PAPER 1 OXIDATION REDUCTION

1.The diagram below shows the apparatus of
electroplating of an iron spoon with copper.
The redox reaction that occurs at the cathode
during the electrolysis is
A Cu →Cu2+ + 2e- ....oxidation
B Cu2+ + 2e-→ Cu .... reduction
C Fe → Fe2+ + 2e- .... oxidation
D 4OH- → 2H2O + O2 + 4e- .... oxidation
2.Which of the following statements
represents the reaction when the blast furnace
extracts the iron from its ore?
I.Iron ore acts as an oxidising agent
II.Coke (carbon) reduces ironore to iron
III.Carbon dioxide is reduced by coke to
carbon monoxide
IV.Limestone (calcium carbonate) acts as a
reducing agent.
A.I,II B.I,III C.I, II, III D.I, II , IV
3.Which of the following statements occur
when bromine is added to iron(II) chloride
solution.
I Iron(II) chloride is oxidised
II Chloride ions donate electrons
III The solution becomes colourless
IV Bromine molecules accept electrons
A.I, II B.II,IV C.I,II,III D.I, II, III and
IV
4.The set up of apparatus for an experiment to
investigate the use of other metals to control
rusting is shown in the diagram below.
Which of the following statements causes the
rate of rusting of iron to decrease?
A Fe2+ ions accept electrons
B Zinc is less reactive than iron
C Pipe water is a weak electrolyte
D Zinc donates electrons more easily
7.The diagram shows the positions of some
metals and iron in the electrochemical series.
R, S , Fe,T ,U
   
electropositivity decreases
Which metal R,S,T and U is most effective in
preventing iron from rusting?
A.R B.S C.T D.U
8.The apparatus for investigating the transfer
of electrons at a distance is shown in the
figure below.
Which of the following statements about the
experiment above is true?
A.The iodide ions act as a reducing agent
B.The oxidation number of manganese
decreases from +5 to +2
C.The electrons are transferred from electrode
X to electrode Y through dilute sulphuric acid
D.At electrode Y, H+ ions from sulphuric acid
are reduced to hydrogen gas.
9.The diagram below shows a piece of tins,
connected to a piece of copper.
Which of the following statements is correct
about this experiment?
A.The size of tin plate becomes smaller
B.Bubbles of gas are formed around the tin
plate
C.Electrons flow from the copper plate to the
tin plate
D.The copper plate is covered a thin layer of a
reddish-brown substance.
10.A simple chemical cell is shown in the
diagram below.
Find the colour change on the litmus paper at
electrodes X and Y when electrolysis is carried
out 18 minutes.
X Y
A Blue to red No visible change
B Blue to red Blue to colourless
C No visible change No visible change
D No visible change Blue to colourless
13.The diagram shows the setup of a redox
cell.The redox cell is allowed to run for about
30 minutes.
Which of the following statements are true?
I.I- ions are oxidised to I2
II.FeCl acts as the oxidising agent
III.Fe3+ ions are reduced to Fe2+ ions
IV.The solution at the electrode P turns from
colourless to brown.
A.I,III B.I, IV C.II,III,IV D.I, II, III ,IV.
14. The half equation of reaction is shown
below.
2Br- →Br + 2e
2
Based on the equation, the meaning of
oxidation reaction is
A electrons are received by bromine.
B electrons are donated by bromine.
C electrons are received by bromide ions.
D electrons are donated by bromide
ions.
15.In which of the following pairs of
compounds will react when it is heated?
A Iron(III) oxide and tin
B Zinc oxide and aluminium
C Lead(II) oxide and copper
D Aluminium oxide and carbon powder.

5.Refer to the experiments shown in the
diagram below.
16. The oxide layer on its surface is _____
When the cell is supplying electricity, which of when the aluminium resists corrosion.
the following undergoes oxidation? A.thick B.non - porous
A.Zinc plate B.Copper plate C.amphoteric D.unreacative
C.Hydrogen ions D.Copper(II) ions
17.The experimental results on heating a
11.The set up for an electrochemical cell is mixture of a metal and the oxide of another
shown in the diagram below. metal or carbon and the oxide of a metal as
shown in the table below.

Which of the following beakers contains the
most rust?
A Beaker I B.Beaker II
C Beaker III D.Beaker IV
6.The diagram below shows an experiment
conducted in the lab.
Which of the following statements are correct
regarding the experiment above?
A Solution X is an oxidation agent
B The ions in solutions Y give up electrons
C.Oxidation occurs at the carbon electrode U
D.Electrons flow from R to U through the
external circuit.
Mixture Observation
Metal R and carbon No visible changes
dioxide
Carbon(C) and oxide of No visible changes
metal P
Metal Q and oxide of Mixture glows
metal P
Which of the following observations are not Metal R and oxide of Mixture glows
true for this experiment? metal S
I.Zinc electrode becomes thinner. In descending order, which of the following
II.Grey deposit is formed at electrode Y. shows the reactivity of the metals and carbon
III.Blue colour in beaker M becomes paler. with oxygen.
IV.Black colour is formed around electrode X. A.Q, P, C, S, R B.Q, P, C, R, S
A.I,III B.II,IV C.I, II,III D.I, II, III IV. C.P, Q, C, R, S D.P, Q, R, S, C
12.The diagram shows the electrolysis of 18.Which of the following methods can be
concentrated potassium chloride solution used to determine the rate of reaction?
using graphite (carbon) as anode and cathode. I.Release of gas per unit time.
