Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Gramaticas PDF
Gramaticas PDF
"#$%&'()*%+#,#
-.)/0123)+#45./)6%+#
!"#$%&'()#*$+',(-%(.'/0%&(
!/#1'23(4%-%56#(7,1'*3( >"#-3(;*/%*'%"?#(;*B3"6CD$#(
83,9(!:(;/&%,'#,(.#"<*%5(
E%3"?#(-%(!02F6#2#,(G(4%*/0#H%,(I3"6#&%,(
=%#2"'5(>#"$?#(8'69*%5(
80#*(.#*0%&(!&3*,3(@%A%"( (
$78-9:;7<#4=>?:$7<#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
J(
K%L*'$'3*%,(
M1%"#$'3*%,(
N%/&#,(-%(-%"'O#$'F*(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
P(
@%A2&2325&%+#
$80:949#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
7*D-#-(#A,2"#$2#Q(*3(,%(-%L*%(R#*C&3/3(#&(10*23(%*(/%36%2"?#S:()3*(
&%2"#,Q( -?/'23,Q( $#"#$2%"%,Q( %2$:( E#6A'9*( %,( 13,'A&%( %*$3*2"#"(
,?6A3&3,(B3"6#-3,(13"(O#"'3,($#"#$2%"%,Q(1%HT(;IQ(EU7VQ(74)7Q(:::(
!4;%:-<9#=!>##
W3*H0*23(?&)<9#&9#@%'89(-%(&%2"#,(3(,?6A3&3,:(
)%#( X#Y( 0*#( &%2"#( G( !( 0*( #&B#A%23Q( ,'( #( 1%"2%*%$%( #( %,%(
#&B#A%23("(#(#(!(
7H%61&3,T(
!Z[(\!Q(=Q(WQ(:::Q]^(
!J[(\_Q(Z^( `(
!P[(\;IQ(EU7VQ(74)7Q(=7>;VQ(7VK^(
@%A2&2325&%+#
A%4%:7%+#'%.-&%+#B7%C(23-#(,%$0%*$'#(L*'2#(-%(,?6A3&3,(-%&(#&B#A%23:(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
7H%61&3,T(
1#&#A"#,(,3A"%(!Z(8a!VQ(;)!=74Q(%2$:(
1#&#A"#,(,3A"%(!J((___ZZZ_Z(
1#&#A"#,(,3A"%(!P(;IEU7V74)77VK(
(
D9<%')E&C# &#,( 1#&#A"#,( ,%( "%1"%,%*2#*( 13"( &%2"#,( 6'*b,$0&#,( -%&( L*#&(
-%&(#&B#A%23(
(R!"#$"#%SQ(1%H(![(8a!VQ($[(;IEU7V74)77VK(
c(
@%A2&2325&%+#
,9&3)<F.#.-#G%4%:7%#((
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
7,(%&(*b6%"3(-%(,?6A3&3,(d0%($3613*%*(0*#(1#&#A"#(
4#(&3*/'20-(-%(&#(1#&#A"##!#,%("%1"%,%*2#(13"($(!$(
7H%61&3,T(
$(!$([($(8a!V#$([(`(
$($#$([($(;IEU7V74)77VK($([ZP(R%*(!ZS(
$($#$([($(;IEU7V74)77VK($([((`(R%*(!PS((
A%4%:7%#@%'8%#=%>#((
7,(#d0%&&#(1#&#A"#($0G#(&3*/'20-(%,($%"3(
)%("%1"%,%*2#(13"#%+($(%#$([(_(
)3A"%($0#&d0'%"(#&B#A%23(%,(13,'A&%($3*,2"0'"(%#
HB4).%.C# %,( %&%6%*23( *%02"3( %*( 60$+#,( 31%"#$'3*%,( $3*( e(
1#&#A"#,(G(&%*/0#H%,(
@%A2&2325&%+#
H&)@-7*9# .-4# .)*'F7*9+# I=!>C# ( 7,( %&( $3*H0*23( -%( 23-#,( &#,(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
1#&#A"#,( d0%( ,%( 10%-%*( B3"6#"( $3*( &3,( ,?6A3&3,( -%( 0*(
#&B#A%23(!((
! E#6A'9*(,%(-%*36'*#(4%*/0#H%(a*'O%",#&(-%(!(
! )%("%1"%,%*2#($363(@R!S(
! 7,(0*($3*H0*23('*L*'23(
! 7H%61&3T(,%#(!`([(\!^Q(@R!`S([(\%Q(!Q(!!Q(!!!Q(:::^($3*(0*(
*b6%"3(&(-%(1#&#A"#,(
COROLARIO:
' !, % # W(!) " La palabra vacía pertenece a todos los lenguajes
f(
universales de todos los alfabetos posibles
K%L*'$'3*%,(
M1%"#$'3*%,(
N%/&#,(-%(-%"'O#$'F*(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
g(
=B%.)325&%+#35&#B)6)C.)+#
M1%"#$'3*%,( $3*( 1#&#A"#,(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
,3A"%(1#&#A"#,(-%(0*(0*'O%",3(
-%&(-',$0",3(-#-3(
Z( W3*$#2%*#$'F*(-%(1#&#A"#,(
J( h32%*$'#(
P( N%i%j'F*(
k(
J# K9&'%<-&%')E&#.-#G%4%:7%*#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
,%#*(-3,(1#&#A"#,(!Q($(2#&(d0%(!#!#&'"(Q(($!!#&'"(Q((G(,%#((
(
$(!$([('([(&(!)#!*#+++!,$((%(($$$([(H([($($)#$*#+++#$-($Q((
,%(&#('9&'%<-&%')E&(-%(j($3*(GQ(#T(
!#"#$([(!)#!*#+++#!,(($)#$*#+++#$,(([(#+((-3*-%(%#!#&'"((
Z_(
J# K9&'%<-&%')E&#.-#G%4%:7%*#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
A79G)-.%.-*C##
! M1%"#$'F*($%""#-#(R3('*2%"*#S( ( ((
! h"31'%-#-(!,3$'#DO# ( ((
! W3*(%&%6%*23(*%02"3:(((
! V3($3*602#DO#(
L-?&)')9&-*C##
! W#A%5#(
! W3&#(
ZZ(
! 43*/'20-(-%(1#&#A"#(
M# A9<-&')%#
7,(&#("%-0$$'F*(-%(&#($3*$#2%*#$'F*(#(&3,($#,3,(d0%(,%("%L%"%*(#(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
0*#(6',6#(1#&#A"#(
! 132%*$'#( ,./0,12# -%( 0*#( 1#&#A"#( #&( "%,0&2#-3( -%( $3*$#2%*#"(
%,#(1#&#A"#($3*,'/3(6',6#('(O%$%,(
! $3*$#2%*#$'F*(%,(#,3$'#DO#("(*3(%,1%$'L$#"(%&(3"-%*((
! j'([(j(l(j(l(j(:(::::j('((O%$%,((
! (j'(([('(l((j(((
! ,%($061&%T(
• jZ([(j(
• j(Z(m('([(j(l(j'([(j'(l(j((R'n_S(
• j(H(m('([(jH(l(j'([(j'(l(jH((R'Q(Hn_S(
ZJ(
! )'(,%(-%L*%(j_([(%((
• R'Q(Hn[_S(
N# O-P-Q)E&#.-#F&%#G%4%:7%#
)%#(&#(1#&#A"#(j([(#Z(l#J(l(#P(l:::(l(#*Q((
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
(
(,%(-%*36'*#(G%4%:7%#7-P-R%#-%(jQ((
( ((
( (joZ([((#*(l#*oZ(l(:::(l(#J(l(#ZQ((
( ((
(B3"6#-#(13"(&3,(6',63,(,?6A3&3,(%*(-',D*23(3"-%*((
(
( ((joZ(([((j(((
ZP(
=B%.)325&%+#35%&'()*%+#
pq09(%,(0*(4%*/0#H%r((
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
)%( -%*36'*#( ,-&3F%R-# *9:7-# -4# %4;%:-<9# !( #( 23-3(
,0A$3*H0*23(-%&(&%*/0#H%(0*'O%",#&(-%(!(R4()(@R!SS(
':%:((#(23-3($3*H0*23(-%(1#&#A"#,(,3A"%(0*(-%2%"6'*#-3(!((
':%:(#(23-3($3*H0*23(-%(1#&#A"#,((/%*%"#-3(#(1#"D"(-%&(#&B#A%23(!((
Z`(
=B%.)325&%+#35%&'()*%+#
)3*(&%*/0#H%,(%,1%$'#&%,T(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
*([(4%*/0#H%(O#$?3Q(*()(@R!S(
\s^([(4%*/0#H%(-%(&#(1#&#A"#(O#$?#(
*( G( \s^( ,%( -'B%"%*$'#*( %*( %&( *b6%"3( -%( 1#&#A"#,(
R$#"-'*#&'-#-S(d0%(&3,(B3"6#*(WR*S([(_(6'%*2"#,(d0%(
WR\s^S[Z( ,%( 1#"%$%*( %*( d0%( *( G( \s^( ,3*( &%*/0#H%,(
,3A"%($0#&d0'%"(#&B#A%23(
a*(#&B#A%23(%,(0*3(-%(&3,(&%*/0#H%,(/%*%"#-3,(13"(
%&(6',63T(
!()(@R!SQ((13"(%H%61&3(%&($+'*3( Zc(
=B%.)325&%+#35%&'()*%+#
M1%"#$'3*%,( $3*( &%*/0#H%,(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
,3A"%(0*(0*(#&B#A%23(-#-3(!(
Z( a*'F*(-%(&%*/0#H%,(
J( W3*$#2%*#$'F*(-%(&%*/0#H%,(
P( ='*3'-%(&'A"%(
`( h32%*$'#(-%(0*(&%*/0#H%(
c( W�,0"#(3($'%""%(13,'DO3(-%(0*(&%*/0#H%(
e( ;2%"#$'F*Q($�,0"#(3($'%""%(-%(0*(&%*/0#H%(
f( N%i%j'F*(-%(&%*/0#H%,( Ze(
J# H&)E&#.-#4-&3F%R-*#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
)%#*(4Z(G(4J(-%L*'-3,(,3A"%(%&(6',63(#&B#A%23(!Q(4ZQ(4J()(@R!SQ((
,%( &#( F&)E&( -%( -3,( &%*/0#H%,Q( 4ZQ( 4J( ( G( ,%( "%1"%,%*2#( 13"( 4Z+( 4J( #&(
&%*/0#H%(#,?(-%L*'-3T(
,J#+#,M#S#T#Q#U#Q###,J#E##Q###,M#V##
7,(%&($3*H0*23(B3"6#-3('*-',D*2#6%*2%(13"(1#&#A"#,((
-%(0*3(0(32"3(-%(&3,(-3,(&%*/0#H%,(R%d0'O#&%(#(&#(,06#S(
(
Zf(
(,J#W#,M#S#,J#+#,M#
M# K9&'%<-&%')E&#.-#4-&3F%R-*#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
)%#*(4Z(G(4J(-%L*'-3,(,3A"%(%&(6',63(#&B#A%23Q(4ZQ(4J()(@R!SQ((
,%(&#('9&'%<-&%')E	#G79.F'<9(-%(-3,(&%*/0#H%,Q(4Z( G(4J(Q(G(,%("%1"%,%*2#(
13"(4ZX(4J(#&(&%*/0#H%(#,?(-%L*'-3T(
(
,J#X#,M##S#T#QY#U#Q###,J##!DL##Y###,M#V#
(
! 7,(%&($3*H0*23(-%(1#&#A"#,(B3"6#-3(13"(&#($3*$#2%*#$'F*(-%(1#&#A"#,(-%(4Z(
$3*(1#&#A"#,(-%(4J(
! K%L*'$'F*(OC&'-#(1#"#(&%*/0#H%,($3*(#&/b*(%&%6%*23:(
! t($3*(%&(&%*/0#H%(O#$?3T(*(l(4([(4(l(*([(*(
! 7&(%&%6%*23(*%02"3(%,(\s^T(\s^:4([(4:(\s^([(4( Zg(
