Running head: SCHOOL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS

Factors that Parents Consider in Choosing Schooling System for Their Children

Name

University
SCHOOL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS 1

Abstract

Does the selection for private high school mean an improved student performance? The

society is plagued with the dilemma on what really should constitute formidable considerations

in making choices for children entering high schools (Buddin, Cordes & Kirby, 1998). What

obtains as a reliable criterion is hugely varied among parents, who are primary decision makers

in selection endeavors (Becchetti & Pisani, 2014). To conclusively answer this pressing

question, I need to conduct research aimed at generating data that will enable apt deductions

from the parents' perceptions. The kind of the investigation befitting this study is a qualitative

research study. The objective of this study aims at gathering the opinions of parents regarding the

factors they consider during school selection. The paradigm of grounded data phenomenon will

correctly suffice to give proper inferences that will support the research question generated

(Merriam & Tisdell, 2015). The study design assumed by the research is qualitative retrospective

research, and sampling will be done as opposed to the census for data collection purposes.

Introduction

Choosing the best choice for the schooling system has been a difficult task for the parents

as the major stakeholders. Two considerations compound the decision making on the part of the

parents. One, the effective competition in the two systems that raises the accountability of the

individual system (Figlio & Hart, 2014; Greany, 2014). Two, the funding that is given by the

government based on performance in both private and public schools (Sallis, 2014). These two

considerations are used as a benchmark to predict the performance of the students.

However, the learning atmosphere in the private schools tends to incline the choices to

their favor against public schools by two core attributes. First, the private system facilitates

cohesion among students by fostering students' equality (Hanushek & Woessmann, 2014).
SCHOOL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS 2

Second, the students in private schools are from high-income class, and parents who are sensitive

to social status favors private system (Buddin, Cordes & Kirby, 1998). Despite these advantages,

the selection procedures used in joining private school become skewed and performance reported

may not reflect the input of the school on students’ performance (Abdulkadiroğlu, Angrist &

Pathak, 2014). For example, the criteria used for admission are too high, and only bright students

meet the requirements; therefore, the teachers have high expectation for the students and provide

rigorous instructional material to make student maintain their performance (Goldhaber, 1996).

Although the responsibility of choosing is viewed to favor the input of the parent with

68% claiming parents should make choice of the kind of school for their children, the best

parameter to use in the selection is hampering them (Buddin, Cordes & Kirby, 1998). Until now,

there are no known foolproof parameters to employ in the selection; however, Hanushek and

Woessmann (2014), posit that a constellation of parameters ought to get deployed to achieve

better results. For the purpose of coming up with the best selection parameter, the impact of

competitive based performance and funding based performance to the achievement of students

would get investigated.

Literature Review

Family Attributes

Parents tend to increase education investment in their children at all cost and as part of

their social responsibility duties. Family sizes have shown to influence the nature of education

investment a family assumes (Carbonaro, 2006). Family with many children are more likely to

distribute their investment among children and therefore, may find it more appealing to opt for a

public school system that would ensure all children in a family have the opportunity to study.
SCHOOL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS 3

Regardless of household income, the parent always tries to create a balance by affordable

investing in the education of their children (Buddin, Cordes, & Kirby, 1998). On the other hand

families with one or two children may afford to invest heavenly on them by taking them to the

private school of their choice since there is no competing interest among the equitable

distribution of education investment. However, parents with a single child, and in a low-income

tier may still find it economical to choose a school of their means (Becchetti & Pisani, 2014).

Parental citizenship is another family attribute that affects the school choice for children.

The parents who are new to a place are more likely to have unpredictable income, and therefore,

they invest little in their children (Urquiola, 2016). Parents who are noncitizen have different

taste and preferences for the type of school best for their children. Sometimes they have little

information about the performance profile of the school in their vicinity and therefore may

choose a public school by default. Behrman and colleague (2016) argues that noncitizen parent

who are of high means would take their children to private school where they feel would be

buffered from perceived struggles in public schools. New parents have limited choices of the

kinds of school. Some schools restrict the age of students get admitted to high schools, and this

threshold age is not universal across all nations (Heyneman & Stern, 2014). A new parent may

get bewildered since the choices are constraints if the child does not qualify for admission.

