A

PROJECT REPORT
ON
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND
AND SEA SAND AND COMPARING COMPRESSIVE
STRENTH RESULTS
A dissertation Submitted to the JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
KAKINADA in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY
P.RAMESH (15KP5A0120)
T.NARASIMHA SURI (15KP5A0125)
K.AMARESWARA RAO (15KP5A0116)
T.TRINATH (14KP1A0144)
P.SALOMI (15KP5A0121)
Under the guidance of
Dr. K.CHANDRA MOULI,
B.Tech, M.Tech, ph.D, M.I.S.T.E,
Head Of Department

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

NRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTU-KAKINADA)
Visadala (P.O), Medikonduru (M), GUNTUR-522438
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND
AND SEA SAND AND COMPARING COMPRESSIVE STRENTH RESULTS” has been
carried out by the team under my guidance in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering of Jawaharlal Nehru Technological
University, Kakinada during the academic year 2017-2018.

BATCH

P.RAMESH (15KP5A0120)
T.NARASIMHA SURI (15KP5A0125)
K.AMARESWARA RAO (15KP5A0116)
T.TRINATH (14KP1A0144)
P.SALOMI (15KP5A0121)

Project coordinator Head of department

External Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEDEMENT

The project entitled “PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND AND SEA SAND
AND COMPARING COMPRESSIVE STRENTH RESULTS” is the Cambered effort of our
batch. It is our duty to bring forward each & everyone who is directly or indirectly in relation
with our project & by which we have gained a structure.

Prof. Dr. K.CHANDRA MOULI, our HOD for his guidance & his valuable suggestions
which helped us to carry out this project

We express our gratitude & most thanks to prof. Prof. Dr. K.CHANDRA MOULI for his

valuable suggestions we thank all FACULTY MEMBERS for the help they extended, in

completion this project.

 PROJECT TEAM

This is to certify that the students whose names are mentioned below are studying in B.Tech
final year of Civil Engineering Branch of NRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY. They
have completed their project work entitled “PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND
AND SEA SAND AND COMPARING COMPRESSIVE STRENTH RESULTS” under the
guidance of Dr. K.CHANDRA MOULI ph.d in NRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

Perecharla, Guntur.

BATCH

P.RAMESH (15KP5A0120)
T.NARASIMHA SURI (15KP5A0125)
K.AMARESWARA RAO (15KP5A0116)
T.TRINATH (14KP1A0144)
P.SALOMI (15KP5A0121)
 CONTENTS
CHAPTER -1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Importance of concrete 6
1.2 Objective of study 8
1.3 Scope of study 8
1.4 Physical properties 13

CHAPTER-2
2.LITURATURE REVIEW 14
CHAPTER-3
3.TESTS ON MATERIALS 15
1.1 Tests on river sand17
Sieve analysis 18

Specific gravity 19
Bulking of sand 20
1.2 Tests on sea sand
Sieve analysis 21
Specific gravity 22

1.3Tests on cement
Fineness test 23
Initial and final setting of time 26
Specific gravity 25
1.4Tests on coarse aggregate
slump cone test 28

1
CHAPTER-4

MIX DESIGN 29
CHAPTER-5
RESULT & CONCULSION 37

REFERENCES &CODEBOOKS 42

2
LIST OF TABLES PAGE NO

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT 12

CHEMICAL REQUIREMENTS OF CEMENT 12

BOGUES COMPUNDS 13

CHEMICAL COMPOSISTION OF CEMENT 13

CASTING OF CUBES WITH VARIOUS 16

PROPORTION OF MATERIALS

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF RIVER SAND 19

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF SEA SAND 21

FINENESS OF CEMENT 24
SLUMP CONE TEST 28

COMPRESSIVE STERENGTH RESULSTS 35

COMPRESSIVE STERENGTH RESULSTS 36

3
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO
CEMENT 10

RIVER SAND 10

SEA SAND 11

COARSE AGGREGATES 11

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF RIVER SAND 18

SPECIFICGRAVITY OF RIVER SAND 19

SIEVE ANALYSIS OF SEA SAND 21

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SEA SAND 22

FINENESS TEST OF CEMENT 23

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT 25

COMPRESSION TEST ON CONCRETE

4
 ABSTRACT
The rapid growth in development of construction industry is leading to an
increase in utilization of natural resources like river sand due to which there has been a much
scarcity in availability for construction. This overuse should be balanced by introducing certain
abundantly available other natural materials which can be replaced to the river sand. The sea
sand seems to have certain similar properties and can be used as a constituent of concrete. This
can reduce the river sand replenishment and decrease various ecological imbalances. The fast
growth in industrialization has resulted in tonnes and tonnes of by product or waste materials,
which can be fly ash, crushed stone dust, silica fume, and granulated blast furnace slag, steel
slag etc. The use of these by-products not only helps to utilize these waste materials but also
enhances the properties of concrete in fresh and hydrated states.

In the present work a series of tests were carried out to make comparative studies of various
mechanical properties of concrete mixes prepared by using Sea Sand. If some of the materials
are found suitable in concrete making, cost of construction can be cut down. So in the present
study, an attempt has been made to assess the suitability of Sea sand in concrete making.
Cubes and beams were cast and tested for compressive strength and flexural strength after 7
days and 28 days. The Sea sand is replaced in percentages of 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%.