II.Formation of precipitate per unit time.
III.Change of colour intensity per unit time.

1
IV.Increase in the mass of reactant per unit
time.
A.I, II B.III, IV C.I,II,III D.II, III ,IV
19.Which of the following statements about
rusting of iron is not correct?
A.Rusting is a redox process
B.Rusting requires both oxygen and water
C.The composition of rust is Fe3O4.xH2O
D.Rusting is accelerated by the presence of
magnesium chloride.
187. Which of the following are correctly
matched when Fe SO4 solution are prepared
from Fe2 (SO4)3 ?
I Adding zinc powder
II Passing chlorine gas
III Passing sulphur dioxide gas
IV Adding potassium manganate(VII)
solution
A.I, II B.I,III C.I, II, III D I, II, IV
20.The apparatus for an electrolytic cell is
shown in the diagram below.
Electrode X is
A.zinc metal B.oxygen gas
C.copper metal D.hydrogen gas
21. Refer to the following reaction
2I- (aq) + 2Fe3+ (aq) →2Fe2+ (aq) + I2 (aq)
Which of the following statements about the
ionic equation is true?
A Fe3+ is oxidised
B Fe3+ is a reducing agent
C I- is an oxidising agent
D I- donates electrons to Fe3+
22.The apparatus to study the the redox
reaction between chlorine and iron(II)
sulphate solution is shown in the diagram
below.
Which of the following statements are true
regarding the experiment shown above?
I.Chlorine is oxidised
II.Electrode X is the positive electrode
III.Electrode flow from X to Y through the
external circuit
IV.The green colour of FeSO4 is changed to
brownish-yellow.
A.I,III B.II, IV C.I, II,III D.I, II, IV
23.Which of the following formula matched
correctly with the name?
Formula Name
A Fe2(SO4)3 Iron(II) sulphate during the electrolysis of an aqueous solution
B Cu2SO4 Copper(II) sulphate of sodium sulphate.
C Mn(NO3)2 Manganese(IV) nitrate
Cathode Anode
D K2MNO4 Potassium manganate(VI) A Oxidation Reduction
B H2 gas is O2 gas is produced
24.When copper reacts with chlorine, produced
I.chlorine gas is reduced C OH- ions are H+ ions are oxidised
II.a coloured solid is produced reduced
III.an ionic compound is produced D SO42- ions are Na+ ions are
IV.electrons are transferred from copper to oxidised reduced
chlorine.
A.II, III B.I, II,III C.I, III,IV D.I,II,III, IV
31.A dry cell is
A.made up of a plumbum container
25.In which of the following statements
B.used to generate mechanical energy
shows copper oxidised.
C.made up of a zinc ions as the anode and a
A.The reaction of copper with silver nitrate
carbon as the cathode
solution.
D.made up of a zinc container as the anode
B.The reaction of copper(II) oxide with
and a carbon rod as the cathode.
magnesium.
C.Electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate solution
32. A mixture of aluminium oxide, tin(IV)
using carbon electrodes.
oxide and excess zinc powder is heated
D.Chemical cell with copper and magnesium
strongly until no further changes occur. The
foils in dilute sulphuric acid.
new substances produced after heating is
A.tin only
26.Which of the following reactions represent
B.zinc oxide and tin
that hydrogen peroxide acts as a reducing
C.zinc oxide and aluminium
agent?
D.aluminium, tin and zinc oxide
I.H2O2 + 2KI + H2SO4 →I2 + K2SO4 +2H2O
II.3H2O2 +2AuCl3 → 2Au + 6HCL +3O2
33. State the oxidation number of vanadium in
III.4H2O2 + PbS → I2 + K2SO4 + 2H2O
NH4 VO3.
IV H2O2 +AgO →2Ag + H2O + O2
A.+3 B.+4 C.+5 D.+6
A.II, III B.II, IV C.I, II,III D.II, III,IV
34.Which of the following statements is
27. Which of the following represents the
correct?
oxidizing agents?
A.In chemical cells, anodes are positively
I.Zinc
charged.
II.Bromine water
B.In chemical cells, electrical energy is
III.Potassium iodide solution
converted to chemical energy.
IV.Acidified potassium manganate(VII)
C.In electrolytic cells, anodes are negatively
solution
charged.
A.I, III B.I,IV C.I, II, III D. I, II,III, IV
D.In electrolytic cells, electrons move from
the anode to cathode through the external
28.A nickel- copper cell is shown in the
circuit.
diagram below. The copper plate acts as the
positive terminal.
35. The equation below shows the reaction
between sodium and water to form sodium
hydroxide and hydrogen.
2Na + 2H2O →2NaOH +H2
Find the type of reaction sodium and water
undergo.
Sodium Water
Which of the following statements are
correct? A Neutralisation Neutralisation
I.Nickel acts as the reducing agent B Oxidation Reduction
II.Copper acts as the oxidising agent C Reduction Oxidation
III.Nickel plate dissolves to form Ni2+ ions D Oxidation Displacement
IV.The concentration of nickel(II) sulphate
increases slowly. 36. Which of the following informations are
A.I,II B.I,III C.II,IV D.II, III, IV correct?
I.When chemical bonds are formed, heat
29. Which of the following reaction shows the energy is released.
reaction between chlorine water and iron(II) II.The chemical used in a cold pack are
sulphate? ammonium nitrate and water.
