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No Title Pages
1 Abstract………………………………………….. 2
2 Introduction……………………………………… 3
3 Objectives……………………………………….. 4
4 Theory…………………………………………… 5–6
5 Apparatus & Material………………………......... 7
6 Procedures……………………………………….. 8–9
7 Results…………………………………………… 10 – 11
8 Calculations……………………………………… 12 – 16
9 Discussions…………………………………......... 17 – 19
10 Conclusions……………………………………… 20
11 Recommendations……………………………….. 21
12 Reference………………………………………… 22
13 Appendix………………………………………… 23
An ideal gas obey the equation of states that relates the pressure, the specific volume or
density, and absolute temperature with mass of molecule and the gas constant, R. However, real
gas does not absolutely obey the equation of state. A few modifications on the ideal gas equation
of state allow its application in the properties of real gas. When energy is added within water, the
increasing of activities among the molecules caused the increase in the number of molecules
escape from a surface until the equilibrium sate is reached. The state of equilibrium depends on
the pressure between the water surface and steam. The lower the pressure, the easier the
molecules leaving the water surface and thus less energy is required to achieve the state of
equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature where equilibrium occurs at a given pressure level
is called saturated temperature. The pressure where equilibrium occurs at a given temperature is
called saturated pressure.
Marcet boiler is used to investigate the relationship between the pressure and the
temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium with water at all temperature levels between the
atmospheric pressure and 10 bars. The measured value of slope of the graph (dT/dP) obtained
from the experiment results can be compared to the theoretical value determined through the
calculation from the steam table.
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics, which deals with the energy, and work of a
system. Thermodynamics deals only with the large-scale response of a system that we can
observe and measure in experiments. Small-scale gas interactions are described by the kinetic
theory of gasses which is compliment to thermodynamics.
The relationship between them may be deduced from kinetic theory and is called the Ideal
Gas law. The ideal gas law was originally determined empirically and is simply :-
Where,
If a gas behaves exactly as the ideal gas laws would predict it to behave in terms of the
volume, pressure, moles and temperature, then the gas is said to be an ideal gas. On the other
hand, the gas deviates from Ideal Gas behavior, then the gas is said to be acting like a „real gas‟.
When the energy increases within water, the increasing of activities among the molecules
enables the increase in the number of molecule escape from the surface until the equilibrium
state is reached. The state of equilibrium depends on the pressure between the water surface and
steam. At lower pressure, the molecules become easier leaving the water surface while less
energy required in achieving the state of equilibrium (boiling point). The temperature where the
equilibrium occurs at a given pressure level is called saturated temperature.
( )
( )
( )
When the phase transition of a substance is between a gas phase and a condensed phase (liquid
or solid), and occurs at temperature much lower than the critical temperature of that substance,
the specific volume of the gas phase , greatly exceeds that of the condensed phase .
( )
Therefore, one may approximate at low temperature , is like the equation above. Therefore,
( )
As
In which,
1. Distilled water
Apparatus :-
1. A quick inspection was performed to ensure that the unit is in proper operating condition.
2. The unit to the nearest power supply connected.
3. The water in the boiler is checked whether it was filled or not. Skip step 4 and 5 skipped
if the boiler already filled.
4. The valves at the feed port and the level sight tube (V1, V2 & V3) was opened.
5. The boiler with distilled water through the feed port was filled and the water level is at
about the half of the boiler‟s height was make sure. Then, the valves (V1) & valves (V2)
at the level sight tube was closed.
6. The power supply switch was turn on.
7. The experiment now is ready to carry on.
1. The heater was switched off and the boiler temperature was left drop until room
temperature was reached.
NOTE :
Do not open the valve at the water inlet port as it is highly pressurized at high
temperature.
2. The main switch and the main power supply was switched off when it has dropped to
room temperature.
3. The water for next used was retained.
4. The upper part of the level sight tube, V3 was opened to drain the water and then the
vales (V1) and valves (V2) was opened to drain off the water.
Always make sure that the valves at the level sight tube are closed before turning on the heater
as the sight tube is not designed to withstand high pressure and temperature.
Never open the valve when the boiler is heated as pressurized steam can cause severe injury.
