ABSTRACT

Generally, plants have three main parts they are root, leaf, and stem.
Sphermatophyta has some additional parts those are flower, fruit, and seed. Plants
that have flower have a special attraction, it’s caused by the various shapes and
colors of crown. Therefore, our group is interested to indentify flower’s section for
some plants. The purpose of this research is to describe the charateristcs of flower’s
from some plants surrounding the Mathematics and Science Faculty of Malang
State University. This research was done with obvservation some plant’s flowers.
This observation divided into two steps. The first step was took sample of several
flowers, such as Spathoglottis plicata’s flower, Sesbania grandiflora’s flower,
Zinnia elegans’ flower, and Zantedeschia aethiopica’s flower. The second step was
described the characteristics of all those flowers. Spathoglotthis plicata has two
purple petals, three purple sepals, a labellum, and column that consist of stamen
(also known as pollinia) and gynoecium.. Sesbania glandivora has five red petals,
one gynoecium, six stamen, and one green sepal. The shape of the petals are like a
sickle. Zinnia elegants has seventeen pink petals and one sepals. The shape of the
petals are oval and the shape of flower is circle. Zantedeschia aethiopica has one
white petals (flower sheath) and a white spadix. The shape of the petal is like a
shovel.
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background

The wealth of flora’s species in Indonesia is unquestionable. In this world, there

are two millions species of plants which have known and 60% of them can be found

in Indonesia. According to Mustard Sirregar, Chief of LIPI’s plant conservation,

although Indonesia rich in flora’s diversity, just 8000 species which have identified.

That number is estimated only 20% of all of the flora that exist in Indonesia.

Plant’s divided into two big groups. The first group is Phanerogamae.

Phanerogamae plants are flowering plant. It’s also called Anthophyta. The second

group is Cryptogamae. This plant also known as a low level plant or non-flowering

plant.

Generally, plants have three main parts they are root, leaf, and stem. For

spermatophyta has some additional parts those is flower, fruit, and seed. Plant that

has flower has a special attraction, It’s caused by the various shapes and colors of

petals. Therefore, our group is interested to indentify flower’s section from some

plants which exist surrounding Mathemathics and Science Faculty of Malang’s

State University

1.2 Problem

How’s the characteristics of flower from some plants surrounding the

Mathemathics and Science Faculty of Malang’s State University?

1.3 Goal

To know the characteristics of flower from some plants surrounding the

Mathemathics and Science Faculty of Malang’s State University.

 CHAPTER II

THEORY

2. 1 Sesbania grandiflora

Sesbania grandiflora is a small erect, fast-growing, and sparsely branched

tree that reaches 10 m in height. The bark of this species is light gray, corky and
deeply furrowed and the wood is soft and white. All Sesbania species have
pinnately compound leaves where each leaf is divided into multiple leaflets. Agati
leaves can be up to 30 cm long with 5-15 paired leaflets that are oblong to elliptic
in shape and about 3 cm in length.
The flowers of Sesbania grandiflora are large (7–9 cm long) and are
borne on an unbranched, pendulous inflorescence. Two varieties of Sesbania
grandiflora are recognized including variety grandiflora which has white flowers
and variety coccinea which has rose pink or red flowers. The flowers are similar
in shape and arrangement to Pea flowers with five petals that are differentiated
into a standard, wing, and keel petals. The standard petal is usually upright, the
wing petals spread out on either side of the flower, and the keel is boat-shaped and
in this species is curved down and away from the flower. The fruit is a thin pod
which can be up to 60 cm long and contains from 15-50 seeds.
Sesbania grandiflora is native to tropical Asia and is widespread in India,
Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines where it is found in tropical dry and moist
forest from sea level to 800 m. It is commonly found in disturbed and agricultural
environments including along roadsides, on dikes between rice paddies, and in
backyard vegetable gardens. It has been introduced and has become established in
cultivation in Southern Florida, Hawaii, Jamaica, Mauritius, Central America, and
South America. Sesbania grandiflora is frost-sensitive and requires annual
precipitation between 4.8-22.5 dm and annual temperatures of 24.3- 26.7°C.
Sesbania grandiflora flowers during its second year of growth. Sesbania
species are predominantly bees pollinated, however, large-flowered species such
as Sesbania grandiflora may be pollinated by birds. Following pollination seed
development generally takes 40 days.
2. 2 Spathoglottis plicata
Spathoglottis plicata is Erect, terrestrial, and perennial herbs 3-15 dm tall,
pseudobulbs crowded along and obscuring rhizomes, ovoid, up to 4 cm diameter.
Leaves are lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, acuminate, bases attenuate and tapered
into petioles, approximately 50-90 × 2-6 cm, veins conspicuously raised on lower
surface, margins entire. Scape 60-100 cm tall, 1-4 mm diameter at the middle, hairy,
with a few 3 cm long sheaths along length. Inflorescence 3-38 flowered; bracts
persistent, oblong-ovate, acuminate and slightly keeled. Flowers are dark purple to
pale pink or rarely white. Dorsal sepal 1.8-3 x 1-1.3 cm, narrowly ovate to ovate,
hairy; lateral sepals obliquely ovate, pointed at the apex and slightly keeled, 1.6-2.8
× 1-1.2 cm, hairy. Petals are ovate, 2-3 × 1.3-1.8 cm. Lip T-shaped when flattened,
each side-lobe making a right angle with the axis of the mid-lobe; side-lobes oblong,
7-8 × 2.5-3 mm; mid-lobe fiddle-shaped, much longer than side-lobes, 1-1.3 cm in
length, with a long and narrow 0.14 cm wide claw and 5-7 mm wide apical lamina;
at the base of the claw of the mid-lobe, on either side of the callus, is a deflexed
auricle; callus slightly hairy, bipartite, each triangular-ovate and attenuate in front
and terminating in a small wart in the middle of the claw of the mid-lobe. Fruit are
cylindrical capsules, 6-ribbed, 2.5 × 0.7 cm; stalk 1.5 cm long, very shortly hairy.
S. plicata is a terrestrial orchid which has considerable horticultural value,
but which is invasive in sensitive tropical habitats. It is included in the World
Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2012), and is listed as an environmental weed in
Cuba (González-Torres et al., 2012), St. Lucia (Graveson, 2012), Puerto Rico
(Recart et al., 2013), and numerous islands in the Pacific such as Hawaii, French
Polynesia, and the Cook Islands (Wagner et al., 1999; PIER, 2012). S. plicata is a
fast-growing orchid with a wide environmental tolerance. Flowers in this species
are self-pollinating, and each plant can produce a large number of fruits and seeds
(Ackerman, 1995).
S. plicata is native to Australia, India, Southeastern Asia, and Pacific Islands
including Solomon Islands, Tonga, Niue and Samoa. It is commonly cultivated as
an ornamental and currently its distribution includes Africa, , Hawaii, and the West
Indies including Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, Barbados, the Cayman Islands,
Martinique, Montserrat, St Lucia, St Vincent and St Kitts.
2. 3 Zinnia elegans