A.Fe2+ (aq) + Cl2 (aq)→ Fe(s) +2Cl- (aq) III.Heat energy is converted into electrical
B.Fe2+ (aq) + Cl2 (aq) → Fe3+(s) +2Cl- (aq) energy, during electrolysis.
C.Fe2+ (aq) + Cl2 (aq) → Fe(s) + Cl- (aq) IV.Heat energy is absorbed from the
D.2Fe2+(aq) + Cl2 (aq) →2Fe3+(s) +2Cl- (aq) surrounding when sodium hydroxide reacts
with dilute acid.
30. Which of the following represents the A.I,II B.III,IV C.I, II,III D I, II, III , IV.
reaction that occur at the anode and cathode
 (a)State the names of the ions in the (ii) Q : Green solution turns 5. Figure below shows an
filtrate. brown experiment to study the effects of
Cu (s) + Zn (NO3)2 (aq) : no [2 marks] two metal on the rusting of iron.
reaction (d)Write the equations for the
Cu (s) + 2AgNO3 (aq )→ Cu(NO3)2 reactions at electrodes P and Q.
(aq) + 2Ag (s)
(excess) (i) P : MnO4- + 8H+ + 5e- → Mn2+
On filtering, the filtrate contains + 4H2O
zinc(II) ions, copper(II) ions and (ii) Q : Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e-
nitrate (V) ions. [1 mark]
[2 marks] (e)Suggest a substance that can
(b)Find the substance in the residue replaced acidified potassium
after filtration. manganate(VII).
Copper and silver.
[1 mark] Acidified potassium
(c)Describe what can you observe dichromate(VI)
in the above experiment. [1 mark]
The colourless solution becomes (f)Name the reducing agent this
PAPER 2 OXIDATION blue and a silvery precipitate is reaction.
REDUCTION formed. Ferum(II); ion (Fe2+)
1. The arrangement of apparatus in [1 mark]
an experiment to investigate the [1 mark]
redox reactions of three elements: (d)Based on the experiment, write 4. The diagram below shows the (a)After two days, pink spots
magnesium, zinc and carbon, is the ionic equation for the reaction set-up on an experiment. formed in test tube Y. What cause
shown in the below diagram. and identifiy the formation of pink spots?
Ionic equation : Hydroxide ion
Cu (s) + 2Ag+ (aq)→ Cu 2+ (aq) + [1 mark]
2Ag (s) (b)(i) Give another observation that
(i) the species being oxidised. can be test tube.
Copper
[1 mark] Gas bubbles are observed
(ii) the species being reduced. [1 mark]
Based on the above arrangement , (ii) Based on the observations in
Silver ion
(a)What is the function of test tube Y, make a conclusion.
[1 mark]
potassium manganate(VII)?
(iii) the oxidising agent. Metal P can prevent the rusting of
Potassium manganate(VII) : to
Silver ion (a)State the observation in test tuba ion nail
produce oxygen for the
[1 mark] A and in gas jar B. [1 mark]
combustion of magnesium, carbon
(iv) the reducing agent in this (i) The solution changed from (c)State one characteristic of metal
and zinc.
reaction. blue to colourless. Brownish P and suggest one possible identity
[1 mark]
Copper deposit was formed. for metal P.
(b)Record the [1 mark] (ii) White tone are observed. A Metal P is more electropositive
experimental results 3.Figure below shows set-up of
white precipitate is obtained. than iron and metal P possibly is a
[2 marks] zinc
expected to be obtained apparatus to study the transfer of (b)Based on the reaction in test [2 marks]
in the below table. electron in short distance. tube A: (d)After 2 days, lots of blue spots
Elements ObservationNature of (i) Construct on overall ionic are observed in the test tube Z. State
flame/glow equation for this reaction. the cause of the blue spots.
Magnesium Mg (s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Cu (s) + Iron(II) iron. Fe (s) → Fe2+ (aq) +
Mg2+ (aq) 2e-
Zinc [1 mark] [2 marks]
(ii) Name the oxidising agent for (e)(i) Name the process that
Carbon this reaction. occured in (d).
Copper(II) sulphate oxidation
[1 mark] [1 mark]
Elements Observation (iii) State the change in the (ii) Suggest one possible identity
Nature of oxidation number of magnesium. for metal Q.
flame/glow O to +2 copper
Magnesium Very bright flame [1 mark] [1 mark]
(a)(i) What is the energy change
Zinc The glow spreads that occur in this experiment? (c)Based on the reaction in gas jar (f)Based on the above experiment,
B: write a conclusion.
Chemical energy to electrical
energy (i) construct the half equation for The rusting of iron can be
Carbon Bright flame [1 mark] the reaction. prevented if iron is in concact
[ 3 marks ] Oxidation : Na → Na+ + e- with a more electropositive metal.
(ii) Name the type of cell
(c)What are the steps to be taken so On the other hand, rusting of iron
represented by the set-up of Reduction : C12 +2e- → 2C1-
that the redox reactions can occur? is speeded up if iron is in contact
apparatus in the figure above. [1 mark]
The powdered element is first with a less electropositive metal.
heated strongly. Chemical cell (ii) Name the product of this [1 mark]
Then, when the powdered element [1 mark] reaction.
has become very hot, potassium (b)(i) Name the Solution M. Sodium chloride 6. The atomic structures of two
manganate(VII) is then heated Dilute sulphuric acid [1 mark] elements R and S is shown in the
strongly. The oxygen released is [1 mark] (iii) Name the reducing agent for below diagram.
allowed to pass over the elements. this reaction.