5
 INTRODUCTION
Shortage of river sand leads to many research works on usage of alternative materials such as
sea sand, marine dredge sand, silica flume, blast furnace slag and fly ash. To determine the
strength of concrete, various tests are required.
While using alternative fine aggregate materials, these tests are very much essential the
suitability of the material can be found out. Lot of studies has been focused towards the
durability and strength of concrete to make high performance concrete.
River sand is considered as one of the most used fine aggregate in the world, but with the
expansion of the construction scale of our country, the shortage of river sand resources is
become more predominate. Most of the aggregates used in manufacture of concrete come
from quarries or river banks.
Now a days these sources of natural aggregate are in the process of depletion and their
extraction all so has harmful consequences for the environment. For these reasons, sea sand
is used as an alternative remedy for fine aggregate.
Over the last few years, lot of research has been focused towards the alternate for fine
aggregate. The main applications of dredged marine sand (DMS) apart from beach
replacement are coastal defences and reclamations. However many countries have opted for
the use of marine aggregate in specific civil constructions.
Experimental studies about DMS extracted from European and American coasts have shown
that these materials as suitable as construction materials for the base and sub-base course and
as well as construction for buildings also.
The river sand still remains the main source of sand for construction industry. The demand
for sand has been ever increasing with the development of building industry.
As a result, it has been noticed the overexploitation of river sand causing serious
environmental problems. One of the main objective of these study is the identification of
potential sources of river sand alternatives. The sea sand is now being recognised as the
major alternatives of river sand in this study.
Sea sand is the some of the alternative that can be used to replace with river sand in the
preparation of concrete cubes. As major natural resource sea sand can be obtained from the
sea shores abundantly at free of cost.
In this modern era, demand for sand increases and the cost also rise. The continuous grabbing
of sand from the beds also leads to scarcity. To overcome this problem, the use of Sea Sand
in construction field may be an alternative remedy. The history of using Sea Sand in our
country is very short.
When Sea Sand is mixed with cement in place of normal River Sand to make concrete for
buildings, the high content of chloride in Sea Sand leads to defects in the structure
This composition absorbs humidity which causes erosion and rusting in the steel rods used in
reinforced concrete. With the invention of precision instruments, it may be possible in the
future to modify the properties of Sea Sand concrete to make it suitable for construction.

6
An experimental setup is been set up for making Sea Sand suitable for construction purpose
by reducing the salt content to equalize its properties similar to the River Sand. The removal
of salt content present in the Sea Sand is mandatory because, it affects the durability and
workability of the structure.
The scope of the projects is to utilize Sea Sand for the replacement of demand of River sand
and to improve the high strength for the concrete. Thus, this study mainly focused on study
the strength variations in concrete before and after the removal of salt content from the Sea
Sand with respect to compression and compare the different test results on water to determine
the hardness.
This paper presents the research on sea sand concrete development using sea sand as an
aggregate. Aggregates are among the most basic materials for the construction of almost all
types of housing. They are used for infrastructures fundamental to human wellbeing, such as
building roads, dams, bridges, dikes, etc. Industrialized economies continue to consume large
quantities and the supply side of aggregates become a major issue in the construction
industry. Of the total requirement, more than 90% are extracted from riverbeds and banks.
Unlicensed extraction or extraction in excess of authorized quantities have caused severe
erosion of river beds and consequently damages to bridges and power transmission towers,
Moreover it damages the regular flow of river and causes water to stagnant.
Widespread threats to bridges and a case of collapse have been attributed to aggregate
extraction. Government and private sector constructors have to utilize sea sand in place of
river sand for construction work. Due to the saltiness of sea sand, steps are to be taken to
purify sea sand and to be supplied to the construction industry. Research to use sea sand for
construction, especially, using sea sand to make the cement concrete is aimed to exploit
maximally the potential of a local material being available, cheap for socioeconomic
developing and prevent from its harmful impaction.
Concrete:- It is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with
a fluid that hardens over time. Most concretes used are lime-based concretes such as Portland
cement concrete or concretes made with other hydraulic cements, such as cement fondue+.
However, asphalt concrete, which is frequently used for road surfaces, is also a type of
concrete, where the cement material is bitumen, and polymer concretes are sometimes used
where the cementing material is a polymer.
When aggregate is mixed together with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a
fluid slurry that is easily poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts chemically with
the water and other ingredients to form a hard matrix that binds the materials together into a
durable stone-like material that has many uses. Often, additives (such as pozzolans or super
plasticizers) are included in the mixture to improve the physical properties of the wet mix or
the finished material. Most concrete is poured with reinforcing materials (such as rebar)
embedded to provide tensile strength, yielding reinforced concrete.
Famous concrete structures include the Hoover Dam, the Panama Canal, and the
Roman Pantheon. The earliest large-scale users of concrete technology were the ancient
Romans, and concrete was widely used in the Roman Empire. The Coliseum in Rome was
built largely of concrete, and the concrete dome of the Pantheon is the world's largest
unreinforced concrete dome.[3] Today, large concrete structures (for example, dams and
multi-storey car parks) are usually made with reinforced concrete.

