Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Any accomplishment requires the efforts of many people and there are no exceptions. The
project being submitted today is a result of collective effort. Although it has been solely
prepared by me to meet the requirements of Clinical Course-I, in partial fulfilment of the
degree of BA-LLB (Hons), there are numerous helping hands behind it who have guided me
on my way.
I express my deepest regard and gratitude towards Dr.Eqbal Hussain, Faculty of Law, Jamia
Millia Islamia, New Delhi. His constant supervision, consistent inspiration and invaluable
guidance have been of immense help in understanding and carrying out the nuances of this
project report.
I take this opportunity to thank the University and the Vice Chancellor for providing
extensive database resources in the library and through internet.
I would also like to thank my family and friends without whose support and encouragement,
this would not have been a reality.
I would be grateful to receive comments and suggestion to improve this project report.
SAIMA SULTAN
BA-LLB (Hons.)
Enrollment no.: 13-1735
Semester: 7, Sec. B
Page 1 of 62
UNDERSTANDING LOK ADALATS: INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
METHODOLOGY
In pursuing this study, both primary and secondary sources are used. From the primary
source, various books on the Lok Adalat and some specific books have been relied upon.
The secondary source has been referred to and applied upon the articles which are written by
eminent judges, jurist, academicians, and lawyer’s journals etc. published in leading law
journals.
The material was collected and chaptered accordingly. To make it easy and understandable,
the whole assignment has been divided into topics which individually reflect upon the
implications involved.
This assignment emphasizes on the understanding of the concept of Lok Adalats in Indian
context.
Page 2 of 62
UNDERSTANDING LOK ADALATS: INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
1. A.I.R. All India Reporter
2. Anr. Another
3. Art./Arts. Article/Articles
4. Ch. Chapter
5. Edn. Edition
6. H.C. High Court
8 Hon’ble Honourable
9. i.e. That is
10. E.g. Example
11. Govt. Government
12. Ltd. Limited
13. Ors. Others
14. No. Number
15. O Orders
16. Sec./Secs. Section/Sections
17. v. Versus
18. S.C. Supreme Court
19. S.C.C Supreme Court Cases
Page 3 of 62
UNDERSTANDING LOK ADALATS: INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
LIST OF CASES
S.No. NAME OF CASES Pg. No.
1. Chandran v. Prakasan 53
Page 4 of 62
UNDERSTANDING LOK ADALATS: INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
LIST OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER. TOPIC PAGE. No.
No.
1. CONCEPT AND NATURE 9-14
i. Meaning
ii. Nature
2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 15-19
i. History
ii. Post- Independence era of LA
3. SIGNIFICANCE OF LOK ADALAT 20-24
i. Special Features
ii. Why Lok Adalats?
4. PROCEDURAL ASPECT 25-31
i. Procedure at LA
ii. Scheme relating to civil cases
iii. Scheme relating to criminal cases
iv. Scheme relating to pre-trial
v. Scheme relating to pending cases
vi. Scheme for mobile Legal Services
5. LEGISLATIVE ASPECT 32-37
i. Lok Adalats: An Integral part of the Constitution
ii. Legislations pertaining to Lok Adalat
6. PERMANENT LOK ADALATS 38-45
i. Legal Provisions
ii. Effect of PLAs
7. AWARD OF LOK ADALAT 46-50
i. Finality of Award
ii. Award and Judicial Review
8. LANDMARK JUDGMENTS 51-54
9. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY 55-59
i. Suggestions
ii. Conclusion
Page 5 of 62
UNDERSTANDING LOK ADALATS: INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
INTRODUCTION
“India possessed the large corpus of law; social justice was yet to percolate
to the poor. The poor had lost faith in the capacity of the courts to deliver
justice. Every new law seems to take away something without giving the
poor anything. The poor had begun to feel that law is repressive”.1
- Bhagwati, J
With the judicial system in most of the countries being burdened with cases, any new case
takes a long time to be decided. And, till the time the final decision comes, there is a state of
uncertainty, which makes any activity almost impossible. Hence, commerce, business,
development work, administration, etc., all suffer because of long time taken in resolving
disputes through litigation.2
Alike other countries, Indian Judiciary is held in very high esteem among the judicial systems
of developed as well as developing nations, yet it is struggling with many problems such as:
mounting burden of backlog of court cases, the high cost of litigation, corruption, inadequate
number of judges, lack of sufficient accommodation and staff, unpredictable delays, and
inaccessibility of justice. 3
To get out of this maze of litigation, most of the countries encourage alternative
methods of dispute resolution and Lok Adalats is one of them. Hence, the concept of Lok
Adalats added a new chapter to the justice dispensation system of this country and succeeded
in providing a supplementary forum to the litigants or disputants for satisfactory settlement of
their disputes. 4
It is a voluntary mechanism and an institution which settles dispute by adopting the
principles of justice, equity and fair play whereby justice is dispensed summarily without too
much emphasis on legal technicalities.
