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CHAPTER

6
HEAT STRESS CLASSIFICATION

Operations involving radiant heat sources, high humidity, high air


temperatures, direct physical contact with hot objects, or strenuous physical
activities have a very high potential of inducing heat stress in employees engaged
in such operations. Such places can include: nonferrous foundries, brick-firing
and ceramic plants, iron and steel foundries, glass products facilities, rubber
products factories, electrical utilities (particularly boiler rooms), bakeries,
confectioneries, laundries, food canneries, commercial kitchens, chemical plants,
mining sites, smelters, and steam tunnels.

Unless someone collapses from heat exhaustion or heat stroke, the possible
ill effects of working in the heat may not be obvious. This means that it is
imperative to identify whether those employees who may be at risk from heat
stress are suffering from any heat-related illnesses. In few situations this may have
to be treated with care and sensitivity, e.g. sustained heat exposure may result in
symptom reporting not readily associated with heat exposure, e.g. rashes, impaired
male fertility etc. Other effects are not easily visible like difficulty in sleeping and
associated changes in sleep- wake cycle which may render the person working in
heat environments forever fatigued.

Thus the analysis of the changes that are happening in the sleep wake cycle
of a person working under heat stress can lead to possible remedies and diagnosis
for the permanent damage that heat stress induces in the brain. The following
method which incorporates the use of fuzzy method for heat stress level
classification can be used as a way to evaluate the changes in the EEG pattern of
the person suffering from heat stress.

Before delving into the heat stress classification and use of fuzzy logic to
classify it. It is necessary to study the change that leads to derivation of the fuzzy
if-then rules that govern the heat stress levels. The following section deals with the

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changes that take place in frequency and band power of the sleep stages. Wavelet
coefficients analysis has been done to study the even the minute changes that
different frequency component undergoes when subjected to heat stress. Fig 4.1
shows the algorithm for heat stress classification.

Fig 4.1:- Algorithm for heat stress classification

4.1 Discrete wavelet decomposed EEG signals


All the sleep EEG signals were loaded on Matlab one by one and
decomposed up to five levels on dyadic scale. To extract the important features,
the decomposed signals were zoomed in at different levels and irregularities in
frequency studied. An example of decomposition and feature selection in terms of
wavelet coefficients has been presented in Figure-4.1, which is a case of AWAKE
and SWS states exposed to acute heat stress. The left and right columns show the

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approximation (a1 to a5) and detail (d1 to d5) respectively. It is obvious from
Figure-4.1 that d3 and a4 contain relevant frequency information as compared to d 1
and d2. At times, very small values of details d 1 and d2 indicate the local short
duration disturbances, which might have been due to background activities
occurred during recording. The approximations a 2 and a3 bear strong resemblance
with the original signal, whereas a 4 and a5 are least informative. Similarly, for
SWS case, the presence of slow waves and absence of fast waves can be clearly
observed from approximation a4, detail d4, and to some extent detail d 5. The
approximations a1, a2, and details d1, d2, d3 are not of much interest for the
analysis.

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Signal and Approximation(s) Coefs, Signal and Detail(s)
0.4 5
4
0.2
s 0
3
2
cfs

AWAKE (acute)
-0.2 1
0.4
0
0.2
-0.02 0 s
a5 -0.04
-0.2

-0.06 0.05
0.05 0 d5
0 -0.05
a4 -0.05
-0.1 0.2

0
d4
0.2 -0.2

a3 0
0.2
-0.2
0 d3
0.4 -0.2
0.2 0.1
a2 0
0.05

-0.2
0 d2
-0.05
0.4
0.02
0.2
a1 0 0 d1
-0.2
-0.02
100 200 300 400 500 100 200 300 400 500
Signal and Approximation(s) Coefs, Signal and Detail(s)
0.1
5
4
0
s
3
2
cfs
-0.1 1
0.1
-0.02
SWS (acute)

0
s
a5 -0.1
-0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
0
0 d5
-0.02
-0.02
a 4 -0.04
-0.06
0.05
-0.08
0.05
0 d4
-0.05
0
a 3
-0.05
-0.1 0.05
-0.15 0 d3
-0.05
0.05
0
a 2 -0.05
0.02
-0.1 0 d2
-0.15 -0.02

0.05
0.01
0
a 1 -0.05 0 d1
-0.1
-0.01
-0.15
100 200 300 400 500 100 200 300 400 500

Figure-4.2: Decomposition of AWAKE and SWS EEG signals at different levels.