Parents who reside in rented houses seldom take their kids to private school. It hinges

again on saving to live within their means (Foley, Gallipoli & Green, 2014). Another attribute

that affects the choice of school a parent makes is the level of education. Some parents who went

through the public school solemnly take their children to private school and vice versa. Parents

who are themselves educated are assumed to take their kids to private schools by all means

within their rich including adopting study insurance plan for their children (Good & Braden,
SCHOOL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS 4

2014). Reported has indicated a positive correlation between parents who are old and taking their

kids to private schools. This behavior is attributable to delayed parenting that drives the parents

to invest heavily in their children education (Cowen et al., 2013). Choosing private school is one

of the extended care the parents have to their kids. Single parents prefer taking their children to

private schools as opposed to traditional families that have both parents.

Students Characteristics

Students’ religion and gender play critical role in the kind of school system parents

choose for them. A religious family mainly Catholic are more likely to take their children to

Catholic private schools (Goldhaber, 1996). In this case, the children schooling system is chosen

by default, by virtue of religious inclination of the students (Cowen et al., 2013). The private

school gets selected because they offer a one-sex education which not applicable in public high

schools. In this case, the gender becomes a factor for consideration. In addition, the grade of

students may determine the kind of school he or she would join. There are expectations that

children with higher grades would accede to a private school that requires higher cut-off marks

to join (Goldring, Gray & Bitterman, 2013). However, this trend has changed, and students with

weak points are also entering private schooling due to affirmative action in which all school

should consider equality in the selection of students.

Voucher for Tuition

Subsidization of tuition fees for high school students may affect the kind of choices the

parents as the major stakeholders have on making decisions. The voucher is given to facilitate

parent to take children to private schools that have high charges. On the contrary, most parents

do not consider these vouchers as real incentives (Chakrabarti, 2013). The parents are insensitive
SCHOOL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS 5

to out of pocket financing for the education of their children. The voucher system allowed

parents to broaden their option for educating their children. However, a study conducted by

Buddin and colleagues (1998), in the state of California showed that voucher had little effect on

the choices that parent made concerning taking children to private schools. Private schools are

viewed as best performing as compared to their public counterpart. The subsided tuition fees for

private school showed a negative correlation between the private school selection and academic

performance (Fleming et al., 2015). The introduction of the voucher to enable parents to enroll

students in private school only furthered the perception woven into the fabric of people’s

thinking that private are better than public schools, and guarantee exemplary performance for

students. According to Goldhaber, 1996, voucher incentives accorded private high schools undue

praises indirectly which perhaps compounds the selection process.

Public School Characteristic

In public high schools, there is a disparity in the student-teacher ratio that may

compromise the quality of education student can get from the system. In areas where the student-

teacher ratio is significant, the parent is inclined to shift their children from public to private

schools (MacLeod & Urquiola, 2015). The parents feel comfortable in school scenarios where

the number of teachers is proportional to the number of students in class. Chakrabarti (2013),

supposes that small classes become preferred as the most efficient teaching modality. The

parents also consider the each student expenditure report of public school that is made available

to the public to assess whether their children are getting quality for their money (Buddin, Cordes,

& Kirby, 1998). Public schools get subjected to evaluation, and the test score is released in

newspapers and other media (Sahito et al., 2016). This reportage allows the parent to assess the

performance of public schools and where results are not good some parents decides to transfer
SCHOOL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS 6

their children to private school where it is presumed they perform better. Another consideration

parents take into account is the teachers' salaries. The high-salaried teacher is more active and

motivated in teaching and therefore, parents are unlikely to transfer their children from such

schools (Lubienski, Crane, & Lubienski, 2008). These school characteristics are not universal

among all schools and therefore, do not constitute a rationale for making a choice for the type of

school to take a child especially when a parent is new.

Private School Characteristic

In private education system, the student-teacher ratio is small in the majority of schools.

There is an expectation that parents would choose the schools with smaller class sizes to

facilitate children to get the attention of the teacher and thereby promote performance in school.

Although this scenario holds true, research has indicated that few parents shift their children

from public school because of larger class sizes in the counterpart system. According to

Woessmann (2016), salary for the teacher are high in private schools, and therefore, the teacher

is high spirited and tend to work to their level best. Test score for private schools are not

publicized, and few parents have the information of the school performances (Lubienski, Crane,

& Lubienski, 2008). However, this has shown to have no impact on the choices parents have for

their children. According to Hanushek and Woessmann (2014), experts in children education

argue that test score only captures the cumulative achievement of a school and fails to assess the

value added to students. In a survey conducted by Sahito and colleagues (2016) to delineate the

patterns of children transfer between schools, it contends that, it is only in rare cases a child gets

transferred from private to public schools. The consideration and application of effective student-

teacher ratio and cost per student expenditure seem to contradict the perception parents have in
SCHOOL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS 7

public schools (Buddin, Cordes, & Kirby, 1998). Hence, the use of these parameter becomes

ineffective and unreliable while making admission decisions.

