevda, "black bile". Genre of Balkan folk-music
Sevruga through Russian sevryuga ultimately from Tatar söirök.
Shabrack from French schabraque, from German schabracke, from Hungarian csáprág, from Turkish çaprak
Shagreen from Turkish sağrı, which means "the back of a horse"
Shaman from Turkic word šamán.[citation needed]
Shashlik from Russian шаш ы , which is from Crimean Tatar şışlık, which means "shish kebab"
Shawarma ultimately from Turkish çevirme, which literally means "turning"
Shish from Turkish şiş, which literally means "a skewer"
Shish kebab from Turkish şiş kebabı
Shor from Russian, of Turko-Mongol origin; akin to Kalmyk & Mongolian sor "salt", Turkish sure "brackish soil". A salt lake in Turkestan, a salina.
Som from Kirghiz, "crude iron casting, ruble"
Sofa a long upholstered seat with a back and arms, for two or more people.
Tughra of Suleiman the Magnificent.
Taiga from Russian taiga, of Turkic origin; akin to Teleut taiga "rocky, mountainous terrain", Turkish dağ "mountain"; Mongolian origin is also
possible.
Taramasalata from modern Greek taramas "preserved roe", from Turkish tarama "preparation of soft roe or red caviar" + salata "salad".
Taranchi from Chagatai Taranci, literally "a farmer".
Tarantass from Russian tarantas, which is from Kazan Tatar tarıntas.
Tarbagan from Russian, which is from Teleut. A rodent
Tarbush from Arabic tarbūsh, from Ottoman Turkish terposh, probably from Persian sarposh "headdress" (equivalent to sar "head" + pūsh
"covering"), by association with Turkish ter "sweat". A tasseled cap of cloth or felt, usually red, that is worn by Muslim men either by itself or as
the inner part of the turban.
Tarkhan from Old Turkic tarkan, a privileged class.
Tarpan from Russian, which is from Kirghiz or Kazakh tarpan.
Tartar from Persian Tatar, of Turkic origin. A ferocious or violent person - Latin, from "Tartarus" - evil, hell.
Tau-saghyz from Russian tau-sagyz, from Turkic tau-sagız, from tau "mountain" + sagız "gum, rubber".
Tavla from Turkish tavla, a version of the board game backgammon.
Tekke from Turkish tekke, a dervish monastery.
Tenge from Kazakh teŋge "coin, ruble".
Tepe from Turkish tepe, literally "a hill, summit". An artificial mound.
Terek from Terek, river of southeast Russia, which is from Balkar Terk. A sandpiper of the Old World breeding in the far north of eastern Europe
and Asia and migrating to southern Africa and Australia and frequenting rivers.
Theorbo from Italian tiorba, which is from Turkish torba "a bag".
Toman from Persian ‫تومان‬, which is from Turkic tümen, "a unit of ten thousand".
Tovarich from Russian tovarishch, from Old Russian tovarishch, sing. of tovarishchi, "business associates", which is from Old Turkic tavar ishchi,
"businessman, merchant" : tavar, "wealth, trade" + ishchi, "one who works" (from ish, "work, business").
Tughra from Turkish tuğra, an elaborate monogram formed of the Sultan's name and titles.
Tungus a member of the Tungusic people; from Russian, from East Turkic tunguz, "wild pig, boar", from Old Turkic tonguz.
Turk from Turkish türk, which has several meanings in English.
Turki from Persian turki, from Turk, "Turk", from Turkish Türk.
Turquoise from Middle English Turkeys, from Anglo-French turkeise, from feminine of turkeis Turkish, from Turc Turkish.
Tuzla from Turkish tuzla, from the name of Lake Tuz in Turkey. A central Anatolian rug.
Tzatziki from modern Greek tsatsiki, which is from Turkish cacık.
Ugrian from Old Russian Ugre, which means "Hungarians", of Turkic origin.
Uhlan from Turkish oğlan "a boy, servant".
Urdu from Hindustani Urdu "camp", which is from Turkic ordu (source of horde).
Urman from Russian, which is from Kazan Tatar urman, "a forest", synonymous with taiga; Turkish word orman.
Ushak from Ushak, Turkish Uşak, manufacturing town of western Turkey. A heavy woolen oriental rug tied in Ghiordes knots and characterized by
bright primary colors and an elaborate medallion pattern.
Yardang from Turkic yardang, ablative of yar "steep bank, precipice".
Yarmulka of Turkic origin; akin to Turkish yağmurluk which means "rainwear".
Yashmak or yashmac from Turkish yaşmak.
Yataghan from Turkish yatağan.
Yogurt from Turkish yoğurt. (yogurt on wiktionary)
Yurt from Turkic yurt, which means "a dwelling place".
Yuruk from Turkish yürük, "a nomad". 1. One of a nomadic shepherd people of the mountains of southeastern Anatolia. 2. A Turkish rug from the
Konya and Karaman regions, southeastern Anatolia.