7
OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY:

1. To determine the performance of using sea sand as a fine aggregate in concrete.

2. To determine the most economic material that can be suitably replaced for construction.

3. To fulfill safe environment by using waste materials.

4. To investigate the basic properties such as Flexural Strength, Compressive strength of sea

sand replaced concrete in comparison with Normal River sand used concrete.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the study will be focused on the performance of concrete using sea sand as a
partial replacement with 20mm nominal maximum aggregate size. In this study the sea sand
sample is collected from BAPTLA, GUNTUR District, and Andhra Pradesh, India. The
sample was taken on the sea shore

8
 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
 COARSE AGGREATE:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
1. Absorption, Porosity, Permeability.
2. Surface Texture
3. Strength and Elasticity
4. Density and Specific gravity
5. Aggregate voids
6. Hardness
7. Particle shape
8. Coating
9. Undesirable physical components

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
1. Composition
2. Reaction with Asphalt and Cement

Properties of Sea Sand

Physical properties of coastal soils are scarce in number. Usually, these properties are
studied together with the other soil characteristics. The texture of coastal soils may vary in a
wide range from loose sandy deposits to heavy soils. The distribution of size fractions along
the profiles of coastal soils is very uneven and rather random. As a rule, sandy layers of
coastal soils are structure less and loose, sometimes they are somewhat compacted or rather
even dense. Sandy horizons are characterized by a high water and air permeability. Therefore,
the aeration of sandy soils is rather good; they are not so strongly affected by water logging
as clayey soils.
The bulk density of sandy soils is somewhat higher than 1 g/cm3. The water content does not
exceed 10-20 %. The bulk density of coastal soils generally decreases from sandy to clayey
soils, from mineral to organic soils. Simultaneously, increase in the water holding capacity is
observed. The Physical and Chemical properties of sea sand are determined using granular
size, pH test, chloride test.

9
INFLUENE OF CHLORIDES
A conservative limit for allowable CI ions in offshore sand for opc based reinforced or metal
embedded concrete is 0.075% by weight of sand. this is based of (1)an allowable CI
percentage of 0.3% by weight of cement

Properties of River Sand

The colour of the sand is Orange yellow and brown. Granular size of river sand is less
than 4.75 mm.99.5 % of SiO2 is pure in condition. Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are the impurities
present (0.5%). Melting point is (1722 °C) with flux agent it reduces to 1290C2. River sand is
uniform in size and also offered in various particle sizes. It has the property of reducing the
shrinkage cracks.

 TYPES OF CEMENT:
 Ordinary portland cement(33,43and53 grades)
 rapid hardening cement
 extra rapid hardening cement
 sulphate resisting cement
 Portland slag cement
 quick setting cement
 super sulphated cement
 low heat cement
 air entraining cement

figure 10(a)

TYPES OF SAND:
 River sand
 Sea sand

10
 figure10(b)

figure 11(a)

TYPES OF COARSE AGGREGATE:

 In between 4.75mm to 20mm

11
 figure 11(b)

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CEMENT

SI NO. PHYSICAL TESTS RESULT

1 Fineness 3%
2 Standard consistency 32%

3 Initial setting time 42 min

4 Final setting time 265min

5 Soundness 2mm
6 Specific gravity 3.10

Table 12(a)

12
 CHEMICAL REQUIEMENTS OF CEMENT

1. Lime saturation factor Between 0.8 to 1.02

2. Ratio of percentage of alumina oxide to that Not less than 0.66
of Iron Oxide

3. Insoluble residue (% by mass ) Not more than 3%

4. Magnesia (% by mass) Not more than 6%

5. Sulphuric anhydride (% by mass ) Not more than 3%

6. Total loss on ignition (% by mass) Not more than 4%

7. Chloride content (% by mass) Not more than 0.05%

Table 12(b)
BOUGE′S COMPOUNDS
Name of the compound Formula

Tri calcium silicate C3S 3cao.sio2

Di calcium silicate C2S 2cao.sio2

Tri calcium aluminate C3A 3cao.Al2O3

Tetra calcium alumino ferrite C 4AF 4Cao.Al2O3.Fe2O3

Table 13(a)

13
 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
OXIDE % CONTENT

Cao 60-67

Sio₂ 17-25

Al2O3 3.0-8.0

Fe2O3 0.5-6.0

Mgo 0.1-4.0

Alkalies(K2O,Na2O) 0.4-1.3

So3 1.3-3.0

Table 13(b)

Literature review
The rapid growth in development of construction industry is leading to an increase in
utilization of natural resources like river sand due to which there has been a much scarcity in
availability for construction. This overuse should be balanced by introducing certain
abundantly available other natural materials which can be replaced to the river sand. The sea
sand seems to have certain similar properties and can be used as a constituent of concrete.
This can reduce the river sand replenishment and decrease various ecological imbalances.
The fast growth in industrialization has resulted in tones and tones of by product or waste
materials, which can be fly ash, crushed stone dust, silica fume, and granulated blast furnace
slag, steel slag etc. The use of these by-products not only helps to utilize these waste
materials but also enhances the properties of concrete in fresh and hydrated states. In the
present work a series of tests were carried out to make comparative studies of various
mechanical properties of concrete mixes prepared by using Sea Sand. If some of the materials
are found suitable in concrete making, cost of construction can be cut down. So in the present
study, an attempt has been made to assess the suitability of Sea sand in concrete making.
Cubes and beams were cast and tested for compressive strength and flexural strength after 7
days and 28 days. The Sea sand is replaced in percentages of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and
100%.

