This minerals handbook should not be considered a complete glossary.

It is intended to answer questions which may

arise from x-ray diffraction results of samples submitted for analysis.

An explanation of column headings:

Mineral Name - The proper name given to a crystalline substance.
Chemical Name (Common Name) - The general name of a substance based on the chemical composition, or a
widely used common name.
Formula - The chemical formula showing the chemical elements and their number comprising a molecule of the
substance. Substitution of aluminum (Al) in alumino-silicates with Fe, Mg, Ca, or other cations is common.
Source - While all minerals can be found in nature, the source given is the most likely origin of our samples.
HCI Solubility - This is the expected solubility in general terms in normally used HCI concentrations and
temperatures. This can vary greatly due to these and other factors such as contact time, wettability, purity, particle
size, etc. The terms are:
insol. - not soluble
sl. sol. - slightly soluble
m. sol. - moderately soluble
v. sol. - very soluble
Other Names or Forms of Common Minerals

Quartz - sand, chert, flint, silica, agate, jasper, silica flour

Calcite - chalk, limestone, icelandspar, marble, travertine, onyx

Gypsum - selenite, alabaster, satin spar

Kaolinite - dickite, nacrite, kaolin

Feldspar - plagioclase, orthoclase, microcline, K-spar

Smectite - bentonite, gel, Na-smectite, hectorite

1
 (Common Name) HCl
Mineral Name Chemical Name Formula Source Solubility

Acmite sodium ferric NaFeSi2O2 formation sl. sol.

silicate scale
Actinolite iron, magnesium Ca2(Mg,Fe)5 Si8O22(OH)2 asbestos insol.
calcium silicate
Akaganeite iron oxide β-FeOOH scale v. sol.
hydroxide (rust)
Albite sodium NaAlSi3O8 formation insol.
feldspar
Alunite potassium aluminum KAl3OH6(SO4)2 formation insol.
hydroxide sulfate
Alunogen aluminum Al2(SO4)3 • 16H2O scale v. sol.
sulfate hydrate formation
Analcime sodium NaAlSi2O6 • H2O formation sl. sol.
aluminum silicate
Andalusite aluminum silicate Al2SiO5 formation insol.
Anatase titanium dioxide TiO2 formation v. sol.
Anglesite lead sulfate PbSO4 scale sol.

2
 (Common Name) HCl
Mineral Name Chemical Name Formula Source Solubility

Anhydrite calcium sulfate CaSO4 scale sl. sol.

formation
Ankerite (iron-rich dolomite) Ca(Fe,Mg)(CO3)2 scale v. sol.
calcium iron formation
magnesium carbonate
Anorthite calcium feldspar CaAl2Si2O8 formation insol.
Aragonite calcium carbonate CaCO3 scale v. sol.
formation
Arcanite potassium sulfate K2SO4 formation v. sol.
Attapulgite (palygorskite) (MgAl)2Si4O10 • OH • 4H2O mud and insol.
magnesium cement
aluminum silicate additive

Barite barium sulfate BaSO4 scale, insol.

formation,
mud additive
Bassanite (plaster of Paris) CaSO4 •1/2H2O cement additive sl. sol.
calcium sulfate
hemihydrate
3
 (Common Name) HCl
Mineral Name Chemical Name Formula Source Solubility

Biotite (black mica) K(Mg,Fe)3 (AlSi3O10)(OH)2 formation insol.

potassium
aluminum silicate
Boehmite aluminum AlOOH scale insol.
oxide hydroxide formation
Brucite magnesium Mg(OH)2 scale v. sol.
hydroxide formation
Bunsenite nickel oxide NiO scale sl. sol.
Burkeite sodium carbonate Na6CO3(SO4)2 scale v. sol.
sulfate formation
Calcio-chondrodite calcium silicate Ca5(SiO4)2(OH)2 cement sl. sol.
hydroxide
Calcite calcium carbonate CaCO3 formation v. sol.
scale, cement
Carborundum silicon carbide SiC abrasive insol.
Celestite strontium sulfate SrSO4 scale insol.
Chabazite calcium aluminum CaAl2Si4O12 • 16H2O zeolite insol.
silicate formation 4
 (Common Name) HCl
Mineral Name Chemical Name Formula Source Solubility

Chalcocite copper sulfide Cu2S scale insol.

Chamosite iron, magnesium (Mg,Fe)3Fe3 (AlSi3)O10(OH)8 formation sl. sol.
aluminum silicate
Chlorite iron, magnesium (Mg,Fe)3Al2Si4O10(OH)8 formation insol.
aluminum silicate
Chromite iron chromite FeCr2O4 scale sl. sol.
Corrensite chlorite-smectite varies formation sl. sol.
clay
Corundum aluminum oxide α•Al2O3 high strength insol.
proppant
Cristobalite silicon dioxide SiO2 high temp scale insol.
formation
Chrysotile (asbestos) Mg6(Si4O10)(OH)8 asbestos insol.
magnesium silicate
hydroxide
Cuprite copper oxide Cu2O scale v. sol.
Cuprospinel iron copper oxide Fe2CuO4 scale v. sol.
5
 (Common Name) HCl
Mineral Name Chemical Name Formula Source Solubility

Dawsonite sodium aluminum NaAlCO3(OH)2 formation v. sol.

carbonate hydroxide
Diopside calcium magnesium CaMgSi2O6 formation insol.
silicate
Dolomite calcium magnesium CaMg(CO3)2 formation, v. sol.
carbonate scale
Enstatite magnesium silicate Mg2(Si2O6) scale insol.