[2 marks ] (ii) What is the function of Solution
M? Sodium
To complete the electric circuit so [1 mark]
2. From an experiment in the lab,
an excess powdered copper is that ions can move through it (iv) State the changes of the
added to an aqueous solution [1 mark] oxidation number in chlorine.
containing zinc nitrate and silver (c)Predict the observations around O to -1
nitrate. Then, the mixture is shaken electrons at electrodes P and Q. [1 mark]
and filtered. (i) P : Pruple solution decolourised

3
Elements R reacts with element S to
form compound T.
(a)Write the formula of compound
T.
R2S
[1 mark]
(b)Based on the information given
in above figure, predict the relative
molecular mass of T.
Number of protons in two atoms
of R = 2 x 11 = 22
Number of neutrons in two atoms
of R = 2 x12 = 24
Number of protons in one atoms
of Q = 8
Number of neutrons in one atoms
of Q = 8
Total number of protons and
neutrons in one molecule of T
= 22 + 24 + 8 + 8 = 62. The
relative molecular mass of T is
62.
[2 marks]
(c)Find the oxidation numbers of
the elements R and S in compound
T.
T is made up of R+ ions and S2-
ions.
Oxidation number of the element
R = +1
Oxidation number of the element
S=-2
[2 marks]
(d)Is the element R oxidised or
reduced in this reaction? Briefly
explain your answer.
R is oxidised because of the loss of
electrons.
R → R+ + e-
[2 marks]
(e)Is the element S acting as an
oxidising or reducing agent in this
reaction? Briefly explain your
answer.
The element S acts as an oxidising
agent. S is oxidised R to R+ and is
itself reduced to S2-.
[2 marks]
7. Figure below shows a simple
chemical cell made up of iron and
silver electrodes.
(a)(i) What happens to electrode D
after 20 minutes?
Electrode D becomes thinner
[1 mark]
(ii) Write a half-equation for the
reaction in D and name the process
occur in D.
Fe (s) → Fe2+ (aq) + 2e-
[1 mark]
(b)(i) Predict the observation in
electrode C.
Electrode C becomes thicker
[1 mark]
(ii) Write a half-equation for the
reaction in C.
Ag + (aq) +e- →Ag (s)
[1 mark]
(c)(i) Name the overall reaction and
write the overall equation.
Redox reaction or displacement
reaction
Fe (s) + 2Ag+ (aq) → Fe2+ (aq) +
2Ag (s)
[2 marks]
(ii) Name the reducing agent in this
chemical cell.
Iron, Fe
[1 mark]
(d)State the flows of electron
outside the circuit.
The electrons flow from the iron
electrode (D) to the silver
electrode (C).
[1 mark]
(e)What is the purpose of using a
porous pot?
It separates the solution of silver
nitrate and iron(II) sulphate so
that the solutions do not mix. It
also allowing the ions it pass
through so that it completes the
electric circuit.
[1 mark]
8. The below diagram shows a
concentrated copper(II) chloride
solution is electrolysed using
carbon electrodes.
(a)(i) Describe your observation at
the carbon electrode X.
A greenish yellow gas is produced
[1 mark]
(ii) Based on the diagram, explain
your observation in terms of the
redox reaction.
Carbon X is the anode. At anode,
oxidation occurs. Chloride ions
(Cl-) lose electrons and are
oxidised to chlorine gas.
[2 marks]
(iii) Based on the diagram, write
the half-equation for the reaction
that occured at electrode X.
2Cl- (aq) → Cl2 (g) +2e- ...
oxidation
[1 mark]
(b)(i) Describe your observation at
the carbon electrode Y.
Brown coloured copper metal is
deposited on the carbon rod Y.
[1 marks]
(ii) Based on the diagram, explain
your observation in terms of the
redox reaction.
At the cathode, reduction occurs.
Copper(II) ions (Cu2+) accept
electrons and are reduced to
copper metal.
[2 marks]
(iii) Identify the colour changes in
the electrolyte.
The colour of the electrolyte
slowly disappears because the
concentration of Cu2+ ions
decreases slowly. The solution
finally becomes colourless.
[1 mark]
(iv) Based on the diagram, write the
half-equation for the reaction that
occures at electrode Y.
Cu2+ (aq) +2e- →Cu (s)
[1 mark]
(c)Briefly explain a test to confirm
the substance produced at the
electrode X.
Test the gas given off with damp
blue litmus paper. The blue litmus
paper becomes red and then
bleached.
[1 mark]
(d)If the electrolysis is repeated
using copper electrodes to replace
the carbon electrodes, X and Y.
(i) What can be observed at the
copper electrode that is connectod to
the positive terminal of the battery?
The positive copper electrode
(anode) dissolves to form
copper(II) ions.
[1 mark]
(ii) What can be observed at the
copper electrode that is connected to
the negative terminal of the battery?
The brown-coloured copper is
deposited at the negative electrode
(cathode)
[1 mark]
(iii) Give an explanation of the
changes in intensity of the colour of
the copper(II) chloride solution.
The intensity of the colour of the
copper(II) chloride solution does
not change because the
concentration of Cu2+ ions does
not change.
