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START-UP
GUIDEBOOK
Find the legal structure that suits
your business
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Contents
Introduction 03
Comparison Criteria 04
One-Person Company 17
General Partnership 21
Sole Proprietorship 25
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All you need to do is match the needs of your business with the 4 simple questions we’ve answered in this e-book.
So long as you’re clear of your current financial capacity and have given thought to your long-term goals, you
should be ready to get started immediately. Do, however, take the time to find out more about your chosen
business structure. All this information follows the comparisons. They should answer all your questions.
Nonetheless, if you have any questions, feel free to mail us at support@vakilsearch.com.
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03
WHOSE FUNDING NEEDS
DOES IT SUPPORT?
PRIVATE LIMITED COMPANY
For start-ups looking to build a
scalable business by raising equity, LIMITED LIABILITY PARTNERSHIP
this is the only option. Investors For professional services firms that can
are likely to demand conversion to manage on debt. Private Equity funds
this structure before investing. and Venture Capitalists are unlikely to
invest as it would require them to
become partners.
ONE-PERSON COMPANY
Pick it if you’re a single promoter
planning to run the business with PARTNERSHIP FIRM
no outside funding or debt alone. Small merchants and traders
However, OPCs need to be requiring no external funding can
converted to private limited opt for this. The partners are, after
companies once they reach a SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP all, personally liable for all debts the
turnover of Rs. 2 crore. So if you’re
Only small merchants and traders requiring no partnership cannot pay itself.
aiming to run a large business, stay
external funding should opt for this. The
away.
proprietor is, after all, personally liable for all
debts the business cannot pay itself.
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ONE-PERSON COMPANY
Marginally cheaper than the
Private Limited Company, with PARTNERSHIP FIRM
registration costs starting at If you choose not to register the
Rs. 15,000 and minimum parternship deed, you can get
paid-up capital of Rs. 1 lakh. started at just Rs. 1999. With
This will also take 20 to 25 days SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP registration, it would work out to
to incorporate. Rs. 10,000, same as the LLP.
Your start-up costs are only what it costs to get
the license/s you need (Sales Tax registration,
for example). These start at Rs. 5000.
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$
does Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT). MAT is applicable. DDT does not
apply. Wealth tax is also not
ONE-PERSON COMPANY
applicable.
No general advantages
(industry-specific advantages
$ PARTNERSHIP FIRM
are available). Tax to be paid at Taxed at 30%. Remuneration
flat rate of 30% on profits, DDT paid to partners can be
applies, as does Minimum claimed as deduction,
Alternate Tax (MAT). restricted to the limits
SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP specified (under the IT Act).
MAT does not apply.
Individual slab rates would be applicable.
Option to declare profits at 8% of revenue
when turnover is less than Rs. 1 crore.
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Limited Liability: Businesses often need to borrow Better Debt-raising Capacity: A private limited
money. In structures such as General Partnership, company has more options for taking on debt than
partners are personally liable for all the debt raised. So if it LLPs. Not only are bank loans easy to obtain (relative to OPCs
cannot be repaid by the business, the partners would have to and LLPs), the option of issuing debentures and convertible
sell their personal possessions to do so. In a private limited debentures are available to it.
company, only the amount invested in starting the business
would be lost; the directors' personal property would be safe. More Credibility: The private limited company
structure lends credibility to the business, on account
Investment-ready: Private limited companies easily of the compliances that are necessary from the very
accommodate equity funding as there is a clear beginning. On the other hand, several compliances for an LLP,
distinction between shareholders and directors as such as appointment of an auditor, kick in only after its
well as limited liability. In fact, venture capitalists and private turnover crosses a certain amount, while many are not
equity funds are unlikely to invest in any other structure. This required at all.
is because LLPs would require them to become partners in the
business, while an OPC can have only one shareholder.
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12
Limited Liability Partnership (LLP), introduced only in 2008, has
quickly become a popular legal structure for businesses. Its main
improvement over the General Partnership is that, as the name
indicates, it limits the liabilities of its partners to their contribu-
tions to the business and also offers each partner protection from
the negligence, misdeeds or incompetence of the other partners.
This is why they are most popular with professional services firms
(web designers or architects, for example) that require no equity
funding. That said, it is not entirely uncommon for start-up found-
ers to first register an LLP and convert it to a private limited com-
pany immediately before funding is raised.
LIMITED LIABILITY
PARTNERSHIP
Business Registration Guidebook
13
Advantages
Limited Liability: Businesses often need to borrow Reduced Compliance: An LLP only requires
money. In a General Partnership, partners are audited annual returns to be filed if it has a turnover
personally liable for all this debt. So if it cannot be repaid by of greater than Rs. 40 lakh or capital contribution of over Rs.
the business, the partners would have to sell their personal 25 lakh. It also needs to communicate fewer business
possessions to do so. In an LLP, only the amount invested in transactions and structural changes than a private limited
starting the business would be lost; all personal property company.
would be safe.