M# K9&'%<-&%')E&#.-#4-&3F%R-*#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
A79G)-.%.-* ((
! (M1%"#$'F*($%""#-# ( ( ( ((
! (h"31'%-#-(!,3$'#DO# ( ((
! (W3*(%&%6%*23(*%02"3(
! (h"31'%-#-(-',2"'A0DO#("%,1%$23(#(&#(0*'F*:(
(
Zk(
N# 5)&9).-#4):7-#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
! 4#($3*$#2%*#$'F*(R63*3'-%S(-%(&%*/0#H%,(G(&#(0*'F*(R63*3'-%S( (-%(
&%*/0#H%,($3*,D20G%*(0*(:)&9).-#
! 43,( ,?6A3&3,( -%( !( ,%( 10%-%*( $3*,'-%"#"( $3*H0*23,( -%( 0*#( ,3&#(
1#&#A"#(
! W3*( !Q( &#( 0*'F*( G( &#( $3*$#2%*#$'F*( ,%( 10%-%( B3"6#"( $0#&d0'%"(
&%*/0#H%(,3A"%(-'$+3(!:(7j$%123((*(G(\%^:(
(
7&(#&B#A%23(!(%,(0*($3*H0*23(-%(/%*%"#-3"%,(1#"#(%&($3*H0*23(
4("(,#-*#-4#52DZ2L[#,25O[#=9G-7%')9&-*#H#Y#">#3-&-7%.9#G97#!# J_(
\# A9<-&')%#.-#F-&3F%R-#
! 7,(&#("%-0$$'F*(-%(&#($3*$#2%*#$'F*(#(&3,($#,3,(d0%(,%("%L%"%*(#(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
0*(6',63(&%*/0#H%(
! 132%*$'#(,./0,12(-%(0*(&%*/0#H%(#&("%,0&2#-3(-%($3*$#2%*#"(%,%(
&%*/0#H%($3*,'/3(6',63(,(O%$%,#
! $3*$#2%*#$'F*(%,(#,3$'#DO#("(*3(%,1%$'L$#"(%&(3"-%*((
! 4'([(4(l(4(l(4(l(:::(l(4((u(((,((O%$%,((
! )%(-%L*%(4Z([(4(
! )%($061&%T(
4(Z(m('([(4(l(4'([(4'(l4(R'n_S(
4(H(m(('([(4'(l(4H((R'Q(H(n_S(
! )'(,%(-%L*%(4_([(\(%(^Q(%*23*$%,(R',_S(R'Q(H(,(_S(
JZ(
]# K4%F*F7%#9#')-77-#G9*)B@9#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
)%( "%1"%,%*2#( $363( 4m( ( G( %,( %&( &%*/0#H%(
L = ! i=1 L
+ ! i
3A2%*'-3( 0*'%*-3( %&( &%*/0#H%( 4( $3*(
23-#,(,0,(132%*$'#,(13,'A&%,(%j$%123(4_(
! = ! i=1 ! = W ( !) # {! }
+ " i
JJ(
^# 2<-7%')E&+#'4%F*F7%#9#')-77-#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
)%( "%1"%,%*2#( $363( 4v( G( %,( %&( &%*/0#H%(
L = !i =0 L
* ! i
3A2%*'-3( 0*'%*-3( %&( &%*/0#H%( 4( $3*(
23-#,(,0,(132%*$'#,(13,'A&%,:((
# E3-#($�,0"#($3*D%*%(#(%(
_#%,(%&(31%"#-3"(0*#"'3(-%(w&%%*%(
! )%($061&%T(
,_#S#,W#H#T%V#
,W#S#,_X#,#S#,#X#,_#
! (W363(!(%,(0*(&%*/0#H%(,3A"%(!Q(,%(&%(10%-%(#1&'$#"(%&(vT(
!_#S#I#=!># El lenguaje universal es !* JP(
`# O-P-Q)E&#.-#4-&3F%R-#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
)%( &#( &%*/0#H%( "%i%H3( 3( '*O%",3( -%( 4( G( ,%(
"%1"%,%*2#(13"(4oZ(#&(&%*/0#H%T(
,aJ#S#TQaJ#b#Q###,V#(
%,( -%$'"Q( #&( &%*/0#H%( B3"6#-3( 13"( 23-#,( &#,(
1#&#A"#,("%i%H#,(-%(4(
J`(
K%L*'$'3*%,(
M1%"#$'3*%,(
N%/&#,(-%(-%"'O#$'F*(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
Jc(
D.5E(3325&%+#
)%#(!(0*(#&B#A%23(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
! )%(&#(1"3-0$$'F*(#(0*(G%7#97.-&%.9(R(!#"#$#S(-3*-%((!#"#
$(#(!v(
!(#(!vQ(%,(&#(1#"2%('5d0'%"-#(-%(&#(1"3-0$$'F*(%((
$(#(!vQ(&#(1#"2%(-%"%$+#(-%(&#(1"3-0$$'F*(
! )%("%1"%,%*2#($363T((((!#334#$#
Je(
@%.2F)32G&#E2.%31)#
! )%#(!(0*(#&B#A%23(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
! )%#(R(!"#$#S(0*#((1"3-0$$'F*(,3A"%(1#&#A"#,(-%(!Q(jTT[G(
! )%#*(O(G(x(-3,(1#&#A"#,(,3A"%(!(R':%((OQ(x(#(!vS(
(
)%(-'$%(
56#70#879,:2;,<=#8,97;>2#87#:?(((F(
(5:#@9A8B;7#8,97;>217=>7#6?##O(.(x(((
#56#07#978B;7#8,97;>217=>7#2#:?#
,'(/(-3,(1#&#A"#,(5(Q(0(#(!v(2#&%,(d0%((O([(5ljl0((G(((x([(5lGl0(
KZOZ,!O2Z#
)'(j(TT[(G((%,(0*#(1"3-0$$'F*(,3A"%(!(("(j(.(G((
R0*#("%/&#(-%(%,$"'20"#(%,(0*#(-%"'O#$'F*(-'"%$2#S( Jf(
@%.2F)32G&#E2.%31)#
7H%61&3,(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
! )%#(!(%&(#&B#A%23($#,2%&&#*3(-%(&#,(&%2"#,(6#Gb,$0&#,((
G(.7TT[=!(0*#(1"3-0$$'F*(,3A"%(!(
W!=!44M(%,(-%"'O#$'F*(-'"%$2#(-%(W!.744M(
RW!.744M(1"3-0$%(-'"%$2#6%*2%(W!=!44MS(
! t($3*(&#(1"3-0$$'F*(W!TT[h7(,3A"%(!(
h7N!(%,(-%"'O#$'F*(-'"%$2#(-%(W!N!(
Jg(
En el castellano no son así las cosas, existen las raíces.
@%.2F)32G&#E2.%31)#
7*(0*($3*H0*23(-%(1"3-0$$'3*%,(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
! )%#( !( 0*( #&B#A%23( G( h( 0*( $3*H0*23( -%(
1"3-0$$'3*%,(,3A"%(!(
! )%#*(O(G(x(-3,(1#&#A"#,(,3A"%(!Q(OQ(x(#!v((
)%(-'$%(d0%(( Xx(%,(-%"'O#$'F*(-'"%$2#(-%(OY((
XO(1"3-0$%(-'"%$2#6%*2%(xY( O(.(x(
Xx(,%("%-0$%(-'"%$2#6%*2%(#(OY(
,'(/(-3,(1#&#A"#,(5Q(0(#!v(2#&%,(d0%(O([(5ljl0((G(((x([(5lGl0(G(,%($061&%(=QCCSY>###A(
Jk(
@%.2F)32G&#
! )%#(!(0*(#&B#A%23(G(h(0*($3*H0*23(-%(1"3-0$$'3*%,(,3A"%(!(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
! )%#*(:(G(6(-3,(1#&#A"#,(,3A"%(!Q(:Q(6(#!v((
)%(-'$%(d0%(( Xx(%,(-%"'O#$'F*(-%(OY((
XO(1"3-0$%(xY( O(m(.(x(
Xx(,%("%-0$%(#(OY(
,'(/(0*#(,%$0%*$'#(L*'2#(-%(1#&#A"#,Q(0_Q(0ZQ(0JQ(:::0*(R*n_S(#!v((
2#&%,(d0%(O([(0_(
((0(_.#0Z(
((0Z(.#0J(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
! )%#*(O(G(x(-3,(1#&#A"#,(,3A"%(!Q(%,(-%$'"(OQ(x(#!v((
)%(-'$%(d0%(%j',2%(0*#("%&#$'F*(-%(E+0%(%*2"%(O(G(x(G(,%("%1"%,%*2#(
13"(@#_.#c#,'(,%(O%"'L$#(d0%T(
@#W.#c####E#
9#/#F&%#.-7)@%')E&#.-#49&3)<F.#$#9#
@#S#c# *9&#)3F%4-*#
A79G)-.%.-*#
! N%i%j'O#(
! E"#*,'DO#((
! )'692"'$#(R%*(/%*%"#&(VM(,%($061&%S(
PZ(
->:?JHKL:<#4=>?:$7<#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
PJ(
K%L*'$'3*%,(
z"A3&%,(-%(-%"'O#$'F*(
8%"#"d0?#(-%(W+36,yG(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
PP(
MN(O#%+#(&)#'.)/0123)P#
a*#(/"#6CD$#(-%,$"'A%(&#(%,2"0$20"#(-%(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
&#,( B"#,%,( G( -%( &#,( 1#&#A"#,( -%( 0*(
&%*/0#H%(G(,%(#1&'$#(13"('/0#&(#T(
! 4#,(&%*/0#,(*#20"#&%,(+06#*#,(
! 4%*/0#H%,(-%(1"3/"#6#$'F*:(
a*#(/"#6CD$#(%,(0*(X%*2%(B3"6#&Y(1#"#(
%,1%$'L$#"(-%(6#*%"#(L*'2#(%&($3*H0*23(
-%($#-%*#,(-%(,?6A3&3,(d0%($3*,D20G%*(
0*(&%*/0#H%:( P`(
-.)/0123)#E%6#L)+1%66)&5#
Una gramática del castellano como diagrama sintáctico
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
M"#$'F*(
W361&%{$'"$(
#"<$0&3( O%"A3( ,0,2#*DO3(
I*36'*#&(
#"<$0&3( ,0,2#*DO3(
Pc(
4#( ,#*/"%( $3""%( 13"( %&( "?3(
>%'6)+#E%#B.5E(332G&#
a*#(/"#6CD$#(-%&($#,2%&&#*3(%*(*32#$'F*(-%(=#$y0,(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
|M"#$'F*nTT[(|I*36'*#&n(|IO%"A#&n(}(|I*36'*#&n(|IO%"A#&n|W361&%6%*23n(
|I*36'*#&nTT[(|)0,2#*DO3n(}(|V36h"n(}(|!"<$0&3n(|)0,2#*DO3n((
( ((}(|!"<$0&3n(|)0,2#*DO3n(|!-H%DO3n(
( ((}(|!"<$0&3n(|)0,2#*DO3n(|!-H%DO3n(
( ((}(|(I*36'*#&(n-%(|(I*36'*#&(n(
|IO%"A#&nTT[(|~%"An(}(|~%"An(|!-O%"A'3n((
|W361&%6%*23nTT[|W36K'"n(}|W36;*n(}|W36W'"n(}(|W36K'"n(|W36;*n(|W36W'"n((
|W36K'"nTT[(|I*36'*#&n(Q(|W36;*nTT[(#(|I*36'*#&n(}(1#"#(|I*36'*#&n(}(::::(
|W36W'"n(TT[(%*(|I*36'*#&n(}(-%,-%(|I*36'*#&n(}($0#*-3(|I*36'*#&n(}(::::(
K3*-%T (|)0,2#*DO3nQ(|!-H%DO3nQ(|!-O%"A'3nQ(|!"<$0&3nQ(|V36h"nQ(|~%"A3nQ(%2$(236#*(
$363(O#&3"%,(1#&#A"#,(1"31'#,(-%(%,2#,($#2%/3"?#,(/"#6#D$#&%,((
Pe(
@%A2&232G&#
Como se determina (define) una gramática.