[2 marks]
9. An experiment for investigating
the positions of metal X, Y and
hydrogen in the activity series, is
shown in the below diagram.
Table below shows the
experimental results.
Metal Observation
Oxide (during heating)
Oxide Glows brightly
of metal X
Oxide Does not glow
of metal Y
(a)Explain how dry hydrogen is
prepared in the laboratory. Use the
diagram to help you.
Some pieces of zinc are put into
the round-bottomed flask. By
means of a thistle funnel, dilute
sulphuric acid is added to the
zinc. Hydrogen gas released is
passed through a U- tube
containing a drying agent such as
anhydrous calcium chloride.
[3 marks]
(b)Give one safety precaution that
must be taken in this experiment.
A mixture of hydrogen and air
explodes easily when burn. In
order to avoid an explosion, all
the air in the apparatus must be
removed before hydrogen gas is
ignited.
[1 mark]
(c)Predict the melting point and the
boiling point of liquid V produced.
Melting point = 0 oC
Boiling point = 100 oC
[1 mark]
(d)Give the identity of the oxide of
X.
The oxide of X is iron(III) oxide.
This is because iron(III) oxide is
brown and can be reduced to iron
which is grey in colour.
[1 mark]
(e)Give the identity of the oxide of
Y.
The oxide of Y zinc oxide.
[1 mark]
(f)(i) Write the arrangement of X, Y
and hydrogen in order of the
reactivity series.
Y>H>X
[1 mark]
(ii) Briefly explain your answer in
(f) (i).
Hydrogen reduces the oxide of X
into metal X. Hydrogen does not
react with the oxide of Y. Hence,
hydrogen is less reactive than Y.
[1 mark]
10. (a) Not all the chemical
reactions are redox reaction. Give
two examples for each of non-
redox reaction and redox reaction.
Write down the equation for each
of the reaction.
Non-redox reactions:
1. Neutralisation between an acid
and a base
HC1 (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaC1
(aq) + H2O (l)
2. Precipitate reaction
Ca2+ (aq) + SO42- (aq) → CaSO4
(s)
Redox reactions:
1. Metal reaction with oxygen
2Mg (s) + O2 (g) → 2MgO (s)
2. Displacement reaction:
Mg (s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Mg2+ (aq) +
Cu (aq)
[8 marks]
(b)Build a simple reactivity for
four metals P, Q, R and S. Describe
the above experiment with the aid
of a labelled diagram. In your
description, write down the
observation and also the conclusion
.
Materials:
Potassium manganate(VII)
powder, metal powder PQRS
Apparatus:
Boiling tubes, glass wool, asbestos Zn (s) → Zn2+ (aq)
boat, Bunsen burner, retort stand, + 2e-
clamp and spatula Cathode (+) : Carbon rod
2NH4+ (aq) + 2e-
→ 2NH3 (aq) + H2 (g)
Overall equation : Zn (s) + 2NH4+
(aq) → Zn2+ (aq) + 2NH3 (aq) + H2
(g)
Procedure: Electrolyte : Moist paste of
1. A spatula of potassium ammonium
manganate(VII) powder is placed
into the boling tube. (ii) Alkaline Cell
2. Glass wool placed into the Anode (-) : Zinc powder
boling tube. Zn (s) → Zn2+ (aq)
3. A spatula of metal powder P is + 2e-
put into a piece of asbestos boat Cathode (+) : Manganese(IV)
and then put into boiling tube. oxide
4. Metal powder P is heated 2MnO2 (s) + H2O
vigorously and then potassium (l) +2e- → MN2O3 (s) + 2OH - (aq)
manganate(VII) powder is heated. Overall equation :
5. The observation is recorded. Zn (s) + 2MnO2 (s) + H2O (l) →
6. The experiment is repeated Mn2O3 (s) + Zn (OH)2 (aq)
using metal powder Q, R and S Electrolyte : Potassium hyrdoxide
respectively. paste
Observation: [6 marks]
(c)Give definition of redox
Metal powder Observation
reaction. The changing of iron(II)
P Glows dimly and slowlyions to iron(III) ions is a redox
Q reaction. Devise a simple
Burns with less bright flame
R Glows brightly experiment to study the oxidation
S Burns with white glaringandflame
reduction in the above
reaction.
Conclusions: Redox reaction is the chemical
From the observation, metals S is reaction involving oxidation and
the most reactive metals, The reduction occurring
reactivity of metals decreased simultaneously.
from R to Q and to P. Experiment 1
[12 marks] Material:
0.5 mol dm-3 freshly prepared
11. (a) What are the differences iron(II) sulphate solution,
between electrolytic cell and bromine water, sodium hydroxide
chemical cell? solution.
Apparatus:
test tubes, test tube holder,
dropper, Bunsen burner
Procedure:
1. 2 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 iron(II)
sulphate solution is poured into a
test tube.
2. Bromine water is added to the
solution drop by drop using a
dropper.
3. The test tube is then warned
gently.
4. 2.0 mol dm-3sodium hydroxide
solution is added gradually to the
filtrate until in excess.
Observation:
Bromine water decolourises. The
pale green solution turns yellow.