Subjects are under exposure to acute heat stress.

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4.2 Wavelet packet decomposition


To make sure whether the selections of different levels of decomposition as well as
extracted features are justified, one dimensional (1-D) wavelet packet transform
analysis was applied to the signal, which confirms the presence of desired EEG
activities and absence of least significant frequency bands. Figure-4.2 illustrates
information regarding time and frequency contents in AWAKE, SWS, and REM
signals. In order to get the wavelet decomposition of the EEG signals, the data is
processed in the MATLAB to assess the scale time and power time values. This
processing reveals various facts that are used to make fuzzy rule for classification of
signal into acute stress or chronic stress.

The following frequency bands are considered in the EEG signal for classification.
Frequency Band Name Frequency scale
Alpha 8-12 Hz
Beta 12-45 Hz
Delta 4-8 Hz
Theta 0-4 Hz

The following analysis has been done with samples having frequency of 256 Hz and
each sample considered for processing further has a sample time of 2 seconds. The
‘db5’ wavelet or the ‘Daubechies 5’ wavelet has been used here. Wavelets are small
waves or signals that are used to decompose a signal into different
levels/scales/frequencies. The scaling ‘db5’ function is shown in the figure 4.3 and the
decomposing wavelet ‘db5’ function is shown I figure 4.4. The scaling function gives
the approximation a1 to a5 and the decomposing function gives the details from d1 to
d5.

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Fig 4.3:- scaling ‘db5’ wavelet

Fig 4.4:- decomposing ‘db5’ wavelet

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The plot of the wavelet packet coefficients following the frequency order from the low
frequencies at the bottom to the high frequencies at the top show that for SWS,
appearance of faster waves lasts for very short period, and with lower amplitudes, when
compared to slow waves. Since the signal had been filtered at 30 Hz frequency, the
upper frequency components after 30 Hz seem to be very rare. For AWAKE, shift of
frequency band by one level was observed, which simply explains the dominancy of
alpha and beta at different instants of time, however, contribution of delta and theta
components is not very much significant. In case of REM, it appears from the plot that
both kinds of waves, slower as well as faster, are present but alpha and beta are
dominant with higher amplitudes than AWAKE.
The above two methods were applied to each signal separately and results were
stored. These findings were further used to observe the degree of consistency of the
results obtained in the next section.

4.2.1 Assessment of power and percentage power


With the help of scale-time and power-time 2-D plots, powers of wavelet
spectra of another data set have been evaluated for the subjects under exposure to
chronic and acute heat stress. Hourly changes in the percentage powers of all
frequency components have also been reported.

4.2.1.1 Scale-time and power-time 2-D plot’s description


Wavelet powers of another set of sleep EEG signals characterizing chronic
and acute cases were computed and analyses were carried out with the help of
scale-time and power-time plots. Figure-4.10 (a) shows the signal plot and its
scalogram of AWAKE signal under exposure of acute heat stress. The variation in
powers of the four frequency bands with respect to time have been shown in
Figure-4.10 (b). It is obvious from the plot that alpha wave existed with largest
power at the end of the epoch. Between translations 200-350, powers of all the
bands were found to be very small. Similarly, powers of different components of
SWS signal, as shown in the Figure-4.11, indicated the variation in individual
band. Slow waves (mostly delta) showed its presence during entire epoch but in
the very beginning of the signal, just below 400, and between times 150-200,