14
Experimental Study on Sea Sand by Partial Replacement of Sea Sand in Concrete
B. Naga Niranjan Kumar*, P. Kiran Kumar, E. Ramesh Babu, M. Gopal, D. Sreekanth
Reddy,
K. Sreekanth, U. Yellppa

The river sand still remains the main source of sand for construction industry. The demand
for sand has been ever increasing with the development of building industry. As a result, it
has been noticed the overexploitation of river sand causing serious environmental problems.
One of the main objectives of the study is the identification of potential sources of river sand
alternatives. The sea sand is now being recognized as the major alternatives of river sand in
this study. Sea sand is some of the alternative that can be used to replace with river sand in
the preparation of concrete. As major natural resource Sea sand can be obtained from the sea
shores abundantly at free of cost. Now–a-days, the use of river sand for concrete production
has increased rapidly due to increase in number of construction industries. The increase in
rate of production of concrete leads to increase in demand for raw materials which in turn
leads to price hike of raw materials. Also this demand may be due to scarcity in availability
of raw materials mostly the river sand. This problem of importing river sand from other
places at a higher price has brought the idea of using the locally available natural material in
the place of this river sand. So, by using the sea sand which is abundantly available at the sea
shores for the low volume road construction, much of the economy of construction could be
saved. So, by using sea sand from the sea shores as a fine aggregate replacement in
preparation of concrete will save our earth for a sustainable environment. It also helps to save
much of our river sand from being deployed for construction

MATERIALS:
 CEMENT:- Cement is a grey colour powder which is obtained from burning and
grinding of argillaceous, calcareous materials.

 SAND: –It is a loose granular substance, typically pale yellowish brown, resulting
from the erosion of siliceous and other rocks and forming a major constituent of
beaches, river beds, the sea beds, and deserts
 COARSE AGGREGATE:-Aggregate is granular material, such as sand, gravel,
crushed stone, crushed hydraulic cement concrete, or iron blast-furnace slag, used
with hydraulic cementing medium to produce either concrete or mortar. those
particles that are predominantly retained on the 4.75mm sieve, are called coarse
aggregate.

 FINE AGGREGATE: Fine aggregate is natural sand which has been washed and
sieved to remove particles larger than 5 mm and coarse aggregate is gravel which has
been crushed, washed and sieved so that the particles vary from 5 up to 50 mm in

15
 size. The fine and coarse aggregate are delivered separately. Because they have to be
sieved, a prepared mixture of fine and coarse aggregate is more expensive than natural
all-in aggregate. The reason for using a mixture of fine and coarse aggregate is that by
combining them in the correct proportions, a concrete with very few voids or spaces
in it can be made and this reduces the quantity of comparatively
expensive cement required to produce a strong concrete.

WHY SEA SAND IS USED:

 In this modern era, demand for sand increases and the cost also rise.
 The continuous grabbing of sand from the beds also leads to scarcity.
 To overcome this problem, the use of Sea Sand in construction field may be an
alternative remedy.
 The history of using Sea Sand in our country is very short.
 By using sea sand construction will be economical.

COMPARISION OF RIVER SAND AND SEA SAND

Sea sand is more stable (high SBC - Safe Bearing Capacity) than river sand. It is due
to the fact that sea sand, which is brought by travelling water either pushed by sea shore or by
river during the continuous rolling in between water layers in rivers and sea shore (which can
be assumed as infinite time process) bigger stone particles continuously decaying during
travelling towards sea and dissociates into as small as possible. Remaining dissociate
particles at beach will be of much strength than any other sand on earth surface.

CASTING OF CUBES WITH VARIOUS PROPORTION OF

MATERIALS

Fine aggregate
Cement
Sample Coarse aggregate(kg/m³)
(kg/m³) River sand Sea sand
(kg/m³) (kg/m³)
1 440 - 630 1164

2 440 630 - 1164

3 440 504 126 1164

4 440 441 189 1164

16
5 440 378 252 1164

Table-16(a)

17
 TESTS ON MATERIALS
 SEA SAND & RIVER SAND

WASHING *(removal of salt content)

SIEVE ANALYSIS

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

BULKING OF SAND

 COARSE AGGREGATE

SIEVE ANALYSIS

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

 CEMENT

FINENESS

SPECIFIC GARVITY

INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME

18
 SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR RIVER SAND

According to Indian Standard Code IS: 460-1962 (Revised), the sieve number is the mesh
width expressed in mm for large sizes and in microns for small sizes. The set of I.S. sieves
for fine sieve analysis consist of 2 mm, 1mm, 600μ, 425μ, 212μ, 150μ and 75μ sieves4. In the
dry sieve analysis, dry soil (sea sand) of 1 kg is taken and is sieved through a selected set of
sieves arranged according to their sizes, with the largest aperturized sieve at the top and the
smallest aperturized sieve at the bottom. A receiver is kept at the bottom and a lid is placed
on the topmost sieve of the stack. Shaking is done by the mechanical shaker. The amount of
soil retained on each sieve is weighed to the nearest 0.1 g. On the basis of total weight of the
sample taken and the weight of soil retained on each sieve, the percentage of the total weight
of the soil passing through each sieve (also termed as finer per cent finer than) can be
calculated.