Discussion:
Bromine water oxidises iron(II),
ions, Fe2+ to iron(III) ions,
Fe3+
Requires source of Fe2+ ions : reducing agent
Basic structure
electric current Fe2+ (aq) → Fe3+(aq) + e-
Electrodes can be of the Bromine water : oxidising agent
same of different metals Br2 (aq) + 2e- → 2Br-
Electrical energy → Energy (aq)
Chemical energy conversion
Electrons flow from the Overall ionic equation:
Transfer of
2+ 3+
positive electrode to the electron2Fe (aq) +- Br2 (aq) →+ 2Fe
negative electrode (aq) + 2Br (aq)
[6 marks]
The presence of Fe3+ is confirmed
by the formation of brown
(b)Primary cells are chemical cells
precipitate with sodium hydroxide
that are not rechargeable. Briefly
solution.
describe two examples of primary
Conclusion:
cells.
Bromine water act as an oxidising
(i) Dry Cell
agent changing Fe2+ ions to Fe3+
Anode (-) : Zinc casing
ions.
[8 marks]
12. (a) Explain a suitable method
for the extraction of iron from its
ore.
Iron can be extracted from
haematite by reduction with
carbon. Heamatite is the iron ore
that contains iron(III) oxide.
Haematite is the iron ore that
contains iron(III) oxide. Iron ore,
coke(carbon) and
limestone(calcium carbonate) are
added at the top of the blast
furnace.
A blast of hot air is blown into
furnace from the bottom.
Coke : It is oxidised to carbon
monoxide.The coke burns in the
hot air and is oxidised to carbon
dioxide.
C(s) + O2 (g) → CO2(g)
Carbon dioxide then ascends to
the top part of the furnace and is
reduced by coke to carbon
monoxide.
C(s) +CO2(g) →2CO(g)
Iron ore : Reduced to iron. The
iron ore is reduced by coke and
carbon monoxide to produce
molten iron.
Fe2O3(s) + 3C (s) →2Fe(l) +
3CO(g)
Fe2O3(s) + 3CO (s) →2Fe(l) +
3CO2(g)
Molten iron flows to the bottom of
the furnace and is collected.
Limestone : To remove impurities
limestone decomposes to calcium
oxide and carbon dioxide.
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2 (g)
The calcium oxide produced
reacts with the impurities such as
sand to form calcium silicate.
(slag)
CaO +SiO2→ CaSiO3
(sand) (slag)
The molten slag floats on top of
the molten iron. The two layers
are run off from separate tap
holes an allowed to solidify.
[6 marks]
(b)Explain why metals (such as
sodium, magnesium and
aluminium) act as reducing agents
and non-metals (such as oxygen
and chlorine) act as oxidising
agent. Your answer must include
the electron arrangement.
(b)
Metals : reducing agents
Reducing agents are electron
donors. Metals are reducing
agents because they tend to
donate electrons arrangements.
For example
Na → Na+ + e-
(2.8.1) (2.8)
Mg → Mg2+ + 2e-
(2.8.2) (2.8)
Na+ and Mg2+ ions have the same
stable electron arrangement as a
neon atom (2.8)
Non-metals : Oxidising agents
Oxidising agents are acceptors of
electrons. Non- metals are
oxidising agents because they
accept electrons readily to form
stable anion with the stable
electrons arrangement of noble
gas.
For examples,
O2 + 2e- → 2O2-
( 2.6) ( 2.8 )
Cl2 + 2e- → 2Cl-
( 2.8.7) ( 2.8 .8)
Oxide (O2-) ion has the same
stable electrons arrangement as
neon (2.8). Chloride (Cl-) ion has
the same stable electron
arrangement as argon (2.8.8)
[10 marks]
(c)Describe why galvanising can
prevent iron from rusting.
Galvanising is the coating of iron
or steel with zinc for protection
against rusting. Even if the zinc
coating is scratched, the iron
below it does not rust.
Rusting occurs when iron donates
electrons to form Fe2+ ions.
Fe(s) → Fe2+ ( aq) + 2e-
In galvanised iron, zinc is
corroded and not iron. This is
because zinc is more
electropositive than iron. When
zinc corrodes, zinc ions are
formed and electrons are released.
Zn →Zn2+(aq) + 2e-
The electrons released will
prevent iron from forming Fe2+
ions and thus prevent the rusting
of iron.
[4 marks]
13. (a) Given that magnesium is
more reactive than copper. Devise
two experiments to prove this
statement.
Experiment 1
Apparatus :
Wire gauze, tripod stand and
Bunsen bunner.
Materials :
Magnesium powder, copper(II)
oxide and asbestos paper.
Procedure :
1. Magnesium powder is added to
copper(II) oxide and mixed
uniformly.
2. The mixture is placed on an
asbestos paper.
3. The asbestos paper with the
mixture is placed on wire gauze
over a tripod stand.
4. The mixture of powder
magnesium and copper(II) oxide
is the heated strongly.
Observation
A glow appears and spreads
across the surface of the mixture.
Conclusion
Magnesium is more reactive with
oxygen than copper.
Discussion :
1. The experiment shows that
magnesium reacts with copper(II)
oxide
2. Magnesium reduces copper(II)
oxide to copper and itself oxidised
to magnesium oxide.
Experiment 2
Apparatus :
Spatula and test tube
Materials :
Magnesium powder, copper(II)
oxide and asbestos paper.
Proccedure :
A spatula of magnesium powder
is added to copper(II) sulphate
solution in a test tube. The
mixture is shaken gently.
Observation
1. The magnesium powder
dissolves
2. The blue colour of copper(II)
sulphate change to colourless
3. A reddish brown precipitate is
formed.