English words of Ukrainian origin are words in the English language that have been borrowed or derived from the Ukrainian language. Some of
them may have entered English via Russian, Polish, or Yiddish, among others. They may have originated in another languages, but are used to
describe notions related to Ukraine.[citation needed] Some are regionalisms, used in English-speaking places with a significant Ukrainian diaspora
population, especially Canada, but all of these have entered the general English vocabulary.
Babka (Ukrainian: бабка), a sweet Easter bread (related to French baba au rhum)
Bandura (Ukrainian: ба дура), a stringed instrument
Chumak (Ukrainian: чу ак), a class of merchants and traders from the area comprising modern Ukraine.
Gotch, gotchies, or gitch (Canadian English), underwear. Also gaunch, gaunchies in Alberta
Hetman (Ukrainian: ге ь а ), a Cossack military leader
Holubtsi (Canadian English), (Ukrainian: голуб holubtsi, plural from голубе ь holubets'), cabbage rolls
Hopak (Ukrainian: гопак), a lively traditional dance
Horilka (Ukrainian: гор лка), a Ukrainian alcoholic beverage.
Kovbasa (Canadian English, from Ukrainian ковба а kovbasa), a garlic sausage. Also kubie, kubie burger
Lymonnyk (Ukrainian: ли о ик), a lemon pie
"Oseledets", a haircut similar to that worn by Ukrainian cossacks.
Paska (Ukrainian: па ка), a decorated Easter bread, also paskha or pashka, a rich dessert with curd cheese and dried fruit
Pyrih (Ukrainian: пир г), a pie that can have either a sweet or savoury filling
Pyrizhky (Ukrainian: пир ки, plural from пир ок pyrizhok, diminutive from пир г pyrih), a generic word for individual-sized baked or fried buns
stuffed with a variety of fillings
Pyrohy (Ukrainian: пироги, plural from пир г pyrih), stuffed dumplings or pastry (from western Ukraine, where it is a synonym for varenyky). Also
perogy
Pysanka (Ukrainian: пи а ка), a decorated Easter egg
Varenyky (Ukrainian: варе ики varenyky, plural from варе ик varenyk), boiled dumplings with a variety of fillings, such as potatoes, cherries,
strawberries, meat, etc.
English words from Ukrainian
Cuisine
Borscht (Ukrainian: борщ borshch), beet soup, also used in the expression "cheap like borscht".
Kasha (Ukrainian: каша), a porridge.
Paskha (Ukrainian: па ха, literally "Easter"). A rich Ukrainian dessert made with soft cheese, dried fruit, nuts, and spices, traditionally eaten at
Easter.
Syrniki, sometimes also sirniki (Ukrainian: ир ики syrnyky, from ир syr, originally soft white cheese in Slavic languages). Fried quark cheese
pancakes, garnished with sour cream, jam, honey, or apple sauce.
Ethnic
Boyko or Boiko (Ukrainian: бойко), a distinctive group of Ukrainian highlanders or mountain-dwellers of the Carpathian highlands.
Cossack (Ukrainian: ко ак kozak, while Russian: ка ак kаzak), a freedom-loving horseman of the steppes.
Hutsul (Ukrainian: гу ул; Russian: гу ул), an ethno-cultural group who for centuries have inhabited the Carpathian Mountains.
Lemko (Ukrainian: ле ко), a distinctive group of Ukrainian highlanders or mountain-dwellers of the Carpathian highlands.
Rusyn (Ukrainian: ру и ), an ethnic group of Ukrainians.
Verkhovynian or Verkhovynets (Ukrainian: верхови е ь), a distinctive group of Ukrainian highlanders or mountain-dwellers of the Carpathian
highlands.
Politic
Banderist (Ukrainian: ба дер ве ь), a member of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists or of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army.
Boyar (Ukrainian: singular бо ри boyaryn, plural бо ри boyary), a member of the highest rank of the feudal Russian, Bulgarian, Romanian, and
Ukrainian aristocracy, second only to the ruling princes, from the 10th century through the 17th century. Many headed the civil and military
administrations in their country.
Rukh (Ukrainian: Рух; movement), a Ukrainian centre-right political party the People's Movement of Ukraine.
Sich (Ukrainian: ч), the administrative and military centre for Cossacks.
Verkhovna Rada (Ukrainian: Верхов а Рада; Russian: Верхов а Рада or Верхов ый ове ), the Ukraine's parliament, literally Supreme
Council, formerly also translated as the Supreme Soviet.
Other
Baba (Ukrainian: баба), a grandmother or old woman.
Gley (Ukrainian: глей hley, Russian: глей gley), a sticky blue-grey waterlogged soil type, poor in oxygen.
Hryvnia or sometimes hryvnya (Ukrainian: грив ; Russian: грив а or грив ), the national currency of Ukraine since 1996.
Hucul or hutsul (Ukrainian: гу уль ький к ь, гу улик or гу ул), a pony or small horse breed originally from the Carpathian Mountains.