In other words, the institution of Lok Adalats is an amorphous crowd of concerned citizens
animated by a common desire for justice and willing to experiment with consensual models
1
Sarfaraz Ahmed Khan, Lok adalat: An Effective Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanism, 65 (APH Publishing
Corporation, New Delhi, 2006).
2
Sayani Chakeraborty and Soumya Misra, “Lok Adalat,” available at:
http://stpl.india.com (last visited on September 5, 2016).
3
“Concept and Nature of Lok Adalat” , avalaible at:
http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in (last visited on September 5, 2016).
4
Ibid.
INTRODUCTION Page 6 of 62
UNDERSTANDING LOK ADALATS: INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
5
of dispute resolution. It is a unique ray of hope for the common masseses where they can get
the justice in real sense without any impediments.
Further, it is a major aspect of legal aid programme because it intends to provide
equal protection of law and equal access to justice to all people, particularly the poor who
lack means to knock at the door of justice.6 Moreover, equal access to justice to the people
through efficacious justice delivery mechanism is necessary for the existence of a democratic
system. In the words of Brennan J “Democracy’s very life depends upon making the
machinery of justice so effective that every citizen shall believe in and benefit by its
impartiality and fairness”.7
But before going ahead, it is noteworthy to mention here that the Lok Adalat system is not a
substitute for the present judicial system, rather supplementary to it so that the arrears of
cases in courts of law may be reduced.8 The system is based on Gandhian principles because
it gives a practical shape to the twin concept of Swaraj and Sarvodaya propounded by the
Father of the Nation.9 The concept of the Swaraj implies not merely liberation from the
foreign yoke but also emancipation from backwardness, poverty and illiteracy. The concept
of Sarvodaya means wellbeing of all, obliteration of distinction between haves and have-nots.
Hence, the system casts duty upon us to work constructively and actively to uplift the
downtrodden.10
The esteem position of the very concept of Lok Adalat is reflected from the fact that it is an
integral part of the Indian Constitutional Scheme mentioned in Preamble, Part III and Part IV
of the Constitution. The Constitution mandates not only to impart justice in its legal sense,
but also social, economic, and political sense. Equal justice and free legal aid is a directive
principle of state policy imbibed in Article 39A which is particularly concerned with the need
of qualitative and effective justice delivery mechanism. The institution of Lok Adalat has
been developed in the process of implementation of commitments of the Constitution in order
to mitigate not only the problem of justice delays resulting from adjudication of even
ordinary disputes by the normal courts procedure but also to dispense less expensive justice
5
Shiraj Sidhva, “Quick, Informal, Nyaya,” 39 LEXET JURIS (1988).
6
N.C. Jain, “Legal Aid, Its Scope and Effectiveness of the Legal Aid Rules in This Regard,” 185 AIR (1996).
7
S. Rao, “Legal Aid and Undertrials,” 37 CrLJ (1993).
8
Paras Diwan, “Justice at the Door-Step of the People, The Lok Adalat System,” 85 AIR (1991).
9
Ibid. at 86.
10
Ibid.
INTRODUCTION Page 7 of 62
UNDERSTANDING LOK ADALATS: INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
quickly with the conciliatory efforts. So, Lok Adalat is a weapon to achieve the constitution
goals enshrined in different provisions.11
Therefore, the emergence of the concept of Lok Adalat as a new system of dispensation of
justice is a result of social philosophy of judges, jurists and eminent scholars who are always
engrossed in the thought to establish a new forum for providing inexpensive and quick justice
to people. It is a participatory justice system which can only survive with the actively
involvement of lawyers, judges, social workers, reputed persons of the society and specially
the concerned parties to the dispute.