Sieve size Weight retained % weight Cummilative % %finner

(KG) retained weight retained
4.75mm 0.019 1.9 1.9 98.1
2.36mm 0.013 1.3 3.2 96.8
1.18mm 0.135 13.5 16.7 83.3
600mm 0.335 33.5 50.2 49.8
600mm passed 0.498 49.8 100 0
Table 18(a)

Figure 18(a)

19
 Specific gravity for river sand
(all units are in grams)
Specific gravity of solids, Gs is defined as the ratio of the weight of a given volume of solids
to weight of an equivalent volume of water at 4C.
Specific Gravity = W2 –W1/ (W4 – W1) – (W3 – W2)
where,
W1 = Weight of empty bottle (kg)
W2 = Weight of soil dried in oven and cooled in a desiccators (300g) and bottle (kg)
W3 = Weight of soil, water and bottle (kg)
W4 = weight of water and bottle (kg)

 WEIGHT OF EMPTY BOTTLE (W1)=663 gms

 WEIGHT OF EMPTY BOTTLE+ SAND (W2) = 1163 gms
 WEIGHT OF EMPTY BOTTLE +SAND+WATER (W3)= 1810 gms
 WEIGHT OF EMPTY BOTTLE+ WATER (W4) =1523 gms
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SAND= (W2-W1)/((W2-W1)-(W3-W4))
SPECIFIC GRAVITY = 2.347

Figure 19(a)

20
 BULKING OF RIVER SAND

The increase in moisture of sand increases the volume of sand. The reason is that moisture
causes film of water around sand particles which results in the increase of volume of sand.
For moisture content percentage of 5 to 8 there will be an increase in volume up to 20 to 40
percent depending upon sand. If the sand is more fine there will be more increase in volume.
This is known as bulking of sand.

Graphical representation of bulking of sand is shown below.

When the moisture content of sand is increased by adding more water, the sand particles pack
near each other and the amount of bulking of sand is decreased. Thus it helps in determining
the actual volume of sand, the dry sand and the sand completely filled with water will have
the exact volume.

The volumetric proportioning of sand is greatly affected by bulking of sand to a greater

extent. The affected volume will be great for fine sand and will be less for coarse sand. If
proper allowance is not made for the bulking of sand, the cost of concrete and mortar
increases and it results into under-sanded mixes which are harsh and difficult for working and
placing.

 BULKING OF SEA SAND = ((Y2-Y1)/Y1)*100

Y1 = INITAIL HEIGHT
Y2 = FINAL HEIGHT
BULKING OF RIVER SAND = ((200-160)/160)*100 =25%

21
 SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR SEA SAND

According to Indian Standard Code IS: 460-1962 (Revised), the sieve number is the
mesh width expressed in mm for large sizes and in microns for small sizes. The set of I.S.
sieves for fine sieve analysis consist of 2 mm, 1mm, 600μ, 425μ, 212μ, 150μ and 75μ
sieves4. In the dry sieve analysis, dry soil (sea sand) of 1 kg is taken and is sieved through a
selected set of sieves arranged according to their sizes, with the largest aperturized sieve at
the top and the smallest aperturized sieve at the bottom. A receiver is kept at the bottom and a
lid is placed on the topmost sieve of the stack. Shaking is done by the mechanical shaker. The
amount of soil retained on each sieve is weighed to the nearest 0.1 g. On the basis of total
weight of the sample taken and the weight of soil retained on each sieve, the percentage of
the total weight of the soil passing through each sieve (also termed as finer per cent finer
than) can be calculated.

SIEVE SIZE WEIGHT % WEIGHT CUMMULATIVE % FINNER

RETAINED RETAINED % WEIGHT
(KG) RETAINED
600 µ 0 0 0 100
425 µ 0.016 0.001 0.0016 99.9984
300 µ 0.45 0.045 0.466 99.9534
150 µ 0.49 0.049 0.0956 99.044
75 µ 0.044 0.0044 0.1 99.9
Table 21(a)

Figure 21(a)

22
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF SEA SAND

Specific gravity of solids, Gs is defined as the ratio of the weight of a given volume of solids
to weight of an equivalent volume of water at 4C.
Specific Gravity = W2 –W1 / (W4 – W1 ) – (W3 – W2 )
where, W1 = Weight of empty bottle (kg)
W2 = Weight of soil dried in oven and cooled in a desiccators (300g) and bottle (kg)
W3 = Weight of soil, water and bottle (kg)
W4 = weight of water and bottle (kg)

Figure 22(a)

23
 FINENESS TEST OF CEMENT

OBJECTIVE: -

A. To develop ability to his discriminate between cement with

or without proper fineness as per IS:4031(P-1)B

.To develop ability to perform fineness test on cement for that,

•To develop ability as proper seiving on cement as per procedure.

•To develop ability of proper weighing of residue.

APPRATUS & EQUIPMENTS: -

•
IS:90 micron sieve - with receiving pan & covering lid.

It comprises a firm, durable, non-corrodible, cylindrical frame of 150 mm to 200 mm

nominal diameter and 40 mm to 100 mm depth, fitted with 90 pm mesh sieve cloth of woven
stainless steel, or other abrasion-resisting and non-corrodible metal wire.

•Weighing balance accurate up to 0.1gm.

•Brush-A nylon or pure bristle brush, preferably with 25 to 40 mm bristle, for cleaning the
sieve.