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
Es una cuádrupla: (!T, !N, S, P), !T y !N son alfabetos:
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
!T: Alfabeto de símbolos
!T: Alfabeto de NO terminales(
símbolos terminales(
Axioma(
G = ({0,1}, {N,C}, N, P)
P = {N::= NC,
N::=C,
Producciones(
C::= 0,
C ::=1}
Pg(
@%A2&232G&#
)%($061&%(%*2"%(&3,(#&B#A%23,(-%(>T(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
!d#+#!D#[(!##!&B#A%23(3(O3$#A0&#"'3(-%(>(#
!d#0#!D#S#*#(R,3*(-',H0*23,S(
D9<%')E&#.-#5%'eF*T()'(0TT[O#G(0TT[(x(,3*(-3,("%/&#,(-%(1"3-0$$'F*(
-%(hQ(%*23*$%,(,%(10%-%(%,$"'A'"(0(TT[(O(}(x(
((
)%( -%*36'*#( *32#$'F*( 5DfT( CA912# DA912E# 87# F2;GB0# A# CA912#
DA912E#87#F2;GB0.D2B9##
(
7H%61&3T(
,%#(>([(R\_QZQJQPQ`QcQeQfQgQk^Q(\VQK^Q(VQhS(
(((((((h([(\(VTT[(VK((K(u(KTT[(_(Z(J(P(`(c(e(f(g(k^( Pk(
45./)#+%&1%&32)6#
)%#(0*#(HQ(,%#(!##(!vQ(%,(-%$'"(,%#(j(#(R(!E(a(!V(SvQ(j(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
,%(-%*36'*#(;970%#*-&<-&')%4#.-#6(,'(,%(O%"'L$#T(
$#_.#Q(
%,(-%$'"Q(d0%(%j',2%(0*#(%&'()*+$!,&!-./&!%*2"%(%&(#j'36#(G(!:(
)'( Q# #!d_# ,%( -'$%( d0%# Q# %,( 0*## $-&<-&')%# 9# )&*<7F'')E&# .-4#
4-&3F%R-#.-*'7)<9#G97#6(
`_(
$%&'()*%#)+532)E5#)#(&)#'.)/0123)#
)%#(&#(/"#6CD$#T(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
(>Z([(R!EQ(!VQ()Q(hS(
(
)%(&#T(
( ( ( (&%*/0#H%(#,3$'#-3(#(>Z((
( ( ( (&%*/0#H%(/%*%"#-3(13"(>Z((
( ( ( (3(&%*/0#H%(-%,$"'23(13"(>Z(
(
( ((
#&( $3*H0*23( ( -%( 23-#,( &#,( ,%*2%*$'#,( R1#&#A"#,S( /%*%"#-#,(
13"(>ZQ(%,(-%$'"T(
(
( ( (4R>ZS([(\j(}()(#(vjQ(j(#(!vE^( `Z(
>%3(.+2F2E)E#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
)%#(H"#
! a*#(H(,%(&#(7-'F7*)@%#-�Q(I#!"DJQ(,'(,%($061&%T(
(
0!1#!2!0!3##
#(
• )'(!#4#$#'I#K###I#$((,%(-'$%(d0%(H(%,(7-'F7*)@%#%#)/gF)-7.%*((
• )'($#4#$#'I#K##!#I((,%(-'$%(d0%(>(%,(7-'F7*)@%#%#.-7-'(%*(
! #a*#("%/&#(-%(1"3-0$$'F*(%,("%$0",'O#(,'(D%*%(&#(B3"6#T((
0!445!2!0!3!!
! )'( 0*( &%*/0#H%( %,( '*L*'23Q( &#( /"#6CD$#( d0%( &3( "%1"%,%*2#( D%*%(
d0%(,%"("%$0",'O#(
`J(
K%L*'$'3*%,(
z"A3&%,(-%(-%"'O#$'F*(
8%"#"d0?#(-%(W+36,yG(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
`P(
;%.).Q(R)#E%#LI5/+S,#
>P()(>J(()(>Z()(>_(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
>(E;hM(P(
>(E;hM(J(
>(E;hM(Z(
``(
>(E;hM(_(
H2B5#T#
>[(R!EQ(!VQ()Q(hS( >_(
!E+!V([!Q(#&B#A%23(/"#6CD$#Q( V3(N%,2"'*/'-#,(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
!E0!V[(*( 3($3*(7,2"0$20"#(-%(I"#,%(
0#!m(
F#CCS#@( O#!v(
*'$#("%,2"'$$'F*T(%CCS#@#-A#
7H%61&3T((
I3"6#(,%*2%*$'#&T( >[(\R_QZSQ(R)Q!SQ()Q(h^Q(-3*-%T(
0([(j!GQ(jQG#!vQ(!#!V( h[\)._)_!Q()!.!)Q(_!#Z^(
K9&#-*<7F'<F7%#.-#;7%*-*C(
Rj!GTT[jOGS(#(hQ(-3*-%T(
(((((((((jQG(#(!v(Q(!(#(!V(Q(O#!v(
7*(j!G(TT[(jOG(((($0#*-3(O[%Q(( `c(
j!G(TT[(jG("%/&#,($361"%,3"#,(
H2B5#T#
! 43,(&%*/0#H%,(d0%(,3*("%1"%,%*2#-3,(13"(>_(,%(&#*(&%*/0#H%,(
,'*("%,2"'$$'3*%,(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
! W+36,yG( Zkck:( E3-3( 4R>_S( 10%-%( ,%"( -%,$"'23( 13"( 0*#( >_( $3*(
%,2"0$20"#(-%(B"#,%,:(
[R-0G49#
>[(R\#QA^Q\!Q=:W^Q!QhS( >Ä[(\#QA^Q\!Q=:WQÅQt^Q!QhÄS(
h([(\!TT[(#!=W(Ç(#AW( hÄ([(\!TT[(#!=W(Ç(#AW(
K5CCS#5K# K5CCSh5+#h5CCShi#
A=TT[AA( hiCCS5i+#5iCCS5K#
AWTT[A^( A=TT[AA(
`e(
AWTT[A^(
(
H2B5#U#
6S#=!d+#!D+#$+#A>(
!d+!D#S!+#%4;%:-<9#37%0jB'%+# >Z(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
!d0!DS#*# )%*,'A&%,(#&(W3*2%j23(
Q!Y#CCS#Q@Y#
jQG#!vQ(!#!V(
O#!m(#(V3(1%"6'2%("%/&#,($361"%,3"#,(
7j$%1$'F*T(R)TT[(%S#h(
7H%61&3T((
>[(R\#QAQ$^Q(\!Q=^Q!Q(h^Q((
h[\!(TT[(!##(}(#Q((
(((((((#!(TT[(#=(}(#Q((
(((((((#WW$(TT[(#!#W$Q(
(((((((W(TT[($^(
Los Lenguajes representados por una gramática de Tipo 1 se llaman lenguajes dependientes
del contexto o lenguajes sensibles al contexto (se puede cambiar A por v, siempre en el
contexto x...y)(
`f(
H2B5#U#
43,( &%*/0#H%,( d0%( ,3*( "%1"%,%*2#-3,( 13"( >Z( ,%( &#*(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
,-&3F%R-*#*-&*):4-*#%4#'9&<-Q<9#
-3*-%((
%#4R>ZS()''(R)TT[%S#h(
7H%61&3(-%(>(d0%(*3(%,(>Z( 7H%61&3(-%(>(d0%(,'(%,(>Z(
>[(R\#QA^Q(\)^Q()Q(hS(Q(( >[(R\#QA^Q(\)^Q()Q(hS(Q((
h[(\()TT[(####)AAAAQ(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
h([(\()TT[(####)AAAAQ(((((((((((
(#)ATT[(#A^( (#)ATT[(#AA^(
`g(
H2B5#U"#85#E%3.%32/2%&15#
A79G)-.%.#.-#DZ#L[KO[K2k2[DdZ#.-#4%*#6J(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
4#,( $#-%*#,( d0%( ,%( 3AD%*%*( %*( $0#&d0'%"( -%"'O#$'F*( -%( 0*#( >Z( ,3*( -%(
&3*/'20-(*3(-%$"%$'%*2%Q(%,(-%$'"T(
#F#.#@#"#(@(,(F(#
4#(&3*/'20-(-%(&#(1#"2%(-%"%$+#(-%(&#(1"3-0$$'F*(%,(6#G3"(3('/0#&(#(&#(&3*/'20-(
-%(&#(1#"2%('5d0'%"-#(
L-09*<7%')E&#
1!2(.(132((
-3*-%(3#R!E+!VESm(13"(-%L*'$'F*(-%(>Z(R*3($361"%,3"#,S(
%,(-%$'"Q(3(4(%(,'%61"%Q(&3(d0%('61&'$#(3(,(Z((
`k(
G($363((!([(Z($363(6?*'63Q(d0%-#(-%63,2"#-3(
H2B5#V#
G= (!T, !N, S, P)(
G2
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
!T+!N =!, alfabeto gramjtica,
!T0!N= * De Contexto Libre
!#CCS#@#
O#!v( "( #( h( ,%( $#"#$2%"'5#*( 13"(
!#!V( 2%*%"(0*(,F&3(,?6A3&3(VE(%*(
,0(1#"2%('5d0'%"-#(
(R$CCS#%>##A#G(R!CCS#%>#-A#(
(R#&/3"'263(&'61'%5#("%/&#,(VM(/%*%"#DO#,S(
7H%61&3T((
>[(R\_QZQJQPQ`QcQeQfQgQk^Q\VQK^Q)Q(hS(
h[\V(.(KV(}(KQ((
((((((K(.(_(}(Z(}(J(}(P(}(`(}(c(}(e(}(f(}(g(}(k^(
c_(
K9&<-Q<9#,):7-C#)%(10%-%($#6A'#"(!(13"(@Q(%*($0#&d0'%"($3*2%j23((
H2B5#V#
43,( &%*/0#H%,( d0%( ,3*( "%1"%,%*2#-3,( 13"( >J( ,%(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
&#*( ,-&3F%R-*# &9# *-&*):4-*# %4# '9&<-Q<9# 9# .-#
'9&<-Q<9#4):7-#
'(4R>JS(/(4R>JÄS(,'*("%/&#,(!TT[(%(R!(4()S(
)'(%((#(4R>JS:#( 10%-%(#1&'$#",%(%&(#&/3"'263(-%(%&'6'*#$'F*(
"%/&#,(VM(/%*%"#DO#,:(
cZ(
H2B5#W#
6S#=!d+#!D+#$+#A>( >P(
!d+!D#S!+#%4;%:-<9#37%0jB'%+#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
!d0!DS#*# >"#6CD$#,(N%/0&#"%,(
6N#,)&-%4-*#G97#4%#2/.%"( 6N#,)&-%4-*#G97#4%#L7'(%"(