Karbovanets (Ukrainian: карбова е ь; Russian: карбова е ), Ukrainian currency in 1917-1920, 1942-1945 and in 1992-1996.
Khorovod (Ukrainian: хоровод; Russian: хоровод), a Slavic art form consisting of a combination of a circle dance and chorus singing, similar to
Chorea of ancient Greece.
Kniaz (Ukrainian: к ь knyaz', etymologically related to the English word king from Old English cyning, meaning "tribe", related the German
König, and the Scandinavian konung, probably borrowed early from the Proto-Germanic Kuningaz, a form also borrowed by Finnish and
Estonian "Kuningas"; the title and functions however of a Kniaz corresponded, though not exact, to more of a Prince or Duke), a title given to
members of Ukrainian nobility that arose during the Rurik dynasty.
Kurgan (Ukrainian: курга "tumulus"), a type of burial mound found in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
Naftohaz or Naftogaz (Ukrainian: а ога ; Russian: а ога ), the national oil and gas company of Ukraine, literally "Oil and gas".
Surzhyk (Ukrainian: ур ик; Russian: ур ик), a mixed (macaronic) sociolects of Ukrainian and Russian languages used in certain regions of
Ukraine and adjacent lands.
Tachanka (Ukrainian: ача ка), a horse-drawn machine gun platform.

List of English words of Welsh origin

This is a list of English language words of Welsh language origin. As with the Goidelic languages, the Brythonic tongues are close enough for
possible derivations from Cumbric, Cornish or Breton in some cases. Beyond the loan of common nouns, there are numerous English
toponyms, surnames, personal names or nicknames derived from Welsh (see Celtic toponymy, Celtic onomastics).
Words that derive from Welsh
avon from Welsh afon; Cornish avon
bara brith speckled bread in Welsh. Traditional Welsh bread flavoured with tea, dried fruits and mixed spices.
bard from Old Celtic bardos, either through Welsh bardd (where the bard was highly respected) or Scottish bardis (where it was a term of
contempt); Cornish bardh
cawl a traditional Welsh soup/stew; Cornish kowl
cist (archaeological) a stone lined coffin
coracle from corwgl. But this Welsh term was derived from the Latin corium meaning "leather or hide", the material from which coracles are made.
corgi from cor, "dwarf" + gi (soft mutation of ci), "dog".
crag from an Insular Celtic source, perhaps from Welsh craig'or 'Carreg.; Cornish karrek
cromlech from crom llech literally "crooked flat stone"
crwth "a bowed lyre"
Cwm from cwm "coomb." Cornish; komm; passed into Old English as 'cumb'
eisteddfod from Welsh, lit. "session," from eistedd "to sit" (from sedd "seat," cognate with L. sedere; see sedentary) + bod "to be" (cognate with
O.E. beon; see be).
flannel the Oxford English Dictionary says the etymology is "uncertain", but Welsh gwlanen = "flannel wool" is likely. An alternative source is Old
French flaine, "blanket". The word has been adopted in most European languages. An earlier English form was flannen, which supports the
Welsh etymology. Shakspeare's The Merry Wives of Windsor contains the term "the Welsh flannel".
flummery from llymru
hiraeth homesickness tinged with grief or sadness over the lost or departed. It is a mix of longing, yearning, nostalgia, wistfulness, or an earnest
desire.
kistvaen from cist (chest) and maen (stone).
lech from llech.
possibly penguin Possibly from pen gwyn, "white head". "The fact that the penguin has a black head is no serious objection." It may also be
derived from the Breton language, or the Cornish Language, which are all closely related. However, dictionaries suggest the derivation is from
Welsh pen "head" and gwyn "white", including the Oxford English Dictionary, the American Heritage Dictionary, the Century Dictionary and
Merriam-Webster, on the basis that the name was originally applied to the great auk, which had white spots in front of its eyes (although its
head was black). Pen gwyn is identical in Cornish and in Breton. An alternative etymology links the word to Latin pinguis, which means "fat". In
Dutch, the alternative word for penguin is "fat-goose" (vetgans see: Dutch wiki or dictionaries under Pinguïn), and would indicate this bird
received its name from its appearance.
tref meaning “hamlet, home, town.”; Cornish tre.
wrasse a kind of sea fish (derived via Cornish wrach, Welsh gwrach (meaning hag or witch)).
Words with indirect or possible links
Old Welsh origins for the topographical terms
Tor (OW tŵr) and crag (OW carreg or craig) are among a number of available Celtic derivations for the Old English antecedents to the modern
terms. However, the existence of similar cognates in both the Goidelic, Latin, Old French and the other Brythonic families makes isolation of a
precise origin difficult, such as for example, the adoption of the word Cross from Latin Crux, Old Irish cros, OE Rood ; appearing in Welsh and
Cornish as Croes, Krows.