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powers were considerably large. Alpha waves were seen prominent at three places
in which the third one (nearly at 200) contained the largest power. Powers of theta
components were seen to be smaller as compared to delta and theta, but quadratic
decay in power was observed. Power towards beta band was insignificant. It was
observed that many times, there existed more powers in theta, whereas at the same
durations delta and beta components have smaller powers. The same was also
observed for delta and alpha. Variation in power of REM signal has been shown in
Figure-4.12, which is also a case of acute heat stress. Frequent activities of beta
were seen during the whole epoch, whereas delta remained almost idle for most of
the durations. Beta components, which occurred several times containing large
powers in the epoch dominated over others. As regards powers of alpha
components, they appeared to be very small everywhere except in two positions in
time. Just after time-300, one major peak was noticed whose power is comparable
to the highest power of beta component. It was also observed in all bands that after
time instant 400, simultaneous relative activities started taking place.
In this way, for all sleep-EEG signals, wavelet power computation followed
the same procedure and variation in powers was studied for acute and chronic heat
stressed subjects with respect to their control group. Here, for example, only one
signal

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AWAKE Signal (length = 512)

0.05
0
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

127
120
113
106
99
92
85
78
S c a le

71
64
57
50
43
36
29
22
15
8
1
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time (Samples)

(a)
DELTA THETA
0.015 0.05

0.04
V) )

- V22)
6 V)
- -6 2 2

0.01
6V

Power
0.32*(10
-6
Power
Power

Power

0.03
0.32*(10
(0.32×10

(0.32×10

0.02
0.005
0.01

0 0
0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600
Time (Samples) Time (Samples)

ALPHA BETA
0.12 0.04
6VV ))

0.1
- 22
V ))
- -6 22

0.03
Power
6V

0.32*(10
-6
Power
Power

0.08
Power

(0.32×10
0.32*(10
(0.32×10

0.06 0.02

0.04
0.01
0.02

0 0
0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600
Time (Samples) Time (Samples)
(b)
Figure- 4.11: AWAKE (a) Scale verses time, (b) Power verses time.
Subject is under acute heat exposure.

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SWS Signal (length = 512)

0.2

-0.2

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

127
120
113
106
99
92
S cale

85
78
71
64
57
50
43
36
29
22
15
8
1
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time (Samples)
(0.5×10-7V2)

(a)
(0.5×10-7V2)

Power
Power

(0.5×10-7V2)
(0.5×10-7V2)

Power
Power

(b)

Figure- 4.12: SWS (a) Scale verses time, (b) Power verses time.
Subject is under acute heat exposure.

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REM Signal (length = 512)


0.1
0.05
0
-0.05
-0.1

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

127
120
113
106
99
92
85
78
S c a le

71
64
57
50
43
36
29
22
15
8
1
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Time (Samples)
(a)
V)
-7 2

V)
-7 2

-3
DELTA THETA
Power

x 10
(0.38×10

Power

0.015 5
(0.38×10

4
0.1*(106 V )
2

0.1*(106 V )
2
Power

0.01
Power

3
-

2
0.005

0 0
0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600
V)

Time (Samples) Time (Samples)


-7 2

V)
-7 2
Power

ALPHA BETA
Power
0.1*(10-6 V(0.38×10

(0.38×10

0.025 0.04

0.02
0.1*(106 V )
)

0.03
2

Power
Power

0.015
0.02
0.01

0.01
0.005

0 0
0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600
Time (Samples)
(b) Time (Samples)

Figure- 4.13: REM (a) Scale verses time, (b) Power verses time.
Subject is under acute heat exposure.

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(AWAKE) has been taken from chronic heat stress and shown in Figure-4.13. With
respect to delta and theta, powers of alpha and beta components were examined to
be very large at few positions. However alpha components, which exhibited
dominating nature throughout, was found to have largest power in this epoch.
Graphs as shown in Figure-4.14 indicate the change in powers under acute stress
condition with respect to time but without furnishing any detail information
regarding precise appearance of frequency components of different bands. It
merely reports the values of powers at all instants. Individual activities and their
presence of background rhythms can not be realized however, major events can be
predicted on the basis of power versus time plot, which remains in agreement with
wavelet scalogram analysis.

