1 ‘hip 7» Ont compression Space dana: ese dona Tage day Eel fre ta Figure 7-11 Relationship between the two-dimensional space and frequency domains ‘The coefiicient S., corresponds to the portion where the frequency is zero in both «dimensions. 1is also known as the DC-coefficient (OC voltage portion) and determines the fundamental color of all 64 pixels of the data unit, The other coefficients are called AC-coefficients (analogous to the AC voltage pontion). For instance, $;, represents the highest frequency that eceurs in the horizontal direction, that is, the closest possible separation of vertical lines in the 88 data unit. Sy epresents the highest frequency in the vertical dimension, that is, the closest possible separation of horizontal lines. Sy indicates the highest frequency appearing equally in both dimensions, Its absolute value is greates ifthe original data unit contains as many squares as possible, thats, iit eon- s solely of 1x1 squares, Accordingly, for example, $35 will be maximal if a block consists of 16 squares of 434 pixels, Taking a closer look atthe above formula, we ree- ‘ognize that the cosine expressions depend only upon x and u, or upon y and y, but not on Six Therefore, these expressions represent constants that do not need to be recalculated over and over again, There are many effective DCT techniques and implementations [DG90, Fei90, Hou88, Lee84, LF91, SH86, VNS4, Vet85] Por later reconstruction of the image, the decoder uses the Inverse DCT (IDCT), ‘The coefficients S,, must be used for the calculation: sy = BS Severn OE Dihagg IED wher by 0; otherwise ¢, Ifthe DCT, as well asthe IDCT, could be calculated with fall precision, it would be possible to reproduce the original 64 pixels exactly. From a theoretical point of view, DCT would be lossless in this ease. In practice, precision is limited and DCT is thus lossy. The JPEG standard does not define any specific precision. It is thus possible that