Voz Pasiva; Texto: Advances in the Manufacturing, types, and applications of Biosensors.

 Abstract

Línea 19: Two case of studies are discussed.

Línea 24: A material that is being developed for in-vivo oximetry

 Introduction

Linea 27: Signal that can be used to quantify the analyte presented.
Línea 30: The various components of a biosensor are described.
Línea 39: Biosensors are used to monitor changes in environmental conditions.
Línea 48: Biosensors have been widely applied in various fields.
Línea 56: Biosensors that can be scaled down to a small foot print
Línea 64: Analyses need to be considered

 Biosensors Types

Línea 10: Piezoelectric sensors are based on an alternating potential and produce a standing
wave.
Línea 14: If a crystal is coated with a biological recognition element…
Línea 18: Electrochemical biosensors are based on enzymatic catalysis.
Línea 27: The ions produced create a potential that is subtracted from that of the reference code.
Línea 30: Electrochemical biosensors are usually based on potentiometry
Línea 32: Thermometric biosensors are constructed by combining enzymes with temperature
sensors
Línea 36: The heat of reaction of the enzyme is measured and calibrated

 Biosensors examples and applications

Línea 16: Sensor is shown in figure A.

Línea 17: The gate metal (…) is replaced by a layer of receptor biomolecules
Línea 20: These microfluidic channels can be integrated…
Línea 26: Interferometer-based on biosensor is shown in figure D
Línea 26: This sensor is based on the modulation…
Línea 32: (…) biosensors applications are summarized.

 Biosensors developments

Línea 11: Modifications are made or incorporated into the sensing elements
Línea 21: Bacteria can be used as biosensor.
Línea 31 When the biosensor is exposed to such a change.
Línea 38 Several biosensors have been developed.
Línea 43: New biosensors are being developed to respond to particular analyses.
Línea 47: Such biosensors have been developed for heavy metals and metalloids.
Línea 65: Changes in refractive index that are directly related to the molecular weight.
Línea 73: Bio reporters refer to intact, living microbial cells that have been genetically engineered.
Línea 80: The promoter gene is turned on.
Línea 83: The promoter gene in a normal bacterial cell is linked to other genes that are then
likewise transcribed and then translated into proteins.
Línea 87: Adapting to the agent to which it has been exposed.
Línea 89: Portions, thereof has been removed and replaced.

 Perspective

Línea 3: Stress parameters are applied to them.

Línea 8: Most of the sensing is based on changes in the membrane.
Línea 11: Membrane potential is defined as follows.
Línea 14: Every single cell is surrounded by a membrane.
Línea 24: This is known as the membrane potential.

 Patch clamping

Línea 5: A single cell is attached to the surface.

Línea 7: While the second electrode is kept in the buffer solution.
Línea 11: The cell is measured.
Línea 14: When the membrane channels are blocked.
Línea 27: Changes in the membrane potential have been linked to diseases.
Línea 34: The membrane potential has been observed.
Línea 37: Many studies are also aimed at measuring (…)
Línea 39: Defects in mitochondria are linked to Alzheimer’s disease.
Línea 41: An illustration of the various types of patching is given in figure 4.

 Dielectric spectroscopy

Línea 1: Dielectric spectroscopy has been used in many areas.

Línea 5: The material to be investigated is placed between (…) and a voltage is applied across (…)
and its impedance is measured.
Línea 8: If the Material is modeled as a resistance (…)
Línea 16: The material to be studied can be a collection of cells.
Línea 29: When an external electric field is applied.

 Background

Línea 9: LiPc is one of the most widely studied organ-metallic compounds.

Línea 15: Electrical properties have been well characterized in single crystals.
Línea 21: LiPc powders can be formed by electrochemical oxidation of Li2Pc.
Línea 36: The quality control can be stablished for its routine usability.
Línea 38: It has been shown that, as the crystal size is reduced, its sensitivity to oxygen is greatly
increased.

 Biosensors Market-Manufacture ,potential and drivers

Línea 27: The total global market for biosensors is expected to grow from (…)
Línea 33: Sales of other bioelectronics devices are projected to increase significantly over the next
five years.