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AWAKE Signal (length = 512)


0.1
0.05
0
-0.05
-0.1

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

127
120
113
106
99
92
85
S cale

78
71
64
57
50
43
36
29
22
15
8
1
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Time (Samples)
V)

(a)
-7 2

V2)
Power

-3
DELTA THETA
P owerPower

x 10
(0.6×10

-7

8 0.03
(0.6×10

0.025
6
7 V)
- 2
7 V)

0.02
P ower
2

0.6(10
0.6(10 -

4 0.015

0.01
2
0.005
V)

V)

0 0
-7 2

-7 2

0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600


Time (Samples) Time (Samples)
Power

Power
7 V)(0.6×10

7 V(0.6×10

ALPHA BETA
0.1 0.06

0.08 0.05
)
P ower
2
P ower
- 2

0.04
0.6(10
0.6(10

0.06
-

0.03
0.04
0.02

0.02
0.01

0 0
0 200 400 600 0 200 400 600
Time (Samples) (b) Time (Samples)

Figure- 4.14: AWAKE (a) Scale verses time, (b) Power verses
time. Subject is under chronic heat exposure.

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(a) AWAKE (acute)


(0.32×10 6V2) 0.0
2
Power
-

0.01
8
0.01
6
0.01
4
0.01
2
-

0.0
1
0.00
8
0.00
6
0.00
4
0.00
2
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

(b) SWS (acute) Time


(0.5×10-6V2)

(Samples)
0.12
Power

0.1
P o w e r -60 2.V)5 * ( 1 0

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Time
Time (Samples)

(c) REM (acute) (Samples)


0.01
V)
-6 2

0.009
Power
(-0.1×10

0.008
) 10
P o w e r 06. 1V*(

0.007
2

0.006

0.005

0.004

0.003

0.002

0.001

0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Time (Samples)
Time (Samples)

Figure- 4.15: Power verses time. (a) AWAKE (acute), (b) SWS
(acute), (c) REM (acute).

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4.2.1.2 Hourly analysis of percentage power


Change in percentage powers of all the bands during four hours of
recording has been studied independently. After heat stress is induced, variation in
percentage powers of delta, theta, alpha and beta bands reflect the behavioral and
physiological changes in the subjects. Nature of the plots as shown in Figures-
4.15(a, b, c, d) is indicative of the fact that subjects under chronic heat stress
undergo some permanent changes. Almost constant power with greater number of
changes in first three hours can be observed. Fourth hour shows delta activity
following chronic stress than that of control rats.
Delta and theta components do not indicate much difference in their EEG
powers due to chronic stress; however the reverse results were obtained for alpha
and beta components. These results suggest that lower frequency components
were adjusted to the adverse environment such as 38 0C for one hour daily up to 21
days but with disturbed sleep-wake cycles.
Results also suggest that slow-wave sleep (i.e., the lower frequency
components) tends toward the conservation of body heat and also set a new set
point for body temperature, which is reflected in the constant delta and theta
frequency components of the signals after stress.
Apart from alpha activity, changes in three frequency components are
observed more with respect to the control; which revealed greater change in the
changeover of sleep-wake cycles. This suggests that chronic heat stress of 38 0C for
one hour duration of 21 days induced fragmented sleep in rats.

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Hourly changes in powers of delta, theta, alpha and beta bands with respect to
time during chronic stress, have been shown in Figure-4.15 (a, b, c & d).

Figure-4.16 (a)

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Figure-4.16 (b)

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Figure-4.16 (c)

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Figure-4.16 (d)

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The long term analysis of sleep-EEG data in acute heat stress subjects
compared to the control subjects shows an apparent reduction in all the EEG
frequency components, as depicted in Figures-4.16(a, b, c, d). In preceding hours
(second to fourth hour of recording), the result demonstrates significant rise in
slow wave activities. Simultaneously, result also shows appearances of long term
slow wave EEG activities following acute heat stress. However, for all four hours,
changes in beta frequency components are found significantly increased. These
results suggest that the increased slow wave activities after transient increase in
body temperature due to acute exposure to high heat reflects an active
thermoregulatory response triggered to counter hyperthermia. This sleep based
thermoregulatory mechanism is also thought to have occurred to conserve the
body energy in extreme thermal load.