Zinnia elegans is the most well known of the 20 or so species in the Zinnia
genus. The wild form is a coarse, upright, bushy annual, to 30 in (76 cm) high, with
solitary daisylike flowerheads on long stems, and opposite, sandpapery, lance
shaped leaves. The ray flowers are purple, the discs yellow and black, and the entire
head is about 2 in (5 cm) across. Gardeners love zinnias and there are at least a
hundred cultivars in a diversity of flower colors and types, some with flowerheads
up to 6 in (15 cm) across. There are zinnias with white, cream, green, yellow,
apricot, orange, red, bronze, crimson, purple, and lilac flowers; zinnias with striped,
speckled and bicolored flowers; zinnias with double, semi-double and dahlia-like
"pompom" flowers; zinnias that range from dwarfs that don't exceed 6 in (15 cm)
in height to cut flower beauties that get 3 ft (0.9 m) tall. Newer varieties are resistant
to powdery mildew and other diseases. 'Old Mexico' is like the wild plant with
single, daisylike flowerheads with wide purple rays.

Zinnias grow easily and prefer well-drained, loamy soil and full sun. They
grow best in dry, warm, frost-free regions, and many kinds are drought-tolerant.
Some may be grown indoors. The uncultivated plant grows to about 30 in (76 cm)
in height. It has solitary flower heads about 2 inches (5 cm) across. The purple ray
florets surround black and yellow discs. The lanceolate leaves are opposite the
flower heads. Flowering occurs between spring to fall.

The species was first collected in 1789 at Tixtla, Guerrero, by Sessé and
Mociño. It was formally described as Zinnia violacea by Cavanilles in 1791.
Jacquin described it again in 1792 as Zinnia elegans, which was the name that Sessé
and Moçiño had used in their manuscript of Plantae Novae Hispaniae, which was
not published until 1890.[10] The genus was named by Carl von Linné after the
German botanist Johann Gottfried Zinn, who described the species now known as
Zinnia peruviana in 1757 as Rudbeckia foliis oppositis hirsutis ovato-acutis, calyce
imbricatus, radii petalis pistillatis. Linné realised that it was not a Rudbeckia.
 2. 4 Zantedeschia aethiopica