Private schools get praised for encouraging the integration of students by admitting

students from a different racial background. The private institutions create cohesion and

harmony by treating all students equal in all aspects. Altonji, Elder, and Taber (2005) contend

that most of the noncitizen prefers to take their children to private schools as opposed to public

schools. He also adds that minority groups are more comfortable in booking their kids in private

schools. Another characteristic of private school is high tuition. The study conducted by Duflo,

Dupas, and Kremer (2015), showed that although the tuition for private school is discriminative,

it is not a primary consideration when parents are making choices for their children. The majority

of parents indicated that tuition fees are secondary to performance and gets intuitively borne in

mind, but never a consideration merited any weight in the selection procedure. This report

contradicts the report by Urquiola (2015), who posited that tuition is a major factor in choosing

the school system for a child. However, there is no single difference between the quality of

education in private schools which is usually assessed internally and public schools where results

get publicized.

Selection in Private School

Before joining the private high school, the school administers a test in which student get

evaluated for eligibility. Some private schools require that a student attains a particular score

which is often very high (Lubienski, Crane, & Lubienski, 2008). The students who pass this test

indicate they are already preconditioned to succeed in their studies. The teacher in private

schools provides rigorous instructional materials to the students as they have high expectation for

them to perform well (Carbonaro, 2006). It creates a problem; it becomes difficult to ascertain
SCHOOL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS 8

the actual impact the school system had on the students. The selected students are high

performers, and therefore, the overall performance of the private school is guaranteed based on

the individual student capability but not the school inputs. Research conducted by Woessmann

(2016), showed that private schools that have a higher cut-off point for student joining in most

occasions top in the performance while the test gets done.

Role of Parents in Selection

Parents are the primary contributors to the type of school choice made for their children.

Parents are assumed to have adequate information about the school's choices based on

accumulated experience of the schooling systems. Chakrabarti (2013) contends that parents are

more likely to choose a school that has a low student-teacher ratio, which means that a child

receives the quality education and proper attention during classwork. He also contends that

guardian prefers classes that have few students which and cost per student expenditure is high.

This consideration ensures that student gets value for their tuition and hence improved

performances. Parent are said to be sensitive to the dynamic of student bodies in a school system

(Buddin, Cordes, & Kirby, 1998). The school with a student body from a high-income family is

preferred by parents as compared to a school with students from low-earning families

(Lubienski, Crane, & Lubienski, 2008). The student leadership and school management are other

factors that parent consider while choosing between competing options for schools.

Learning Opportunities

Various factors contribute to the learning opportunities for students while in any

schooling system. The experiences a student gets while in school may differ from one to another;

however, an education system can harmonize a strategy for maximizing the learning
SCHOOL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS 9

opportunities for students (Carbonaro, 2006). Practical class sizes can provide a conducive

environment for learning and hence boost the performance of a student. Classes with few

students are deemed appropriate for creating a friendly learning environment in which a teacher

can comfortably assess the progress of each student with ease (Goldhaber, 1996). Large classes

tend to be more boring for students especially those that have some weakness in particular areas

of study. The teacher should be able to identify such weakness in a smaller class and chart a

remedy for the student. Enough instruction material is another factor that can contribute to

learning opportunities (Lubienski, Crane, & Lubienski, 2008). Students who receive ample

reading materials becomes more adept and consequently perform well.

Time taken by a teacher in class is also crucial as it determines the interaction capacity

the student have with instructions. A teacher who takes more time in class is likely to boost the

performance of the student by giving more instructional materials and helping a student in

technical areas where student feel awkward. Carbonaro (2006), contends that the performance of

student positively correlate with instructional materials and time taken by a teacher in helping

students synthesize those materials. Curriculum coverage is another component of learning

opportunity for students. The teacher who follows the curriculum to the latter allows the students

to grasp the concept and improve the understanding of the core subjects (Goldhaber, 1996). The

time it takes to finish a curriculum also impact of the pace in which student accumulate learning.