11
See Constitution of India, Preamble, Articles- 14, 21, 38, 39A and 40.
INTRODUCTION Page 8 of 62
UNDERSTANDING LOK ADALATS: INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
CHAPTER-I
CONCEPT AND
NATURE
12
Anurag K Agarwal, “Role of Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods in Development of Society: Lok Adalat in
India” 5 IIMA (2005).
13
Ibid.
14
Supra note 11.
15
Supra note 7 at 86.
16
It is a forum where the entire dilatory procedure of adverbial litigation is bypassed.
17
A Lok Adalat has jurisdiction to deal with all matters except matters relating to offences, which are non-
compoundable.
18
Supra note 2.
23
Karthyaeni. V and Vidhi Bhatt, “Lok Adalats and Permanent Lok Adalats,” available at:
http://www.legalservices.com (last visited on October 12, 2016).
24
Ibid.
25
Ibid.
26
M.R. Saxena “Legal Aid Advice Scheme and Lok Adalat”, 105 AIR (1986).
27
Ibid.
32
K.M.H Rayyappa, “Lok Adalats: Objectives, pre-requisites, strategies and organization,” 711 Ind Bar Rev 14:4
(1987).
33
Neela Kantho Das, “Restructuring of Judicial Administration in Orissa”, 132 AIR (1991).
CHAPTER-II
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
34
Supra note 12.
35
Supra note 2.
36
Manzoor Elahi, “Lok Adalat System in India,” available at:
http://www.academia.edu/3296008/ (Last visited on October9, 2016).
37
Prafull, “Lok adalat,” available at:
http://www.ias.org.in (Last visited on October9, 2016).
38
Supra note 36.
39
Ibid.
40
Supra note 2.
41
Ibid.
42
Ibid.
43
Supra note 36.
44
Eg, In early times the punishment for the murder of a Brahmana was a thousand cows, for that of a
Kshatriya five hundred cows, for that for Vaisya hundred cows and for that of a sudra only ten cows.
45
Supra note 36.
46
Supra note 3.
47
The first Lok Adalat was held on March 14, 1982 at Junagarh in Gujarat the land of Mahatma Gandhi.
48
Supra note 3.
49
Ibid.
CHAPTER-III
SIGNIFICANCE OF
LOK ADALATS
50
Supra note 3.
51
Ibid.
52
Supra note 12 at 6.
53
Ibid.
54
Ibid.
55
Ibid.
56
Supra note 23.
57
Ibid.
58
Supra note 23.
59
Supra note 36.
60
Ibid.
61
Ibid.
62
Dr. Deepa P. Patil, “A Critical analysis on Lok Adalat in India,” 50 ISSN 3 (2015).
63
Id.
64
(1994) ACC 242.
CHAPTER-IV
PROCEDURAL ASPECT
65
Supra note 12 at 7.
66
D. K Sharma, “Lawyers and Lok Adalat,” AIR 2004 Jour 251.
67
Id. At 252.
69
Ibid.
70
Ibid.
71
Supra note 23.
72
Ibid.
73
This scheme is made under Legal Services Authority Act, 1987 to lay down a procedure for carrying out the
proceedings of a Lok Adalat in matters dealing with civil cases.
74
Rule 2. (1) At the first hearing of the suit, the Court –
a. shall, with a view to elucidating matters in controversy in the suit, examine orally such of the
parties to the suit appearing in person or present in Court, as it deems fit; and
b. may orally examine any person, able to answer any material question relating to the suit, by
whom any party appearing in person or present relating to the suit, by whom any party
appearing in person or present in Court or his pleader is accompanied.
(2) At any subsequent hearing, the Court may orally examine any party appearing in person or
present in Court, or any person, able to answer any material question relating to the suit, by whom such party
or his pleader is accompanied.
Rule 3. The Court may, if it thinks fit, put in the course of an examination under this rule question suggested by
either party.
75
This scheme is made under Legal Services Authority Act, 1987 to lay down a procedure for carrying out the
proceedings of a Lok Adalat in matters dealing with criminal cases.
76
Supra note 3.
CHAPTER-V
LEGISLATIVE ASPECT
77
Equal justice and free legal aid is a directive principle of state policy imbibed in Article 39A which is
particularly concerned with the need of qualitative and effective justice delivery mechanism.
78
Preamble to Indian Constitution, 1950.
