Types of immunity :-

1- innate immunity
2- adaptive ( acquired ) immunity .

* Innate immunity :-
-antigen independent ( No require antigen )
- invariant ( generalized )
- early , limited specifity .
- the first line of defense .
- not have memory .

*Cells of innate immunity :-

1- Neutrophil
2- eosinophil
3- basophil
4- NK cells ( natural killer )
5- macrophage
6- mast cells .

*Adaptive immunity :-
- antigen dependent ( require antigen )
- variable
- later , highly specifity
- have memory .
- mediated by lymphocytes .
- may give lifelong immunity .

* Cells of adaptive immunity :-

1- T-lymphocyte ( CD4 - CD8 )
2- B-lymphocyte .
3- dendritic cells .

* antigen :- substance capable of inducing specific immune response .

White Blood Cells ( WBCs ) :-

-directional movement of WBCs by :- Chemotaxis
There are two main types of WBC involved in the adaptive immune response :-
1- antigen - presenting cells (APCs ) :- it is activate T-cell , example : macrophage
2- Lymphocytes :- consist of two types :- 1- T-cell 2- B-cell

*Cells of innate immunity :-

1- Neutrophil :-
-Function :- Phagocytosis .
-Antigen Receptor :- No .
-short life span .
2- eosinophil :-
-Function:- Parasites killer . e.g ( schistosoma , helminthes )
- Antigen Receptor :- No .
3- Basophil :-
-Function:- Important in allergic disorders
- Antigen receptor :- No
- Found in IgE .

4- NK cell :-
Function : kill tumors and viruses infected cells .
Antigen receptor :- No

5- macrophage :-
Function : phagocytosis and antigen presentation to T-cell .
Antigen Receptor :- No

6- Mast cell :-
Function : Kill parasites .
Antigen receptor :- No
-Found in IgE.
- Found in connective Tissue .

* Cells of adaptive immunity :-

1- T-lymphocyte :-
-Function :- the main regulators of immune system
-Antigen Receptor :- Yes .
- maturation in thymus .

2- B-lymphocyte :-
- Function :- Production of antibodies .
- Antigen Receptor :- Yes .
- Maturation in Bone Marrow .
- Regulated By T-cells .

3- dendritic cells :-
- Function :- transport antigen and activate T-cell

*Monocytes :-
- Function :- to become macrophage .
- Both monocyte and macrophage act as phagocytosis .

*Lymphocytes :-
- Responsible for the adaptive immune response.
- there are 2 classes :-
1- T-lymphocytes . ( Low and high Zone tolerance ) ( for cellular immunity )
2- B-lymphocytes. ( high zone tolerance ) ( for humoral immunity )
* T-lymphocytes may differentiate into several classes of effector cells :-
1- Helper T lymphocytes ( CD4 ) :- Secrete Cytokinase . and help other cell to mount
immune response .
2- Cytotoxic T lymphocyte ( CD8 ) :- kill virus infected or allogenic .
3- Regulatory T lymphocytes :- Help to mediate Immuno Tolerance .

* Lymphoid Organs :-
1- Primary lymphoid organs :- consist of Bone marrow and Thymus
2- Secondary Lymphoid organs :- consist of lymph nodes , spleen , mucosa –
associated lymphoid tissue ( MALT ) e.g :- tonsils , peyer patches,appendix,
bronchial, mammary tissues.

General Information of Immunology :-

* Antibodies ( immunoglobulin ) :-
- it is proteins secreted from B-Lymphocytes ( plasma cell )
-there are 5 classes of immunoglobulin :-
1- IgM :- the most Ig secreted in primary immune responses . and represent the cell
surface receptor of B-lymphocytes .
2- IgG :- the major Ig found in the blood
3- IgD :- the minor Ig .
4- IgE :- stimulate mast cells and cause them release histamine .
5- IgA:- Found in secretion , Such as Saliva & breast Milk .

* Role of antibodies :-
1- Precipitation
2- Agglutination
3- Virus Neutralization .
4- Toxin Neutralization .
5-Complement Fixation .
6- Opsonezation :- antibody molcules can coat cellular antigen making it easier for
phagocyte .

- Complements :- series of proteins in the blood , that can mediate lysis red cells .

- lymphocytes can be detected by using :- Immunoflurescence technique .

- the part of antigen recognized by the antigen combining sites of receptors called
antigenic determinant or epitope .

- Affinity :- Binding in homogenous system .

- Avidity :- Binding in hetrogenous system
 Immunoglobulin in Body :-

1- IgG :-
- IgG is The smallest antibody in the human.
- IgG Found in large amount in blood .
- IgG can cross placenta .
- IgG antibodies are involved in the secondary immune response
- IgG is The most common antibody involved in warm antibody
-IgG is monomeric immunoglobulin

2- IgM :-
- IgM is largest antibody in the human ( highest in electrophoresis )
- IgM have five molecule (pentamer immunoglobulin )
- IgM can not cross placenta
- IgM is the main antibody involved in primary immune response
- IgM are efficient activator of the complement fixation
- IgM Increased of IgM cause cold agglutination syndrome
- IgM represent the cell surface receptor of B-lymphocytes .
- IgM is blood grouping antibody .

3- IgE :-
- It is found in small amounts in serum tissue.
- IgE only been found in mammals
- IgE plays an important role in allergy , parasitic worms.
- IgE is monomeric immunoglobulin .
-IgE found in mast cells and basophil
IgE are un flexible

4- IgA :-
- IgA is the main immunoglobulin found in mucous secretions, including tears, saliva.
- IgA prevent attachment of viruses and bacteria to epithelial surfaces.
-IgA dimmer imunogloblin

5- IgD :-
- IgD function is not known,
-IgD is monomeric imunoglobulin