Zantedeschia is named after Professor Zantedeschi, probably Giovanni

Zantedeschi, 1773-1846, an Italian physician and botanist, although there is some
uncertainty about this. The name aethiopica is not directly related to Ethiopia. In
classical times it meant south of the known world i.e. south of Egypt and Libya.
Several southern African plants were given this specific epiphet early on.Although
called the arum lily, it is neither an arum ( the genus Arum) nor a lily ( genus Lilium).
But it is associated with the lily as a symbol of purity and these elegant flowers
have graced many bridal
The striking arum lily "flower" is actually many tiny flowers arranged in a
complex spiral pattern on the central column (spadix). The tiny flowers are arranged
in male and female zones on the spadix. The top 7 cm are male flowers and the
lower 1.8 cm are female. If you look through a hand-lens you may see the stringy
pollen emerging from the male flowers which consist largely of anthers. The female
flowers have an ovary with a short stalk above it, which is the style (where the
pollen is received). The spadix is surrounded by the white or coloured spathe.
The flowers are faintly scented and this attracts various crawling insects and
bees which are responsible for pollinating the flowers. Cross pollination occurs as
the anthers of each flower ripen before the ovaries. A white crab spider of the family
Thomisidae visits the flower to eat the insects. This spider does not spin webs and
uses its whiteness as camouflage against the spathe. In the western Cape, a tiny frog
Hyperolius hopstocki is also attacted to the arum lily flowers. The spathe turns green
after flowering and covers the ripening berries. It rots away when these are ripe and
the succulent yellow berries attract birds, which are responsible for seed dispersal.
The genus is restricted to the African continent with seven species
recognised: Zantedeschia aethiopica, Z. albomaculata, Z. elliottiana, Z. jucunda,
Z. odoratum, Z. pentlandii and Z. rehmannii. The common arum is found from the
Western Cape through the Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga and into the
Northern Province. It is evergreen or deciduous depending on the habitat and
rainfall regime. In the Western Cape it is dormant in summer and in the summer
rainfall areas it is dormant in winter. It will remain evergreen in both areas if
growing in marshy conditions which remain wet all year around.
 CHAPTER III
METHODS

3.1 Tools

1. Handphone

2. Pen

3. Paper

4. Ruler

5. Small Board

3.2 Materials

1. Spathoglottis plicata‘s flower

2. Sesbania grandiflora‘s flower

3. Zinnia elegans’ flower

4. Zantedeschia aethiopica’s flower

3.3 Procedure

1. Went to the FMIPA’s garden.

2. Made observation to the flowers around the garden.

3. Took a sample of several flowers, such as Spathoglottis plicata‘s flower,

Sesbania grandiflora‘s flower, Zinnia elegans’ flower, and Zantedeschia
aethiopica’s flower.

4. Took some pictures of those flowers with the handphone.

5. Observed the characteristics of all those flowers

6. Wrote the results of our observation in a paper.

 CHAPTER IV

DATA

Flower’s Name Pictures Characteristics

Spathoglotis plicata

Number of Petals : 5
Color of Petals : purple
Number of Sepals : 3
Number of Labellum : 1

Sesbania grandilflora

Number of Petals : 5
Color of Petals : red
Number of Sepals : 1
Number of Stamen : 6
Number of Gynoecium :
1
Zantedeschia aethiopica

Number of Petals : 1
Color of Petals : white
Number of Sepals : -

Zinnia elegans

Number of Petals : 17
Color of Petals : pink
Number of Sepals : 1
 CHAPTER V

DISCUSSION

Based on our observation in the Mathemtahics and Science Faculty of Malang

State’s University’s garden Spathoglottis plicata has two purple petals, three purple
sepals, a labellum, and column that consist of stamen (also known as pollinia) and
gynoecium. The flowers is arranged bilateral symmetry. The sepals is looks a like
the petals. one of the petals is modified become labellum that protects a column that
consists of stamen and gynoecium. Stamen has a small filamentum with two
antheras which looks alike a small disc called pollinia. It’s need insect to bring the
stamen to the gynoecium.

Sesbania glandivora has five red petals, one gynoecium, six stamen, and one
green sepal. The shape of the petals are like a sickle. This flower is complex flowers
and arranged likes cluster. The biggest petal called vexilum. The two petals which
are adjacent called carina. If this flower blossoms, it will looks alike butterfly.

Zinnia elegants has seventeen pink petals and one sepals. The shape of the
petals are oval and the shape of flower is circle. The color of stamens are yellow
and the gynoecium located under the anther (head of the stamen). The pollination
of this plant is helped by insect and wind
Zantedeschia aethiopica has one white petals (flower sheath) and a white
spadix. The shape of the petal is like a shovel. This flower is monoecious, small
sized, completed with flower sheath and has axis called spadix. The flowers
arranged on the spadix where the female flowers on the bottom and the male flowers
on the top. The flower sheath and spadix generally known as the flower.
Some of our observation results maybe different with the litterature, that’s
caused by some factors. First, our group doesn’t understand enough about the
morphology of flower. Second, maybe we make some mistakes on calculating the
number of each flower’s parts.
 CHAPTER VI

CONCLUSION
From our observation results above, we can conclude that each flower has a
different characteristics.

a) Spathoglotthis plicata has two purple petals, three purple sepals, a labellum,
and column that consist of stamen (also known as pollinia) and gynoecium.
b) Sesbania glandivora has five red petals, one gynoecium, six stamen, and
one green sepal. The shape of the petals are like a sickle.
c) Zinnia elegants has seventeen pink petals and one sepals. The shape of the
petals are oval and the shape of flower is circle.
d) Zantedeschia aethiopica has one white petals (flower sheath) and a white
spadix. The shape of the petal is like a shovel.
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Hasan. 2015. Morfologi Anggrek. Universitas Jendral Soedirman: Purwokerto

Wikipedia. 2016. Bunga Kertas. (online).

(https://id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/bunga_kertas). Accessed on December 6th
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