Adder The Proto-Indo-European root netr- led to Latin natrix, Welsh neidr, Cornish nader, Breton naer, West Germanic nædro, Old Norse naðra,
Middle Dutch nadre, any of which may have led to the English word.
Bow May be from Old English bugan "to bend, to bow down, to bend the body in condescension," also "to turn back", or more simply from the
Welsh word bwa
Coombe meaning "valley", is usually linked with the Welsh cwm, also meaning "valley", Cornish and Breton komm. However, the OED traces both
words back to an earlier Celtic word, *kumbos. It suggests a direct Old English derivation for "coombe". (Coumba, or coumbo, is the common
western-alpine vernacular word for "glen", and considered genuine gaulish (celtic-ligurian branch). Found in many toponyms of the western Alps
like Coumboscuro (Grana valley), Bellecombe and Coumbafréide (Aoste), Combette (Suse), Coumbal dou Moulin (Valdensian valleys).
Although seldom used, the word "combe" is included into major standard-french dictionaries. This could justify the celtic origin thesis
Crockery It has been suggested that crockery might derive from the Welsh crochan, as well as the Manx crocan and Gaelic crogan, meaning
"pot". The OED states that this view is "undetermined". It suggests that the word derives from Old English croc, via the Icelandic krukka,
meaning "an earthenware pot or pitcher".
Crumpet Welsh crempog, cramwyth, Cornish krampoeth or Breton Krampouezh; 'little hearth cakes'
Druid From the Old Celtic derwijes/derwos ("true knowledge" or literally "they who know the oak") from which the modern Welsh word derwydd
evolved, but travelled to English through Latin (druidae) and French (druide)
Gull from either Welsh or Cornish; Welsh gwylan, Cornish guilan, Breton goelann; all from O.Celt. *voilenno- "gull" (OE mæw)
Hog Cornish Hogh (and hedgehog)
Iron or at least the modern form of the word "iron" (c/f Old English ísern, proto-Germanic *isarno, itself borrowed from proto-Celtic), appears to
have been influenced by pre-existing Celtic forms in the British Isles: Old Welsh hearn, Cornish hoern, Breton houarn, Old Gaelic íarn (Irish
iaran, iarun, Scottish iarunn)
Lawn from Welsh Llan Cornish Lan (cf. Launceston, Breton Lann); Heath; enclosed area of land, grass about a Christian site of worship from
Cornish Lan (e.g. Lanteglos, occasionally Laun as in Launceston) or Welsh Llan (e.g. Llandewi)
Penguin From pen gwyn meaning white-head from either Welsh, Cornish or Breton An alternative etymology links the word to Latin pinguis, which
means "fat". In Dutch, the alternative word for penguin is "fat-goose" (vetgans see: Dutch wiki or dictionaries under Pinguïn), and would indicate
this bird received its name from its appearance.
Tor meaning hill or mountain, possibly via Latin turris (tower) such as Glastonbury Tor, is particularly prevalent in Devon.
List of English words of Yiddish origin
Yiddish is a Germanic language, originally spoken by the Jews of Central and later Eastern Europe, written in the Hebrew alphabet, and containing
a substantial substratum of words from Hebrew as well as numerous loans from Slavic languages. For that reason, some of the words listed below
are in fact of Hebrew or Slavic origin, but have entered English via their Yiddish forms.
Since Yiddish is very closely related to modern German, many native Yiddish words have close German cognates; in a few cases it is difficult to tell
whether English borrowed a particular word from Yiddish or from German. Since Yiddish was originally written using the Hebrew alphabet, some
words have several spellings in the Latin alphabet. The transliterated spellings of Yiddish words and conventional German spellings are different,
but the pronunciations are frequently the same (e.g., ‫ שוואַ רץ‬shvarts in Yiddish is pronounced the same way as schwarz in German).
Many of these words have slightly different meanings and usages in English, from their Yiddish originals. For example, chutzpah is usually used in
Yiddish with a negative connotation meaning improper audacity, while in English it has a more positive meaning. Shlep (‫ )שלעּפ‬in Yiddish is usually
used as a transitive verb for carrying (or dragging) something else, while in English it is also used as an intransitive verb, for dragging oneself.
Glitch simply means 'slip' in Yiddish.
List of words
Bagel: A ring-shaped bread roll made by boiling or steaming, and then baking, the dough (from ‫ בײגל‬beygl).
Blintz: A sweet cheese-filled crepe (Yiddish blintse from Russian bliny).
Bris: The circumcision of a male child. (from Hebrew brith 'covenant')
Boychik: Boy, young man. (English boy + Eastern Yiddish -chik, diminutive suffix (from Slavic))
Bupkis (also Bupkes, Bupkus, Bubkis, Bubkes): Emphatically nothing, as in He isn't worth bupkis (‫ בוּפקיס‬indeterminate, either 'beans' or 'goat
droppings', possibly of Slavic, Vlach, or Greek origin; cf. Polish bobki 'animal droppings') (MW, OED)
Chutzpah: Nerve, guts, balls, daring, audacity, effrontery (Yiddish khutspe, from Hebrew)
Daven: To recite Jewish liturgical prayers (Yiddish davnen)
Dreck: Worthless, distasteful, or nonsensical material (Yiddish ‫ דרעק‬drek, from Middle High German drec 'rubbish'; cognate with German Dreck
'dirt, filth'.)
