MECN4025

6 PAGES – PAGE 1
FORMULA SHEET

 pu cos    u sin  dsu  LE  pl cos   l sin  dsl

TE TE
N '  
LE

 pu sin    u cos  dsu  LE  pl sin    l cos  dsl

TE TE
A'  
LE

 p u cos    u sin  xdsu   p u sin    u cos   yds u

TE
'
M LE 
LE

 p l cos    l sin  xdsl   p l sin    l cos   yds l

TE

LE

'
M LE
xcp  
N'

Trigonometry Identity

cos2   2 cos 2   1

cosn  1   cosn cos   sin n sin  

cosn  1   cosn  cos   sin n  sin  

cosn  cos  
1
cosn     cosn   
2

sin n  sin m  

1
cosn  m  cosn  m 
2

sin n sin   cosn  1  cosn  1 

1
2

  1
cos 2  1   cos1  1
2 2

Standard Integrals

cosn   sin n 



d
0 cos  cos0 d  sin 0 0 ,  cos  cos
0 o
0

 
sin n sin  d
0 cos  cos o    cos n o ,  1  cos d  
0

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

 sin n sin  d  2
for n  1
 cos d  sin
0


 sin n sin  d  0
0
for n  1

 cos  d  3 sin  cos   2

1 1 1
 cos 2
 d 
2
sin  cos  
2
3 2

1  3  n  3n  1 
 /2  /2

 sin d   cos n d 

n
for n even
0 0
2  4  n  2n 2
2  4  n  3n  1 
 for n odd
1  3  5  n  2n 2

1  3  5  m  1  1  3  5  n  1 
 /2

 sin  cos n d  

m
for m and n even
0 2  4  6  m  n  2m  n  2
2  4  m  3m  1 
  for m odd
n  1n  3n  m 2
2  4  n  3n  1 
  for n odd
m  1m  3m  n  2
2 2  2

 sin  d  0 ,
0
 sin
0
2
 d   ,  sin
0
2
 d 
2
,  sin  d  0
0
3

Stream function for combination of uniform stream, doublet and vortex

   r
  V r sin   sin   ln 
2r 2  r0 

  1  
Vx  , Vy   , Vr  and V  
y x r  r

Kutta-Joukowsky Transformation

1/ 2
b2     d  2b2 b4 
    i  z  ,  ;  ,  1  2 cos 2  4 
z x y y x dz  r r 

 b2   b2 
 1  e1  cos 
b
  r  cos and  r  sin 
 r  r r

  2b cos ;   2be1  cos sin   2b sin 2 

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a sin  c     a
tan   , q z  2V sin  c  2V sin    
a cos c     be

  4aV sin   
qz
q  1/ 2 ,
 2b 2 b4 
   
r 4 
1 cos 2
 r2
cl  2 1  e sin    

a 2  b2
Fineness ratio 
a 2  b2

Velocity on the surface of a plate

sin 
qa
 cos   cos  1
V sin 

Kutta-Joukowski theorem

L’ = V

General Airfoil Theory

Velocity potential induced at point (x,y) by a vortex sheet

  x, y      s ds
1 b

2 a

Circulation associated with this vortex sheet

    s ds
b

Tangential velocity discontinuity across the vortex sheet

  u1  u2

Kutta condition

 TE   0

Fundamental equation of thin aerofoil theory

 dz  1
c
    d
V     
 dx  2  x  
0

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
c
1  cos , and, x
c
1  coso 
2 2

 1  cos 

    2V  Ao   An sin n 
 sin  n 1 

  
1 dz
An   cosn d ,
1 dz 2 dz
A0     d ,  L 0     cos  1 d
 0 dx  0 dx  0 dx

c    A 
xcp  1   A1  A2  , cl  2A0  A1 , cm.le    A0  A1  2 
4  cl  2 2 

General Lifting Line Theory


V  sin 
4h

 dl  r  
V  , V  sin  d   sin  S
4 r 3 4 r 4 R 2

b
y   cos 
2

For elliptic loading wing:

0  02
2
 2y 
 y   0 1    , w 0   
b
L   V 0  , Di 
 b  2b 4 8

Total Lift

b/2
L   V  y dy
b / 2
 

Induced velocity

w y0   
1
b/2
d / dy dy
4  y
b / 2 0  y

Induced angle of attack

w y0  d / dy dy
b/2
 i  y0   
1
V
 
4V b / 2  y0  y 

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Lift-induced drag

b/2 b/2
Di    V   y  y dy    w y  y dy
b / 2
  i
b / 2


Velocity potential equation

 1   
2
  2  1   
2
  2 2       
2

1  2    2  1  2    2  2     0
 a  x   x  a  y   y a  x  y  xy

Perturbation velocity potential equation

ˆ ˆ
1  M        0
2 2
2

x 2 y 2

Pressure coefficient in terms of M

2  p 
Cp    1
M 2  p 

Local speed of sound

pa
a 


Coefficient of lift on an airfoil

1
c c
cl   c p dx

Pressure coefficient

2u '
cp  
V

Prandtl-Glauert correction of pressure, lift, and pitching moment coefficients, and

perturbated velocity

c p,0 cl ,0 cm,0 u'

cp  , cl  , cm  , u z'  , vz'  v'
1 M 2
 1 M 2
 1 M 2
 1 M 2


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Supersonic flow

dF
2
1 2  dF  1 2  dF  dF 
 
cp  dx , cl   dx , cd w    dx
M 2  1 c M 2  1  dx  c M 2  1  dx  dx 

c
2 dF cmle
cmle   c p xdx   xdx , xcp  
M 2  1 dx
0
cl

Incompressible boundary layers

 U i  U iU j  p
     2U i
 t x j  xi

 ui  uiu j  p  u 'i u ' j 

     2ui   u
V*
ln  y   c ,
 t x j  xi xi 
w
V^ 


2
  u   u  u   u  u 
1   1  dy , 2   1  dy , 3   1   dy
y 0 y 0 U y 0 U
 U    U    U 

du w
 wall   , cf  ,  ij   ui'u 'j , l  y
dy 1 2 
 U  
2 