79
See Constitution of India, Preamble, Articles. 14, 21, 38, 39A and 40.
80
Ashish A. Ahuja, “Lok Adalats, a Practical examination,” available at:
http://manupatra.org (Last visited on October 26, 2016).
81
Article 39A provides that State shall secure that the operation of the legal system promotes justice on the
basis of equal opportunity, and shall in particular, provide free legal aid by suitable legislation or schemes or in
any other way, to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are not denied to any citizen by reason of
economic or other disability.
82
See Statement of Object of Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987.
83
Section 22B(1) under Chapter VI-A of the Legal services Authority Act, 1987 provides for establishment of
permanent Lok Adalats in respect of one or more public utility services.
84
Proviso II to Section 22 C of legal services Authority Act, 1987.
85
Section 89 of CPC, 1908 as amended in 2002 provides for settlement of disputes outside the Court. Also, the
constitutional validity of amendments made to Section 89 of the Code of Civil Procedure incorporating
Alternative Disputes Resolution methods have been upheld by the Supreme Court of India in Salem Advocate
Bar Association, Tamil Nadu v. Union of India, (AIR 2005 SC 189).
86
Supra note 3.
87
Ibid.
88
At present, Rule 13 of the National Legal Services Authorities Rules, 1995 prescribes such experience and
qualifications as:
a) A member of the legal profession; or
b) A person of repute who is specially interested in the implementation of the Legal Services Schemes
and Programmes; or
c) An eminent social worker who is engaged in the upliftment of weaker sections of people, including
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, women, children, rural and urban labour.
89
At present, Rule 13 of the Kerala State Legal Services Authorities Rules, 1998 prescribes the experience and
qualifications as:
1. Eminent social workers who are engaged in the upliftment of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes,
women, children, rural and urban labour and other weaker sections of the society;
2. Advocates of standing; or
3. Persons of repute who are especially interested in the implementation of the Legal Services Schemes
and programmes.
90
According to Section 2 (1) (aaa) of the Act “Court means a civil, criminal or revenue court and includes any
tribunal or any other authority constituted under any law for the time being in force, to exercise judicial or
quasi-judicial functions.”
CHAPTER-VI
PERMANENT LOK
ADALATS
(a) " Permanent Lok Adalat" means a Permanent Lok Adalat established under sub- section
(1) of section 22B;
(i) transport service for the carriage of passengers or goods by air, road or water; or
(vi) insurance service, and includes any service which the Central Government or the State
Government, as the case may be, may, in the public interest, by notification, declare to be a
public utility service for the purposes of this Chapter.
(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in section 19, the Central Authority or, as the case
may be, every State Authority shall, by notification, establish Permanent Lok Adalats at such
places and for exercising such jurisdiction in respect of one or more public utility services
and for such areas as may be specified in the notification.
91
Chapter VIA was added in 2002 by an amendment to the Legal Services Ayuthority Act, 1987 to incorporate
provisions regarding permanent Lok Adalats.
a) a person who is, or has been, a district judge or additional district judge or has held
judicial office higher in rank than that of a district judge, shall be the Chairman of the
Permanent Lok Adalat; and
b) two other persons having adequate experience in public utility service to be
nominated by the Central Government or, as the case may be, the State Government
on the recommendation of the Central Authority or, as the case may be, the State
Autho ity, appointed by the Central Authority or, as the case may be, the State
Authority, establishing such Permanent Lok Adalat and the other terms and conditions
of the appointment of the Chairman and other persons referred to in clause (b) shall be
such as may e prescribed by the Central Government.
(1) Any party to a dispute may, before the dispute is brought before any court, make an
application to the Permanent Lok Adalat for the settlement of dispute:
Provided that the Permanent Lok Adalat shall not have jurisdiction in respect of any
matter relating to an offence not compoundable under any law:
Provided further that the Permanent Lok Adalat shall also not have jurisdiction in the
matter where the value of the property in dispute exceeds ten lakh rupees:
Provided also that the Central Government, may, by notification, increase the limit of
ten lakh rupees specified in the second proviso in consultation with the Central Authority.
(2) After an application is made under sub- section (1) to the Permanent Lok Adalat, no party
to that application shall invoke jurisdiction of any court in the same dispute.