•Tray & Trowel

MATERIAL: -RESIDUE

•Cement Sample

IS SPECIFICATION FOR FINENESS OF CEMENT:-

As per IS:12269 the residue of cement sample on the 90µm IS sieve after sieving, itshould
not exceed following percentage by weight for different types of cement.I ) O r d i n a r y
P o r t l a n d c e m e n t = 1 0 % I I ) R a p i d h a r d e n i n g c e m e n t = 5 % III) Low
heat cement = 5%

24
 Figure 23(a)
PROCEDURE

a ) W e i g h t a c c u r a t e l y 1 0 0 g m o f c e m e n t is sieve. Break down any air lumps in a

sample with fingers without rubbing them on sieve.

b) Place it on the sieve, being careful to avoid loss. Disperse any agglomerates.
Fit the lid over the sieve.

c) Continuously sieve sample by holding the sieve in both hand & Giving wrist
motion until no more fine material passes through it

.d) Weight the residue left on the sieve after sieving as (W1).

e) Repeat the procedure for second sample. When the results differ by more
than 1 percent absolute, carry out a third sieving and calculate the mean of the three values.

REQUIREMENTS:-

As per IS: 12269-1987 the Portland cement satisfies the following requirement. I] For
ordinary port land cement reduce by weight through 90µ
IS sieve should not exceed 10% by weight .II] For rapid hardening Portland cement the
residue by weight should not exceed 5%.

S.NO SIEVE WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF P=(W 2/W 1)X100

NUMBER CEMENT (W 1) CEMENT
(gm) RETAIN (W 2)
(gm)

1 75 100 8 8%
2 75 100 7 7%
3 75 100 6 6%

Table 24 (a)

25
The average fineness of cement percentage is = 7%

DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT.

Object: To determine the specific gravity of cement using le chatelier flask or specific
Gravity bottle.

Apparatus:
a. Le Chatelier Flask or specific Gravity Bottle-100ml capacity.
b. Balace capable of weighing accurately upto 0.1gm.

Procedure:
Weigh a clean and dry Le Chatelier Flask or Specific Gravity bottle with its stopper
(W1).Place a sample of cement upto half of the flask (about 50 gm) and weight with its
stopper (W2).Add kerosene (polar liquid)to cement in flask till its about half full.Mix
thoroughly with glass rod to remove entrapped air. Continue stirring and add more kerosene
till it is flash with the graduated mark. Dry the outside and weight (W3). Entrapped air may
be vaccum pump,if available.Empty the flask,clean it refill with clean kerosene flash with the
graduated mark wipe dry the outside and weigh (W4).
Calculations:
Specific gravity = (W2-W1)/[(W2-W1)-(W3-W4)x0.79]
Where W1 = weight of empty flask
W2 = weight of flask + cement
W3 = weight of flask + cement + kerosene
W4 = weight of flask + kerosene
0.79 = specific gravity of kerosene
Limit: Specific Gravity of cement = 3.15g/cc

26
 DETERMINATION OF INITIAL & FINAL SETTING TIMES
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the initial and final setting times of cement.

APPARTUS:

 Vicat apparatus conforming to IS: 5513-1976.

 Balance of capacity 1kg and sensitivity 1 gram.
 Gauging trowel conforming to IS: 10086-1982.

 PROCEDURE:
Unless otherwise specified this test shall be conducted at a temperature of 27 + 20 C and 65 +
5% of relative humidity of the Laboratory.
 Prepare a paste of 300 grams of cement with 0.85 times the water required to a give a paste
of standard consistency IS: 4031 (Part 4) 1988.
The time of gauging in any case shall not be less than 3 minutes not more than 5 minutes
and the gauging shall be completed before any sign of setting occurs.
 Count the time of gauging from the time of adding water to the dry cement until
commencing to fill the mould
 Fill the vicat mould with this paste making it level with the top of the mould.
Slightly shake the mould to expel the air.
 In filling the mould the operator hands and the blade the gauging trowel shall only be used.

Initial Setting Time

 Immediately place the test block with the non-porous resting plate, under the rod bearing
the initial setting needle.
Lower the needle and quickly release allowing it to penetrate in to the mould.
 In the beginning the needle will completely pierce the mould
 Repeat this procedure until the needle fails to pierce the mould for 5 + 0.5mm.

 Record the period elapsed between the time of adding water to the cement to the time when
needle fails to pierce the mould by 5 + 0.5mm as the initial setting time.

Final Setting Time

 Replace the needle of the vicat apparatus by the needle with an annular ring
Lower the needle and quickly release.
 Repeat the process until the annular ring makes an impression on the mould.

27
 Record the period elapsed between the time of adding water to the cement to the time when
the annular ring fails to make the impression on the mould as the final setting time.

REPORT
Report the initial setting time and final setting time in minutes.

 PRECAUTION
The time of gauging in any case shall not be less than 3 minutes not more than 5minutes.

COMPACTION FACTOR VALUES :

s.no Percentage addition of compaction

sea sand to concrete factor
1 0% 0.92

2 20% 0.92

3 30% 0.90

4 40% 0.86

28
 SLUMP CONE TEST
1. Clean the internal surface of the mould and apply oil.
2. Place the mould on a smooth horizontal non- porous base plate.
3. Fill the mould with the prepared concrete mix in 4 approximately equal layers.
4. Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod in a uniform manner
over the cross section of the mould. For the subsequent layers, the tamping should penetrate
into the underlying layer.
5. Remove the excess concrete and level the surface with a trowel.
6. Clean away the mortar or water leaked out between the mould and the base plate.
7. Raise the mould from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical direction.
8. Measure the slump as the difference between the height of the mould and that of height point
of the specimen being tested.