!CCS#%# !CCS#%#
!CCS#l#%( !CCS#%#l(
$CCS#%( $CCS#%(
#(#(!E(
!Q~(#(!V(( "( #( h( 0*( ,F&3( ,?6A3&3( VE( %*(
)(%,(#j'36#( ,0( 1#"2%( '5-#( G( ,0( 1#"2%( -$+#(
7H%61&3T( $36'%*5#( 13"( 0*( E( ,%/0'-3( 3(
>[(\R#QASQ(R)Q!SQ)Q(h^Q(( *3( -%( VE( R#&( "%O9,( %*( &'*%#&(
-%"%$+#S( cJ(
h[\R)(.(#)Q()(.(#!Q(!.(A!Q(!(.(AS^(
H2B5#W#
43,(&%*/0#H%,(d0%(,3*("%1"%,%*2#-3,(13"(>P(,%(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
&#*(4-&3F%R-*#7-3F4%7-*#
' 4R>PS(/(4R>PÄS(,'*("%/&#,(!TT[(%(R!(4()S(((
)'(%(#4R>PS:((
~%"(#&/3"'263(%&'6'*#$'F*("%/&#,(VM(/%*%"#DO#,:(
cP(
;%.).Q(R)#E%#LI5/+S,"#>%+(/%&#
6N#)#6M##)#6J#)#6m#
6m"#D9#O-*<7)&3).%*#9#'9&#[*<7F'<F7%#.-#f7%*-( 6J"#$-&*):4-*#%4#K9&<-Q<9(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
F#CCS#@( 0#!m(
O#!v(
Q!Y#CCS#Q@Y(
((*'$#("%,2"'$$'F*T(%CCS#@#-A# jQ(G(#!vQ(!#!V(
K9&#[*<7F'<F7%#L-#f7%*-*C( (
Rj!GTT[jOGS(#(hQ(-3*-%T(jQ(G(#(!v(Q(!(#(!VQ(O#!v( O#!m(#(V3(1%"6'2%("%/&#,('90G7-*97%*#
)'((O[%(#((j!G(TT[(jG("%/&#,($361"%,3"#,( 7j$%1$'F*T(R$CCS#%>#A(
6M"#L-#K9&<-Q<9#,):7-( 6N"#67%0jB'%*#O-3F4%7-*(
6N#,)&-%4-*#G97#4%# 6N#,)&-%4-*#G97#4%#
!#CCS#@# 2/.%"( L7'(%"(
O(#(!v( !CCS#%# !CCS#%#
!CCS#l#%( !CCS#%#l(
!(#(!V( $CCS#%( $CCS#%(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
6',63(&%*/0#H%:(
O'$%O%",#:(
cc(
-.)/0123)+#%Q(2F)6%&1%+#
!4>MN;E.MT(P(h!)M):(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
h!)M(Z:(
W3*,2"0'"(0*#(/"#6CD$#(%d0'O#&%*2%(d0%(*3(,%#("%$0",'O#(%*(%&(#j'36#T(
Z: ,%(#É#-%(0*(*0%O3(,?6A3&3(%*(%&(#&B#A%23(!VQ(=(
J: '()TT[(jQ(-3*-%(j#!mQ(,%(#É#-%(0*#("%/&#(=TT[(j(
P: )%(2"#*,B3"6#*(&#,("%/&#,(!TT[(#()(Rd0%(-%,#1#"%$%*S(%*("%/&#,(-%&(
D13(!TT[(#(=:(
`: 4#,("%/&#,(D13()TT[(%(*3(,%(O%*(#B%$2#-#,(13"(%,2%(#&/3"'263:#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
W3*,2"0'"(0*#(/"#6CD$#(%d0'O#&%*2%(d0%(*3(,%#("%$0",'O#(%*(%&(#j'36#T(
>Z([(R\#QA^Q(\)Q(!^Q()Q((h^( >J([(R\#QA^Q(\)Q(!Q(=^Q()Q((h^(
( (
h([(\((()(TT[(A!Q( h!)M(Z( h([(\((()(TT[(A!Q(
(!(TT[(#)((}(#(^( (!(TT[(#=((}(#((
(=(TT[(A!^(
cf(
-.)/0123)+#%Q(2F)6%&1%+#
!4>MN;E.MT(P(h!)M):(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
h!)M(J:(
W3*,2"0$$'F*(-%(0*(/"#B3(-'"'/'-3(#(1#"D"(-%(&#(/"#6CD$#:(
(
#S(*b6%"3(-%(*3-3,([(WR!VS(mZQ($#-#(*3-3(%Dd0%2#-3($3*(,?6A3&3,(-%(
!V(G(32"3($3*(%(
(
a
AS($#-#(!TT[#(=(#h(( A B
(
a
$S($#-#(!TT[#(#h(( A %
(
-S(,'()TT[(%(#h(( S %
( cg(
-.)/0123)+#%Q(2F)6%&1%+#
!4>MN;E.MT(P(h!)M):(
h!)M(J:(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
W3*,2"0$$'F*(-%(0*(/"#B3(-'"'/'-3(#(1#"D"(-%(&#(/"#6CD$#.
>J([(R\#QA^Q(\)Q(!Q(=^Q()Q((h^(
( b
S A
h([(\((()(TT[(A!Q( 1#,3(J(
(!(TT[(#=((}(#(( a a
(=(TT[(A!^( b
% B
ck(
-.)/0123)+#%Q(2F)6%&1%+#
!4>MN;E.MT(P(h!)M):(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
h!)M(P:(
)%('*2%"$#6A'#*(&#,(%Dd0%2#,(G(,%($3*,2"0G%(0*(*0%O3(/"#B3:(
(
d7%&*;970%')E&#.-4#37%;9#.)7)3).9#%&<-7)97C#
#S '*2%"$#6A'#"(%Dd0%2#,(-%()(G(%(
a
A B
AS '*O%"D"(,%*D-3(-%(23-3,(#"$3,(
$S -%,+#$%"(%&($#6'*3(G(/%*%"#"(&#,(*0%O#,("%/&#,(( % A
"( '*2%"1"%2#"( %&( /"#B3( 1#"#( 3A2%*%"( &#( >P4;( % S
%d0'O#&%*2%( S::= %
( e_(
-.)/0123)+#%Q(2F)6%&1%+#
!4>MN;E.MT(P(h!)M):(
h!)M(P:(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
)%('*2%"$#6A'#*(&#,(%Dd0%2#,(G(,%($3*,2"0G%(0*(*0%O3(/"#B3:(
A( b
)( !( % A
#( a a
#(
A( h!)M(P( b
%( =( S B
eZ(
-.)/0123)+#%Q(2F)6%&1%+#
!4>MN;E.MT(P(h!)M):(
!(1#"D"(-%&(/"#B3Q(,%(3AD%*%(&#(/"#6CD$#(%d0'O#&%*2%(#('5d0'%"-#,:(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
A( >P([(R\#QA^Q(\)Q(!Q(=^Q()Q((h^(
%( !( (
#( h([(\((()(TT[(!#Q(
#(
A( (!(TT[(=A((}(A((
)( =( (=(TT[(!#^(
eJ(
-.)/0123)+#%Q(2F)6%&1%+#
!4>MN;E.MT(P(h!)M):(
W361"3A%63,(d0%(&#,(/"#6CD$#,(,3*(%d0'O#&%*2%,:::(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
>Z([(R\#QA^Q(\)Q(!^Q()Q((h^( >P([(R\#QA^Q(\)Q(!Q(=^Q()Q((h^(
( (
h([(\((()(TT[(A!Q( h([(\((()(TT[(!#Q(
(!(TT[(#)((}(#(^( (!(TT[(=A((}(A((
(=(TT[(!#^(
eP(
K%L*'$'3*%,(
z"A3&%,(-%(-%"'O#$'F*(
8%"#"d0?#(-%(W+36,yG(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
e`(
J.C56%+#E%#E%.2F)32G&#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
! !(&#,(-%"'O#$'3*%,(-%(&#,(H#L@A#)"#*#$#M#&%,($3""%,13*-%(0*(
C"A3&(-%(-%"'O#$'F*(%d0'O#&%*2%Q(2#6A'9*(&#-3((
(
nj7:94#*)&<j'B'9o#E##
nG%7*-#<7--o#
! N%1"%,%*2#(&#,(1"3-0$$'3*%,(#1&'$#-#,(-0"#*2%(&#(/%*%"#$'F*(
-%(F&%#*-&<-&')%Q(%,(-%$'"Q(,0(%,2"0$20"#(-%(#$0%"-3($3*(&#(>(
ec(
J.C56%+#E%#E%.2F)32G&#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
7,(0*(C"A3&(6%,&$(,6(G(&78/&9(,6(d0%(,%($3*,2"0G%T(
! 4#("#?5(,%(-%*32#(13"(%&(#j'36#(-%(>(R)(+#A'20#&6%*2%S(
! !1&'$#"(0*#("%/&#(0*(,?6A3&3(-%(&#(1#"2%('5d:(d0%-#(,0,D20'-3(
13"( 0*#( 1#&#A"#( B( -%( &#( 1#"2%( -$+#:( h3"( $#-#( 0*3( -%( &3,(
,?6A3&3,( -%( B( ,%( -'A0H#( 0*#( "#6#( d0%( ,#&%( -%&( VE( #( %,%(
,?6A3&3T(
ee(
J.C56%+#E%#E%.2F)32G&#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
ef(
J.C56%+#E%#E%.2F)32G&#
7*(0*#(>ZQ(#-%6C,Q(,%(-%A%($3*,%"O#"(%&($3*2%j23:(h#"#($#-#("#6#T(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
! %&(*3-3(-%(1#"D-#(,%(&#(G%.7-(-%&(*3-3(L*#&(
! %&(*3-3(L*#&(%,(()R9(-%&(*3-3(1#-"%(
! -3,(*3-3,(+'H3,(-%&(6',63(1#-"%(,%(&#*((-70%&9*(
! 0*( *3-3( %,( %*'-&.)-&<-( -%( 32"3( ,'( %,( ,0( 1#-"%( 3( #,$%*-'%*2%( -%( ,0(
1#-"%(
! 0*(*3-3(%,(.-*'-&.)-&<-(-%(32"3(,'(%,(,0(+'H3(3(-%,$%*-'%*2%(-%(,0,(
+'H3,(
eg(
J.C56%+#E%#E%.2F)32G&#
! !( &3( &#"/3( -%&( 1"3$%,3( -%( $3*,2"0$$'F*( -%&( C"A3&Q( &3,( *3-3,( L*#&%,(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
-%( $#-#( 1#,3( ,0$%,'O3Q( &%?-3,( -%( '5d-#:( #( -$+#:( -#*( &#( @6%:(!
;&$9&$)*('!3A2%*'-#(13"(&#(-%"'O#$'F*("%1"%,%*2#-#(13"(%&(C"A3&:(
! 7&()6$A/$96!,&!'(;!.6A(;!,&'!B%C6'!R*3-3,(-%*32#-3,(13"(,?6A3&3,(
2%"6'*#&%,( 3( %S( &%?-3,( -%( '5d-#:( #( -$+#:( *3,( -#*( &#( ;&$9&$)*(!
