1. 1.

Review of Related Literature Lecture 3

2. 2. Research Process– The Research Problem– Formulation of Research
Objectives– Review of Related Literature– Delimitation of the Research
Problem– Formulation of Testable Hypothesis– Identification of Research
Variables– Construction of Research Design– Designing Tools for Data
Collection– Designing Plan for Data Analysis– Collection of Data– Data
Processing– Data Analysis and Interpretation– Drawing Conclusions and
Recommendations– Writing of Research Report– Reporting of Research
Findings
3. 3. Related Literature• Composed of discussions of facts and principles to which
the present study is related• Materials which are usually printed and found in
books, encyclopedias, professional journals, magazines, newspapers, and other
publications
4. 4. IMPORTANCE, PURPOSES, AND FUNCTIONS OF RELATED LITERATURE
5. 5. 1. It helps or guides the researcher in searching for or selecting a better
research problem or topic2. It helps the investigator understand his topic or
research better.3. It ensures that there will be no duplication of other studies.4. It
provides the conceptual or theoretical framework of the planned research
6. 6. 5. It gives the researcher a feeling of confidence6. It provides information
about the research methods used7. It provides findings and conclusions of past
investigations
7. 7. CHARACTERISTICS OF RELATED LITERATURE MATERIALS
8. 8. 1. The surveyed materials must be as recent as possible2. Materials reviewed
must be objective and unbiased3. Materials surveyed must be relevant to the
study4. Surveyed materials must have been based upon genuinely original and
true facts or data to make them valid and reliable.
9. 9. HOW TO CONDUCT THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
10. 10. • Visit the school library or other libraries in the vicinity. Browse over books,
magazines, journals, etc. Be patient.• Do a computer-aided search through an
electronic database. – Google Scholar – Website of journals; Botanicus• Ask for
reprints from experts
11. 11. • Take down notes on index card or research notebook. Begin organizing
your notes by devising sections and headings such as: a. General Information b.
Methods in other studies c. Support for Objectives 1 and 2. d. Results to
compare with mine. e. Pros and cons of controversy
12. 12. • write all bibliographic information, i.e., author(s), complete title, publisher,
date and place of publication, and so on• PARAPHRASE!
13. 13. GUIDE QUESTIONS
14. 14. 1. Do the accumulated literature indicate gaps and inconsistencies which you
hope to fill?2. Are the variables adequately described?3. What data gathering
instruments have been used? Are they reliable and valid tools?4. Are the target
and sampling populations presented?5. Were the hypotheses tested and
correctly interpreted?6. Are the results logical? Are the conclusions and
recommendations data-based?
15. 15. HOW TO WRITE THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
16. 16. • Use headings arranged in logical order to indicate main points• Avoid too
long introduction to your main topic.• Include information that are directly related
and relevant to your topic.• A maximum of half-page (double-space) must
constitute one paragraph• Do not copy in toto the information from your source.
No more than 10% of the entire paper is allowed for direct quotation.
17. 17. • Give due credit to the real source of your data. Cite the authors at the end
of the sentence. How?• Paraphrase using your own words and style the data
gathered.• Summarize important points from your sources and relate them to
your topic.• Reinforce your data with selected figures or statistics from your
course.
18. 18. A common problem in writing RRL isthat it can turn onto a boring list of ideas
in paragraph form.
19. 19. HOW TO AVOID THE PREVIOUS• Make subheads (not too many),
transitional phrases and unifying ideas to make information flow smoothly.
20. 20. HOW TO AVOID THE PREVIOUS• Spice your writing with a variety. Keep
your paper alive!• Author A found out• Author B found out• Replace found out
with: – Demonstrates – presented evidence for – Supported – Observed –
Reported – Examined – Concluded
21. 21. • Early in the 1980’s, author A According to Author A,
22. 22. What related literatures should be included in this problem?• To investigate
the histological effects of neem seed kernel extract on mouse testis
23. 23. General Objectives:To investigate the histological effects of neem seed
kernel extract on mouse testisSpecific Objectives:1. To identify the changes in
testes histology due to neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) exposure.2. To
determine the relationship between neem seed kernel extract (NSKE) and
occurrence of abnormal sperm morphology.3. To provide a feasible physiological
basis for the anti-libido property of neem extract.