Dybbuk: The malevolent spirit of a dead person that enters and controls a living body until exorcised (from Hebrew ‫ דּבוק‬dibbuk, 'a latching-onto')
Fleishig: Made with meat (Yiddish ‫ ֿפליישיק‬fleyshik 'meaty', from fleysh 'meat', cf. German fleischig 'meaty')
Ganef or Gonif: A thief, scoundrel, rascal (Yiddish ‫ גנֿב‬ganev or ganef 'thief', from Hebrew ‫ גנב‬gannav).
Gelt: Money in general; also the chocolate coins given to children on Hanukkah ( gelt 'money'; cognate with German Geld 'money'); related to gold.
Glitch: A minor malfunction (possibly from Yiddish ‫ גליטש‬glitsh, from ‫ גליטשן‬glitshn 'slide'; cf. German glitschen 'slither')
Golem: A man-made humanoid; an android, Frankenstein monster (from Hebrew ‫ גלם‬gōlem, but influenced in pronunciation by Yiddish goylem)
Goy: A gentile, term for someone not of the Jewish faith or people (Yiddish ‫גוי‬, plural ‫ גויים‬or ‫ גוים‬goyim, adjective goyische; from Hebrew ‫ גויים‬or ‫גוים‬
goyim meaning 'nations', plural of ‫ גוי‬goy 'nation')
Haimish (also Heimish): Home-like, friendly, folksy (Yiddish ‫ היימיש‬heymish, cf. German heimisch).
Handel ˈhʌn əl : To bargain ("If you handel long enough, you'll get a good price."). Cognate with German handeln 'trade, deal, haggle'.
Huck; sometimes "Hock," "Huk," "Hak," etc.: To bother incessantly, to break, or nag; from Hakn a tshaynik: "To knock a teakettle." Frequently used
by characters intended to represent residents of New York City, even if not Jewish, in movies and television shows such as Law & Order.
Kasha: Porridges ( the plural form Yiddish ‫" קאַ ש‬kash" which is derived from a Slavic word meaning porridge: каша) Polish – buckwheat groats.
Khazeray; also Chazeray, or Chozzerai ( xaz ˈraj ) Food that is awful; junk, trash; anything disgusting, even loathsome (Yiddish ‫חזיר‬, from
Heb. ‫" חזיר‬khazir," pig)
Kibitz: To offer unwanted advice, e.g. to someone playing cards; to converse idly, hence a kibitzer, gossip (Yiddish ‫ קיבעצן‬kibetsn; cf. German
kiebitzen, related to Kiebitz 'lapwing')
Kike : A derogatory slur used to refer to Jews. Possibly from Yiddish ‫( קײַ קל‬kaykl, “circl ”) and greek kyklos) (The common practice among non-
English speaking immigrants is to sign documents by making an 'X' mark, which is witnessed. One theory, not universally accepted, is that early
20th century Jewish immigrants to Ellis Island were referred to as 'kikes' by the staff because they would make a small circle (a 'kikel') instead of
]
an 'X', on the belief that writing an 'X' was making a sign of the Christian cross.)[citation needed
Klutz: A clumsy person (from Yiddish klots 'wooden beam', cf. German Klotz 'block')
Knish: Doughy snack consisting mainly of potato (is a Yiddish word that was derived from the Ukrainian)
kosher: Correct according to Jewish law, normally used in reference to Jewish dietary laws; (slang) appropriate, legitimate (originally from Hebrew
‫ ּכשר‬kašer,kasher)
Kvell: To express great pleasure combined with pride (Yiddish ‫ קװעלן‬kveln, from an old Germanic word; cognate with German quellen 'swell')
kvetch: to complain habitually, gripe; as a noun, a person who always complains (from Yiddish ‫ קװעטשן‬Kvetshn 'press, squeeze'; cognate with
German quetschen 'squeeze') There is also a connection to the Hebrew and Aramaic radix "k.w.z", meaning "squeeze".
Latke: Potato pancake, especially during Hanukkah (from Yiddish ‫לאַ טקע‬, from either Ukrainian or Russian ла ка meaning "patch")
Litvak: A Lithuanian Jew
Lox: Cured salmon, sometimes referred to as Nova (from Yiddish laks 'salmon'; cf. German Lachs), often used loosely to refer to smoked salmon
Mamzer: Bastard (from Yiddish or Hebrew ‫)ממזר‬
Maven: Expert; when used in a negative sense: a know-it-all; enthusiast (from Yiddish ‫ מֿבין‬meyvn, from Hebrew mevin 'understand')
Mazel tov,Mazal tov: Congratulations! (Yiddish mazl-tov, from Hebrew mazzāl ṭōv: mazzāl 'fortune' or 'sign of the Zodiac (constellation)' + ṭōv
'good')
Megillah: A tediously detailed discourse (from Yiddish ‫ מגלה‬megile 'lengthy document, scroll [esp. the Book of Esther]', from Hebrew ‫ מגלה‬məgillā
'scroll'). Usually used in American English as "the whole Megillah" meaning an overly extended explanation or story.