/%*%"#-#(13"(&#(-%"'O#$'F*(
ek(
E.E
J.C56%+#E%#E%.2F)32G&#
Forma Sentencial:
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
f_(
Sentencia:
1.2
J.C56%+#E%#E%.2F)32G&#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
fZ(
J.C56%+#E%#E%.2F)32G&#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
K#-#(&#(>([(R\#QA^Q(\!Q)^Q()Q(\)TT[(#!)(}(#Q(!TT[()A!(}(
))( }( A#^S:( U#&&#"( 0*( C"A3&( -%( -%"'O#$'F*( 1#"#( 0*#(
,%*2%*$'#(-%(e(&%2"#,:(
(
fJ(
J.C56%+#E%#E%.2F)32G&#
K#-#(&#(>([(R\#QA^Q(\!Q)^Q()Q(\)TT[(#!)(}(#Q(!TT[()A!(}())(}(A#^S:(U#&&#"(0*(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
C"A3&(-%(-%"'O#$'F*(1#"#(0*#(,%*2%*$'#(-%(e(&%2"#,:(
S S
A S A S
S A S S A S
a a b b a a a a a a b a a
fP(
Sería de 7 letras
J.C56%+#E%#E%.2F)32G&#
K#-#(&#(>([(R\_QZQJQPQ`QcQeQfQgQk^Q(\VQW^Q(VQ(\V(TT[(VW(}(WQ(W(TT[(_}Z}J}P}`}
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
c}e}f}g}k^S:(U#&&#"(0*(C"A3&(-%(-%"'O#$'F*(1#"#(V(.(JPc(
N C
N C
f`(
2 3 5
J.C56%+#E%#E%.2F)32G&#
K#-#(&#(>([(R\_QZ^Q(\!Q=^Q(!Q(\!TT[(Z!(}(M=Q(=TT[(_=(}(_^S(0*#(-%($0G#,(-%"'O#$'3*%,(
OC&'-#,(%,T(!(.(Z!(.(ZM=(.(Z__=(.(Z___:((U#&&#"(0*(C"A3&(-%(-%"'O#$'F*(1#"#(!(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
.(Z___(
fc(
1 0 0 0
<(C0.C56%+#E%#E%.2F)32G&#
Dado un árbol A correspondiente a una
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
A
! c u y o s n o d o s s o n t o d o s l o s
B
descendientes
de la raíz del subárbol en A
1 0 0 0
! y cuyas ramas son todas las que unen
dichos nodos entre si en A.
subárbol
fe(
<(C0.C56%+#E%#E%.2F)32G&#
d-97-0%(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
4#,( +3H#,( -%( 0*( ,0AC"A3&Q( &%?-#,( -%( '5-#:( #( -$+#:Q( B3"6#*(
0*#(B"#,%("%,1%$23(#&(,?6A3&3(VE("#?5(-%&(,0AC"A3&(
S
a a b b a a
ff(
:/C2'X%E)E#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
! W3*$%123("%&#$'3*#-3($3*(%&(-%(C"A3&(-%(-%"'O#$'F*T(
! )'(0*#(,%*2%*$'#(10%-%(3A2%*%",%(%*(0*#(>(13"(6%-'3(-%(
-3,(3(6C,(C"A3&%,(-%(-%"'O#$'F*(-'B%"%*2%,Q(4%#*-&<-&')%#
-*#%0:)3F%#
fg(
:/C2'X%E)E#
[Q)*<-&#N#&)@-4-*#.-#%0:)3p-.%.C# A A
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
! D&$9&$)*(C(0*#(,%*2%*$'#(%,(#6A'/0#(,'(10%-%( B
3A2%*%",%(13"(6%-'3(-%(-3,(3(6C,(C"A3&%,(
1 1 1 1
-%(-%"'O#$'F*(-'B%"%*2%,(
((((((((((((((((((%HT(>([(R\Z^Q(\!Q=^Q(!Q(\!TT[(Z=(}(ZZQ(=TT[(Z^S(
! E%(:B7)(3(%,(#6A'/0#(,'($3*D%*%(#&(6%*3,(0*#(
,%*2%*$'#(#6A'/0#Q(%HT(&#(>(#*2%"'3"(
! F&$G/(A&!*$.&%&$9&:&$9&!(:C*G/6C(,'(23-#,(&#,(
/"#6CD$#,(d0%(&3(/%*%"#*(,3*(#6A'/0#:(
fk(
:/C2'X%E)E#
! !0*d0%(0*#(>(,%#(#6A'/0#Q(%,(13,'A&%(d0%(%&(&%*/0#H%(d0%(-%,$"'A%(*3(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
,%#( #6A'/03( ÑI&3G-( ZkeJ]( "( ( %,( 13,'A&%( %*$3*2"#"( 0*#( >( %d0'O#&%*2%(
d0%(*3(&3(,%#(
! 7j',2%*(&%*/0#H%,(1#"#(&3,(d0%(VM(%,(13,'A&%(%*$3*2"#"(>(*3(#6A'/0#,(
"(4%*/0#H%,(;*+%"%*2%6%*2%(!6A'/03,(Ñ>"3,,(Zke`]((
! 4#( 1"31'%-#-( -%( #6A'/Ö%-#-( %,( '*-%$'-'A&%:( E#*( ,3&3( %,( 13,'A&%(
%*$3*2"#"( $3*-'$'3*%,( ,0L$'%*2%,( d0%( #,%/0"%*( d0%( 0*#( >( %,( *3(
#6A'/0#((
! 2&.-').):4-T(*3(%j',2%(0*(#&/3"'263(d0%(#$%12%(0*#(>(G(-%2%"6'*%($3*(
$%"2%5#(G(%*(0*(D%613(L*'23(,'(0*#(>(%,(#6A'/0#(3(*3:( g_(
:/C2'X%E)E#
,-&3F%R-*# 2&(-7-&<-0-&<-# !0:)3F9*C( 1#"#( &3,( d0%( VM( %,( 13,'A&%(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
%*$3*2"#"(>(*3(#6A'/0#,(
[R-0G49((
4([(\\#*A6$6-*^+\#*A*$6-6^(Ç(6Q*,Z^(
(
[R-0G49((
4([(\ZZ^(VM(%,('*+%"%*2%6%*2%(#6A'/03((
>([(R\Z^Q(\!Q=^Q(!Q(\!TT[(Z=(Ç(ZZQ(=TT[(Z^S((
>Ä([(R\Z^Q(\!^Q(!Q(\!TT[ZZ^S((oon(>"#6CD$#(VM(#6A'/0#(
4R>S[4R>ÄS(( gZ(
:/C2'X%E)E#
K#-#(&#(>([(R\#QA^Q(\!Q=Q)^Q()Q(hS(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
h([(\(
()TT[(A!(}(#=(
(!TT[(A!!(}(#(}(#)(
(=(TT[(A(}=)(}(#==^(
-%63,2"#"( d0%( %,( 0*#( >( #6A'/0#( #&( ,%"&3( &#( ,%*2%*$'#(
X%%::%:Y(
gJ(
:/C2'X%E)E#
K#-#(&#(>([(R\#QA^Q(\!Q=Q)^Q()Q(hS(
h([(\(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
()TT[(A!(}(#=Q(!TT[(A!!(}(#(}(#)Q(=(TT[(A(}(=)(}(#==^(
-%63,2"#"(d0%(%,(0*#(>(#6A'/0#(#&(,%"&3(&#(,%*2%*$'#(X%%::%:Y(
S S
B B
B B B
B
B S
S
A B
b b a b gP(
a a b b a b a a
)%/0*-#(1#"2%(
->:?JHKL:<#4=>?:$7<#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
g`(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
>"#6CD$#,(E'13(J(
>"#6CD$#,(A'%*(B3"6#-#,(
I3"6#,(*3"6#&%,(
gc(
-.)/0123)+#K&E%B%&E2%&1%+#E%6#L5&1%Y15#
)3*(&#,(/"#6CD$#,(-%(D13(J(%*(&#(H%"#"d0?#(-%(W+36,yG:((
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
O-4-@%&')%#
! ,3*( &#,( %61&%#-#,( %*( &#( K%L*'$'F*( -%( 4%*/0#H%,( -%(
h"3/"#6#$'F*(G(%*(&#($361'&#$'F*(-%(&3,(6',63,(
%j1&3"#-3"(R!IS(
#*#&'5#-3"(.(#$%12#-3"(-%(&#(>( ((
W361'&#-3"( "%$3*3$%-3"(R!hS(
/%*%"#-3"(-%($F-'/3(.(E"#-0$23"(
ge(
-.)/0123)+#K&E%B%&E2%&1%+#E%6#L5&1%Y15#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
H%"#"d0?#( -%( W+36,yG( ,%( &%,( -%*36'*#( ,-&3F%R-*#
)&.-G-&.)-&<-*#.-4#'9&<-Q<9#9#4-&3F%R-*#.-#'9&<-Q<9#4):7-#
! )%("%1"%,%*2#*($363(4R>JS(
! 7j',2%*(#&/3"'263,(d0%(1%"6'2%*("%$3*3$%"((
,'(0*(4R>JS(%,(O#$?3Q(L*'23(3('*L*'23(
gf(
-.)/0123)+#K&E%B%&E2%&1%+#E%6#L5&1%Y15#
K#-#(0*#(>Q(%&(4%*/0#H%(d0%(/%*%"#Q(p%,(O#$?3(3(*3rT(
)%#(6MQ(6([(WR!VESQ(,=6M>#4#*(,'(/(j(#(4R>JS(2#&(d0%(j(10%-%(/%*%"#",%($3*(0*(C"A3&(-%(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
-%"'O#$'F*(%*(%&(d0%(23-3,(&3,($#6'*3,(D%*%*(&3*/'20-(5(6(
)%( /%*%"#*( 23-3,( &3,( C"A3&%,( -%( -%"'O#$'F*( $3*( $#6'*3,( 5( 6( [( WR!VES( 6%-'#*2%( %&(
#&/3"'263T(
#: $3*H0*23(-%(C"A3&%,($3*(&3*/'20-(_(R0*(C"A3&($3*()($363("#?5(G(,'*("#6#,S(
A: #(1#"D"(-%&($3*H0*23(-%(C"A3&%,(-%(&3*/'20-(*Q(/%*%"#63,(%&($3*H0*23(-%((
&3*/'20-( *mZ( |( 6( mZ( #1&'$#*-3( #&( $3*H0*23( -%( 1#"D-#( 0*#( 1"3-0$$'F*( d0%( *3(