(3) Where an application is made to a Permanent Lok Adalat under sub- section (1), it-
(a) shall direct each party to the application to file before it a written statement, stating
therein the facts and nature of dispute under the application, points or issues in such dispute
and grounds relied in support of, or in opposition to, such poin s or issues, as the case may be,
and such party may supplement such statement with any document and other evidence which
such party deems appropriate in proof of such facts and grounds and shall send a copy of
(b) may require any party to the application to file additional statement before it at any stage
of the conciliation proceedings;
(c) shall communicate any document or statement received by it from any party to the
application to the other party, to enable such other party to present reply thereto.
(4) When statement, additional statement and reply, if any, have been filed under sub- section
(3), to the satisfaction of the Permanent Lok Adalat, it shall conduct conciliation proceedings
between the parties to the application in such manner as it thin s appropriate taking into
account the circumstances of the dispute.
(5) The Permanent Lok Adalat shall, during conduct of conciliation proceedings under sub-
section (4), assist the parties in their attempt to reach an amicable settlement of the dispute in
an independent and impartial manner.
(6) It shall be the duty of every party to the application to cooperate in good faith with the
Permanent Lok Adalat in conciliation of the dispute relating to the application and to comply
with the direction of the Permanent Lok Adalat to produce eviden e and other related
documents before it.
(7) When a Permanent Lok Adalat, in the aforesaid conciliation proceedings, is of opinion
that there exist elements of settlement in such proceedings which may be acceptable to the
parties, it may formulate the terms of a possible settlement of the dispu e and give to the
parties concerned for their observations and in case the parties reach at an agreement on the
settlement of the dispute, they shall sign the settlement agreement and the Permanent Lok
Adalat shall pass an award in terms thereof and fur ish a copy of the same to each of the
parties concerned.
(8) Where the parties fail to reach at an agreement under sub- section (7), the Permanent Lok
Adalat shall, if the dispute does not relate to any offence, decide the dispute.
The Permanent Lok Adalat shall, while conducting conciliation proceedings or deciding a
dispute on merit under this Act, be guided by the principles of natural justice, objectivity, fair
(1) Every award of the Permanent Lok Adalat under this Act made either on merit or in terms
of a settlement agreement shall be final and binding on all the parties thereto and on persons
claiming under the.
(2) Every award of the Permanent Lok Adalat under this Act shall be deemed to be a decree
of a civil court.
(3) The award made by the Permanent Lok Adalat under this Act shall be by a majority of the
persons constituting the Permanent Lok Adalat.
(4) Every award made by the Permanent Lok Adalat under this Act shall be final and shall
not be called in question in any original suit, application or execution proceeding.
(5) The Permanent Lok Adalat may transmit any award made by it to a civil court having
local jurisdiction and such civil court shall execute the order as if it were a decree made by
that court.'.
This system of PLA will certainly, prove to be very effective, litigant-friendly and less-
expensive mechanism to resolve certain serious disputes. As Public Utility Services are
rendered mainly by corporate bodies, this virtually will be a forum for ordinary men and
women to ventilate their grievances against such corporate bodies. In the changing economic
scenario of the country where insurance, communication and other services are thrown open
to corporate giants, it is all the more necessary to provide for cost-effective and delay-free
tools for resolution of disputes.92 PLA is a structured clubbing conciliatory mode with certain
features of arbitration to arrive at decisions under given circumstances.
However, there is sharp criticism against this machinery both in its constitution and its
functioning especially from lawyers. The main opposition against the amendment is based on
the following viz.
92
Supra note 23.
(2) insofar as PLA is given the power to decide a dispute unlike the ordinary Lok Adalats
(LA) envisaged as per Section 19 of the Act which only conciliates the dispute; and
On the other hand, it is submitted that there is no basis for these criticisms. Although it is true
that the members of PLA shall be nominated by the respective Governments. But such
nomination shall be, in terms of Section 22-B(2)(b) of the Act, on recommendation by the
Legal Services Authority concerned. After such nomination, they have to be appointed by the
Legal Services Authority concerned. So there is no chance for the Government's nominee
getting appointed.
There is yet another criticism that the persons so appointed will not have legal
background. But, even in other alternative dispute redressal forums, along with persons with
judicial background experts, experienced persons without legal background are also
appointed. 93
The second criticism is with regard to the functioning of PLA insofar as it is given the
power to decide a dispute when the parties do not agree for a settlement. While deciding the
dispute, it is made clear that the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure and the Indian
Evidence Act will not have application.94
93
Supra note 23.