Mensch: An upright man; a decent human being (from Yiddish ‫ מענטש‬mentsh 'person'; cognate with German Mensch 'human')
Meshuga, also Meshugge, Meshugah, Meshuggah: Crazy (Yiddish ‫ משגע‬meshuge, from Hebrew məšugga‘). Also used as the nouns
meshuggeneh and meshuggener for a crazy woman and man, respectively.
Meshugaas, also Mishegaas or Mishegoss: Crazy or senseless activity or behavior; craziness (Yiddish ‫ משוגעת‬meshugaas, from Hebrew
məšugga‘ath, a form of the above) (OED, AHD)
milchig: made with milk (Yiddish ‫ מילכיק‬milkhik milky, from ‫ מילך‬milkh milk, cf. German milchig)
Minyan: The quorum of ten adult (i.e., 13 or older) Jews that is necessary for the holding of a public worship service; in Orthodox Judaism ten
adult males are required, while in Conservative and Reform Judaism ten adults of either sex are required. (Yiddish ‫ מנין‬minyen, from Hebrew
‫ מנין‬minyān) (OED, MW:Hebrew)
mishpocha: extended family (Yiddish ‫ משּפחה‬mishpokhe, from Hebrew ‫ משּפחה‬mišpāḥā)
Naches: The feeling of pride and/or gratification in 1: the achievements of another(s); 2. one's own doing good by helping someone or some
organization; (Yiddish ‫ נחת‬nakhes, from Hebrew ‫ נחת‬naḥath 'contentment')
Narrischkeit: Foolishness, nonsense; literally "foolish-hood" (Yiddish ‫נאַ רישקייט‬, from nar 'fool'; cf. German närrisch 'foolish')
Nebbish, also Nebbich: An insignificant, pitiful person; a nonentity (from Yiddish interjection ‫ נעבעך‬nebekh 'poor thing!', from Czech nebohý)
Noodge, also Nudzh: To pester, nag, whine; as a noun, a pest or whiner (from Yiddish ‫ נודיען‬nudyen, from Polish or Russian)
Nosh: Snack (noun or verb) (Yiddish ‫ נאַ שן‬nashn, cf. German naschen)
Nu: A multipurpose interjection often analogous to "well?" or "so?" (Yiddish ‫ נו‬nu, perhaps akin to Russian у (nu), Romanian "nu"='no', German
na='well', Polish no
Nudnik: A pest, "pain in the neck"; a bore (Yiddish ‫ נודניק‬nudnik, from the above ‫ נודיען‬nudyen; cf. Polish nudne, 'boring')
Oy or Oy vey: An interjection of grief, pain, or horror (Yiddish ‫ אוי וויי‬oy vey 'oh, pain!' or "oh, woe"; cf. German oh weh 'oh, woe!')
Pareve: Containing neither meat nor dairy products (from Yiddish (‫ ּפאַ רעוו(ע‬parev(e))
Pisher: a nobody, an inexperienced person (Yiddish ‫ ּפישער‬pisher, from ‫ ּפישן‬pishn 'piss', cf. German pissen or dialectal German pischen)
Potch: Spank, slap, smack (Yiddish ‫ ּפאַ טשן‬patshn; cf. German patschen 'slap')
Plotz: To burst, as from strong emotion (from Yiddish ‫ ּפלאַ צן‬platsn 'crack', cf. German platzen)
Putz: (vulgar) A penis, term used as an insult (from Yiddish ‫ ּפאָ ץ‬pots)
Schav: A chilled soup made of sorrel. (via Yiddish ‫ סטשאַ וו‬from Polish Szczaw)
Schlemiel: An inept clumsy person; a bungler; a dolt (Yiddish ‫ שלעמיל‬shlemil from Hebrew ‫" שלא מועיל‬ineffective") The word is widely recognized
from its inclusion in the Yiddish-American hopscotch chant from the opening sequence of the American sitcom Laverne & Shirley.