+#/#(-01&'$#",%(#&/b*(VE(%*(%&($#6'*3($3*,'-%"#-3(
$: ,%(#1&'$#(%&(1#,3(AS("%$0",'O#6%*2%(+#,2#(d0%(*3(10%-#*(/%*%"#",%(6C,(C"A3&%,(
$3*($#6'*3,(-%(&3*/'20-(5(6:(!&(,%"(6(G(%&(*b6%"3(-%("%/&#,(-%(h(L*'23("(%&(
#&/3"'263(2%"6'*#(
gg(
(,=6M>#S#*#*)#&)&3F&9#.-#49*#j7:94-*#3-&-7%#F&%#*-&<-&')%#
-.)/0123)+#K&E%B%&E2%&1%+#E%6#L5&1%Y15#
0SK=!Dd>#S#\# 7H%61&3(-%(4R>JS([(*#
$#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
)%#(>([(R\#QA^Q(\!Q=QWQ)^Q()Q(hS((
Z: 6[_(
(h([(\(
J: 6[Z( $# $# ( ()(TT[(#=(}(#!(
( (!(TT[(=(}(#A=(
#( 5# #( !# ( (=(TT[(AW^(
P: 6[J( $# $# $#
#( 5# #( !# #( !#
A( K# 5# #( A( 5# gk(
`: 6[P( No se generan sentencias y salen NT ya obtenidos
Lenguaje vacío
-.)/0123)+#K&E%B%&E2%&1%+#E%6#L5&1%Y15#
)'(4R>JS(%,(*3(O#$?3Q($361"3A#"(,'(,=6M>#S#&##
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
! )%( $3*,2"0G%( 0*( /"#B3( $0G3,( *3-3,( %,2C*( %Dd0%2#-3,( $3*( &3,(
,?6A3&3,(-%(R!VES(6%-'#*2%(%&(#&/3"'263T(
(
#S ,'(/(0*#(1"3-0$$'F*(!TT[(1(=(2Q(,%($"%#(0*(#"$3(-%(!(#(=(
-3*-%(!Q=(#(!VE(G(1Q2(#(!v((
AS ,'(*3(%j',2%*($'$&3,(%*(%&(/"#B3(%&(4R>JS([(L*'23(
$S 4R>JS([(&(,'(%j',2%*($'$&3,(#$$%,'A&%,(-%,-%(%&(#j'36#(d0%(
$3""%,13*-%*( #( -%"'O#$'3*%,( -%( &#( B3"6#( !( .m( 1( !( 2Q(
-3*-%(}1}m(}2}(n_(Rd0%(*3(,%#*(%(&#,(-3,(#(&#(O%5S:(
((
(,=6M>#4#&#*)#&9#(%Y#')'49*#-&#-4#37%;9(
k_(
-.)/0123)+#K&E%B%&E2%&1%+#E%6#L5&1%Y15#
7H%61&3(-%(,=6M>#S(&#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
)%#(>([(R\#QAQ$^Q(\!Q=QWQ)^Q()Q(hS((
(h([(\(
(()(TT[(#=(Ç(#!( )(
!(
((!(TT[(#A=(
((=(TT[(AW(Ç(#!(
((W(TT[($(^( =( 4('*L*'23(
W(
kZ(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
>"#6CD$#,(E'13(J(
>"#6CD$#,(A'%*(B3"6#-#,(
I3"6#,(*3"6#&%,(
kJ(
-.)/0123)+#Z2%-./)E)+#
E"#*,B3"6#$'F*( -%( 0*#( >( -#-#( %*( 32"#( %d0'O#&%*2%( $0G#,( "%/&#,( -%(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
1"3-0$$'F*(%,29*(%*(0*(B3"6#23($#"%*2%(-%('61%"B%$$'3*%,T(
J" ,)0G)-/%#.-#67%0jB'%*(
%" #N%/&#,(;**%$%,#"'#,(
:" #)?6A3&3,(;*#$$%,'A&%,(
'" #N%/&#,()019"i0#,(
M" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#*80:949*#&9#3-&-7%B@9*(
N" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#7-34%*#&9#3-&-7%B@%*(
kP(
\" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#7-34%*#.-#7-.-&90)&%')E&(
-.)/0123)+#Z2%-./)E)+#
E"#*,B3"6#$'F*( -%( 0*#( >( -#-#( %*( 32"#( %d0'O#&%*2%( $0G#,( "%/&#,( -%(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
1"3-0$$'F*(%,29*(%*(0*(B3"6#23($#"%*2%(-%('61%"B%$$'3*%,T(
J" ,)0G)-/%#.-#67%0jB'%*(
>"#6CD$#(='%*(I3"6#-#(
%" #N%/&#,(;**%$%,#"'#,(
>"#6CD$#(
>"#6CD$#(
:" #)?6A3&3,(;*#$$%,'A&%,(
N%-0$'-#(
4'61'#(
'" #N%/&#,()019"i0#,(
M" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#*80:949*#&9#3-&-7%B@9*(
N" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#7-34%*#&9#3-&-7%B@%*(
k`(
\" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#7-34%*#.-#7-.-&90)&%')E&(
-.)/0123)+#Z2%-./)E)+#
J" ,)0G)-/%#.-#67%0jB'%*(
%" O-34%*#2&&-'-*%7)%*T(&#,("%/&#,(!CCS#!##A(,3*('**%$%,#"'#,(G(+#$%*(d0%(>(,%#(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
#6A'/0#("(%&'6'*#"&#,((
kc(
-.)/0123)+#Z2%-./)E)+#
J" ,)0G)-/%#.-#67%0jB'%*(
:" $80:949*# 2&%''-*):4-*C# ,%#( aTT[( j( #hQ( -3*-%( a#!V( 4( )( ( G( *3( #1#"%$%( %*( &#(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
1#"2%( ( -%"%$+#( -%( *'*/0*#( 32"#( "%/&#( -%( 1"3-0$$'F*Q( ,%( -'$%( d0%( a( %,(
'*#$$%,'A&%:((
E3-3(,?6A3&3(a#!V(*3('*#$$%,'A&%(-%A%($061&'"()(v.(jaG:(
H'*:*$()*+$!,&!;I:C6'6;!*$())&;*C'&;4!
Z: U#$%"(0*#(&',2#($3*(23-3,(&3,(,?6A3&3,(-%(&#(/"#6CD$#(RE(G(VES(
J: .#"$#"(%&(#j'36#(-%(&#(/"#6CD$#:(
P: K#-3( !I$# 334# !B$( #( .#"$#"( 23-3,( &3,( ,?6A3&3,( d0%( #1#"%$%*( %*( &#(
$#-%*#(B(-%(&#(1#"2%(-%"%$+#:(
`: )'(%*(%&(1#,3(#*2%"'3"(,%(+#(6#"$#-3(#&/b*(,?6A3&3Q(,%("%1'2%(-%(*0%O3(
-'$+3(1#,3(2%*'%*-3(%*($0%*2#(&3,(,?6A3&3,(6#"$#-3,:(7*($#,3($3*2"#"'3Q(
ke(
L*(-%&(#&/3"'263:(
(
-.)/0123)+#Z2%-./)E)+#
J" ,)0G)-/%#.-#67%0jB'%*(
:" $80:949*#2&%''-*):4-*#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
[R-0G49((
,%#(&#(>([(R\#Q(AQ($^Q(\)Q!Q=QW^Q()Q(hSQ((
-3*-%(h([(\)TT[(#!( Z: \#Q(AQ($Q()Q(!Q(=Q(W^(
(!(TT[(=$( (J: (\#Q(AQ($Q()Q(!Q(=Q(W^(
(=TT[(A!(
(P: (\#Q(AQ($Q()Q(!Q(=Q(W^(
(
`: (\#Q(AQ($Q()Q(!Q(=Q(W^(
(WTT[($^(
c: (\#Q(AQ($Q()Q(!Q(=Q(W^( )'*($#6A'3,:(
( I'*(#&/3"'263(
e: (\#Q(AQ($Q()Q(!Q(=Q(W^(
K#-*#F&#*80:949#2D!KK[$25,[qq# kf(
-.)/0123)+#Z2%-./)E)+#
J" ,)0G)-/%#.-#67%0jB'%*(
'" O-34%*#$FG-7PF%*T(,3*(#d0%&&#,(d0%(*3($3*2"'A0G%*(#(&#(B3"6#$'F*(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
-%(1#&#A"#,(j(#!Ev:(((
( (7,2#,("%/&#,($3*D%*%(#&/b*(*80:949#D9#d-70)&%4#&9#3-&-7%B@9:(
E3-3(,?6A3&3(*3(,01%"i03(-%A%($061&'"(a(m.2Q(2#&(d0%(2(#!Ev(
(
!4397)<09#R%,(0*(#&/3"'263("%$0",'O3(-%(6#"$#-3S(
#: 6#"$#"( &3,( VE( 1#"#( &3,( d0%( %j',2%( 0*#( "%/&#( a( TT[( j( -3*-%( j( #!v( R%,( 0*#(
$#-%*#(-%(E(3(%Q(3(%*(1#,#-#,(,0$%,'O#,($3*D%*%(VE(6#"$#-3,S(
A: ,'(23-3,(&3,(VE(%,2C*(6#"$#-3,("(*3(%j',2%*(,?6A3&3,(,01%"i03,(G(L*(
$: ,'(&#(b&D6#(O%5(d0%(,%(1#,F(13"(%&((1#,3(#S(,%(6#"$F(0*(VEQ(O3&O%"(#&(1#,3(#S:(
-: 23-3(!(#!VE(*3(6#"$#-3(%,(,01%"i03:( kg(
#-.)/0123)+#Z2%-./)E)+#
J" ,)0G)-/%#.-#67%0jB'%*(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
'" #O-34%*#$FGr7PF%*T((
%H%61&3T(,%#(>[(R\%QB^Q(\)Q!Q=QWQK^Q()Q(hS( 7,(0*#($#-%*#((
-%(E%"6'*#&%,(
-3*-%(h[(\( ZÜ(1#,#-#T(
$)TT[(=%(
KTT[(B(G(!TT[(%(
!
!TT[(!%(}%( 43,(V3E%"6'*#&%,(
JÜ(1#,#-#T( %,2C*(6#"$#-3,:(
=TT[(W%(}(!B(
5
WTT[(WB( =TT[(!B(
L#
KTT[(B^( PÜ(1#,#-#T(
)TT[(=%(
kk(
#-.)/0123)+#Z2%-./)E)+#
J" ,)0G)-/%#.-#67%0jB'%*(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
'" #O-34%*#$FGr7PF%*T((
%H%61&3T(,%#(>[(R\%QB^Q(\)Q!Q=QWQK^Q()Q(hS(
䘢(
-3*-%(h[(\( ZÜ(1#,#-#T(
$)TT[(=%(
KTT[(B(G(!TT[(%(
!