Ettringite calcium aluminum Ca6Al2(SO4)3 (OH)12 • 24H2O hydrated m. sol.

sulfate hydroxide cement product
hydrate
Epsomite (epsom salts) MgSO4 • 7H2O scale v. sol.
magnesium sulfate
Fayalite iron silicate Fe2SiO4 formation sl. sol.
Feldspar group name for (NaK, Ca) Al2Si2O8 formation insol.
aluminosilicates
Fluorapatite calcium fluoro Ca5(PO4)3F scale, v. sol.
phosphate formation
6
 (Common Name) HCl
Mineral Name Chemical Name Formula Source Solubility

Fluorite calcium fluoride CaF2 scale, sl. sol.

formation
Franklinite zinc ferrate ZnFe2O4 scale m. sol.
Gahnite zinc aluminate ZnAl2O4 scale insol.
Galena lead sulfide PbS formation, v. sol.
scale
Glauconite potassium K2(MgFe)2Al6 (Si4O10)3(OH)12 formation, sl. sol.
magnesium iron green pellets
aluminum silicate in sandstone
Gibbsite aluminum hydroxide Al(OH)3 component of v. soluble
bauxite
formation
Goethite iron oxide α FeO(OH) scale v. sol.
formation
Graphite carbon C industrial insol.
sources
formation
7
 (Common Name) HCl
Mineral Name Chemical Name Formula Source Solubility

Greigite iron sulfide Fe3S4 scale v. sol.

formation
Grossularite (garnet) Ca3Al2(SiO4)3 component of sl. sol.
calcium aluminum set cement
silicate formation
Gypsum (selenite) CaSO4 • 2H2O component of m. sol.
calcium sulfate cement, scale
di-hydrate formation
Halite (salt) NaCl scale m. sol.
sodium chloride formation
Halloysite aluminum silicate Al4(Si4O10)(OH)8 formation insol.
Hausmannite manganese oxide Mn3O4 scale v. sol.
formation
Hectorite magnesium (MgLi)6Si8O20(OH)4 formation sl. sol.
lithium silicate
Hematite iron oxide Fe2O3 scale v. sol.
formation
8
 (Common Name) HCl
Mineral Name Chemical Name Formula Source Solubility

Herschelite sodium aluminum Na4Al4Si3O14 • 12H2O formation insol.

silicate hydrate
Heulandite calcium aluminum CaAl2Si6O16 • 5H2O formation sl. sol.
silicate hydrate
Hornblende complex silicate Ca(Na,K)2 (Mg,Fe,Al,Ti)3 formation insol.
Si6O22(O,OH)2
Hydrogrossularite calcium aluminum Ca3Al2Si2O8(OH4) cement m. sol.
silica hydrate hydration
product
Hydrophilite calcium chloride CaCl2 chemical m. sol.
additive
Hydrotalcite magnesium aluminum Mg6Al2CO3 (OH)16 • 4H2O scale v. sol.
carbonate
hydroxide hydrate
Hydroxylapatite calcium phosphate Ca5(PO4)3OH scale v. sol.
hydroxide formation
Hypersthene magnesium (MgFe)2(Si2O6) scale sl. sol.
iron silicate formation
9
 (Common Name) HCl
Mineral Name Chemical Name Formula Source Solubility

Illite potassium aluminum KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 formation insol.

silicate hydroxide
Ilmenite iron titanium FeTiO2 cement additive insol.
oxide
Jadeite sodium aluminum NaAl(Si2O6) formation insol.
silicate
Kaolinite aluminum silicate Al2Si2O5(OH)4 additive insol.
hydroxide formation
Kyanite aluminum silicate Al2SiO5 formation insol.
Labradorite calcium aluminum CaAl2Si2O8 formation insol.
silicate
Lepidocrocite iron oxide γ-FeO(OH) scale (rust) v. sol.
Lime calcium oxide CaO cement v. sol.
component
Limonite general term for FeO(OH) • n H2O scale v. sol.
hydrated iron formation
oxides
Litharge lead oxide PbO scale m. sol.
10
 (Common Name) HCl
Mineral Name Chemical Name Formula Source Solubility

Makinawite iron sulfide Fe9S8 scale v. sol.

Maghemite iron oxide δ-Fe2O3 scale v. sol.
Magnesite magnesium carbonate MgCO3 scale v. sol.
Magnetite iron oxide Fe3O4 scale v. sol.
Malachite copper Cu2CO3(OH)2 scale v. sol.
carbonate hydrate
Manganite manganese MnO(OH) scale v. sol.
oxide hydroxide
Marcasite iron sulfide FeS2 formation insol.
scale
Massicot lead oxide PbO formation insol.
Microcline potassium feldspar KAlSi3O8 formation sl. sol.
Millerite nickel sulfide NiS scale insol.
Mixed Layer Clay (clay) varies formation insol.
aluminum silicate
11
 (Common Name) HCl
Mineral Name Chemical Name Formula Source Solubility

Montmorillonite (smectite) (Na)(Al2Mg)2 formation insol.