8. Then, the heater was turn off and the steam temperature and pressure began to drop. The
steam temperature was recorded when the boiler was cooled until the steam pressure
reached the atmospheric pressure.
9. The boiler was allowed cooled down to room temperature.
10. The steam temperatures was recorded at different pressure readings when the boiler is
heated and cooled.
450
440
430
420
410
400
390
380
370
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Absolute Pressure, P (bar)
0.25
0.2
Slope
0.15
Measured Slope
0.1
Calculated Slope
0.05
0
10.5
10.9
6
9
2.1
2.4
2.7
3.2
3.6
4.2
4.6
5.1
5.6
6.6
7.5
8.5
9.5
10
( ) ( )
( )
1.1 - 382.3 - -
2.1 100 393.6 11.30 0.1130
2.4 30 396.7 3.10 0.1033
2.7 30 403.0 6.30 0.2100
3.2 40 408.6 5.60 0.1400
3.6 40 413.4 4.80 0.1200
4.2 60 417.8 4.40 0.0733
4.6 40 421.8 4.00 0.1000
5.1 50 425.6 3.80 0.0760
5.6 50 429.0 3.40 0.0680
6.0 40 432.1 3.10 0.0750
6.6 60 434.9 2.80 0.0467
7.0 40 438.0 3.10 0.0775
7.5 50 440.6 2.60 0.0520
8.0 50 443.1 2.50 0.0500
8.5 50 445.8 2.70 0.0540
9.0 50 448.1 2.30 0.0460
9.5 50 450.4 2.30 0.0460
10.0 50 452.4 2.00 0.0400
10.5 50 454.8 2.40 0.0480
10.9 40 456.7 1.90 0.0475
( ) ( )
460
440
420
400
380
360
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Absolute Pressure, P (bar)
0.15
0.1 Measured Slope
0.05 Calculated Slope
0
10.9
3.2
6
7
8
9
2.4
4.2
5.1
10
Based on the graph, the relationship between the average temperature, Tavg against the
absolute pressure , Pabs is directly proportional while there is small deviation between the
measured slope and the calculated slope.
In order to make sure the accuracy of the data obtained, we must avoid the measurements
reading errors.
When the water in the boiler is heated up, the liquid molecules started to gain heat and
move faster. As they move around so fast that they can not even hold on to each other anymore,
all the molecules started to flying apart and becoming gas. As the liquid absorbed enough heat
energy, it changes from liquid form to vapour form. However, as the steam is not allowed to exit,
the pressure in the boiler increases. Thus, causing the temperature rise. The liquid (water)
undergoes evaporation and becomes gas (steam).
4) Steam Engines
Steam engines are external combustion engines, where the working fluid is
separate from the combustion products. Non-combustion heat sources such as solar
power, nuclear power or geothermal energy may be used. The ideal thermodynamic
cycle used to analyze this process is called the Rankine cycle. In the cycle, water is
heated and transforms into steam within a boiler operating at a high pressure. When
expanded through pistons or turbines, mechanical work is done. The reduced-pressure
steam is then condensed and pumped back into the boiler.
We notice that it is essential to close the valve as we reach boiling point to make sure we
are now in a constant volume process, otherwise pressure would have never increased. causing
the experiment to be useless.
We also notice that we closed the valve exactly when we reached boiling temperature (95
c at 0.9 bar pressure) and thus keeping water at saturated liquid phase.
After studying the results and plotting the diagram we find that the relation in between
pressure and temperature is directly proportional. The difference between the theoretical values
and the actual values is caused by errors with certain calculated acceptable percentages. In this
experiment, the relationship between pressure and temperature is found to be directly
proportional. When compared to the theoretical slope, the experimental slope shows a small
deviation between them because of certain errors.
In order to get accurate data and result, we should repeat the experiment about 2 to 3
times with hope we can get the most accurate data by getting the average reading from the
experiments. We also need to mastered the data taking techniques to avoid failure in reading the
data. Besides, before doing the experiment, we need to learn how to use the equipment to avoid
failure in completing the experiment. We also need to becareful to not doing the same mistakes
over and over again.
2) Why there should not be air in the boiler. Answer.yahoo.com. Retrieved 7 Jan 2015 from
https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20111012064442AAfAPTF .