!TT[(!%(}%(
JÜ(1#,#-#T( )'*(6#"$#"T(WQ(d0%(,%(
=TT[(W%(}(!B(
5 䘢(
%&'6'*#Q(#,?($363(,0,(
䘢
WTT[(WB( =TT[(!B( "%/&#,(
L#
KTT[(B^( PÜ(1#,#-#T(
)TT[(=%(
Z__(
-.)/0123)+#Z2%-./)E)+#
E"#*,B3"6#$'F*( -%( 0*#( >( -#-#( %*( 32"#( %d0'O#&%*2%( $0G#,( "%/&#,( -%(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
1"3-0$$'F*(%,29*(%*(0*(B3"6#23($#"%*2%(-%('61%"B%$$'3*%,T(
J" ,)0G)-/%#.-#67%0jB'%*(
>"#6CD$#(='%*(I3"6#-#(
%" #N%/&#,(;**%$%,#"'#,(
>"#6CD$#(
>"#6CD$#(
:" #)?6A3&3,(;*#$$%,'A&%,(
N%-0$'-#(
4'61'#(
'" #N%/&#,()019"i0#,(
M" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#*80:949*#&9#3-&-7%B@9*(
N" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#7-34%*#&9#3-&-7%B@%*(
Z_Z(
\" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#7-34%*#.-#7-.-&90)&%')E&(
-.)/0123)+#Z2%-./)E)+#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
M" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#*80:949*#&9#3-&-7%B@9*C##
()%#(>J([(R!EQ(!VQ()Q(hSQ(('!#!D($3*,2"0'"%63,(&#(/"#6CD$#(
>R!SQ(-3*-%(!(%,(%&(#j'36#:()'(,=6=!>>S#*#"(!#-*#*80:949#
%d0'O#&%*2%:(
(
Z_J(
-.)/0123)+#Z2%-./)E)+#
N" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#7-34%*#&9#3-&-7%B@%*C#(,3*(!TT[(%(R!4)S(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
!4397)<09C#
Z: 7&'6'*#"(-%(&#(>"#6CD$#(&#,("%/&#(-%(&#(B3"6#(aTT[(%(
J: h3"( $#-#( "%/&#( -%( &#( /"#6CD$#( -3*-%( a( #1#"%5$#( %*( &#(
1#"2%( -$+#:Q( ~TT[jaGQ( ,%( #É#-%( &#( "%/&#( ~TT[jG( R#( 6%*3,(
d0%(G#(%j',2%S:(
P: N%1%D"(J:(+#,2#(d0%(*3(d0%-%(*'*/0*#("%/&#(-%(&#(B3"6#(
aTT[(%Q(3(d0%(,F&3(d0%-%()TT[(%:( Z_P(
-.)/0123)+#Z2%-./)E)+#
N" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#7-34%*#&9#3-&-7%B@%*C#(,3*(!TT[(%(R!4)S(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
7H%61&3T(
>([(R\#Q(A^Q(\)Q(hQ(q^Q()Q(h"S(
Regla NO generativa:
h"([(\()(TT[(hq(}(#)A(}(h(
Q ::= %
(((((h(TT[(#hq(}(#(
(((((q(TT[(qA(}(%(^( [,2k2D!O,!#
(
Z_`(
-.)/0123)+#Z2%-./)E)+#
N" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#7-34%*#&9#3-&-7%B@%*C#(,3*(!TT[(%(R!4)S(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
7H%61&3T(
>([(R\#Q(A^Q(\)Q(hQ(q^Q()Q(h"S( >Ä([(R\#Q(A^Q(\)Q(hQ(q^Q()Q(h"S(
h"([(\()(TT[(hq(}(#)A(}(h( h"([(\()(TT[(hq(}(#)A(}(h(
7&'6'*#"(&#(N%/&#(
(((((h(TT[(#hq(}(#( V3(/%*%"#DO#( (((((h(TT[(#hq(}(#(}(#h(
(((((q(TT[(qA(}(%(^( (((((q(TT[(qA(}(A(^(
Z_c(
-.)/0123)+#Z2%-./)E)+#
E"#*,B3"6#$'F*( -%( 0*#( >( -#-#( %*( 32"#( %d0'O#&%*2%( $0G#,( "%/&#,( -%(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
1"3-0$$'F*(%,29*(%*(0*(B3"6#23($#"%*2%(-%('61%"B%$$'3*%,T(
J" ,)0G)-/%#.-#67%0jB'%*(
>"#6CD$#(='%*(I3"6#-#(
%" #N%/&#,(;**%$%,#"'#,(
>"#6CD$#(
>"#6CD$#(
:" #)?6A3&3,(;*#$$%,'A&%,(
N%-0$'-#(
4'61'#(
'" #N%/&#,()019"i0#,(
M" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#*80:949*#&9#3-&-7%B@9*(
N" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#7-34%*#&9#3-&-7%B@%*(
Z_e(
\" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#7-34%*#.-#7-.-&90)&%')E&(
#-.)/0123)+#Z2%-./)E)+#
\" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#7-34%*#.-#7-.-&90)&%')E&C#(,3*("%/&#,(-%&(D13(!TT[=(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
R-3*-%(!(á(=S(
!4397)<09#
Z: 7&'6'*#"(-%(&#(>"#6CD$#(&#,("%/&#(-%(&#(B3"6#(aTT[(~(
J: h3"( $#-#( "%/&#( -%( &#( B3"6#( ~TT[jQ( #É#-'"( aTT[j( R,'( V3(
7j',2%S:(
P: N%1%D"( J:( +#,2#( d0%( *3( d0%-%( *'*/0*#( "%/&#( -%(
"%-%*36'*#$'F*:(
Z_f(
-.)/0123)+#Z2%-./)E)+#
\" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#7-34%*#.-#7-.-&90)&%')E&C#(,3*("%/&#,(-%&(D13(!TT[=(
R-3*-%(!(á(=S(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
(
(7H%61&3T(
((
(>([(R\#Q(A^Q(\)Q(hQ(q^Q()Q(h"S(
(( N%/&#(-%(
(h"([(\()(TT[(hq(}(#)A(}(h( N%-%*36'*#$'F*T(
)(TT[(h(
(h(TT[(#hq(}(#h(}(#(
q(TT[(qA(}(A(^( [,2k2D!O,!#
(
Z_g(
-.)/0123)+#Z2%-./)E)+#
\" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#7-34%*#.-#7-.-&90)&%')E&C#(,3*("%/&#,(-%&(D13(!TT[=(
R-3*-%(!(á(=S(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
(
(7H%61&3T(
((
(>([(R\#Q(A^Q(\)Q(hQ(q^Q()Q(h"S( >Ä([(R\#Q(A^Q(\)Q(hQ(q^Q()Q(h"S(
((
(h"([(\()(TT[(hq(}(#)A(}(h( h"([(\()(TT[(hq(}(#)A(}(h(}(#hq(}(#h(}(#(
(h(TT[(#hq(}(#h(}(#( (((((h(TT[(#hq(}(#(}(#(
(
Z_k(
-.)/0123)+#Z2%-./)E)+#
E"#*,B3"6#$'F*( -%( 0*#( >( -#-#( %*( 32"#( %d0'O#&%*2%( $0G#,( "%/&#,( -%(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
1"3-0$$'F*(%,29*(%*(0*(B3"6#23($#"%*2%(-%('61%"B%$$'3*%,T(
J" ,)0G)-/%#.-#67%0jB'%*(
>"#6CD$#(='%*(I3"6#-#(
%" #N%/&#,(;**%$%,#"'#,(
>"#6CD$#(
>"#6CD$#(
:" #)?6A3&3,(;*#$$%,'A&%,(
N%-0$'-#(
4'61'#(
'" #N%/&#,()019"i0#,(
M" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#*80:949*#&9#3-&-7%B@9*(
N" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#7-34%*#&9#3-&-7%B@%*(
ZZ_(
\" [4)0)&%')E&#.-#7-34%*#.-#7-.-&90)&%')E&(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
>"#6CD$#,(E'13(J(
>"#6CD$#,(A'%*(B3"6#-#,(
I3"6#,(*3"6#&%,(
ZZZ(
45./)+#85./)6%+#
! )3*(*32#$'3*%,(d0%(,%(#1&'$#*(#(&#,(>JT(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
!B%$2#*(#(&#(B3"6#(-%(&#,("%/&#,(-%(1"3-0$$'F*(
! )3*(-3,(&#,(d0%(,%(O#(#(%,20-'#"T(
J6%:(!K6%:('!,&!L.6:;M3!
J6%:(!K6%:('!,&!E%&*C().!
( ZZJ(
45./)#85./)6#E%#LI5/+S,#
a*#(/"#6CD$#(A'%*(B3"6#-#(%,2C(%*(I3"6#(V3"6#&(-%(W+36,yG(RIVWS(,'(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
&#,( 1#"2%,( -%"%$+#,( -%( 23-#,( ,0,( "%/&#,( -%( 1"3-0$$'F*( D%*%*( #( &3( ,063(
-3,(,?6A3&3,Q(G($0#*-3(,3*(-3,Q(#6A3,(,3*(V3(E%"6'*#&%,:(
[R-0G49C#4#(,'/0'%*2%(/"#6CD$#(%,2C(%*(IVWT(
( ()(TT[(%(}(#(}(VV(
( (V(TT[(VE(}(!=(
( (!(TT#(
( (=TT[(A( ZZP(
45./)#85./)6#E%#LI5/+S,#
!(1#"D"(-%($0#&d0'%"(/"#6CD$#(-%(E'13(JQ(,%(10%-%($3*,2"0'"(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
32"#(%d0'O#&%*2%(d0%(%,2C(%*(IVW:(
N292# 7EEA"# 07# 87O7=# 0B0L>B,9# 87E# 0,PB,7=>7# 1A8A# E20# 97PE20# ;B$2# @29>7#
8797;Q2#L7=7#1R0#87#*#0S1OAEA0#@A9#:29,20#97PE20#TB7#>7=P2=#7=#E2#@29>7#
8797;Q2#8A0#0S1OAEA0#=A#>791,=2E70#A#B=#0AEA#0S1OAEA#>791,=2E3#
ZZ`(
#45./)#85./)6#E%#LI5/+S,#
A ::= x FORMA NORMAL DE CHOMSKY
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
|x| = 1 |x| > 1
x = uv, donde |u| = 1
u " !N u " !T
!T !N
FNC REDENOMINACION
( A :: = a ) ( A :: = B )
A :: = uC A :: = Dv
FNC D ::= u
( A ::= BC ) FNC
C ::= v ( A ::= a )
C # !N D # !N ZZc(
G’ = !N $ {C} G’ = !N $ {D}
45./)#85./)6#E%#LI5/+S,#
[1[kA,ZC#
>([((R\#Q(AQ($^Q(\!Q(=Q(WQ(KQ(7Q(I^Q(!Q(hS(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
h([(
=TT[= ( ((
WTT[W ( ((
!TT[!=W ((
KTT[# ( ((
7TT[IA= ( ((
ITT[7#! ( ((
!TT[A!(
=TT[=#(
!TT[#=A(
=TT[A!#(
!TT[#(
=TT[#(
WTT[$( ZZe(
WTT[WA(
45./)#85./)6#E%#LI5/+S,#
Bien Formar la Gramática
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
>([((R\#Q(AQ($^Q(\!Q(=Q(WQ(KQ(7Q(I^Q(!Q(hS(
h([(
>"#6CD$#(='%*(I3"6#-#T(
=TT[=( ($;**%$%,#"'#(
>([((R\#Q(AQ($^Q(\!Q(=Q(WQ(KQ(7Q(I^Q(!Q(hS(
WTT[W( ($;**%$%,#"'#(
h([(
!TT[!=W ((
!TT[#((
KTT[#( ($;**#$$%,'A&%(
!TT[#=A(
7TT[IA= ( ($;**#$$%,'A&%(
!TT[!=W(
ITT[7#! ( ($;**#$$%,'A&%(
!TT[A!(
!TT[A!(
=TT[#(
=TT[=#(
=TT[=#(
!TT[#=A(
=TT[A!#(
=TT[A!#(
WTT[$(
!TT[#(
WTT[WA(
=TT[#(
WTT[$(
WTT[WA( ZZf(