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Hourly changes in powers of delta, theta, alpha and beta bands with respect
to time during acute stress, have been shown in Figure-4.16 (a, b, c & d).

Figure-4.17 (a)

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Figure-4.17 (b)

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Figure-4.17 (c)

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Figure-4.17 (d)

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4.3 Derivation of fuzzy rules for each of the sleep stages

For the study of effect of heat on stress level, power level of different frequency
bands were studied. Power level of different frequency bands were found to
change for different stress level and these changes are measured in comparison
that subject under no stress or controlled stress condition. Frequency changes, on
the other hand, were not consistent with the heat stress levels and have not been
considered in this study. The following tables (4.1, 4.2 &4.3) depict the changes in
the power level of different frequency bands for Awake, Slow Wave Sleep and
Rapid Eye Movement stages.

ACUTE CHRONIC
Alpha Band X X
power (8-12 Hz)
Beta Band power Increase X
(12-45 Hz)
Theta band power X X
(4-8 Hz)
Delta band power X Decrease
(0.5-4 Hz)
Table 4.1:- Fuzzy rules for stress classification for AWA

ACUTE CHRONIC
Alpha Band Increase Decrease
power (8-12 Hz)
Beta Band power Decrease Increase
(12-45 Hz)
Theta band power Increase X
(4-8 Hz)
Delta band power Increase Decrease
(0.5-4 Hz)
Table 4.2:- Fuzzy rules for stress classification for SWS

ACUTE CHRONIC

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Alpha Band Increase Decrease


power (8-12 Hz)
Beta Band power Increase Decrease
(12-45 Hz)
Theta band power Increase Increase
(4-8 Hz)
Delta band power X X
(0.5-4 Hz)
Table 4.3:- Fuzzy rules for stress classification for REM

The increase and decrease forms the fuzzy sets to which the input can belong to
and X represent the inputs that are redundant.

4.4 Heat stress classification


After all the frequency analysis is complete and fuzzy rules are derived. The
following number of feature sets has been taken for training and testing as shown
in the table below. The acute feature sets are labeled with label ‘0’ and the chronic
label sets are labeled ‘1’.

Class Class Label Number of sets


Acute 0 450
Chronic 1 450

After the sleep polygraph data has been labeled as REM, SWS and AWA for each
stress level viz. Control, Acute and Chronic stress levels. The next step is further
classification of stress levels for different stress levels using the fuzzy rules
derived in the above sections.

For each AWA, SWS and REM sleep stage, a Mamdani type fuzzy system is
created which classifies the sleep stage into different stress level. For each sleep
stage, an average value of band powers of controlled state is taken as reference.
The deviation of chronic and acute states band power for that sleep stage reflects
the increase/decrease in the band power. This change is expressed in percentage
terms and this value is sent as an input to the fuzzy system. Now two membership
functions are introduced for each percentage change input: High and Low. A

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‘trimf’, triangular, membership function, has been used to represent the fuzzy sets
high and low. Since there is no learning constraint here, triangular membership
functions just fine in this case.
Now the rules are added as mentioned in Table 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3. Figure 4.18 shows
the general fuzzy system used for stress classification for AWA, SWS and REM
stage. Figure 4.19, 4.20 & 4.21 shows the fuzzy rules for AWA, SWS & REM
sleep stages respectively. Figure 4.22 shows the triangular membership function
for High & Low fuzzy sets.

Fig. 4.18 :- Fuzzy system used for stress detection

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Fig. 4.19:- Fuzzy rules for AWA sleep stage

Fig. 4.20:- Fuzzy rules for REM sleep stage

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Fig. 4.21:- Fuzzy rules for SWS sleep stage

Fig. 4.22:- Membership function for change in Alpha band power

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In the Fig 4.19, 4.20, 4.21 & 4.22, talpha, tbeta, theta and tdelta represents
percentage change in Alpha, Beta, Theta and Delta Band Power in comparison to
controlled states. Finally if the output of the fuzzy system is more than 0.5, class
was assigned as chronic and if output is less than 0.5, class was assigned as acute.

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