Shows the slump values

s. no Percentage addition of sea sand to Slump value

concrete
1 0% 100

2 20% 95

3 30% 90

4 40% 85

Table29(a)

29
 MIX DESIGN
Step 1: Calculation of Target Strength
Target mean strength of concrete is derived from the below formula

ft = fck + 1.65 s

Where S = standard deviation which is taken as per below table= 3.5

fcˡ=30 + (1.65x3.5)

=35.78M Pa

GRADE OF CONCRETE STANDARD DEVIATION(N/mm2)

M10 3.5

M15 3.5

M20 4.0

M25 4.0

M30 5.0

M35 5.0

M40 5.0

M45 5.0

M50 5.0

Table 29(a)

Characteristic compressive strength after 28 days fck = 30N/mm2

ft = 30 + 1.65 x 3.5

Therefore, target mean strength ft = 35.775 N/mm2

30
Step 2: Selection of Water-Cement Ratio
Water- cement ratio is selected from the graph plotted between 28-day
compressive strength and water-cementt ratio which is as per IS10262-2009

EXPOSURE P.C.C R.C.C

Minimum Max Free Minimum Minimum Max Free - Minimum

Cement – Water Grade of Cement Water Grade of
Content Cement Concrete Content Cement Concrete
Kg/m3 Ratio Kg/m3 Ratio

Mild 220 0.6 - 300 0.55 M20

Moderate 240 0.6 M15 300 0.5 M25

Severe 250 0.5 M20 320 0.45 M30

Very severe 260 0.45 M20 340 0.45 M35

Extreme 280 0.4 M25 360 0.4 M40

Table 30(a)

W/C=0.45
Step 3: Air Content Calculation
Nominal maximum size of aggregate taken is = 20mm
Nominal maximum size of aggregate Air content (% of volume of concrete)
10mm 5%
20mm 2%
40mm 1%

Table 30(b)
So, from the table entrapped air content in % of volume of concrete = 2%

31
Step 4: Water Content Calculation
For nominal maximum size of aggregate of 20mm, the required water content is
selected form the table and it is

W = 186 liters

Nominal maximum size of aggregate Maximum water content(KG)

10mm 208

20mm 186

40mm 165

Table 31(a)

The aggregate nominal maximum size is 20mm and they belong to zone 2. So,
Adjustment for compacting factor is to be applied.

Therefore, water content = 186 + (186 x 3/100) = 191.6 lit / m3 of concrete.

Assume slump =100mm

Water content =197.16lit ~198lit
Cement content =440 Kg
Step 5: Cement Content Calculation
From step 2, Water cement ratio = W/C = 0.57

From step 4, Water content W = 191.6 liters = 191.6kg

191.6 / C = 0.45

Finally, C = 440 Kg Kg / m3 of concrete

But from table 5 of IS456-2000, Minimum cement content required for
moderate exposure condition for M15 grade concrete is = 240 Kg/m3 of
concrete.
Greater of above two values will be the cement content.

32
Hence, C = 440 kg

Aggregate Ratio for Concrete

From the table, ratio of volume of coarse aggregate to volume of total
aggregate, for 20mm nominal maximum size aggregate and zone-2 fine
aggregate is

Nominal Ratio of volume of course aggregate and volume of total

maximum aggregate for different zones of fine aggregate
size of
aggregate Zone - I Zone - II Zone - III Zone - IV

10mm 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.50

20mm 0.6 0.62 0.64 0.66

40mm 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75

Table 32(a)

Volume of coarse aggregate:

Assume fine aggregate zone =3
W/C=0.45
Volume of coarse aggregate =0.64m³
Volume of fine aggregate:
1-0.646 =0.354m³
Mix proportions:
Volume of concrete =1m³
Absolute volume of cement =440/(3.15*1000)
=0.139m³ ~ 0.14m³
Volume of water =198lit
=0.198lm³ ~ 0.2m³
Absolute volume of all the materials =0.14+o.2

33
 =0.34m³
Absolute volume of total aggregate =(1-0.34)=0.66m³
Weight of coarse aggregate =0.66*0.646*2.80*1000
=1193.808 kg/m³ ~1194 kg/m³
Weight of fine aggregate =0.66*0.354*2.70*1000
=630.828Kg/m³ ~ 631Kg/m³.
MIX PROPORTION = 1: 1.434: 2.713.

QUANTITY OF MATERIALS
MATERIAL QUANITITY

Cement 1

fine aggregates 1.434

coarse aggregates 2.713

Table 33(a)

TESTING OF CONCRETECUBES

34
 REPORT ON COMPRESSIVE TEST OF CONCRETE CUBES

AGE-7 DAYS

SI.NO Cube ID Weight(kg) Load (kN) Compressive strength

(N/Sq.mm)

1 8.327 754.8 19.75

Pure sea sand
2 8.361 680.1 20.38
3 8.681 838.7 29.8
20% of sea
4 sand 8.681 914.7 28.7
5 8.312 479.4 26.4

30% of sea
6 sand 8.412 434.2 26.7

7 8.812 356.8 27.3

40% of sea
8 8.412 429.8 28.01
sand
Table 34(a)

REPORT ON COMPRESSIVE TEST OF CONCRETE CUBES

AGE -28 days

SI.NO Cube ID Weight(kg) Load (kN) Compressive strength

(N/Sq.mm)