94
Ibid.
95
Supra note 3.
Adalat as to whether there exist elements of settlement is also a matter which can be
subjected to judicial review under Article 226 of the Constitution of India. Therefore, there
shall be a check in that respect as well.
It is further ensured in the Act that while deciding the dispute on merit, PLA shall be
guided by the "principles of natural justice, objectivity, fair play, equity and other principles
of justice". Thus, a fair procedure is always envisaged. Therefore, there is no reason for any
criticism on the power granted to PLA to decide the dispute in the event of a settlement not
being arrived at despite the existence of an element of settlement.
Further, it cannot be said that there is no appeal against the decision of PLA. So far as
the ordinary Lok Adalats (LA) are concerned which is in existence even prior to the
amendment and is still being continued no appeal will lie against an award of that Lok
Adalat.97 The ordinary LA adopts only a conciliatory method and does not decide a dispute.
Therefore, disputes are settled on consent of the parties. When a dispute is settled based on
consent, no appeal need lie from any such order or award even if there is a settlement in
court. Under the civil procedure law also no appeal shall lie from a decree passed on consent
of the parties. This is the reason the Act declares that "no appeal shall lie to any court against
the award" of ordinary Lok Adalat (LA) envisaged in Chapter VI of the Act.
But the award of Permanent Lok Adalat (PLA) envisaged in the newly introduced Chapter
VI-A is different. If it is an award upon consent of parties and is as a result of compromise,
necessarily, nobody will think of an appeal.
But, when there is a decision by PLA, as the parties did not agree for a compromise, it is
possible that the aggrieved party may think of an appeal. Every award of the Permanent Lok
Adalat, whether it is based on consent of the parties, or on compromise or upon the decision,
"shall be deemed to be a decree of a civil court". Thus the decision taken by PLA will have
96
Supra note 23.
97
Ibid.
anywhere in the Act that an award of a PLA shall not be called in question in any appeal 99, as
is done in the case of the award of an ordinary Lok Adalat (LA) in Section 21(2) of the Act.
Hence, the manifest difference in the provisions relating to the awards of PLA and LA is that
an appeal is possible against an award of PLA in terms of Section 96(1) of the Code of Civil
Procedure, when it is not specifically barred by the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987 and
as the award has all the attributes of a decree of a civil court. Even otherwise, the jurisdiction
under Article 226 of the Constitution of India cannot be ruled out, being one among the basic
features of the Constitution of India. Therefore, the criticism that the award of PLA cannot be
called in question in a higher forum has no force.
Moreover, PLA is a machinery to settle or decide disputes relating to public utility services.
Further, in the changing economic scenario, the establishments rendering public utility
services, enumerated in the Act might be run by corporate sectors. Common people may have
claims against these corporates. So, if they are given a speedy and inexpensive remedy to
resolve their grievances by means of PLAs, it should be welcomed.
98
Every decree, unless it is appealed against and so long as it is allowed to continue, will be final and binding
on the parties. Same is the case of an award of PLA.
99
When the award of PLA is treated as a decree of civil court and as it is not otherwise provided in the Legal
Services Authorities Act that no appeal shall lie from such award, necessarily, that being deemed a civil court
decree, an appeal shall lie from that decree.
Necessarily, an appeal shall also lie to a court depending upon the quantum of the amount involved in the
decree or to the High Court being a decision of a body consisting of three persons of which a District Judge or a
retired District Judge is the Chairman. So there is possibility for a judicial review in an appeal.
CHAPTER-VII
AWARD OF LOK
ADALAT
100
Decided on August 4, 2005, Appeal (Civil) 4677 of 2005, (Arising Out of S.L.P. (C) No. 20179/2003); AIR 2005
SC 3575).
101
P. T. Thomas v. Thomas Job, AIR 2005 SC 3575 [para 22]; 2005 AIR SCW 4593.
102
Valarmathi Oil Industries v. Saradhi Ginning Factory, AIR 2009 MADRAS 180 [Para 14].
103
P. K. Rajeswari v. P. K. Sooraj Kumar AIR 2006 KERALA 137 [Para 5]. P. T. Thomas v. Thomas Job, (2005) 8
SCC 478 , Moni Mathai v. Federal Bank of India, AIR 2003 Ker 164 followed.
104
AIR 2000 MP 301.