45./)#85./)6#E%#LI5/+S,#
>"#6CD$#(='%*(I3"6#-#T( E"#*,B3"6#$'F*(#(IVW(Rd0%-#*(2#A0&#-#,(&#,(*0%O#,(
>([((R\#Q(AQ($^Q(\!Q(=Q(WQ(KQ(7Q(I^Q(!Q(hS( "%/&#,(/%*%"#-#,(%*(IVWS(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
h([(
(
E"#2#6'%*23(-%(!TT[#=A ( E"#2#6'%*23(-%(=TT[=#(
!TT[#( ()?(RIVWS(
!TT[#=A ( =TT[=#(
!TT[#=A ( (V3(RIVWS(
(LCCS% ( #5CCS5L#
!TT[!=W ( (V3( (
!TT[K=A (
!TT[A! ( (V3( (
7TT[=A(
=TT[#( ()?(
(!CCSL[ ( E"#2#6'%*23(-%(=TT[A!#(
=TT[=# ( (V3(
(fCCS: ( =TT[A!#(
=TT[A!# ( (V3(
#[CCS5f# =TT[I!#(
WTT[$( ()?(
# UTT[!#(
WTT[WA ( (V3( (
5CCSfs#
E"#2#6'%*23(-%(!TT[!=W (
sCCS!L#
!TT[!=W (
#
(6CCS5K (
#
#!CCS!6#
E"#2#6'%*23(-%(WTT[WA(
#
( WTT[WA(
E"#2#6'%*23(-%(!TT[A! (
#KCCSKf# ZZg(
!TT[A! (
(!CCSf! (
#45./)#85./)6#E%#-.%2C)3I#
! FNG es una notación muy interesante para algunos reconocimientos
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
sintácticos. En ella todas las reglas tienen la parte derecha
comenzando con un terminal seguido opcionalmente de uno o varios
NT
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
Greibach:
[1[kA,ZC#
>([(R\#QA^Q(\)^Q()Q(hSQ(-3*-%(h([(\)TT[#)A(}())(}(%^((
ZJ_(
#45./)#85./)6#E%#-.%2C)3I#
Z: 7&'6'*#"(&#("%$0",'O'-#-(#('5d0'%"-#,Q("%,06'%*-3Q(,%"?#T(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
,%#(>([(R\1ZQ(1JQ(2ZQ(2J^Q(\!^Q(!Q(hSQ((
-3*-%(h([(\!TT[(!(1Z}(!1J(}(2Z}(2J^(
q0%-#"?#T(
A::= 21 | 22 | 21X | 22X
X::= 11| 12 |X| 12X
7&'6'*#"(&#("%$0",'O'-#-(#('5d0'%"-#,T(
)(TT[(#)A(}( ))(}( %(à R,%(2"#*,B3"6#(%*S(à( )(TT[(#)A(}( #)AÅ(}(%( G(Å(TT[()Å(}( )(
ZJZ(
45./)#85./)6#E%#-.%2C)3I#
J: E"#*,B3"6#$'F*(-%(>J(A'%*(B3"6#-#(,'*(N;(#(IV>T(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
#
M"J([*<%:4-'-7#F&%#7-4%')E&#.-#97.-&#G%7')%4#-&#!Dd#
!VE([(\!ZQ(!JQ(:::Q(!*^(A#,C*-3,%(%*T(,'(!'(.(!H(1Q(!'(1"%$%-%"C(#(!H:(
W0#*-3( +#G( "%/&#,( X$3*2"#-'$23"'#,Y( 0,#"( 0*#( -%( %&&#,( 1#"#( %&(
3"-%*(G(6'"#"(%&("%,23(1#"#(O%"(d0%($3*O'%*%(6C,(
!(TT[(â=ä(R!(,%"?#(*ã(Z(G(=(*ã(JS:(â(%,(0*#($#-%*#(-%(_(3(6C,(2%"6'*#&%,(G(
ä(0*#($#-%*#(-%(_(3(6C,(,?6A3&3,:(
=(TT[(åWç(R=(,%"?#(*ã(J(G(W(*ã(PS:(å(%,(0*#($#-%*#(-%(_(3(6C,(2%"6'*#&%,(G(
ç(0*#($#-%*#(-%(_(3(6C,(,?6A3&3,:(
#
ZJJ(
45./)#85./)6#E%#-.%2C)3I#
J: E"#*,B3"6#$'F*(-%(>J(A'%*(B3"6#-#(,'*(N;(#(IV>T(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
M"M#$-#'4%*)?'%%*#7-34%*#-&#N#37FG9*C#
67FG9#JC#!)#.#%#1(Q-3*-%(#(#!E(G(1(#!(v(
67FG9#MC#!)#.#!R#1(-3*-%(!'(1"%$%-%(#(!H(%*(%&($3*H0*23(!VE(3"-%*#-3(
67FG9#NC#!e#.#!)#1(-3*-%(!'(1"%$%-%(#(!y(%*(%&($3*H0*23(!VE(3"-%*#-3(
(
U#$%"(&3(6',63($3*(&#,(-%(/"013(J(
M"-%*#"(&3,(*3(2%"6'*#&%,T(\ÅQ()^(G($&#,'L$#"(&#,("%/&#,(,%/b*(%,2%(3"-%*T(
)(TT[(#)A(R>ZQ(#0*d0%(+#G(d0%(d0'2#"(%&(2%"6'*#&(d0%(%,2C(-%2"C,(-%&(*3(2%"6'*#&S(
)(TT[(#)AÅ(R>ZQ(#0*d0%(+#G(d0%(d0'2#"(%&(2%"6'*#&(d0%(%,2C(-%2"C,(-%&(*3(2%"6'*#&S(
)(TT[(%( R>ZS(
Å(TT[()Å(R>JS(
Å(TT[()(R>JS(
ZJP(
45./)#85./)6#E%#-.%2C)3I#
J: E"#*,B3"6#$'F*(-%(>J(A'%*(B3"6#-#(,'*(N;(#(IV>T(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
M"N#$-#<7%&*;970%%*#7-34%*#.-#37FG9#N#.#37FG9#M#.#37FG9#JC#fD6#
!e#.#!)#1##,%(,0,D20G%(!)(13"(&#(1#"2%(-$+#:(-%(23-#,(&#,("%/&#,(d0%(D%*%*(!)(
$363(1#"2%('5-#:(
(
U#$%"(&3(6',63($3*(&#,(-%(/"013(J(
M"-%*#"(&3,(*3(2%"6'*#&%,T(\ÅQ()^(G($&#,'L$#"(&#,("%/&#,(,%/b*(%,2%(3"-%*T(
)(TT[(#)A(R>ZQ(#0*d0%(+#G(d0%(d0'2#"(%&(2%"6'*#&(d0%(%,2C(-%2"C,(-%&(*3(2%"6'*#&S(
)(TT[(#)AÅ(R>ZQ(#0*d0%(+#G(d0%(d0'2#"(%&(2%"6'*#&(d0%(%,2C(-%2"C,(-%&(*3(2%"6'*#&S(
)(TT[(%( R>ZS(
Å(TT[()Å(R>JS(
Å(TT[()(R>JS(
ZJ`(
45./)#85./)6#E%#-.%2C)3I#
J: E"#*,B3"6#$'F*(-%(>J(A'%*(B3"6#-#(,'*(N;(#(IV>T(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
M"N#$-#<7%&*;970%%*#7-34%*#.-#37FG9#N#.#37FG9#M#.#37FG9#JC#fD6#
!e#.#!)#1# # ,%(,0,D20G%(!)(13"(&#(1#"2%(-$+#:(-%(23-#,(&#,("%/&#,(d0%(D%*%*(!)(
$363(1#"2%('5-#:(
7,(-%$'"Q()0,D20'"(%&(1"'6%"(,?6A3&3(VE(-%(&#(1#"2%(-$+#:(-%($#-#("%/&#(-%&(/"013(P(
13"(&#,(1#"2%,(-$+#,:(-%(23-#,(&#,("%/&#,(R%*($0#&d0'%"(/"013S(-3*-%(-'$+3(1"'6%"(
,?6A3&3( #1#"%5$#( $363( 1#"2%( '5d0'%"-#:( U#$%"( %,23( +#,2#( d0%( +#G#63,(
$3*,%/0'-3( d0%( 23-#,( &#,( "%/&#,( -%&( /"013( P( +#G#*( ,'-3( 2"#*,B3"6#-#,( %*( "%/&#,(
-%( 32"3,( /"013,:( )'( %*( %,2%( 1"3$%,3( #1#"%$%*( "%/&#,( "%$0",'O#,( #( '5d0'%"-#,Q(
2"#*,B3"6#"&#,:(
(
U#$%"(&3(6',63($3*(&#,(-%(/"013(J(
ZJc(
45./)#85./)6#E%#-.%2C)3I#
J: E"#*,B3"6#$'F*(-%(>J(A'%*(B3"6#-#(,'*(N;(#(IV>T(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
M"N#$-#<7%&*;970%%*#7-34%*#.-#37FG9#N#.#37FG9#M#.#37FG9#JC#fD6#
!e#.#!)#1# # ,%(,0,D20G%(!)(13"(&#(1#"2%(-$+#:(-%(23-#,(&#,("%/&#,(d0%(D%*%*(!)(
$363(1#"2%('5-#:(
U#$%"(&3(6',63($3*(&#,(-%(/"013(J(
E"#*,B3"6#63,(&#,(-%(/"013(>J(%*(/"013(>ZT(
Å(TT[()Å( (à)(TT[(#)Aà( Å(TT[(#)AÅ(R>ZQ(#0*d0%(+#G(d0%(d0'2#"(%&(2%"6'*#&(d0%((
( ( ( ( (%,2C(-%2"C,(-%&(*3(2%"6'*#&S(
( (à)(TT[(#)AÅà (Å(TT[(#)AÅÅ(R>ZQ(#0*d0%(+#G(d0%(d0'2#"(%&(2%"6'*#&( ( (
( ( (d0%(%,2C(-%2"C,(-%&(*3(2%"6'*#&S(
Å(TT[()( (à)(TT[(#)Aà (Å(TT[(#)A(R>ZQ(#0*d0%(+#G(d0%(d0'2#"(%&(2%"6'*#&(d0%((
( ( ( ( (%,2C(-%2"C,(-%&(*3(2%"6'*#&S(
( (à)(TT[(#)AÅà( Å(TT[(#)AÅ(R>ZQ(#0*d0%(+#G(d0%(d0'2#"(%&(2%"6'*#&( ( (
( ( (d0%(%,2C( (-%2"C,(-%&(*3(2%"6'*#&S( ZJe(
45./)#85./)6#E%#-.%2C)3I#
J: (E"#*,B3"6#$'F*(-%(>J(A'%*(B3"6#-#(,'*(N;(#(IV>T#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
M"#\"#W0#*-3(23-#,(&#,("%/&#,(,3*(-%(/"013(ZQ(&#(>(%,2C(%*(IV>(#(B#&2#(-%(
-4)0)&%7# 49*# *80:949*# <-70)&%4-*# &9# *)<F%.9*# -&# 4%# '%:-'-7%# .-# 4%# G%7<-#
.-7-'(%"#
!#.#1##%#2###.9&.-#%#!d#Y#1#4#%((
(
!#.#1##5#2#
(
5#.#%#
7,( -%$'"Q( 2"#*,B3"6#"( &3,( ,?6A3&3,( 2%"6'*#&%,( *3( ,'20#-3,( %*( $#A%5#( -%(
1#"2%(-%"%$+#Q(#,'/*C*-3&%,(*0%O3,(VE(d0%(-%"'O%*(%*(%&&3,(R3(VE(d0%(G#( ZJf(
%j',2%*(d0%(,F&3(-%"'O%*(%*(%&&3,S:(
45./)#85./)6#E%#-.%2C)3I#
J: (E"#*,B3"6#$'F*(-%(>J(A'%*(B3"6#-#(,'*(N;(#(IV>T#
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
M"#\"#W0#*-3(23-#,(&#,("%/&#,(,3*(-%(/"013(ZQ(&#(>(%,2C(%*(IV>(#(B#&2#(-%(
-4)0)&%7# 49*# *80:949*# <-70)&%4-*# &9# *)<F%.9*# -&# 4%# '%:-'-7%# .-# 4%# G%7<-#
.-7-'(%"#
!#.#1##%#2###.9&.-#%#!d#Y#1#4#%((
(
!#.#1##5#2#
(
5#.#%#
;*2"3-0$'63,(0*(*0%O3(,?6A3&3(1#"#(d0'2#"(%&(AT(
(5#CCS#:# ZJg(
45./)#85./)6#E%#-.%2C)3I#
HNHO>FP!
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
>([(R\#QA^Q(\)^Q()Q(hSQ(( 4#(>"#6CD$#(%*(IV>(d0%-#T(
( (
h([(\)TT[#)A(}())(}(%^(( (>Ä([(R\#QA^Q(\)QÅQ=^)Q(hÄ^S(
(
(hÄ([(\(
( ()(TT[(#)=(}( #)=Å(}( %(
( (Å(TT[(#)=Å(}( #)=ÅÅ( }( #)=(
( (=(TT[(A(
((((((((^(
ZJk(
Z2C625'.)AR)#
• 4'A"3(=C,'$3(Z(='A&'3/"#é#(R!!.S:(7*"'d0%(!&B3*,%$#(W0A%"3Q(
!"#$%&'()*+#!"#,-.-/0%+#1"#234-*)%*+#5"#6%7'8%+#1"#!49&*9##
.#*0%&(!&B3*,%$#(W0A%"3Q(N3A%"23(.3"'GF*()#&36F*:(E%3"?#(
-%(#02F6#2#,(G(&%*/0#H%,(B3"6#&%,:(.$>"#xoU'&&(RJ__fS:((
W#1?20&3(c(
• 4'A"3(=C,'$3(J(='A&'3/"#é#(RU.aS:(83+*(7:(U31$"3èQ(N#H%%O(
.32x#*'Q(8%ê"%G(K:a&&6#*: (;*2"3-0$$'F*(#(&#(2%3"?#(-%(
#02F6#2#,Q(&%*/0#H%,(G($36102#$'F*(RPÜ(%-'$'F*S:(7-Q(h%#",3*(
!--',3*(@%,&%G:(
• 4'A"3(=C,'$3(`(='A&'3/"#é#(R!!.S:(.#*0%&(!&B3*,%$#Q(80,23(
)#*$+3Q(.'/0%&(.#"<*%5(M"/#:(E%3"?#(-%(&%*/0#H%,Q(
/"#6CD$#,(G(#02F6#2#,:(h0A&'$#$'3*%,(N:!:7:W:(Zkkf(
ZP_(
W#1?20&3(P(