1 Pure sea 8.240 915.5 32.23

sand

2 8.690 1132.8 38.4

20% of sea
3 sand 8.480 980.2 39.4

35
4 8.530 1084.2 36.7

Pure sand
5 8.610 1215.3 37.3

6 8.283 601.3 35.9

40% of sea
sand
7 8.047 664.8 34.7
8 8.476 801.0 41.8
30% of sea
sand
9 8.257 893.2 38.4

Table 35(a)

36
RESULTS & GRAPHS

Graph on compressive test of concrete cubes

AGE- 7days
45

C 40
O
S 35
M
T 30
P
R
R 25
E
E
N 20
S
G
S 15
T
I 10
H
V
E 5

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
LOADS

37
 AGE: 28days
60
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
LOADS

38
 45

c 40
o 35
s
m
t 30
p
r
r 25
e
e
n 20
s
g
s 15
t
i 10
h
v
e 5

0
7 14 21 28
days

100% RIVER SAND

39
 70

60
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

50

40

30

20

10

0
7 14 21 28
DAYS

100%SEA SAND

40
100%SEA SAND
40

C 35
O
S 30
M
T
P 25
R
R
E
E 20
N
S
G 15
S
T
I 10
H
V
E 5

0
7 14 21 28
DAYS

40% SEA SAND & 60% RIVER SAND

41
 45

40
C
O 35
S
M
T 30
P
R
R 25
E
E
N 20
S
G
S 15
T
I
H 10
V
E 5

0
7 14 21 28
DAYS

20% OF SEA SAND & 80% OF RIVER SAND

42
 45

40
C
O 35
S
M
T 30
P
R
R 25
E
E
N 20
S
G
S 15
T
I
H 10
V
E 5

0
7 14 21 28
DAYS

30% OF SEA SAND &70% OF RIVER SAND

43
CONCLUSION:

 The sea sand which is taken from the suryalanka Region is used in the entire
process. The sea sand is tested for compressive strength without the removal
of salt content. The compressive strength of concrete (full replacement of river
sand by sea sand and partially replaced river sand) has increased at 7, 28 days
is presented in the results Even though the sea sand attains high compressive
strength the usage is not as frequent as River sand since, it leads to corrosion
and the durability of the structure is not long lasting.

 The replacement of sea sand to concrete slightly increases the compressive

strength

 By replacing 20% sea sand the compressive strength has increased by 3.4%

 By replacing 30% sea sand the compressive strength has increased by 6.46%.

 By replacing 40% sea sand the compressive strength has increased by 0.9%

 The test specimens are yet to be determined for long term behavior on steel in
concrete and also creep ,shrinkage

44
BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Sukumaran PV, Unnikrishnan E, Gangadharan AV, Zaheer B, Abdulla NM,

Kumaran K, Ramachandran KV, Hegde SV, Maran N, Bhat KK, Rao MK,
Dinesh AC, Jayaprakash C, Praveen Kumar P, Shareef NM, Gopalan CV.
Marine sand resources in the south-west continental shelf of India. Indian
Journal of Geo-Marine Sciences. 2010; 39(4):572–78.
2. Sai Deepak W, Tirupathi Naidu G. Effect on Compressive Strength of
Concrete using sea sand as a partial replacement for fine aggregate.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology. 2015;
4(6):572–78.
3. Eturki S, Makni H, Boukchina R, Ben Dhia H. Study of the purification
performance of sand filter drained in a complementary treatment of urban
wastewater under soil and climatic conditions of the southern Tunisia.
Journal of Water Resource and Protection. 2011; 3(7):8.
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beds using artificial neural networks and ANFIS methods. Indian Journal of
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6. Hariharan VS, Vijayakumar Reddy K. Effect of injection pressure on diesel
engine performance with sea lemon oil. Indian Journal of Science and
Technology. 2011; 4(8):907– 9.
7. Venkatasubramaniana G, Sheik Mideena A, Jhab AK. Corrosion Behavior of
Aluminium Alloy Aa2219-T87 Welded Plates in Sea Water. Indian Journal
of Science and Technology
8. Keisaburo KATANO, Nobufumi TAKEDA, Yoshikazu ISHIZEKI, and
Keishiro IRIYA, “Properties and application of concrete made with sea water
and un-washed sea sand ”.
9. Sandeep D.Kadam, P.M.Devikrishna, Subrato Chowdhury. “An
examination of Possible usage of Mumbai Creek Sand for Making Concrete – A
Review” International Journal of Scientific and engineering Research, Volume
5, Issue 12, December 2014, ISSN 2229-5518
10. W.sai Deepak, G.Tirupathi Naidu. “Effect on compressive strength of
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45
CODE BOOKS:

IS -10262-2009 Code for mix design of concrete

IS 383:1970 Specifications for coarse and fine aggregate From Natural

Resources for Concrete (Second Revision)

IS 3812:1981 Specifications of fly ash for use as a Pozzolona & admixture.

IS 2386(Pt 1-8) Methods of Tests for aggregates for concrete.

IS 516:1959 Methods of Tests for testing of concrete.

IS 9399:1979 Specification for apparatus for flexural testing of concrete.

IS 10262:2009 Indian standard concrete mix proportioning-Guide lines.

IS 456:2000 Indian standard plain and reinforced concrete code of practice

46