Students who complete their curriculum early perform better than students who go slowly on

curriculum coverage (Buddin, Cordes, & Kirby, 1998). Learning opportunity, therefore, can

constitute a parameter to consider during school selections

Competition and Performance

SCHOOL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS 10

Competition between the public and private school is viewed to increase the benefit to the

consumer body who are the students. By inclusion of a private school in selection for students’

option, the public schools became compelled to competitive for relevance. The competition

created advantages to student due to improved performances. Cowen and colleagues (2013),

argue that only through competition can public school blossom their academic achievement and

become the leading option for parents to consider in selection for their children. Competition in

schools creates a conducive atmosphere for learning, which does not perform to start new

strategy to jump-start their performance improvement (Goldhaber, 1996). On the other hand,

private counterparts are already competing among themselves constructively and have increased

the reputation of the private school. The competition ranges from performance to creating an

adequate learning opportunity for students. A study conducted in some school in California

indicated that competitiveness of education positively correlates with the selection of school

(Buddin, Cordes, & Kirby, 1998).

Funding for schools

Funding selection for schools by the government tends to consider the competitiveness of

school whether public or private. Funding some competitive school means that there are only

two options for low-performing school; to either improve or get closed (Carbonaro, 2006). This

initiative skews the priorities for schools. The schools are forced to introduce programs that will

enable them to compete for funds and not for the benefits of the student's performance. It is valid

the funding would increase the cost per student expenditure and allow the school to offer quality

education, but it might wrongly prioritize the goals of the schooling system (Goldhaber, 1996).

Public schools are perceived inefficient in their operations, and it is only through competition

that such inefficiencies can get eliminated (Hanushek, 1989).

SCHOOL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS 11

Statement of Purpose

Private schools are perceived to be the best performer as compared to the public

counterparts, but little information gets provided to verify this claim.The research aims at

investigating the factors that impact the school selection by parents for their children. It will

analyze the criteria that are useful by the parent in making school choices and infer whether they

can directly contribute to the improved performance of students. The research will employ a

different approach to what the other researchers had assumed to remove bias from the study.

Taking the parent perspective can generate invaluable information concerning specific benefits

accruing to students in each judicious selection.

Research Questions

What are factors that parents consider in choosing schooling system for their children?

What challenges do parents face while selecting the best school for their children?

What impact does competition based performance between the private and public schools have

on school selection? Commented [lcb1]: Given your qualitative methods,

impact is not the right word. It seems like you really want to
know how does competition effect parental decisions. If so,
Research Methodology then you need to change the third research question.

Research Design

The research will assume an ethnographic qualitative approach in the study. It will Commented [lcb2]: Why is ethnography appropriate for
your study?
explore salient existing factors that parent consider while making school selection choices for

their children seeking admission in high schools, the challenges that hamper the selection

process, and the impact of constructive competitive between the two schooling systems. The
SCHOOL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS 12

research design will involve interviews and open-ended questionnaires to gather information

from the participant.

Participants

The participants for this study will include parents who have children in high schools. A

district will get chosen for conducting this study and proper permission secured from respective

authorities. The parents selected will encompass all ethnic group in the district area of the study

to minimize bias in the research undertaking.

Sample Size and Sampling Technique

The participants to be used in the study will be drawn from the population using stratified

random sampling methods and criterion technique. The participant to this study will be chosen

randomly from all the ethnic groups in the district area of the survey. The different ethnic group

will be considered as the strata for this selection. Random sampling from each tier will minimize

bias in the study and generate more reliable data that can more predictably use to draw a

generalization. The study design will pick participants from each ethnic category in the study
area to ensure inclusivity of all parents’ perceptions (Palinkas et al., 2015). The research
sampling strategy will employ criterion technique during selection of the participants. The parent
population who have children in high schools in either private or public system will get selected
Commented [lcb3]: You need to re-read the information
about stratification in the text and the purpose for
stratification. Explain why you are selecting 30 people for
each strata AND the target N for each strata fits with the
concept of stratification.
This is better, but how many people will you pick from each
strata?

in this case. The study will only consider and include the participants who are willing. The study

will exclude adults who do not speak English language and those who are a visitor and not a

permanent resident of the chosen district in events where translation is not feasible. The

sampling will be purposeful to ensure the participant chosen will generate reliable information to

address the respective research question developed

SCHOOL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS 13

Study Procedures

To address research question about the factor that parent take into account while

choosing a schooling system, the study will utilize questionnaire as the principal tool to gather
information from the participant. I will generate simple questions for the surveys that will
precisely capture the information about the perception relating factors influencing the school
Commented [lcb4]: You need to be consistent about your
use of the terms questionnaire and survey. A survey
measures a specific construct, such as self-efficacy.
However, a questionnaire is often used to measure opinions
about programs. Just ensure that you review the definitions
from the literature and use the term that is appropriate to
your study.

choice among high school parents. The questionnaire will be distributed randomly within the tier

groups in a way that will show utmost respect to the participant. The candidates are free to deny

participation in the study if they feel awkward. The questionnaire will be delivered in envelopes

to ensure confidentiality of the participants in the study. The question will be simple and

straightforward and yet in a polite way (Mertens, 2014). The open-ended questionnaire will

engage the participants to give their opinion and gives a brief explanation of what they feel need

to be done to improve the situation. I will include in the questionnaire, the details on how to

return a duly completed questionnaire in a way that will be convenient to the participants.