Conclusion
A more reactive metal will
displace a less reactive metal from
its salt. Hence, the experiment
shows that magnesium is more
reactive than copper.
Discussion :
1 The brown precipitate is copper.
2 Magnesium displaces copper
from copper(II) sulphate solution
Mg (s) + CuSO4 (aq) →Cu(s) +
MgSO4(aq)
[10 marks]
(b)Some substances act as an
oxidising agent on one reaction but
a reducing agent in another
reaction. Using iron(II) sulphate as
an example,explain how you would
prove this statement.
The reaction of iron(II) sulphate
as an oxidising agent.
When excess zinc powder is added
to iron(II) sulphate solution, zinc
dissolves to form zinc sulphate.
The green colour of iron(II)
sulphate slowly disappears as iron
is precipated. When excess
sodium hydroxide is added to the
reaction mixture, a white
precipitate is formed. The
precipitate dissolves in excess
sodium hydroxide solution to
form a colourless solution. This
shows the presence of Zn2+ ions. In
this reaction, iron(II) sulphate
acts as the oxidising agnet.
Iron(II) sulphate oxidised zinc to
Zn2+ions and itself reduced to iron
Fe.
The overall redox reaction
between zinc and iron(II) sulphate
can be represented by the
equation :
FeSO4 (aq) +Zn(s) →Fe (s) +
ZnSO4 (aq)
The reaction of iron(II) sulphate
as an reducing agent.
When chlorine water is added to
iron(II) sulphate solution, the
green colour of iron(II) sulphate
changes to a brown colour. When
sodium hydroxide solution is
added to the reaction mixture, a
brown precipitate is formed,
which is insoluble in excess
sodium hydroxide. This shows the
presence of Fe3 + (aq) ions. In this
reaction, iron(II) sulphate acts as
a reducing agent. It reduces
chlorine to chloride ions and is
itself oxidised to Fe3 + ions.
Cl2(aq) + 2e- → 2Cl-(aq) ...
reduction
Fe2+( aq) + Cl2 (aq) →Fe3+(aq) ...
oxidation
The overall redox reaction
between chlorine and
iron(II)sulphate can be
represented by the ionic
equation :
Fe2+( aq) + Cl2 (aq) →Fe3+(aq) +
2Cl- (aq)
( reducing ( oxidising
agent ) agent )
[10 marks]
14. (a) Discuss a suitable
industrial method for the extraction
of tin from its
There are a number of iron ores.
The main ore of tin is cassiterite
that contains tin(IV) oxide, SnO2.
At first, the ore is crushed and
washed.
Then, the ore is concentrated by
floatating method. in this method,
ore is mixed with oil and water.
The impurites such as sand sink
to the bottom as they are denser.
on the other hand, the tin
minerals which are less dense are
trapped in the floating foam.
After that, the concentrated ore is
roasted in the air and alter the
sulphite of tin to oxide. The
impurities like oil burnt is off at
the same time.
The reduction of tin(IV) oxide
takes place in the blast furnace.
SnO2 (s) 2CO (g) → Sn (s) + 2CO2
(g)
SnO2 (s) + 2C (s) → Sn (s) + 2CO2
(g)
SnO2 (s) + (cs) → Sn (s) + CO2 (g)
The remaining impurities are
eliminated to slag by calcium
oxide.
The molten tin is then drained off
into moulds to become tin
blocks.
[10 marks]
(b)Devise an experiment to prove
that zinc is more reactive than
cooper.
Materials:
Zinc powder, copper(II) oxide and
asbestos boat.
Apparatus:
tripod stand, wire gauze and
Bunsen burner
Procedure:
1. Zinc powder is added to
copper(II) oxide and mixed
unformly.
2. The mixture is placed on the
asbestos boat.
3. The asbestos boat with mixture
is then placed on a wire gauze
over tripod stand.
4. The mixture is then heated
strongly.
Observation:
A glow is observed across the
surface of the mixture.
Discussion:
Zinc react with copper(II) oxide
by reducing copper(II) oxide to
copper while itself is oxidised to
zinc oxide.
Conclusions:
Zinc is more reactive with oxygen
than copper.
[10 marks]
15. Rusting of iron is a redox
reaction.
(a)Explain the above statement
and discuss how rusting can occur.
Rusting of iron is an
electrochemical process.
Rusting is a redox reaction in
which oxygen acts as oxidising
agent, while iron acts as the
reducing agent.
In the presence of water and
oxygen, rusting of iron
occurs.
The region where the
concentration of oxygen is
lower serve as anode.
- Iron rust via the oxidation
process to form iron(II) ions
- Fe (s) → Fe2+ (aq) + 2e-
The region where the
concentration of oxygen is
higher serve as cathode
- oxygen accepts alectrons and is
reduced to hydroxide ions
- O2 (g) + 2H2O (l) + 4e-→ 4OH-
(aq)
Overall equation:
- Fe (s) → O2 (g) → 2H2O (l) + 2Fe
(OH)2 (s)
Fe2+ ions and OH- ions diffuse
away and precipitate to form
iron(II) hydroxide, Fe(OH)2
The oxygen then oxidises iron(II)
hydroxide Fe(OH)2 to hydrated
iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3. xH2O (rust)
[8 marks]
(b)State two conditions that can
increase the rate rusting of iron.
(i) Strong electrolyte (e.g. salt and
acid) is present.