1
3
2
4
Tax Advantages: There are some important
CHEAP
Relatively Cheap: If you're bootstrapping, you may 5 6
advantages over the private limited company. For
be interested in knowing that an LLP has no example, Dividend Distribution Tax and tax surcharge don't
authorised capital (minimum of Rs. 1 lakh for a private limited apply. Loans to partners are also not taxable as income.
company), significantly lowering the cost of registration.
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Q: How many partners are permissible? Q: How do I pick a name for my LLP?
A: There is no maximum number, but you, of course, A: You need to first ensure that your name has not
need a minimum of 2 to form the partnership. already been taken. This can be done by checking the
MCA website. If you are disappointed that a preferred
Q: Can a foreign national be a partner? name is taken, do remember that the name of your
A: So long as one of the partners is an Indian citizen, concern doesn't have to be your brand name.
others can be foreign nationals. However, if you're going to register the brand name,
also check if it has already been trademarked. While
Q: What is DSC and DPIN? framing your name, please ensure that it has a unique
A: The DSC is an instrument issued by certifying component that you coin and a descriptive
authorities by which you can sign electonic component that specifies the business you’re in.
documents. The DPIN is a unique identification
number for an existing partner or a person intending
to become one. A partner can have only one DPIN.
16
The One Person Company (OPC) constitution was recently
introduced as a strong improvement over the sole
proprietorship. It gives a single promoter full control over the
company while limiting his/her liability to contributions to the
business. This person will be the only director and shareholder
(there is a nominee director, but with no power until the
original director is incapable of entering into contract). So
there's no chance of raising equity funding or offering
employee stock options. Furthermore, if an OPC hits a
turnover of over Rs. 2 crore or has a paid-up capital of over Rs.
50 lakh, it must be turned into a private or public limited
company within 6 months.
Business
Business
Registration
Registration
Guidebook
Guidebook 17
Advantages
Limited Liability: Businesses often need to borrow Fewer Compliances: An OPC does not need to file
money. In structures such as the Sole Proprietorship, audited statement of accounts with the MCA and as
proprietors are personally liable for all this debt. So if it cannot few as three compliance-related forms to file on an annual
be repaid by the business, the proprietor would have to sell basis.
his/her car, house or jewellery to do so. In an OPC, only the
amount invested in starting the business would be lost; all
personal property would be safe.
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20
A General Partnership is a business structure in which two or
more individuals manage and operate a business in
accordance with the terms and objectives set out in the
Partnership Deed. This structure is thought to have lost its
relevance since the introduction of the LLP because its
partners have unlimited liability, which means they are
personally liable for the debts of the business. However, low
costs, ease of setting up and minimal compliance requirement
make it a sensible option for some, such as home businesses
that are unlikely to take on any debt. Registration is optional
for General Partnerships.
GENERAL PARTNERSHIP
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1
Partnership Deed Drafting PAN & TAN Applications
3
We will collect all the information regarding your Every partnership, registered or unregistered, needs
business and its partners. The information will be used by our a Permanent Account Number (PAN) and Tax Account Number
lawyers to draft a partnership deed covering the various (TAN). We will make the application online ourselves, but you
aspects of the business on stamp paper (charged as per will need to courier hard copies of the required documents
actuals). yourself. You will receive the PAN and TAN at the address
Time to Complete: 2 to 10 working days mentioned in the deed.
Time to Complete: 7 working days
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24
A sole proprietorship is a business that is owned and managed
by a single person. You could have one up and running within
10 days, which makes it very popular among the unorganised
sector, particularly small traders and merchants. There is no
such thing as registration; proprietorships are recognised by
other registrations, such as a service or sales tax registration.
As you would imagine with a business that’s so easy to set up,
though, its shortcomings are severe: the liability of the
proprietor is unlimited and it does not have a continuous
existence. For these reasons, it should only be considered by
small merchants and traders.
SOLE PROPRIETORSHIP
Minimal Compliance: Sole Proprietorships are only Relatively Inexpensive: A Sole Proprietorship is
recognised via their government and tax registrations, inexpensive as compared to a One Person Company
so the extent of their compliance is limited to the annual filing and, thanks to the minimal compliance requirements, is
of their service, professional or sales taxes. inexpensive even over the long-term. You would not need to
hire an auditor, for example. This is why, despite its severe
shortcoming (unlimited liability), small merchants and traders
Easy to Start: A sole proprietorship could take as few as opt for it.
seven days if all you need is a Service Tax Registration,
but this would stretch to 30 days if you need Sales Tax
Registration. Either way, the process is uncomplicated.
PAN card and identity and address proofs are usually enough
to get this done.
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The Practical Start-up Guidebook 27
FAQS
Q: Who can be a proprietor? Q: Can I convert my proprietorship to a private
A: Only Indian citizens residing in India can be sole limited company or LLP?
proprietors. A: No, you can't. You would have to close the
proprietorship altogether and then start afresh as a
Q: Can I open a bank account specifically for One-Person Company, LLP or Private Limited
the proprietorship? Company.
A: Yes, you can. To do so, you would need to provide
two of the recognised government registrations, such
as sales or service tax registration, MSME registration
and Shops & Establishments Act registration. PAN card
would also be necessary.
28
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