Si2O10(OH)2 • nH2O

Mordenite (zeolite) (Ca,Na2,K2)Al2Si10O24 • 7H2O hydrated cement insol.

Mullite aluminum silicate Al6Si2O13 ceramic, insol.

proppant
Muscovite (mica) KAl3Si3O10(OH)2 fluid loss insol.
potassium additive
aluminum silicate formation
Nahcolite sodium bicarbonate NaHCO3 chemical v. sol.
additive
Oligoclase Na, Ca mNaAlSi3O8 • nCaAl2Si2O8 formation insol.
feldspar
Orthoclase potassium KAlSi3O8 formation insol.
feldspar
Palygorskite (attapulgite) (MgAl)2Si4O10 mud and insol.
magnesium (OH) 4H2O cement additive
aluminum silicate 12
 (Common Name) HCl
Mineral Name Chemical Name Formula Source Solubility

Periclase magnesium oxide MgO scale cement sol.

component
Plagioclase group name for (Na,Ca)AlSi3O8 formation insol.
feldspars
Polydymite nickel sulfide Ni3S4 scale insol.
Polyhalite potassium magnesium K2MgCa2(SO4)2 • 2H2O formation insol.
calcium sulfate
Portlandite calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 hydrated v. sol.
cement
Prehnite Hydrous Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 scale insol.
calcium aluminum
silicate
Pyrite iron sulfide FeS2 scale insol.
formation
Pyrophyllite aluminum silicate Al2Si4O10(OH)2 formation insol.
hydroxide
Pyrrhotite iron sulfide Fe7S8 scale mod. sol.
13
 (Common Name) HCl
Mineral Name Chemical Name Formula Source Solubility

Quartz (sand) SiO2 most common insol.

silica mineral additive -
frac. sand
Realgar arsenic sulfide AsS scale insol.
Rhodochrosite manganese carbonate MnCO3 scale v. sol.
Rutile titanium dioxide TiO2 scale insol.
Scawtite calcium silicate Ca7Si6O18(CO3) • 2H2O scale s. sol.
carbonate
Sepiolite magnesium silicate Mg2Si3O8 • 2H2O mud additive insol.
Serpentine magnesium silicate (Mg)3Si2O5(OH)4 scale insol.
hydroxide
Siderite iron carbonate FeCO3 scale v. sol.
formation
Smectite group name water Al2Si4O10(OH)2 additives s. sol.
swelling clays formation
e.g. bentonite
Smithsonite zinc carbonate ZnCO3 scale v. sol.
14
 (Common Name) HCl
Mineral Name Chemical Name Formula Source Solubility

Sodalite sodium aluminum Na4Al3Si3O12Cl scale insol.

silicate chloride
Sphalerite zinc sulfide ZnS scale v. sol.
Sulfur sulfur S scale insol.
Sylvite potassium KCl additive m. sol.
chloride (dil)
Syngenite potassium K2Ca(SO4)2 • H2O cement v. sol.
calcium sulfate component
Tachydrite calcium magnesium CaMg2Cl6 • 12H2O scale v. sol
chloride hydrate
Talc (steatite) MgSi4O10(OH)2 scale insol.
magnesium silicate formation
Temorite copper oxide CuO scale v. sol.
Thermonatrite sodium carbonate Na2CO3 • H2O scale v. sol.
hydrate
Tobermorite calcium silicate Ca5Si6O17 • 5H2O hydrated insol.
hydrate cement
15
 (Common Name) HCl
Mineral Name Chemical Name Formula Source Solubility

Trevorite nickel spinel NiFe2O4 scale s. sol.

Troilite iron sulfide FeS scale v. sol.
Trona sodium Na3H(CO3)2 • 2H2O scale v. sol.
sesqui-carbonate
Ulvospinel titanium spinel Fe2TiO4 scale insol.
Vaterite calcium carbonate CaCO3 scale v. sol.
Vivianite iron phosphate Fe3(PO4)2 • 8H2O scale v. sol.
Wairakite calcium aluminum CaAl2Si4O12 • 2H2O hydrated insol.
silicate cement,
zeolite
Whitlockite calcium (Ca,Mg)3(PO4)2 scale v. sol.
magnesium phosphate
Willemite zinc silicate Zn2SiO4 scale s. sol.
Wollastonite alpha calcium α-CaSiO3 cement m. sol.
silicate
Wurtzite zinc sulfide ZnS scale v. sol.
16
 (Common Name) HCl
Mineral Name Chemical Name Formula Source Solubility

Wustite iron oxide FeO scale v. sol.

Xonotlite calcium silicate Ca6Si6O17(OH)2 hydrated insol.
cement
Zircon zirconium silicate ZrSiO4 formation insol.

17
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