(ii) Iron is in contact with a metal
which is less electropositive than
iron.
[2 marks]
(c)In the presence of water and
oxygen, rusting of iron occurs.
However, the rusting of iron can be
prevented. Discuss five ways used
for prevention of rusting.
(i) Coat with plastic
- used for light items
- long lasting and strong
(ii) Alloying the iron
- for example alloying the iron
with chromium and nickel
produce stainless steel
- stainless steel contains 18%
chromium and 8% nickel provide
a protective oxide coating
(iii) Painting
- protect iron surface from coming
into contact with water and air
- painting is easily applied and it
is cheap
(iv) Apply grease and oil
- used for movable machine part
- as a protective layer to protect
steel in moving parts
(v) Use of less electropositive
metal (tin plating)
- tin provides a protective oxide
coating to cans of food
- make the objects more shiny and
attractive
[10 marks]
Paper 3
1.Instead of iron, steel is used for
building bridges as steel is more
rust resistant than iron.
Design a laboratory experiment to
show that steel is more resistant to
rusting if compared to iron. Your
experiment should include:
(a) Problem statement
(b) Hypothesis
(c) Material and apparatus
(d) Procedure
(e) Tabulation of data
Problem statement:
Is the steel more rust resistant
than iron?
(b) Hypothesis:
Iron rust more easily than steel
(c) Materials:
Steel nail, iron nail, sand paper,
potassium hexxacyanoferrate(III)
Apparatus:
Test tubes
(d) Procedure:
1. The iron nail and steel nail are
cleaned using sand paper.
2. The are placed separately in
test tube A and B.
3. Hot gelatin solution with a few
drops of potassium
hexacyanoferrate(III) is prepared.
4. The mixture is stirred and then
poured into test tube A and B
respectively.
5. The test tubes are left aside for
three days and observed.
(e)
Test Tube Intensity of blue colou
A (iron nail)
B (steel nail)
[17 marks]
2.The experimental set-up shown
below is used to investigate te
reactivity of metal with oxygen.

The metal powder used in this
experiment are Magnesium,
copper, iron and zinc. Durinf the
experiment, the reactivity of the
metal is indicated by the glow or
flame of the metal powder.
(a)Suggest a suitable hypothesis for
this experiment.
The more reactive a metal is, the
more brightly the flame
produced by the burning of
metal.
[2 marks]
(b)Complete the table below.
Variables
Fixed Variable:
Amont of metal powder and
xMnO4
Responding variable:
The glow or flame of the heat
Manipulated variable:
Types of metal powders
[4 marks]
(c)Write the observation for the
following metal powders.
Metal
Magnesium
Burns brightly with adetermine
Copper Glows faintly
Iron Glows very brightly diagram below.
Zinc Burns fairly brightly
[4 marks]
(d)Based on the above observation,
arrange the metal in descending
order of reactivity.
Magnesium, Zinc, Iron, Copper
[2 marks]
(e)The experiment is repeated using (i) Give the purpose of heating
lead powder. Lead glows brightly in potassium manganate(VII).
the experiment. Predict the position The purpose is to produce gas
of lead in the reactivity series from potassium manganate(VIII).
constructed by the above metals. [1 mark]
Magnesium, Zinc, Lead, Copper
[8 marks] (ii) The experiment above is
carried out using powders of
3.(a) The set up of apparatus and copper, iron, lead and magnesium.
the results of the experiment to The table below shows the results
study the reaction of copper(II) of the experiments. Complete the
oxide with carbon is shown in the table by stating the observations of
table below. the reaction of metals with oxygen.
State an interference you can make
based on the above observation.
Copper(II) oxide reacts vigorously
with carbon
[2 marks]
(b)A student repeated Metal
the experiment using Iron Moderately bright flame
Lead Faint flame
magnesium oxide, Moderately bright glow
lead(II) oxide and Magnesium Very bright flame
sodium oxide in turn Very bright glow
[3 marks]
with carbon. The table
The waybelowto shows
maintain the
the results
fixed (e)Give one hypothesis for this
variable: experiment.
of the experiment.
Fix the mass of metal powder and The more reactive the metal, the
KMnO Mixture of metal oxide with carbon brighter the flame or the glow is
Magnesium oxide + carbon
What to observe? on the metal.
The intenslty of theLead(II)
glow oroxide
the flame [2 marks]
of the heated metal powder
Sodium oxide + carbon (f)Arrange the metals, copper, iron ,
The way to manipulate: lead and magnesium in descending
After (i)
theGive
experiment, changeforthethis
one hypothesis order of reactivity with oxygen.
metal powder.
experiment.
If carbon is more reactive than
the metal, a reaction will occur
and the mixture will glow.
Conversely, if carbon is less Magnesium, iron, lead, copper
reactive than the metal, the [1 marks]
mixture will not glow. (g)State the action to be taken from
[3 marks] each variable in the table below.
(ii) Construct a table to
classify the metals into
two group. Refer table
both above.
Metals more reactive than carbon
Magnesium
Sodium
[2 marks]
(c)The set up of apparatus to
very brilliant white flame
[3 marks]
the reactivity of metals
Variables
with oxygen is shown in the
(i) Manipulated variable Use different metals for the
experiment
(ii) Responding variable Observe the brightness of the
flame of the glow on the metal
(iii) Controlled variable Use the same mass of
potassium manganate(VII) and
the same mass of each metal