In order to address the second research question; the challenges faced by parents in

selecting school for their children, the study will utilize interviews with parents. The

interviewees will get selected randomly from the participating parents. The interviews will

reinforce the information captured in the questionnaires and possibly obtain data missed by the

technical nature of the open-ended questionnaires as envisioned by Palinkas and colleagues,

2015. Interviews will be conducted both in face to face and through telephone calls where
participant willingly supply their contacts. Phone calls will be used during a follow-up or while
seeking clarification on information participants had previously supplied to the study either in
Commented [lcb5]: How will you select interviewees?
You need a separate discussion for the sampling strategies
for each part of your study. It may be helpful to begin each
paragraph describing each part of the study with, to address
research question one, a questionnaire will be distributed…..
etc.

questionnaires or during interviews sessions. The contacts of the willing participant will be

coded to maintain their confidentiality and anonymity during data analysis.

SCHOOL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS 14

To address research question three; the impact of competition among private and public

school on the selection criterion, again, the study will employ an open-ended questionnaire that Commented [lcb6]: You need to include sample questions
for each of the 3 research questions.
would include issues relating to perception of school competition. The participants will get

selected from parent participants who have children in private schools and those with the

children in public schools. This selection would prevent skewing of opinions and thereby

reducing the likelihood of bias in the study. The duly completed questionnaires would be

collected from a terminal specified in the questionnaire's instruction section. Only responses that

capture opinions regarding the impact of competition between private and public school to

school selection will qualify as informative data. Participants autonomy will be respected at all

time during the entire research study.

Data Coding and Presentation Commented [lcb7]: What method will you use to code the
data?

After the collection of the questionnaires and sorting the one that meets merit threshold

for analysis, the coding process will kick off. The data gathered from the field will get coded for

compatibility with interpretation mechanism selected for analysis (Edwards & Lampert, 2014).

Editing of the entries will only get done where the discrepancy is evident such as spelling

mistake or wrong ticks outside the boxes provided in the response section of the questionnaires.

Where possible, a participant will be contacted to clarify an answer to remove an ambiguity that

has potential to generate errors in the research. In all this process, preservation of the integrity of Commented [lcb8]: What type one error is generated and
why?
the raw data will be crucial. The skewing of the data will not get tolerated. Any manipulated Look at the type of questions that you are asking. Are you
gathering quantitative data where you could make
information will suffer automatic disqualification from further analysis. comparisons? Or, are you gathering qualitative data using
open-ended questions?

Preliminary Data Presentation and Analysis

SCHOOL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS 15

The data collected from questionnaires and interview session which is now coded will then be

subjected to inductive interpretation to allow generation of grounded data theory (Mertens, Commented [lcb9]: Earlier you indicated that the study
was ethnographic….
2014). The data from each research question will be analyzed independently and interpreted on

its own merits to facilitate clear validation of the study goals. In respect to the first research

question, the factors enumerated by parents as the core parameters will be listed and bar graphs

showing the relative frequencies depending on parents' perception in various ethnic tiers. A

similar approach will be assumed while analyzing the challenges faced by parents during school

selection events.it is expected to generate insight that discloses the challenges that cut across the

ethnic backgrounds, levels of income, and other social factors that underpin decision making

concerning school choice (Becchetti & Pisani, 2014). Concerning the third research question, the

data collected and coded will get interpreted in relation to the insight obtained by research

question one. This would eliminate contradiction that might arise whenever competition become

enumerated as a factor that influences school choices while collecting information for research

question one.

Expected Results and Discussion

The results obtained from interpretation of the collected responses will be discussed and

compared with previous work that has been done on the topic to show the area of similarities and

pinpoint the differing opinions, and subsequently draw conclusion (Merriam & Tisdell, 2015).

The limitations of the study will be identified and discussed in broad and the challenges

encountered will be enumerated including any constraints that hindered the investigation in any

way. The areas that need further research will get listed as a recommendation for further survey

interrogation. The results obtained, discussion and interpretations will get compiled into a report

that will add scientific insight to the pool of knowledge already in the public domain.
SCHOOL SELECTION CONSIDERATIONS 16

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