Schlep: To drag or haul (an object); to walk, esp. to make a tedious journey (from Yiddish ‫ שלעּפן‬shlepn; cf. German schleppen)
Schlimazel also Schlemazl: A chronically unlucky person (‫ שלימזל‬shlimazl, from Middle Dutch slimp 'crooked, bad'—akin to Middle High
German slimp 'awry', or schlimm 'poor or lacking'—and Hebrew ‫ מזל‬mazzāl 'luck', cf. German Schlamassel) (M-W;OED). The difference
between a schlemiel and a schlimazel is described through the aphorism, "The schlemiel spills his soup on the schlimazel." In June 2004,
Yiddish schlimazel was one of the ten non-English words that were voted hardest to translate by a British translation company. The word is
widely recognized from its inclusion in the Yiddish-American hopscotch chant from the opening sequence of the American sitcom Laverne &
Shirley.
schlock: something cheap, shoddy, or inferior (perhaps from Yiddish ‫ שלאַ ק‬shlak 'a stroke', cf. German Schlag)
Schlong: (vulgar) A penis (from Yiddish ‫ שלאַ נג‬shlang 'snake'; cf. German Schlange).
Schlub: A clumsy, stupid, or unattractive person (Yiddish ‫ זשלאָ ב‬zhlob 'hick', perhaps from Polish żłób)
Schmaltz: Melted chicken fat; excessive sentimentality (from Yiddish ‫ שמאַ לץ‬shmalts or German Schmalz)
Schmatta: A rag (from Yiddish shmate, from Polish szmata) ; also means junk or low-quality merchandise: "Don't buy from Silverman; all he sells
is schmatta."
Schmeer also Schmear: (noun or verb) Spread (e.g., cream cheese on a bagel); bribe (from Yiddish shmir 'smear'; cf. German schmieren)
Schmo: A stupid person (an alteration of schmuck; see below) ( possibly influenced by Heb. 'his or its name', indicating either anonymity or
euphemism.
Schmooze: To converse informally, make small talk or chat (from Yiddish shmuesn 'converse', from Hebrew ‫ שמועות‬shəmūʿōth 'reports, gossip')
Schmuck: (vulgar) A contemptible or foolish person; a jerk; literally means 'penis' (from Yiddish shmok 'penis')
Schmutter: Pieces of clothing; rubbish (from Yiddish ‫ שמאַ טע‬shmate 'rag', as above)
Schmutz: Dirt (from Yiddish ‫ שמוץ‬shmuts or German Schmutz 'dirt')
Schnook: An easily imposed-upon or cheated person, a pitifully meek person, a particularly gullible person, a cute or mischievous person or child
(perhaps from Yiddish ‫ שנוק‬shnuk 'snout'; cf. Northern German Schnucke 'sheep')
Schnorrer: beggar, esp. "one who wheedles others into supplying his wants" (Yiddish ‫ שנאָ רער‬shnorer, cf. German Schnorrer)
Schnoz or Schnozz also Schnozzle: A nose, especially a large nose (perhaps from Yiddish ‫ שנויץ‬shnoyts 'snout', cf. German Schnauze).
Schvartze: (derogatory) A Black person (from Yiddish ‫ שוואַ רץ‬shvarts 'black'; cf. German schwarz).
Schvitz: Schvitz or Schvitzing: To sweat, perspire, exude moisture as a cooling mechanism (From Yiddish ‫שװיץ‬, cf. German schwitzen).
Shabbos, Shabbas, Shabbes: Shabbat (Yiddish ‫ שבת‬Shabes, from Hebrew Šabbāth).
Shammes or Shamash: The caretaker of a synagogue; also, the ninth candle of the Hanukkah menorah, used to light the others (Yiddish
shames, from Hebrew šammāš 'attendant').
Shamus: a detective (possibly from ‫ שאַ מעס‬shammes, or possibly from the Irish name Seamus) (OED, Macquarie)
shegetz: (derogatory) a young non-Jewish male (Yiddish sheygets, from Hebrew šeqeṣ 'blemish')
Shemozzle: (slang) Quarrel, brawl (perhaps related to schlimazel, q.v.). This word is commonly used in Ireland to describe confused situations
during the Irish sport of hurling, e.g. 'There was a shemozzle near the goalmouth'. In particular, it was a favourite phrase of t.v. commentator
Miceal O'Hehir who commentated on hurling from the 1940s to the 1980s.
Shikker, Shicker, Shickered: Drunk (adjective or noun) (Yiddish shiker 'drunk', from Hebrew šikkōr)
Shiksa or Shikse: (often derogatory) A young non-Jewish woman (Yiddish shikse, a derivative of the above sheygets, from Polish siksa).
Shmendrik or Shmendrick: A foolish or contemptible person (from a character in an operetta by Abraham Goldfaden)
Shtetl: A small town with a large Jewish population in pre-Holocaust Eastern Europe (Yiddish shtetl 'town', diminutive of shtot 'city'; cf. German
Städtl, South German / Austrian colloquial diminutive of Stadt, city)
Shtiebel: (Yiddish: shtibl, pl. shtiebelekh or shtiebels, meaning "little house" or "little room"; cf. German Stübel, Stüblein) is a place used for
communal Jewish prayer. In contrast to a formal synagogue, a shtiebel is far smaller and approached more casually. It is typically as small as a
room in a private home or a place of business which is set aside for the express purpose of prayer, or it may be as large as a small-sized
synagogue. It may or may not offer the communal services of a synagogue.