105
Ibid.
106
Supra note 12 at 9.
107
(1997) 7 SCC 622.
108
This may be because the Permanent Lok Adalats differ from Lok-Adalat in several respects. The former has
power to act both as conciliator and adjudicator, whereas, the latter only has to restrict its role as conciliator.
See for more detail for the role of Permanent Lok-Adalat, United India Insurance Co. Ltd vs Ajay Sinha And
Another on 13 May, 2008, [Bench: Justice V Sirpurkar, Justice S. B Sinha, judgement delivered by Justice S.B.
Sinha], the court describe,
'....the Permanent Lok Adalat does not simply adopt the role of an Arbitrator whose award could be the
subject matter of challenge but the role of an adjudicator. The Parliament has given the authority to the
Permanent Lok Adalat to decide the matter. It has an adjudicating role to play.' [Para 26].' Available at
http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1100992/ visited on 05.02.2011
109
A.P. High Court in Board of Trustees of the Port of Visakhapatnam v. Presiding Officer, Permanent, Lok
Adalat-cum-Secretary, District Legal Services Authority, Visakha-patnam and
another reported in 2000(5) ALT 577 [2000 Lab IC 3735] held,
"The award is enforceable as a decree and it is final. In all fours, the endeavour is only to see that the disputes
are narrowed down and make the final settlement so that the parties are not again driven to further litigation
or any dispute. Though the award of a Lok Adalat is not a result of a contest on merits just as a regular
suit by a Court on a regular trial, however, it is as equal and on par with a decree on compromise and will have
the same binding effect and conclusive just as the decree passed on the compromises cannot be challenged in
a regular appeal, the award of the Lok Adalat being akin to the same, cannot be challenged by any regular
remedies available under law including invoking Article 226 of the Constitution of India challenging the
correctness of the award on any ground. Judicial review cannot be invoked in such awards especially on the
grounds as raised in this writ petition.
See also, P. T. Thomas v. Thomas Job AIR 2005 SC 3575 [para 24]; 2005 AIR SCW 4593. For ratio and limit of
jurisdiction of Lok Adalat on 'Compromise and settlement, See, "Shashi Prateek v. Charan Singh Verma" AIR
2009 ALLAHABAD 109.
CHAPTER-VIII
LANDMARK
JUDGMENTS
110
2005 (3) KLT 1042 SC.
111
2006 (3) KLT 717.
112
2005 (2) KLT 185.
113
2005 (4) KLT 1038.
114
2003 (1) KLJ 406.
115
AIR 1956 SC 346.
116
2001 AIR (KAR) 504.
CHAPTER-IX
FINDINGS OF THE
STUDY
9.1. suggestions
The large population of India and the illiterate masses have found the regular
dispensation of justice through regular Courts very cumbersome and ineffective. Also, in
special conditions prevailing in the Indian society and due to the economic structure, highly
sensitised legal service is required which is efficacious for the poor and ignorant masses. It is
now a success and needs to be replicated in matters which have not yet been under the
domain of Lok Adalat.
At present there is an urgent need to have an alternative dispute resolution for
business disputes which is as good as the model of Lok Adalats. Moreover, there is a need to
use the techniques used in Lok Adalat in conflicts related to public issues where the number
of players is quite large and in most of the matters the government is also involved in one
way or the other.
Further, in India, courts are flooded with litigations. Thousands of cases are pending
for disposal in the Supreme Court of India, lakhs of cases are pending in the High Courts and
millions of cases are pending in the subordinate courts for disposal. In India, litigation span
of life is ordinarily running into a decade. In such scenario, Lok Adalat is definitely a positive
step towards access to justice particularly by poor and down trodden of our country. The
people of India have received benefits out of it without realizing the nature and status of the
institution and not bothering to know how their role is strengthening it.
Apart from this, with the change of time, India has to be a venue for international
arbitrations. New trends in litigation, such as those related to intellectual property rights,
cyber-crimes, environment, money laundering, competition, telecom, taxation, international
arbitration and so on need expertise. This could be possible only by providing proper training
to the judges of lok adalat. Establishing separate permanent and continuous Lok Adalats for
government departments, statutory authorities and public sector undertakings for disposal of
pending cases as well as disputes at pre-litigation stage, which is not yet done. Though this
measure is thought to been taken up by the NALSA in the year 1998 but yet not
implemented. So the same must be brought into picture as soon as possible.