Shtick: Comic theme; a defining habit or distinguishing feature or business (from Yiddish shtik 'piece'; cf. German Stück 'piece').
Shtup: (vulgar slang) To have sexual intercourse (from Yiddish "shtoop" 'push,' 'poke,' or 'intercourse'; cf. German stupsen 'poke')
Shul: A synagogue, typically refers to an Orthodox Jewish place of worship that is also a place of study (from Yiddish shul literally 'school'; plural
'shuln'; cf. Middle High German schuol, school; cf. German Schule 'school')
Spiel or Shpiel: A sales pitch or speech intended to persuade (from Yiddish ‫ שּפיל‬shpil 'play' or German Spiel 'play')
Spritz: (noun) A sprinkling or spray of liquid; a small amount of liquid. (verb) to spray, sprinkle, or squirt lightly, cf. German spritzen 'to sprinkle,
spray, inject' (Yiddish "shprits" (the noun) and "shpritsn" (the verb).)
Tchotchke: A knickknack, trinket, curio (from Yiddish tsatske, tshatshke, from Polish cacko)
Tref or Trayf or Traif: Not kosher (Yiddish treyf, from Hebrew ṭərēfā 'carrion')
Tsuris: Troubles, grief (from Yiddish ‫ צרות‬tsores or tsoris, from Hebrew ‫ צרות‬tsarot 'troubles')
Tuchus (also Tuches, Tuchis, or Tukhus): The buttocks, bottom, rear end (from Yiddish tokhes, from Hebrew taḥath 'underneath')
Tummler: An entertainer or master of ceremonies, especially one who encourages audience interaction (from Yiddish ‫ טומלער‬Tumler, from tumlen
'make a racket'; cf. German (sich) tummeln 'go among people, cavort')
Tush (also Tushy): The buttocks, bottom, rear end (from tukhus)
Tzimmes: A sweet stew of vegetables and fruit; a fuss, a confused affair, a to-do (Yiddish tsimes)
Vigorish (also contraction Vig): That portion of the gambling winnings held by the bookmaker as payment for services (probably from Yiddish,
from Russian vyigrysh, winnings)
Verklempt: Choked with emotion (German verklemmt = emotionally inhibited in a convulsive way; stuck)
Yarmulke: A round cloth skullcap worn by observant Jews (from Yiddish ‫ יאַ רמלקע‬yarmlke, from Polish jarmułka and Ukrainian а yarmulka
(skullcap), from the Turkish word yağmurluk (raincoat; oilskin) (OED, MW; see also yarmulke), or possibly a combination of the two Hebrew
words yira (fear, awe) and melech (king) which together would mean fear of God.
Yekke: (mildly derogatory) A German Jew (Yiddish Yeke (jacket), cf. German Jacke 'jacket.' Its most common usage derives from the British
Mandate period to describe Fifth Aliyah German Jews, who were perceived to be more formal in dress and manners.
Yenta: A talkative woman; a gossip; a scold (from Yiddish ‫ יענטע‬yente, from a given name)
Yiddish: The Yiddish language (from Yiddish yidish 'Jewish', cf. German jüdisch)
Yontef also Yom Tov: A Jewish holiday on which work is forbidden, e.g. Rosh Hashanah, Yom Kippur, Pesach (from Yiddish - yontef 'holiday',
from Hebrew yōm 'good day')
Yutz: A fool (NPD)
Zaftig: Pleasingly plump, buxom, full-figured, as a woman (from Yiddish zaftik 'juicy'; cf. German saftig 'juicy') OED, MW)
Vamoose from vamos, meaning "let's go"
Vanilla from Spanish vainilla, diminutive of Latin vaina, from vagina meaning "pod"
Vaquero from the Spanish word vaquero
Vertigo from the Spanish word vértigo
Vicugna via Spanish, from Quechua wik'uña
Vigilante from Spanish vigilante, meaning "watchman." < latin vigiliā "sleepless night, vigil".
Wop from Italian guappone, from Spanish guapo, "handsome" or "attractive".
yerba buena from Spanish yerbabuena meaning "good herb" < latin erbam bonam Yuca-Taino
Zorro from Spanish zorro, a fox, originally "smart" (of Basque origin)
dal- from Gaelic dail, a meadow (not to be confused with "dale", from the Norse dalr meaning a valley); hence Dalry
drum- from Gaelic druim, a ridge; hence Drumchapel, Drumnadrochit etc.
dun- from Gaelic dun, a fort; hence Dundee, Dumbarton, Dunedin/Edinburgh
inver- from Gaelic inbhir, a river mouth or confluence; hence Inverclyde, Inverleith
kil- from Gaelic cill, a churchyard; hence Kilmarnock, Kilbride etc.
kin- from Gaelic ceann, a head; hence Kinlochleven, Kinloss etc.