Although, Lok Adalats are a big boon to the present judicial system. However lots of
work needs to be done in this sphere. E.g. There has to be more creation of awareness to
Legal Aid Schemes and programmes under it. More discipline must be brought into the
present system. For instance, since December 2005, over 2000 applications have been filed
9.2. CONCLUSION
The quest for equal, fair and even handed justice has been the passionate demand of
human being from the emergence of the society in all civilisations. Therefore, the right of
effective access to justice has developed as the most basic human rights of a legal system
which purports to guarantee the legal, social, political, cultural and economic rights in a
country.
The term access to justice connotes the ability of a person to participate in the judicial
process for the protection and enforcement of his rights. It covers more than bare court entry
and includes the ability to reach the lawyers, police, enforcement machinery and capacity to
bear the costs and time of litigation. In this backdrop, the right to access to justice through
efficacious justice delivery mechanism, is imperative to secure justice under the Constitution.
The Preamble makes it abundantly clear that justice social, economic and political are
the cherished objects. With the purpose to implement this object of trilogy of justice, the
various mandates enshrined in Part III and Part IV of the Constitution lay down emphasise on
the establishment of a qualitative justice dispensation system and at the doorsteps of people.
Similarly, the Apex Court has played a significant role through its number of judgments for
the betterment of administration of justice by declaring the right of free legal aid and speedy
trial as a part of fundamental rights under Article 14 and 21 of the Constitution.
However, in reality, our present judicial system based on Anglo-Saxon jurisprudence
is being buried under the monumental weight of arrears. Because, litigation has increased
manifolds, not only on account of population growth but also in view of new laws, legal
awareness, shortage of judges, industrial and commercial increasing involvement of
government in everyday life of people, growth, besides urbanization. The formal judicial
machinery has failed to administer qualitative and effective to the people due to delay,
corruption, highly cost of litigation, non access to justice, lengthy legal process due to
technical procedural laws and less number of courts etc.
Lok Adalat means people's court which solves the disputes of parties by discussion,
counselling, persuation and conciliation so that it gives speedy and cheaper justice with the
free and mutual consent of the parties. The institution of Lok Adalat is not the substitute of
existing judicial system but only works as supplementary to it so that mounting arrears are
reduced and quick justice is provided. It is a participatory justice mechanism in which judges,
lawyers, social workers law teachers and disputants altogether settle the dispute in friendly
atmosphere and in this way, they further the unity and integrity of society.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books Referred:
N.R. Madhava Menon, Clinical Legal Education( Eastern Book Company, Lucknow,
2010).
Sarfaraz Ahmed Khan, Lok adalat: An Effective Alternative Dispute Resolution
Mechanism, 65 (APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, 2006).
The Constitution of India, Universal Law Publications, 2013.
Articles Referred:
Anurag K Agarwal, “Role of Alternative Dispute Resolution Methods in
Development of Society: Lok Adalat in India” IIMA (2005).
D. K Sharma, “Lawyers and Lok Adalat,” 251 AIR (2004).
Dr. Deepa P. Patil, “A Critical analysis on Lok Adalat in India,” ISSN 3 (2015).
K.M.H Rayyappa, “Lok Adalats: Objectives, pre-requisites, strategies and
organization,” Ind Bar Rev 14:4 (1987).
M.R. Saxena “Legal Aid Advice Scheme and Lok Adalat”, 105 AIR (1986).
N.C. Jain, “Legal Aid, Its Scope and Effectiveness of the Legal Aid Rules in This
Regard,” 185 AIR (1996).
N.R. Madhava Menon, “Lok Adalat: People’s Programme for Speedy Justice,” Ind
Bar Rev 13:2 (1986).
Neela Kantho Das, “Restructuring of Judicial Administration in Orissa”, 132 AIR
(1991).
S. Rao, “Legal Aid and Undertrials,” 37 CrLJ (1993).
Paras Diwan, “Justice at the Door-Step of the People, The Lok Adalat System,” 85
AIR (1991).
Shiraj Sidhva, “Quick, Informal, Nyaya,” 39 LEXET JURIS (1988).
BIBLIOGRAPHY Page 60 of 62
UNDERSTANDING LOK ADALATS: INDIAN PERSPECTIVE
BIBLIOGRAPHY Page 61 of 62